tmcc-10k_20190331.htm

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of April 30, 2019, the number of outstanding shares of capital stock, no par value per share, of the registrant was 91,500, all of which shares were held by Toyota Financial Services International Corporation.

The registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction I(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is therefore filing this Form 10-K with the reduced disclosure format.

Toyota Motor Credit Corporation was incorporated in California in 1982 and commenced operations in 1983. References herein to “TMCC” denote Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, and references herein to “we”, “our”, and “us” denote Toyota Motor Credit Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. We are wholly-owned by Toyota Financial Services International Corporation (“TFSIC”), a California corporation, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toyota Financial Services Corporation (“TFSC”), a Japanese corporation. TFSC, in turn, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation (“TMC”), a Japanese corporation. TFSC manages TMC’s worldwide financial services operations. TMCC is marketed under the brands of Toyota Financial Services and Lexus Financial Services.

We provide a variety of finance and insurance products to authorized Toyota and Lexus dealers or dealer groups and, to a lesser extent, other domestic and import franchise dealers (collectively referred to as “dealers”) and their customers in the United States of America (excluding Hawaii) (the “U.S.”) and Puerto Rico. Our products fall primarily into the following categories:

We support growth in earning assets through funding obtained primarily in the global capital markets as well as funds provided by investing and operating activities. Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for a discussion of our funding activities.

We currently acquire retail and lease contracts from dealers, and TMIS markets insurance products to dealers through 29 dealer sales and services offices (“DSSOs”). The DSSOs are supported by three regional management offices. The DSSOs primarily support the dealers by acquiring retail and lease contracts and providing wholesale financing and other dealer financing activities such as business acquisitions, facilities refurbishment, real estate purchases, and working capital requirements. The DSSOs also provide support for our insurance products sold in the U.S. We collectively refer to the above offices as our “field operations.”

On April 16, 2019, we announced that we will restructure our field operations to better serve our dealer partners by streamlining our field office structure and investing in new technology. Over the next two years, we will consolidate the field operations locations into three new regional dealer service centers located in Chandler, Arizona (serving the West region), Plano, Texas (serving the Central region) and Atlanta, Georgia (serving the East region). The dealer lending function will be centralized at the new dealer service center located in Plano, Texas.

We service contracts through three regional customer service centers (“CSCs”) located throughout the U.S. The CSCs support customer account servicing functions such as collections, lease terminations, and administration of both retail and lease contract customer accounts. The Central region CSC also supports insurance product operations by providing agreement and claims administrative services.

Our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) may be found by accessing the SEC website (http://www.sec.gov). A link to the SEC website and certain of our SEC filings are contained on our website located at: www.toyotafinancial.com under “Investor Relations, SEC Filings”.

Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information using the investor relations section of our website. We use our website, press releases, as well as social media to communicate with our investors, customers and the general public about our company, our services and other issues. While not all of the information that we post on our website or on social media is of a material nature, some information could be material. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in our company to review the information we post on the investor relations section of our website and our Twitter feed (http://www.twitter.com/toyotafinancial). We are not incorporating any of the information set forth on our website or on social media channels into this filing on Form 10-K.

Revenues generated by our retail and lease contracts are generally not subject to seasonal variations. Financing volume is subject to a certain degree of seasonality. This seasonality does not have a significant impact on revenues as collections, generally in the form of fixed payments, occur over the course of several years. We are subject to seasonal variations in credit losses, which are historically higher in the first and fourth calendar quarters of the year.

The table below summarizes our financing revenues, net of depreciation by product.

We utilize a tiered pricing program, which matches interest rates with customer risk as defined by credit bureau scores and other factors for a range of price and risk combinations. Each application is assigned a credit tier. Rates vary based on credit tier, term, loan-to-value and collateral, including whether a new or used vehicle is financed. In addition, special rates may apply as a result of promotional activities. We review and adjust interest rates based on competitive and economic factors and distribute the rates, by tier, to dealers.

Dealers transmit customer credit applications electronically through our online system for contract acquisition. The customer may submit a credit application directly to our website, in which case, the credit application is sent to the dealer of the customer’s choice and is considered by us for preapproval. Upon receipt of the credit application, our loan origination system automatically requests a credit bureau report from one of the major credit bureaus. We use a proprietary credit scoring system to evaluate an applicant’s risk profile. Factors used by the credit scoring system (based on the applicant’s credit history) include the term of the contract, ability to pay, debt ratios, amount financed relative to the value of the vehicle to be financed, and credit bureau attributes such as number of trade lines, utilization ratio and number of credit inquiries.

