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Investments
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investments
Investments
   
Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities

Available-for-sale and fair value option ("FVO") fixed maturities were as follows as of June 30, 2018:
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Capital
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Capital
Losses
 
Embedded Derivatives(2)
 
Fair
Value
 
OTTI(3)(4)
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasuries
$
464

 
$
84

 
$
1

 
$

 
$
547

 
$

U.S. Government agencies and authorities

 

 

 

 

 

State, municipalities and political subdivisions
751

 
20

 
8

 

 
763

 

U.S. corporate public securities
7,968

 
369

 
119

 

 
8,218

 

U.S. corporate private securities
3,684

 
95

 
90

 

 
3,689

 

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments(1)
2,481

 
90

 
53

 

 
2,518

 

Foreign corporate private securities(1)
3,274

 
62

 
65

 

 
3,271

 

Residential mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency
1,998

 
48

 
32

 
4

 
2,018

 

Non-Agency
883

 
46

 
6

 
5

 
928

 
4

Total Residential mortgage-backed securities
2,881

 
94

 
38

 
9

 
2,946

 
4

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
1,627

 
13

 
27

 

 
1,613

 

Other asset-backed securities
1,084

 
6

 
5

 

 
1,085

 
2

Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged
24,214

 
833

 
406

 
9

 
24,650

 
6

Less: Securities pledged
853

 
70

 
16

 

 
907

 

Total fixed maturities
$
23,361

 
$
763

 
$
390

 
$
9

 
$
23,743

 
$
6

(1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated.
(2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Other net realized capital gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(3) Represents Other-than-Temporary-Impairments ("OTTI") reported as a component of Other comprehensive income (loss).
(4) Amount excludes $148 of net unrealized gains on impaired available-for-sale securities.

Available-for-sale and FVO fixed maturities and equity securities were as follows as of December 31, 2017:
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross
Unrealized
Capital
Gains
 
Gross
Unrealized
Capital
Losses
 
Embedded Derivatives(2)
 
Fair
Value
 
OTTI(3)(4)
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasuries
$
547

 
$
109

 
$

 
$

 
$
656

 
$

U.S. Government agencies and authorities
3

 

 

 

 
3

 

State, municipalities and political subdivisions
842

 
40

 
4

 

 
878

 

U.S. corporate public securities
8,476

 
786

 
26

 

 
9,236

 

U.S. corporate private securities
3,387

 
148

 
38

 

 
3,497

 

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments(1)
2,594

 
192

 
9

 

 
2,777

 

Foreign corporate private securities(1)
3,105

 
155

 
45

 

 
3,215

 
7

Residential mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency
1,878

 
65

 
17

 
6

 
1,932

 

Non-Agency
639

 
54

 
2

 
6

 
697

 
4

Total Residential mortgage-backed securities
2,517

 
119

 
19

 
12

 
2,629

 
4

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
1,437

 
39

 
6

 

 
1,470

 

Other asset-backed securities
671

 
11

 
1

 

 
681

 
2

Total fixed maturities, including securities pledged
23,579

 
1,599

 
148

 
12

 
25,042

 
13

Less: Securities pledged
864

 
104

 
8

 

 
960

 

Total fixed maturities
22,715

 
1,495

 
140

 
12

 
24,082

 
13

Equity securities
45

 
15

 

 

 
60

 

Total fixed maturities and equity securities investments
$
22,760

 
$
1,510

 
$
140

 
$
12

 
$
24,142

 
$
13

(1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated.
(2) Embedded derivatives within fixed maturity securities are reported with the host investment. The changes in fair value of embedded derivatives are reported in Other net realized capital gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
(3) Represents OTTI reported as a component of Other comprehensive income (loss).
(4) Amount excludes $190 of net unrealized gains on impaired available-for-sale securities.


