Historical Loss And LAE Development

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Historical Loss And L A E Development Disclosure [Abstract]

Historical Loss And LAE Development

6. HISTORICAL LOSS AND LAE DEVELOPMENT

The following table is a reconciliation of our unpaid losses and settlement expenses (LAE) for the years 2022, 2021 and 2020:

(in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Unpaid losses and LAE at beginning of year:
Gross	$	2,043,555	$	1,750,049	$	1,574,352
Ceded		(608,086)		(443,729)		(384,517)
Net	$	1,435,469	$	1,306,320	$	1,189,835
Adoption impact of ASU 2016-13 on reinsurance balances recoverable	$	—	$	—	$	(1,345)
Increase (decrease) in incurred losses and LAE:
Current accident year	$	636,955	$	582,065	$	543,937
Prior accident years		(122,579)		(125,463)		(101,053)
Total incurred	$	514,376	$	456,602	$	442,884
Loss and LAE payments for claims incurred:
Current accident year	$	(97,525)	$	(101,590)	$	(93,077)
Prior accident year		(276,772)		(225,863)		(231,977)
Total paid	$	(374,297)	$	(327,453)	$	(325,054)
Net unpaid losses and LAE at end of year	$	1,575,548	$	1,435,469	$	1,306,320
Unpaid losses and LAE at end of year:
Gross	$	2,315,637	$	2,043,555	$	1,750,049
Ceded		(740,089)		(608,086)		(443,729)
Net	$	1,575,548	$	1,435,469	$	1,306,320

We adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, on January 1, 2020, which required financial assets, including reinsurance balances recoverable, to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected. We previously maintained an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance balances prior to the adoption of this update. However, in order to comply with the updated requirements, we released $1.3 million of the allowance on uncollectible reinsurance balances upon adoption. The implementation guidance required the cumulative-effect adjustment be made to the beginning balance of retained earnings, rather than through net earnings like historical changes have and ongoing modifications will continue to be recorded.

Loss development occurs when our current estimate of ultimate losses, established through our reserve analysis processes, differs from the initial reserve estimate. The recognition of the changes in initial reserve estimates occurred over time as claims were reported, initial case reserves were established, initial reserves were reviewed in light of additional information and ultimate payments were made on the collective set of claims incurred as of that evaluation date. The new information on the ultimate settlement value of claims is continually updated until all claims in a defined set are settled. As a small specialty insurer with a diversified product portfolio, our experience will ordinarily exhibit fluctuations from period to period. While we attempt to identify and react to changes in the loss environment, we also must consider the volume of claim experience directly available to the Company and interpret any particular period’s indications with a realistic technical understanding of the reliability of those observations.

The following is information about incurred and paid loss development as of December 31, 2022, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency, the total of IBNR liabilities included within the net incurred loss amounts and average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022. The loss information has been disaggregated so that only losses that are expected to develop in a similar manner are grouped together. This has resulted in the presentation of loss information for our property and surety segments at the segment level, while information for our casualty segment has been separated in four groupings: primary occurrence, excess occurrence, claims made and transportation. Primary occurrence includes select lines within the professional services product along with general liability, small commercial and other casualty products. Excess occurrence encompasses commercial excess and personal umbrella, while claims made includes select lines within the professional services product, executive products and other casualty. Reported claim counts represent claim events on a specified policy rather than individual claimants and includes claims that did not or are not expected to result in an incurred loss. The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2013 to 2021 is presented as unaudited required supplementary information.

Casualty - Primary Occurrence
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2022
	For the Years Ended December 31,																						Cumulative
																							Number of
																							Reported
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022		Total IBNR		Claims
2013	$	80,823	$	67,297	$	62,882	$	60,329	$	60,162	$	59,556	$	59,116	$	57,106	$	57,519	$	58,434	$	1,690	4,326
2014				88,092		79,497		71,592		67,237		66,389		66,702		65,636		63,727		64,449		2,623	4,298
2015						94,835		84,975		83,579		78,675		76,398		75,470		75,438		77,110		4,022	4,408
2016								101,950		96,753		90,611		85,449		83,374		79,440		77,729		6,700	4,332
2017										119,741		111,391		102,583		95,513		90,759		90,344		10,770	4,529
2018												141,513		130,281		125,731		115,076		114,414		21,681	4,873
2019														146,011		135,209		120,570		109,051		38,075	5,273
2020																145,171		137,439		122,785		60,440	4,603
2021																		142,797		128,483		81,085	4,368
2022																				155,203		119,846	3,856
																		Total	$	998,002