Credit applications are subject to systematic evaluation. Our loan origination system evaluates each application to determine if it qualifies for automatic approval or decline without manual intervention (“auto-decisioning”) using specific requirements, including internal credit score and other application characteristics. Typically, the highest quality credit applications are approved automatically, and the lowest quality credit applications are automatically declined.

Credit analysts (working in our field operations) approve or decline all credit applications that are not auto-decisioned and may also approve an application that has been the subject of an automated decline. Failure to be automatically approved through auto-decisioning does not mean that an application does not meet our underwriting guidelines. A credit analyst decisions applications based on an evaluation that considers an applicant’s creditworthiness and projected ability to meet the monthly payment obligation, which is derived, among other things, from the amount financed and the term. A credit analyst will verify information contained in the credit application if the application presents an elevated level of credit risk. Our proprietary scoring system assists the credit analyst in the credit review process. The credit analyst’s final credit decision is made based upon the degree of credit risk perceived by the credit analyst after assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the application.

Completion of the financing process is dependent upon whether the transaction is a retail or lease contract. For a retail contract, we acquire the retail contract from the dealer and obtain a security interest in the vehicle. We perfect our security interests in the financed retail vehicles through the applicable state department of motor vehicles (or equivalent) with certificate of title filings or with Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) filings, as appropriate. For a lease contract, except as described below under “Servicing”, we acquire the lease contract and concurrently assume ownership of the leased vehicle. We have the right to pursue collection actions against a delinquent customer, as well as repossess a vehicle if a customer fails to meet contractual obligations.

We regularly review and analyze our consumer portfolio to evaluate the effectiveness of our underwriting guidelines and purchasing criteria. If external economic factors, credit losses or delinquency experience, market conditions or other factors change, we may adjust our underwriting guidelines and purchasing criteria in order to change the asset quality of our portfolio or to achieve other goals and objectives.

Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. (“TMS”), a subsidiary of Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (“TMNA”), is the primary distributor of Toyota and Lexus vehicles in the United States. In partnership with TMNA and certain non-affiliated third party distributors, we may offer special promotional rates, which we refer to as subvention programs. TMNA pays us the majority of the difference between our standard rate and the promotional rate. Amounts received in connection with these programs allow us to maintain yields at levels consistent with standard program levels. The level of subvention program activity varies based on the marketing strategies of TMNA, economic conditions, and volume of new and used vehicle sales. The amount of subvention received varies based on the mix of Toyota and Lexus vehicles included in the promotional rate programs and the timing of the programs. The majority of our retail and lease contracts are subvened. We may also offer cash and contractual residual value support incentive programs in partnership with TMNA. Subvention and other cash incentive program payments are settled at the beginning of the retail or lease contract. We defer the payments and recognize them over the life of the contract as a yield adjustment for retail contracts and as rental income or a reduction to depreciation expense for lease contracts.

Our CSCs are responsible for servicing the consumer portfolio. A centralized department manages third party vendor relationships responsible for bankruptcy administration, liquidation and post charge-off recovery activities, certain administrative activities, customer services activities and pre-charge-off collections with support from the CSCs.

We use an online collection and auto dialer system that prioritizes collection efforts and signals our collections personnel to make telephone contact with delinquent customers. We also use a behavioral-based collection strategy to minimize risk of loss and employ various collection methods based on behavioral scoring models (which analyze borrowers’ payment performance, vehicle valuation and credit bureau scores to predict future payment behavior). We generally determine whether to commence repossession efforts after an account is approximately 80 days past due. Repossessed vehicles are held for sale to comply with statutory requirements and then sold at private auctions, unless public auctions are required by state law. Any unpaid amounts remaining after the repossessed vehicle is sold or after taking the full balance charge-off are pursued by us to the extent practical and legally permissible. Any surplus amounts remaining after recovery fees, disposition costs, and other expenses have been paid, and after any reserve charge-backs, dealer guarantees and optional product refunds have been credited to the customer’s account, are refunded to the customers. Collections of post-sale deficiencies and full-balance charge-offs are handled by third party vendors and the CSCs. We charge-off accounts when they are uncollectible or when the account balance becomes 120 days contractually delinquent, whichever occurs first. However, the CSCs will continue to collect or pursue recovery of the vehicle up to 190 days after the account is past due.

We may, in accordance with our customary servicing procedures, offer rebates or waive any prepayment charge, late payment charge, or any other fees that may be collected in the ordinary course of servicing the consumer portfolio. In addition, we may defer a customer’s obligation to make a payment by extending the contract term.

Substantially all of our retail and lease contracts are purchased as non-recourse from the dealers. This relieves the dealers of financial responsibility in the event of a customer default.