The amortized cost and fair value of fixed maturities, including securities pledged, as of June 30, 2018, are shown below by contractual maturity. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities as securities may be restructured, called or prepaid. Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS") and Other asset-backed securities ("ABS") are shown separately because they are not due at a single maturity date.
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Fair
Value
Due to mature:
 
 
 
One year or less
$
464

 
$
468

After one year through five years
4,244

 
4,311

After five years through ten years
5,901

 
5,863

After ten years
8,013

 
8,364

Mortgage-backed securities
4,508

 
4,559

Other asset-backed securities
1,084

 
1,085

Fixed maturities, including securities pledged
$
24,214

 
$
24,650



The investment portfolio is monitored to maintain a diversified portfolio on an ongoing basis. Credit risk is mitigated by monitoring concentrations by issuer, sector and geographic stratification and limiting exposure to any one issuer. 

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company did not have any investments in a single issuer, other than obligations of the U.S. Government and government agencies, with a carrying value in excess of 10% of the Company's Total shareholder's equity.

The following tables present the composition of the U.S. and foreign corporate securities within the fixed maturity portfolio by industry category as of the dates indicated:
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Capital Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Capital Losses
 
Fair Value
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Communications
$
1,162

 
$
55

 
$
18

 
$
1,199

Financial
2,805

 
125

 
38

 
2,892

Industrial and other companies
7,629

 
221

 
149

 
7,701

Energy
1,886

 
83

 
51

 
1,918

Utilities
2,854

 
103

 
52

 
2,905

Transportation
725

 
19

 
13

 
731

Total
$
17,061

 
$
606

 
$
321

 
$
17,346

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Communications
$
1,145

 
$
114

 
$
1

 
$
1,258

Financial
2,750

 
185

 
4

 
2,931

Industrial and other companies
7,953

 
532

 
65

 
8,420

Energy
1,970

 
159

 
33

 
2,096

Utilities
2,725

 
216

 
11

 
2,930

Transportation
697

 
52

 
2

 
747

Total
$
17,240

 
$
1,258

 
$
116

 
$
18,382



Fixed Maturities and Equity Securities:
The Company's fixed maturities are currently designated as available-for-sale, except those accounted for using the FVO. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018, equity securities were also designated as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value and unrealized capital gains (losses) on these securities are recorded directly in AOCI and presented net of related changes in Deferred policy acquisition costs ("DAC"), Value of business acquired ("VOBA") and Deferred income taxes. In addition, certain fixed maturities have embedded derivatives, which are reported with the host contract on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The Company has elected the FVO for certain of its fixed maturities to better match the measurement of assets and liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Certain collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMOs"), primarily interest-only and principal-only strips, are accounted for as hybrid instruments and reported at fair value with changes in the fair value recorded in Other net realized capital gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
The Company invests in various categories of CMOs, including CMOs that are not agency-backed, that are subject to different degrees of risk from changes in interest rates and defaults. The principal risks inherent in holding CMOs are prepayment and extension risks related to significant decreases and increases in interest rates resulting in the prepayment of principal from the underlying mortgages, either earlier or later than originally anticipated. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, approximately 53.8% and 52.1%, respectively, of the Company’s CMO holdings, were invested in the above mentioned types of CMOs such as interest-only or principal-only strips, that are subject to more prepayment and extension risk than traditional CMOs.

Public corporate fixed maturity securities are distinguished from private corporate fixed maturity securities based upon the manner in which they are transacted. Public corporate fixed maturity securities are issued initially through market intermediaries on a registered basis or pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933 (the "Securities Act") and are traded on the secondary market through brokers acting as principal. Private corporate fixed maturity securities are originally issued by borrowers directly to investors pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, and are traded in the secondary market directly with counterparties, either without the participation of a broker or in agency transactions.
 
Repurchase Agreements

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company did not have any securities pledged in dollar rolls, repurchase agreement transactions or reverse repurchase agreements.