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022
2013	$	6,334	$	13,021	$	22,366	$	34,786	$	40,609	$	45,753	$	47,783	$	49,411	$	50,597	$	53,375
2014				11,436		18,771		29,545		40,270		47,343		52,387		55,965		56,784		58,361
2015						10,157		19,902		33,020		45,056		54,270		58,866		62,997		68,650
2016								10,142		24,186		35,764		48,042		56,152		60,349		65,517
2017										13,154		25,933		38,783		52,823		62,236		71,419
2018												15,066		32,365		48,424		63,980		78,103
2019														15,698		30,673		41,911		57,750
2020																17,096		30,596		45,267
2021																		14,428		29,633
2022																				17,714
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																Total	$	545,789
										All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance										9,314
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	461,527

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		13.3%		13.3%		14.4%		16.1%		11.0%		7.6%		5.3%		3.8%		2.2%		4.8%

Casualty - Excess Occurrence
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2022
	For the Years Ended December 31,																						Cumulative
																							Number of
																							Reported
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022		Total IBNR		Claims
2013	$	39,984	$	34,824	$	26,857	$	25,425	$	25,599	$	24,922	$	25,496	$	25,073	$	24,836	$	24,306	$	1,155	950
2014				50,889		39,095		35,119		32,274		33,372		33,458		35,128		35,683		35,918		2,367	928
2015						53,672		50,857		47,392		42,840		43,328		42,446		41,690		41,471		3,017	702
2016								56,341		49,385		37,676		33,125		30,251		29,671		29,940		6,349	651
2017										62,863		55,868		48,363		44,737		43,249		41,620		13,877	646
2018												69,362		62,646		54,626		51,023		49,861		22,833	612
2019														88,078		89,691		79,083		80,147		38,161	659
2020																107,579		98,409		90,274		61,116	558
2021																		136,433		136,354		81,568	656
2022																				153,895		107,953	447
																		Total	$	683,786

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022
2013	$	1,060	$	5,701	$	10,967	$	14,545	$	16,967	$	17,956	$	18,524	$	21,229	$	22,154	$	22,505
2014				1,899		4,006		11,002		18,852		22,541		23,376		26,068		28,963		30,484
2015						2,048		10,127		19,571		23,184		28,756		31,352		32,752		35,958
2016								1,068		3,396		7,441		10,054		12,703		14,400		17,807
2017										17		5,679		9,275		15,441		18,470		22,835
2018												2,506		5,823		10,801		17,294		22,016
2019														4,213		19,044		25,389		33,375
2020																2,901		13,856		20,988
2021																		5,317		23,841
2022																				7,479
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																Total	$	237,288
										All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance										21,094
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	467,592

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		4.0%		13.0%		14.0%		13.1%		9.9%		5.8%		6.1%		9.0%		4.0%		1.4%

Casualty - Claims Made
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2022
	For the Years Ended December 31,																						Cumulative
																							Number of
																							Reported
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022		Total IBNR		Claims
2013	$	40,095	$	41,488	$	44,054	$	40,288	$	38,473	$	37,959	$	38,352	$	37,974	$	37,950	$	37,817	$	463	1,042
2014				53,929		55,386		58,152		55,350		51,554		53,841		53,783		52,619		52,796		1,584	1,305
2015						55,006		47,831		42,206		39,906		39,653		39,619		38,609		37,578		1,248	1,338
2016								59,992		67,760		69,493		67,728		64,730		65,078		61,876		2,451	1,507
2017										60,572		62,450		62,714		57,450		59,907		61,546		4,455	1,647
2018												66,128		62,416		56,468		48,457		47,692		10,412	1,394
2019														62,918		61,712		52,224		46,500		16,958	1,512
2020																60,278		56,785		46,853		29,739	1,294
2021																		51,219		45,854		32,103	1,216
2022																				58,289		43,827	1,005
																		Total	$	496,801