We may experience a higher risk of loss if customers fail to maintain required insurance coverage. The terms of our retail contracts require customers to maintain physical damage insurance covering loss or damage to the financed vehicle in an amount not less than the full value of the vehicle and to provide evidence of such insurance upon our request. The terms of each contract allow but do not require us to obtain any such insurance coverage on behalf of the customer. In accordance with our customary servicing procedures, we do not exercise our right to obtain insurance coverage on behalf of the customer. Our lease contracts require lessees to maintain minimum liability insurance and physical damage insurance covering loss or damage to the leased vehicle in an amount not less than the full value of the vehicle. We currently do not monitor ongoing customer insurance coverage as part of our customary servicing procedures for the consumer portfolio.

Toyota Lease Trust, a Delaware business trust (the “Titling Trust”), acts as lessor and holds title to leased vehicles in the U.S. This arrangement was established to facilitate lease securitizations. TMCC services lease contracts acquired by the Titling Trust from Toyota and Lexus dealers. TMCC holds an undivided trust interest in lease contracts owned by the Titling Trust, and these lease contracts are included in Investments in operating leases, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The lessee may purchase the leased vehicle at the contractual residual value or return the leased vehicle to the dealer. If the leased vehicle is returned to the dealer, the dealer may purchase the leased vehicle or return it to us. We are responsible for disposing of the leased vehicle if the lessee or dealer does not purchase the vehicle at lease maturity.

In order to minimize losses when vehicles are returned to us, we have developed remarketing strategies to maximize proceeds and minimize disposition costs on used vehicles. We use various channels to sell vehicles returned at lease-end or repossessed prior to lease-end, including a dealer direct program (“Dealer Direct”) and physical auctions.

The goal of Dealer Direct is to increase dealer purchases of off-lease vehicles thereby reducing the disposition costs of such vehicles. Through Dealer Direct, the dealer accepting return of the lease vehicle (the “grounding dealer”) has the option to purchase the vehicle at the contractual residual value, purchase the vehicle at an assessed market value, or return the vehicle to us. Vehicles not purchased by the grounding dealer are made available to all Toyota and Lexus dealers through the Dealer Direct online auction. Vehicles not purchased through Dealer Direct are sold at physical vehicle auction sites throughout the country. Where deemed necessary, we recondition used vehicles prior to sale in order to enhance the vehicle values at auction. Additionally, we redistribute vehicles geographically to minimize oversupply in any location.

Dealer financing is comprised of wholesale financing and other financing options designed to meet dealer business needs.

We provide wholesale financing to dealers for inventories of new and used Toyota, Lexus and other domestic and import vehicles. We acquire a security interest in the vehicle inventory, and/or other dealership assets, as appropriate, which we perfect through UCC filings. Wholesale financing may also be backed by corporate or individual guarantees from, or on behalf of, affiliated dealers, dealer groups, or dealer principals. In the event of a dealer default under a wholesale loan agreement, we have the right to liquidate assets in which we have a perfected security interest and to seek legal remedies pursuant to the wholesale loan agreement and any applicable guarantees.

TMCC and TMNA are parties to an agreement pursuant to which TMNA will arrange for the repurchase of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles at the aggregate cost financed by TMCC in the event of a dealer default under wholesale financing. In addition, we provide other types of wholesale financing to certain Toyota and Lexus dealers and other third parties, at the request of TMNA or private Toyota distributors, and TMNA or the applicable private distributor guarantees the payments by such borrowers.

We provide fixed and variable rate working capital loans, revolving lines of credit, and real estate financing to dealers and various multi-franchise organizations referred to as dealer groups for facilities construction and refurbishment, working capital requirements, real estate purchases, business acquisitions and other general business purposes. These loans are typically secured with liens on real estate, vehicle inventory, and/or other dealership assets, as appropriate, and may be guaranteed by individual or corporate guarantees of affiliated dealers, dealer groups, or dealer principals. Although the loans are typically collateralized or guaranteed, the value of the underlying collateral or guarantees may not be sufficient to cover our exposure under such agreements. Our pricing reflects market conditions, the competitive environment, the level of support dealers provide our retail, lease and insurance products and the creditworthiness of each dealer.

Before establishing a wholesale loan or other dealer financing agreement, we perform a credit analysis of the dealer. During this analysis, we:

On the basis of this analysis, we may approve the issuance of a loan or financing agreement and determine the appropriate amount to lend.

As part of our monitoring processes, we may require dealers to submit periodic financial statements. We also perform periodic physical audits of vehicle inventory as well as monitor the timeliness of dealer inventory financing payoffs in accordance with the agreed-upon terms to identify possible risks.