Securities Lending

The Company engages in securities lending whereby certain securities from its portfolio are loaned to other institutions, through a lending agent, for short periods of time. The Company has the right to approve any institution with whom the lending agent transacts on its behalf. Initial collateral is required at a rate of 102% of the market value of the loaned securities. The lending agent retains the collateral and invests it in high quality liquid assets on behalf of the Company. The market value of the loaned securities is monitored on a daily basis with additional collateral obtained or refunded as the market value of the loaned securities fluctuates. The lending agent indemnifies the Company against losses resulting from the failure of a counterparty to return securities pledged where collateral is insufficient to cover the loss. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of loaned securities was $745 and $799, respectively, and is included in Securities pledged on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

If cash is received as collateral, the lending agent retains the cash collateral and invests it in short-term liquid assets on behalf of the Company. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, cash collateral retained by the lending agent and invested in short-term liquid assets on the Company's behalf was $711 and $744, respectively, and is recorded in Short-term investments under securities loan agreements, including collateral delivered on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, liabilities to return collateral of $711 and $744, respectively, are included in Payables under securities loan agreements, including collateral held, on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company accepts non-cash collateral in the form of securities. The securities retained as collateral by the lending agent may not be sold or re-pledged, except in the event of default, and are not reflected on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. This collateral generally consists of U.S. Treasury, U.S. Government agency securities and MBS pools. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the fair value of securities retained as collateral by the lending agent on the Company’s behalf was $60 and $61, respectively.

The following table presents borrowings under securities lending transactions by class of collateral pledged for the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018 (1)(2)
 
December 31, 2017 (1)(2)
U.S. Treasuries
$
179

 
$
177

U.S. corporate public securities
429

 
460

Short-term Investments
1

 

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments
162

 
168

Payables under securities loan agreements
$
771

 
$
805


(1) As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, borrowings under securities lending transactions include cash collateral of $711 and $744, respectively.
(2) As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, borrowings under securities lending transactions include non-cash collateral of $60 and $61, respectively.

The Company's securities lending activities are conducted on an overnight basis, and all securities loaned can be recalled at any time. The Company does not offset assets and liabilities associated with its securities lending program.

Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs")

The Company holds certain VIEs for investment purposes. VIEs may be in the form of private placement securities, structured securities, securitization transactions or limited partnerships. The Company has reviewed each of its holdings and determined that consolidation of these investments in the Company’s financial statements is not required, as the Company is not the primary beneficiary, because the Company does not have both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and the obligation or right to potentially significant losses or benefits, for any of its investments in VIEs. The Company did not provide any non-contractual financial support and its carrying value represents the Company’s exposure to loss. The carrying value of the investments in VIEs was $568 and $411 as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively; these investments are included in Limited partnerships/corporations on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Income and losses recognized on these investments are reported in Net investment income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Securitizations

The Company invests in various tranches of securitization entities, including Residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS"), Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS") and ABS. Through its investments, the Company is not obligated to provide any financial or other support to these entities. Each of the RMBS, CMBS and ABS entities are thinly capitalized by design and considered VIEs. The Company's involvement with these entities is limited to that of a passive investor. The Company has no unilateral right to appoint or remove the servicer, special servicer or investment manager, which are generally viewed to have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the securitization entities' economic performance, in any of these entities, nor does the Company function in any of these roles. The Company, through its investments or other arrangements, does not have the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the entity. Therefore, the Company is not the primary beneficiary and does not consolidate any of the RMBS, CMBS and ABS entities in which it holds investments. These investments are accounted for as investments available-for-sale as described in the Fair Value Measurements Note to these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and unrealized capital gains (losses) on these securities are recorded directly in AOCI, except for certain RMBS that are accounted for under the FVO, for which changes in fair value are reflected in Other net realized capital gains (losses) in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss on these structured investments is limited to the amount of its investment.

Unrealized Capital Losses

Unrealized capital losses (including noncredit impairments), along with the fair value of fixed maturity securities, including securities pledged, by market sector and duration were as follows as of June 30, 2018:
 