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*			2022
2013	$	792	$	7,073	$	18,425	$	26,121	$	29,678	$	32,789	$	34,535	$	35,476	$	36,078	$		36,800
2014				1,705		9,775		27,923		35,755		40,080		44,127		46,122		50,714			51,063
2015						2,215		10,738		16,774		20,920		28,795		32,241		33,529			34,671
2016								2,060		14,558		27,465		39,370		47,999		52,846			53,737
2017										2,455		11,350		22,728		36,522		42,918			47,087
2018												1,964		11,965		18,840		24,918			27,351
2019														1,839		8,123		14,117			19,930
2020																1,488		5,687			10,412
2021																		999			5,615
2022																					2,088
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																Total		$	288,754
										All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance											3,249
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance												$	211,296

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		3.6%		15.9%		19.6%		16.2%		11.3%		7.9%		3.3%		4.7%		1.1%		1.9%

Casualty - Transportation
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2022
	For the Years Ended December 31,																						Cumulative
																							Number of
																							Reported
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022		Total IBNR		Claims
2013	$	32,742	$	32,853	$	32,989	$	37,673	$	38,811	$	39,974	$	39,309	$	39,183	$	39,586	$	39,598	$	103	2,853
2014				38,361		33,015		36,452		38,590		40,202		40,508		41,156		41,974		42,067		412	3,099
2015						38,561		46,258		47,021		46,395		45,162		45,525		45,807		46,685		684	3,187
2016								50,430		53,519		54,105		52,277		52,818		53,915		55,718		1,152	3,943
2017										55,640		53,641		45,017		43,764		45,351		46,742		1,480	3,640
2018												57,597		54,592		38,719		36,468		35,442		2,428	3,404
2019														58,297		56,129		43,976		41,925		4,182	3,317
2020																43,573		35,524		27,665		5,844	1,647
2021																		51,322		51,581		14,902	2,307
2022																				60,862		14,645	2,520
																		Total	$	448,285

		Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
		For the Years Ended December 31,
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022
2013	$	5,306	$	11,978	$	19,761	$	28,220	$	33,480	$	35,923	$	37,327	$	37,915	$	38,172	$	38,531
2014				7,125		13,933		19,676		27,457		33,190		38,282		40,006		40,427		41,528
2015						6,984		20,709		29,554		37,222		39,339		41,345		42,626		45,002
2016								8,923		18,354		30,354		38,001		43,564		47,488		52,555
2017										7,979		17,070		24,090		30,260		36,141		41,064
2018												6,980		12,827		19,216		24,503		28,844
2019														7,148		15,852		21,120		26,422
2020																3,986		7,876		12,035
2021																		5,341		15,345
2022																				6,442
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																Total	$	307,768
										All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance										1,220
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	141,737

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		15.0%		18.8%		16.8%		15.8%		11.0%		8.0%		4.9%		2.5%		1.6%		0.9%

Property
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2022
	For the Years Ended December 31,																						Cumulative
																							Number of
																							Reported
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022		Total IBNR		Claims
2013	$	63,864	$	62,090	$	62,173	$	62,114	$	61,914	$	61,834	$	61,776	$	61,623	$	61,400	$	61,371	$	7	2,996
2014				56,587		49,441		48,801		48,761		49,217		49,444		49,479		49,520		49,468		15	4,564
2015						59,863		56,103		53,958		52,720		53,111		52,781		52,878		53,359		25	4,076
2016								62,900		55,594		55,384		55,930		55,424		55,383		55,536		150	3,377
2017										90,803		83,273		84,961		82,671		82,319		81,912		801	2,893
2018												89,091		83,457		79,961		80,470		79,093		1,443	2,337
2019														71,232		65,189		61,116		59,901		1,141	2,453
2020																118,247		110,466		108,546		12,532	2,855
2021																		135,447		116,424		16,900	3,071
2022																				138,756		53,549	2,505
																		Total	$	804,366