Six Months or Less
Below Amortized Cost
 
More Than Six
Months and Twelve
Months or Less
Below Amortized Cost
 
More Than Twelve
Months Below
Amortized Cost
 
Total
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
U.S. Treasuries
$
13

 
$

 
$
2

 
$
1

 
$
12

 
$

 
$
27

 
$
1

State, municipalities and political subdivisions
196

 
3

 
27

 
1

 
65

 
4

 
288

 
8

U.S. corporate public securities
2,384

 
70

 
407

 
26

 
197

 
23

 
2,988

 
119

U.S. corporate private securities
1,258

 
26

 
180

 
11

 
443

 
53

 
1,881

 
90

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments
994

 
32

 
105

 
9

 
77

 
12

 
1,176

 
53

Foreign corporate private securities
1,107

 
46

 
67

 
3

 
153

 
16

 
1,327

 
65

Residential mortgage-backed
423

 
7

 
191

 
14

 
313

 
17

 
927

 
38

Commercial mortgage-backed
735

 
10

 
311

 
15

 
33

 
2

 
1,079

 
27

Other asset-backed
547

 
3

 
58

 
1

 
13

 
1

 
618

 
5

Total
$
7,657

 
$
197

 
$
1,348

 
$
81

 
$
1,306

 
$
128

 
$
10,311

 
$
406


















Unrealized capital losses (including noncredit impairments), along with the fair value of fixed maturity securities, including securities pledged, by market sector and duration were as follows as of December 31, 2017:

 
Six Months or Less
Below Amortized Cost
 
More Than Six
Months and Twelve
Months or Less
Below Amortized Cost
 
More Than Twelve
Months Below
Amortized Cost
 
Total
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Unrealized
Capital Losses
U.S. Treasuries
$
18

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
12

 
$

 
$
30

 
$

State, municipalities and political subdivisions
34

 

 
1

 

 
91

 
4

 
126

 
4

U.S. corporate public securities
504

 
11

 

 

 
304

 
15

 
808

 
26

U.S. corporate private securities
226

 
2

 
46

 
2

 
499

 
34

 
771

 
38

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments
148

 
1

 
5

 

 
99

 
8

 
252

 
9

Foreign corporate private securities
135

 
38

 
13

 

 
161

 
7

 
309

 
45

Residential mortgage-backed
263

 
5

 
26

 
1

 
438

 
13

 
727

 
19

Commercial mortgage-backed
436

 
5

 
19

 

 
50

 
1

 
505

 
6

Other asset-backed
95

 
1

 
9

 

 
38

 

 
142

 
1

Total
$
1,859

 
$
63

 
$
119

 
$
3

 
$
1,692

 
$
82

 
$
3,670

 
$
148


Of the unrealized capital losses aged more than twelve months, the average market value of the related fixed maturities was 91.1% and 95.4% of the average book value as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Unrealized capital losses (including noncredit impairments) in fixed maturities, including securities pledged, for instances in which fair value declined below amortized cost by greater than or less than 20% for consecutive months as indicated in the tables below, were as follows as of the dates indicated:
 
Amortized Cost
 
Unrealized Capital Losses
 
Number of Securities
 
< 20%
 
> 20%
 
< 20%
 
> 20%
 
< 20%
 
> 20%
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six months or less below amortized cost
$
7,813

 
$
82

 
$
183

 
$
23

 
1,568

 
11

More than six months and twelve months or less below amortized cost
1,434

 
1

 
82

 

 
310

 
1

More than twelve months below amortized cost
1,308

 
79

 
96

 
22

 
278

 
5

Total
$
10,555

 
$
162

 
$
361

 
$
45

 
2,156

 
17

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six months or less below amortized cost
$
1,883

 
$
67

 
$
30

 
$
38

 
433

 
7

More than six months and twelve months or less below amortized cost
128

 
7

 
4

 
2

 
37

 
1

More than twelve months below amortized cost
1,661

 
72

 
53

 
21

 
335

 
7

Total
$
3,672

 
$
146

 
$
87

 
$
61

 
805

 
15


Unrealized capital losses (including noncredit impairments) in fixed maturities, including securities pledged, by market sector for instances in which fair value declined below amortized cost by greater than or less than 20% were as follows as of the dates indicated:
 
Amortized Cost
 
Unrealized Capital Losses
 
Number of Securities
 
< 20%
 
> 20%
 
< 20%
 
> 20%
 
< 20%
 
> 20%
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasuries
$
28

 
$

 
$
1

 
$

 
6

 

State, municipalities and political subdivisions
296

 

 
8

 

 
145

 

U.S. corporate public securities
3,084

 
23

 
113

 
6

 
655

 
2

U.S. corporate private securities
1,904

 
67

 
72

 
18

 
215

 
2

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments
1,215

 
14

 
50

 
3

 
276

 
4

Foreign corporate private securities
1,336

 
56

 
47

 
18

 
122

 
4

Residential mortgage-backed
964

 
1

 
38

 

 
382

 
4

Commercial mortgage-backed
1,106

 

 
27

 

 
217

 

Other asset-backed
622

 
1

 
5

 

 
138

 
1

Total
$
10,555

 
$
162

 
$
361

 
$
45

 
2,156

 
17

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasuries
$
30

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
6

 

State, municipalities and political subdivisions
130

 

 
4

 

 
96

 

U.S. corporate public securities
828

 
6

 
24

 
2

 
167

 
2

U.S. corporate private securities
743

 
66

 
18

 
20

 
71

 
2

Foreign corporate public securities and foreign governments
254

 
7

 
7

 
2

 
61

 
1

Foreign corporate private securities
288

 
66

 
8

 
37

 
35

 
6

Residential mortgage-backed
746

 

 
19

 

 
194

 
3

Commercial mortgage-backed
511

 

 
6

 

 
131

 

Other asset-backed
142

 
1

 
1

 

 
44

 
1

Total
$
3,672

 
$
146

 
$
87

 
$
61

 
805

 
15


Investments with fair values less than amortized cost are included in the Company's other-than-temporary impairments analysis. Impairments were recognized as disclosed in the "Evaluating Securities for Other-Than-Temporary Impairments" section below. The Company evaluates non-agency RMBS and ABS for "other-than-temporary impairments" each quarter based on actual and projected cash flows, after considering the quality and updated loan-to-value ratios reflecting current home prices of underlying collateral, forecasted loss severity, the payment priority within the tranche structure of the security and amount of any credit enhancements. The Company's assessment of current levels of cash flows compared to estimated cash flows at the time the securities were acquired (typically pre-2008) indicates the amount and the pace of projected cash flows from the underlying collateral has generally been lower and slower, respectively. However, since cash flows are typically projected at a trust level, the impairment review incorporates the security's position within the trust structure as well as credit enhancement remaining in the trust to determine whether an impairment is warranted. Therefore, while lower and slower cash flows will impact the trust, the effect on the valuation of a particular security within the trust will also be dependent upon the trust structure. Where the assessment continues to project full recovery of principal and interest on schedule, the Company has not recorded an impairment. Based on this analysis, the Company determined that the remaining investments in an unrealized loss position were not other-than-temporarily impaired and therefore no further other-than-temporary impairment was necessary.
Troubled Debt Restructuring

The Company invests in high quality, well performing portfolios of commercial mortgage loans and private placements. Under certain circumstances, modifications are granted to these contracts. Each modification is evaluated as to whether a troubled debt restructuring has occurred. A modification is a troubled debt restructuring when the borrower is in financial difficulty and the creditor makes concessions. Generally, the types of concessions may include reducing the face amount or maturity amount of the debt as originally stated, reducing the contractual interest rate, extending the maturity date at an interest rate lower than current market interest rates and/or reducing accrued interest. The Company considers the amount, timing and extent of the concession granted in determining any impairment or changes in the specific valuation allowance recorded in connection with the troubled debt restructuring. A valuation allowance may have been recorded prior to the quarter when the loan is modified in a troubled debt restructuring. Accordingly, the carrying value (net of the specific valuation allowance) before and after modification through a troubled debt restructuring may not change significantly, or may increase if the expected recovery is higher than the pre-modification recovery assessment. As of June 30, 2018, the Company did not have any new commercial mortgage loan or private placement troubled debt restructuring. As of December 31, 2017, the Company did not have any new commercial mortgage loan troubled debt restructuring and had one private placement troubled debt restructuring with a pre-modification and post modification carrying value of $3.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company did not have any commercial mortgage loans or private placements modified in a troubled debt restructuring with a subsequent payment default.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The Company's mortgage loans on real estate are all commercial mortgage loans held for investment, which are reported at amortized cost, less impairment write-downs and allowance for losses. The Company diversifies its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by geographic region and property type to reduce concentration risk. The Company manages risk when originating commercial mortgage loans by generally lending only up to 75% of the estimated fair value of the underlying real estate. Subsequently, the Company continuously evaluates mortgage loans based on relevant current information including a review of loan-specific credit quality, property characteristics and market trends. Loan performance is monitored on a loan-specific basis through the review of submitted appraisals, operating statements, rent revenues and annual inspection reports, among other items. This review ensures properties are performing at a consistent and acceptable level to secure the debt. The components to evaluate debt service coverage are received and reviewed at least annually to determine the level of risk.