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022
2013	$	32,208	$	50,840	$	57,407	$	59,259	$	60,520	$	61,195	$	61,325	$	61,335	$	61,188	$	61,188
2014				30,550		43,380		46,148		46,528		47,799		49,027		49,259		49,317		49,339
2015						32,184		49,348		50,197		51,290		52,078		52,342		52,400		53,208
2016								33,134		46,921		51,371		53,006		54,328		54,747		55,215
2017										41,314		66,818		74,415		78,360		80,581		80,958
2018												37,048		68,264		72,357		75,253		76,378
2019														30,703		51,740		55,092		57,038
2020																43,192		79,660		88,401
2021																		57,272		89,174
2022																				44,667
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																Total	$	655,566
										All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance										1,101
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	149,901

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		50.4%		31.1%		6.7%		2.9%		2.1%		1.1%		0.4%		0.5%		(0.1)%		0.0%

Surety
(in thousands, except number of claims)
	Incurred Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance																				As of December 31, 2022
	For the Years Ended December 31,																						Cumulative
																							Number of
																							Reported
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022		Total IBNR		Claims
2013	$	16,080	$	7,516	$	6,170	$	5,399	$	5,271	$	5,231	$	5,209	$	5,107	$	5,046	$	5,139	$	3	1,411
2014				16,450		8,106		5,225		4,427		4,267		4,319		4,266		4,227		4,230		5	1,357
2015						16,958		12,957		11,113		10,456		9,792		9,521		9,275		8,580		21	1,244
2016								18,928		11,062		9,351		8,895		8,391		7,948		8,134		81	1,389
2017										16,127		8,641		8,798		8,116		8,034		7,769		158	1,826
2018												16,765		7,227		4,564		3,947		3,996		244	1,362
2019														14,785		7,205		5,053		4,062		860	1,178
2020																19,241		14,840		12,378		4,214	895
2021																		18,540		11,724		7,826	767
2022																				20,185		18,683	527
																		Total	$	86,197

	Cumulative Paid Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance
	For the Years Ended December 31,
AY	2013*		2014*		2015*		2016*		2017*		2018*		2019*		2020*		2021*		2022
2013	$	1,116	$	2,856	$	4,701	$	4,911	$	5,098	$	5,150	$	5,128	$	5,061	$	5,029	$	5,131
2014				722		4,283		4,166		4,059		4,131		4,234		4,214		4,197		4,218
2015						3,192		6,719		7,695		9,436		9,183		9,186		9,168		8,462
2016								3,087		5,817		6,299		7,640		8,086		7,673		7,946
2017										979		2,862		7,062		7,221		7,362		7,372
2018												1,835		2,588		2,368		2,536		3,020
2019														336		2,433		2,765		3,039
2020																835		2,719		3,828
2021																		1,197		3,229
2022																				(241)
		* Presented as unaudited required supplementary information.																Total	$	46,004
										All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance										(77)
								Liabilities for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance											$	40,116

	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Losses by Age, Net of Reinsurance*
Years	1		2		3		4		5		6		7		8		9		10
		19.6%		35.6%		14.5%		7.3%		3.6%		(0.3)%		0.6%		(3.3)%		(0.1)%		2.0%

The following is a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid loss development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and settlement expenses in the consolidated balance sheet:

(in thousands)	December 31, 2022		December 31, 2021
Net outstanding liabilities:
Casualty - Primary Occurrence	$	461,527	$	453,142
Casualty - Excess Occurrence		467,592		384,579
Casualty - Claims Made		211,296		209,705
Casualty - Transportation		141,737		131,531
Property		149,901		124,652
Surety		40,116		34,244
Unallocated loss adjustment expenses		61,752		59,391
Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses		11,250		11,188
Other		30,377		27,037
Liabilities for unpaid loss and settlement expenses, net of reinsurance	$	1,575,548	$	1,435,469
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims:
Casualty - Primary Occurrence	$	46,674	$	43,688
Casualty - Excess Occurrence		138,822		122,092
Casualty - Claims Made		298,930		271,259
Casualty - Transportation		78,456		66,283
Property		137,613		65,098
Surety		50,737		50,743
Allowance for uncollectible reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses		(11,250)		(11,188)
Other		107		111
Total reinsurance balances recoverable on unpaid losses and settlement expenses	$	740,089	$	608,086
Total gross liability for unpaid loss and settlement expenses	$	2,315,637	$	2,043,555