The following table summarizes the Company's investment in mortgage loans as of the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Impaired
 
Non Impaired
 
Total
 
Impaired
 
Non Impaired
 
Total
Commercial mortgage loans
$
4

 
$
4,999

 
$
5,003

 
$
4

 
$
4,907

 
$
4,911

Collective valuation allowance for losses
N/A

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
N/A

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
Total net commercial mortgage loans
$
4

 
$
4,998

 
$
5,002

 
$
4

 
$
4,906

 
$
4,910

N/A- Not Applicable

There were no impairments taken on the mortgage loan portfolio for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

The following table summarizes the activity in the allowance for losses for commercial mortgage loans for the periods indicated:
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Collective valuation allowance for losses, balance at January 1
$
1

 
$
1

Addition to (reduction of) allowance for losses

 

Collective valuation allowance for losses, end of period
$
1

 
$
1


The carrying values and unpaid principal balances of impaired mortgage loans were as follows as of the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Impaired loans without allowances for losses
$
4

 
$
4

Less: Allowances for losses on impaired loans

 

Impaired loans, net
$
4

 
$
4

Unpaid principal balance of impaired loans
$
6

 
$
6


As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 the Company did not have any impaired loans with allowances for losses.
 
 
 
 
The Company defines delinquent mortgage loans consistent with industry practice as 60 days past due. The Company's policy is to recognize interest income until a loan becomes 90 days delinquent or foreclosure proceedings are commenced, at which point interest accrual is discontinued. Interest accrual is not resumed until the loan is brought current.

There were no mortgage loans in the Company's portfolio in process of foreclosure as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

There were no loans 30 days or less in arrears, with respect to principal and interest as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The following tables present information on the average investment during the period in impaired loans and interest income recognized on impaired and troubled debt restructured loans for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Impaired loans, average investment during the period (amortized cost)(1)
$
4

 
$
5

Interest income recognized on impaired loans, on an accrual basis(1)

 

Interest income recognized on impaired loans, on a cash basis(1)

 

Interest income recognized on troubled debt restructured loans, on an accrual basis

 

(1)Includes amounts for Troubled debt restructured loans.
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Impaired loans, average investment during the period (amortized cost)(1)
$
4

 
$
5

Interest income recognized on impaired loans, on an accrual basis(1)

 

Interest income recognized on impaired loans, on a cash basis(1)

 

Interest income recognized on troubled debt restructured loans, on an accrual basis

 

(1)Includes amounts for Troubled debt restructured loans.

Loan-to-value ("LTV") and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios are measures commonly used to assess the risk and quality of mortgage loans. The LTV ratio, calculated at time of origination, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of the loan relative to the value of the underlying property. A LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the underlying collateral. The DSC ratio, based upon the most recently received financial statements, is expressed as a percentage of the amount of a property’s net income to its debt service payments. A DSC ratio of less than 1.0 indicates that a property’s operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. These ratios are utilized as part of the review process described above.

The following table presents the LTV ratios as of the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018 (1)
 
December 31, 2017 (1)
Loan-to-Value Ratio:
 
 
 
0% - 50%
$
360

 
$
341

>50% - 60%
1,275

 
1,256

>60% - 70%
3,024

 
3,042

>70% - 80%
323

 
262

>80% and above
21

 
10

Total Commercial mortgage loans
$
5,003

 
$
4,911

(1) Balances do not include collective valuation allowance for losses.

The following table presents the DSC ratios as of the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018 (1)
 
December 31, 2017 (1)
Debt Service Coverage Ratio:
 
 
 
Greater than 1.5x
$
3,883

 
$
3,902

>1.25x - 1.5x
398

 
340

>1.0x - 1.25x
629

 
600

Less than 1.0x
53

 
54

Commercial mortgage loans secured by land or construction loans
40

 
15

Total Commercial mortgage loans
$
5,003

 
$
4,911

(1) Balances do not include collective valuation allowance for losses.

Properties collateralizing mortgage loans are geographically dispersed throughout the United States, as well as diversified by property type, as reflected in the following tables as of the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018 (1)
 
December 31, 2017 (1)
 
Gross
Carrying Value
 
% of
Total
 
Gross
Carrying Value
 
% of
Total
Commercial Mortgage Loans by U.S. Region:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pacific
$
1,007

 
20.1
%
 
$
985

 
20.1
%
South Atlantic
999

 
20.0
%
 
982

 
20.0
%
Middle Atlantic
1,053

 
21.1
%
 
1,097

 
22.4
%
West South Central
580

 
11.6
%
 
552

 
11.2
%
Mountain
486

 
9.7
%
 
457

 
9.3
%
East North Central
481

 
9.6
%
 
468

 
9.5
%
New England
76

 
1.5
%
 
77

 
1.6
%
West North Central
279

 
5.6
%
 
243

 
4.9
%
East South Central
42

 
0.8
%
 
50

 
1.0
%
Total Commercial mortgage loans
$
5,003

 
100.0
%
 
$
4,911

 
100.0
%
(1) Balances do not include collective valuation allowance for losses.
 
June 30, 2018 (1)
 
December 31, 2017 (1)
 
Gross
Carrying Value
 
% of
Total
 
Gross
Carrying Value
 
% of
Total
Commercial Mortgage Loans by Property Type:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Retail
$
1,376

 
27.5
%
 
$
1,383

 
28.1
%
Industrial
1,345

 
26.9
%
 
1,326

 
27.0
%
Apartments
1,022

 
20.4
%
 
948

 
19.3
%
Office
825

 
16.5
%
 
829

 
16.9
%
Hotel/Motel
175

 
3.5
%
 
177

 
3.6
%
Mixed Use
48

 
1.0
%
 
52

 
1.1
%
Other
212

 
4.2
%
 
196

 
4.0
%
Total Commercial mortgage loans
$
5,003

 
100.0
%
 
$
4,911

 
100.0
%

(1) Balances do not include collective valuation allowance for losses.

The following table presents mortgages by year of origination as of the dates indicated:
 
June 30, 2018 (1)
 
December 31, 2017 (1)
Year of Origination:
 
 
 
2018
$
224

 
$

2017
1,139

 
1,086

2016
894

 
867

2015
666

 
703

2014
518

 
538

2013
623

 
644

2012 and prior
939

 
1,073

Total Commercial mortgage loans
$
5,003

 
$
4,911

(1) Balances do not include collective valuation allowance for losses.

Evaluating Securities for Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

The Company performs a regular evaluation, on a security-by-security basis, of its available-for-sale securities holdings, including fixed maturity securities in accordance with its impairment policy in order to evaluate whether such investments are other-than-temporarily impaired.

The following tables identify the Company's credit-related and intent-related impairments included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, excluding impairments included in Other comprehensive income (loss) by type for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
Impairment
 
No. of Securities
 
Impairment
 
No. of Securities
U.S. corporate public securities
$

 

 
$

*
1

Foreign corporate private securities(1)

 

 

 

Residential mortgage-backed
1

 
21

 

*
7

Commercial mortgage-backed

 

 

*
1

Total
$
1

 
21

 
$

*
9

(1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated.
*Less than $1.
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
Impairment
 
No. of Securities
 
Impairment
 
No. of Securities
U.S. corporate public securities
$

 

 
$

*
1

Foreign corporate private securities(1)
9

 
1

 

 

Residential mortgage-backed
1

 
24

 

*
11

Commercial mortgage-backed

 

 

*
1

Total
$
10

 
25

 
$

*
13

(1) Primarily U.S. dollar denominated.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
*Less than $1.