DETERMINATION OF IBNR

Initial carried IBNR reserves are determined through a reserve estimation process. For most casualty and surety products, this process involves the use of an initial loss and allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) ratio that is applied to the earned premium for a given period. Payments and case reserves are subtracted from this initial estimate of ultimate loss and ALAE to determine a carried IBNR reserve. For most property products, the IBNR reserves are determined by IBNR percentages applied to premium earned. The percentages are determined based on historical reporting patterns and are updated periodically. No deductions for paid or case reserves are made. Shortly after natural or man-made catastrophes, we review insured locations exposed to the event and model losses based on our own exposures and industry loss estimates of the event. We also consider our knowledge of frequency and severity from early claim reports to determine an appropriate reserve for the catastrophe. Adjustments to the initial loss ratio by product and segment are made where necessary and reflect updated assumptions regarding loss experience, loss trends, price changes and prevailing risk factors.

Actuaries perform a ground-up reserve study of the expected value of the unpaid loss and LAE derived using multiple standard actuarial methodologies on a quarterly basis. Each method produces an estimate of ultimate loss by accident year. We review all of these various estimates and assign weights to each based on the characteristics of the product being reviewed. These estimates are then compared to the carried loss reserves to determine the appropriateness of the current reserve balance. In addition, an emergence analysis is completed quarterly to determine if further adjustments are necessary.

Upon completion of our loss and LAE estimation analysis, a review of the resulting variance between the indicated reserves and the carried reserves takes place. Our actuaries make a recommendation to management in regards to booked reserves that reflect their analytical assessment and view of estimation risk. After discussion of these analyses and all relevant risk factors, the Loss Reserve Committee, a panel of management including the lead reserving actuary, chief executive officer, chief operating officer, chief financial officer and other executives, confirms the appropriateness of the reserve balances.

Actuarial models base future loss emergence on historical experience, with adjustments for current trends. We expect the timing of loss emergence and ultimate loss ratios for certain coverages we underwrite will be affected as a result of COVID-19 and the

related economic impact. The industry is experiencing new issues, including the postponement of civil court cases, the extension of various statutes of limitations, claim uncertainty due to supply shortages and changes in settlement trends. Our recorded reserves include consideration of these factors, but the duration and degree to which these issues persist, along with potential legislative, regulatory or judicial actions, could result in loss reserve deficiencies and reduce earnings in future periods.

DEVELOPMENT OF IBNR RESERVES

The following table summarizes our prior accident years’ loss reserve development by segment for 2022, 2021 and 2020:

(in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Casualty	$	(87,225)	$	(108,632)	$	(75,075)
Property		(24,927)		(10,981)		(13,019)
Surety		(10,427)		(5,850)		(12,959)
Total	$	(122,579)	$	(125,463)	$	(101,053)

A discussion of significant components of reserve development for the three most recent calendar years follows:

2022. We experienced favorable emergence relative to prior years’ reserve estimates in all of our segments during 2022. The casualty segment contributed $87.2 million in favorable development. Accident years 2016 and 2018 through 2021 contributed the majority of the favorable development, with earlier years developing favorably in aggregate to a lesser extent. Risk selection by our underwriters continued to provide better results than estimated in our reserving process. Within the primary occurrence grouping, the general liability product contributed $28.3 million to our favorable development. Small commercial products were favorable by $4.6 million. Within the excess occurrence grouping, commercial excess was favorable by $6.3 million and our personal umbrella product developed favorably by $3.8 million. Within the claims made grouping, professional services coverages developed favorably by $18.8 million and executive products developed favorably by $4.1 million. Transportation experienced favorable development of $6.4 million.

Marine contributed $17.0 million of the $24.9 million total favorable property development. Accident years 2019 through 2021 contributed to the marine products’ favorable development. Hawaii homeowners contributed $2.3 million of favorable development.

The surety segment experienced favorable development of $10.4 million. The majority of the favorable development was from accident years 2019 through 2021. Contract surety had favorable development of $4.9 million and commercial surety had favorable development of $4.2 million.