The above table includes $1 and $10 of write-downs related to credit impairments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, in Other-than-temporary impairments, which are recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. The above table includes immaterial write-downs related to credit impairments for the three and six months months ended June 30, 2017. The remaining write-downs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017 related to intent impairments are immaterial.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Company may sell securities during the period in which fair value has declined below amortized cost for fixed maturities. In certain situations, new factors, including changes in the business environment, can change the Company’s previous intent to continue holding a security. Accordingly, these factors may lead the Company to record additional intent related capital losses.

The following tables present the amount of credit impairments on fixed maturities for which a portion of the OTTI loss was recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) and the corresponding changes in such amounts for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Balance at April 1
$
6

 
$
8

 
Additional credit impairments:
 
 
 
 
On securities previously impaired

 

 
Reductions:
 
 
 
 
Increase in cash flows

 

*
Securities sold, matured, prepaid or paid down
1

 
1

 
Balance at June 30
$
5

 
$
7

 
*Less than $1.
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Balance at January 1
$
16

 
$
9

 
Additional credit impairments:
 
 
 
 
On securities previously impaired

 

 
Reductions:
 
 
 
 
Increase in cash flows

 

*
Securities sold, matured, prepaid or paid down
11

 
2

 
Balance at June 30
$
5

 
$
7

 
*Less than $1.
 

Net Investment Income

The following table summarizes Net investment income for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Fixed maturities
$
341

 
$
325

 
$
664

 
$
651

Equity securities
1

 
2

 
2

 
3

Mortgage loans on real estate
54

 
53

 
107

 
104

Policy loans
3

 
3

 
5

 
6

Short-term investments and cash equivalents
1

 

 
2

 

Other
15

 
12

 
34

 
27

Gross investment income
415

 
395

 
814

 
791

Less: Investment expenses
18

 
17

 
35

 
34

Net investment income
$
397

 
$
378

 
$
779

 
$
757


As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had $1 and $3, respectively, of investments in fixed maturities that did not produce net investment income. Fixed maturities are moved to a non-accrual status when the investment defaults.

Interest income on fixed maturities is recorded when earned using an effective yield method, giving effect to amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Such interest income is recorded in Net investment income in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Net Realized Capital Gains (Losses)

Net realized capital gains (losses) comprise the difference between the amortized cost of investments and proceeds from sale and redemption, as well as losses incurred due to the credit-related and intent-related other-than-temporary impairment of investments. Realized investment gains and losses are also primarily generated from changes in fair value of embedded derivatives within products and fixed maturities, changes in fair value of fixed maturities recorded at FVO and changes in fair value including accruals on derivative instruments, except for effective cash flow hedges. Upon the adoption of ASU 2016-01 as of January 1, 2018, realized capital gains (losses) also includes changes in fair value of equity securities.The cost of the investments on disposal is generally determined based on first-in-first-out ("FIFO") methodology.

Net realized capital gains (losses) were as follows for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, including securities pledged
$
(19
)
 
$
(1
)
 
$
(33
)
 
$
(21
)
Fixed maturities, at fair value option
(82
)
 
(38
)
 
(181
)
 
(97
)
Equity securities
2

 

 

 

Derivatives
6

 
2

 
11

 
6

Embedded derivatives - fixed maturities
(2
)
 
(1
)
 
(4
)
 
(2
)
Guaranteed benefit derivatives
12

 
(9
)
 
32

 
11

Other investments

 

 
5

 

Net realized capital gains (losses)
$
(83
)
 
$
(47
)
 
$
(170
)
 
$
(103
)
After-tax net realized capital gains (losses)
$
(61
)
 
$
(31
)
 
$
(140
)
 
$
(67
)

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the change in fair value of equity securities still held as of June 30, 2018 was $2 and $0, respectively.

Proceeds from the sale of fixed maturities and equity securities, available-for-sale and the related gross realized gains and losses, before tax, were as follows for the periods indicated:
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Proceeds on sales
$
1,180

 
$
561

 
$
1,840

 
$
1,638

Gross gains
7

 
6

 
11

 
11

Gross losses
20

 
7

 
27

 
25