2021. We experienced favorable emergence relative to prior years’ reserve estimates in all of our segments during 2021. Development from the casualty segment totaled $108.6 million. Favorable development was experienced across accident years 2014 through 2020, with the largest amounts attributable to accident years 2018 through 2020. We continued to experience emergence that was generally better than previously estimated. We attribute the favorable emergence to loss trends in most lines outperforming our long-term expectations, our underwriters’ ability to select risk and an increasing rate environment. Within the primary occurrence grouping, the general liability product contributed $25.3 million to our favorable development and small commercial was favorable by $7.5 million. Within the excess occurrence grouping, commercial excess was favorable by $10.5 million and personal umbrella developed favorably by $10.4 million. Within the claims made grouping, professional services coverages developed favorably by $14.2 million and executive products developed favorably by $5.9 million. Transportation had $20.1 million of favorable development.

Our marine product was the predominant driver of the favorable development in the property segment, accounting for $6.6 million of the $11.0 million total favorable development for the segment. Accident years 2019 and 2020 made the largest contribution. Commercial property was favorable by $2.0 million.

The surety segment experienced $5.9 million of favorable development. The majority of the favorable development came from the 2019 and 2020 accident years. Contract surety was the main contributor with favorable development of $4.6 million.

2020. We experienced favorable emergence relative to prior years’ reserve estimates in all of our segments during 2020. The casualty segment contributed $75.1 million in favorable development. Accident years 2017 through 2019 contributed significantly to the favorable development. This was predominantly caused by favorable frequency and severity trends that continued to be better than our long-term expectations. In addition, we believe this to be the result of our underwriters’ ability to select risk as well as an increasing rate environment within many of our casualty sublines. Nearly all of our casualty products contributed to the favorable development. Transportation contributed $19.1 million for the year. Within the primary occurrence grouping, the general liability

product contributed $17.9 million to our favorable development. Within the excess occurrence grouping, commercial excess developed favorably by $12.5 million. Within the claims made grouping, professional services coverages developed favorably by $7.8 million and medical professional liability had $6.1 million of favorable development.

The marine product was the primary driver of the favorable development in the property segment. Marine contributed $6.5 million of the $13.0 million total favorable property development, primarily in accident years 2017 and 2018. Commercial property was favorable by $5.2 million.

The surety segment experienced favorable development of $13.0 million. The majority of the favorable development was from accident year 2019. Contract and commercial surety products were the main contributors with favorable development of $5.9 million and $3.8 million, respectively.

ENVIRONMENTAL, ASBESTOS AND MASS TORT EXPOSURES

We are subject to environmental site cleanup, asbestos removal and mass tort claims and exposures through our commercial excess, general liability and discontinued assumed casualty reinsurance lines of business. The majority of the exposure is in the excess layers of our commercial excess and assumed reinsurance books of business.

The following table represents paid and unpaid environmental, asbestos and mass tort claims data (including incurred but not reported losses) as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

(in thousands)	2022		2021		2020
Loss and LAE Payments (Cumulative):
Gross	$	142,377	$	141,768	$	139,804
Ceded		(69,696)		(69,576)		(69,219)
Net	$	72,681	$	72,192	$	70,585
Unpaid Losses and LAE at End of Year:
Gross	$	26,871	$	25,747	$	22,485
Ceded		(5,786)		(5,718)		(4,619)
Net	$	21,085	$	20,029	$	17,866

Our environmental, asbestos and mass tort exposure is limited, relative to other insurers, as a result of entering the affected liability lines after the insurance industry had already recognized environmental and asbestos exposure as a problem and adopted appropriate coverage exclusions. The majority of our reserves are associated with products that went into runoff at least two decades ago. Some are for assumed reinsurance, some are for excess liability business and some followed from the acquisition of Underwriters Indemnity Company in 1999.

During 2022, we increased our IBNR reserves for asbestos, environmental and mass tort exposures, as we experienced modest emergence and an increase in open claims.

While our environmental exposure is limited, the ultimate liability for this exposure is difficult to assess because of the extensive and complicated litigation involved in the settlement of claims and evolving legislation on issues such as joint and several liability, retroactive liability and standards of cleanup. Additionally, we participate primarily in the excess layers of coverage, where accurate estimates of ultimate loss are more difficult to derive than for primary coverage.