TMIS offers vehicle and payment protection products on Toyota, Lexus and other domestic and import vehicles that are sold by dealers as part of the dealer’s sale of a vehicle as further described below. Vehicle service agreements offer vehicle owners and lessees mechanical breakdown protection for new and used vehicles secondary to the manufacturer’s new vehicle warranty. Guaranteed auto protection and debt cancellation agreements provide coverage for a lease or retail contract deficiency balance in the event of a total loss or theft of the covered vehicle. Prepaid maintenance contracts provide maintenance services at manufacturer recommended intervals. Excess wear and use agreements are available on leases of Toyota and Lexus vehicles and protect against excess wear and use charges that may be assessed at lease termination. Tire and wheel protection agreements provide coverage in the event that a covered vehicle’s tires or wheels become damaged as a result of a road hazard or structural failure due to a defect in material or workmanship, to the extent not covered by the manufacturer or the tire distributor warranties. Certain tire and wheel protection agreements also cover expenses related either to replacing or reprogramming a vehicle key or vehicle key remote in the event of loss or damage. Key replacement protection provides stand-alone coverage for expenses related either to replacing or reprogramming a vehicle key or vehicle key remote in the event of loss or damage.

TMIS provides TMNA contractual indemnity insurance coverage for limited warranties on certified Toyota and Lexus pre-owned vehicles. TMIS also provides umbrella liability insurance to TMNA and other affiliates covering certain dollar value layers of risk above various primary or self-insured retentions. On all layers in which TMIS provides coverage, 99 percent of the risk is ceded to various reinsurers.

Effective September 2018, TMIS discontinued the wholesale inventory insurance program for which certain Toyota, Lexus and other domestic and import dealers obtained coverage for eligible vehicle inventory. The discontinuation of the wholesale inventory program did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or financial condition for our insurance operations.

TMCC is party to agreements with TMNA and certain TMNA subsidiaries. For ease of reference herein, we refer solely to the parent entity, TMNA. As a result, all references to the agreements or activities of TMNA herein that are carried out by a TMNA subsidiary are deemed to also make reference to and include the applicable TMNA subsidiary.

TMNA sponsors subvention, cash and contractual residual value support incentive programs on certain new and used Toyota and Lexus vehicles. The level of incentive program activity varies based on TMNA marketing strategies, economic conditions, and volume of vehicle sales.

TMCC and TMNA are parties to an agreement pursuant to which TMNA will arrange for the repurchase of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles at the aggregate cost financed by TMCC in the event of a dealer default under wholesale financing. In addition, we provide other types of financing to certain Toyota and Lexus dealers and other third parties, at the request of TMNA or private Toyota distributors, and TMNA or the applicable private distributor guarantees the payments by such borrowers.

TMNA provides shared services to TMCC, including certain technological and administrative services, such as information systems support, facilities, insurance coverage, human resources and other corporate services. TMCC also provides shared services to TMNA, including certain treasury and vendor management services.

Prior to January 1, 2015, our employees were generally eligible to participate in the Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Pension Plan (the “Pension Plan”). Effective January 1, 2015, the Pension Plan was closed to employees first employed or reemployed on or after such date. Employees meeting certain eligibility requirements may participate in the Toyota Motor North America, Inc. Retirement Savings Plan (the “Savings Plan”). Certain employees hired on or after January 1, 2015, may be eligible to receive an additional contribution to the Savings Plan calculated based on their age and compensation. Various health, life and other post-retirement benefits are offered and sponsored by TMNA, as discussed further in Note 9 – Pension and Other Benefit Plans of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

TMCC is party to agreements with TMNA and other affiliates relating to the team member vehicle benefit program, which allows team members to lease Toyota and Lexus vehicles on terms exclusive to the benefit program. TMNA serves as the chief administrator of the program. TMCC acquires and services team member leases entered into after the third quarter of fiscal 2018. A portion of the vehicles used for the team member vehicle benefit program are acquired from TMNA. TMCC receives a per vehicle contribution from participating affiliates to assist with the costs of its contribution to the benefit program, and TMCC pays a per vehicle participation fee to TMNA to participate in the benefit program.

TMCC and Toyota Financial Savings Bank (“TFSB”), a Nevada thrift company owned by TFSIC, are parties to a master shared services agreement under which TMCC and TFSB provide certain services to each other. TMCC and TFSB are also parties to an expense reimbursement agreement, which provides that TMCC will reimburse certain expenses incurred by TFSB in connection with providing certain financial products and services to TMCC’s customers and dealers in support of TMCC’s customer loyalty strategy and programs.

TMCC is party to a revolving credit facility with TMS expiring in fiscal 2022. This credit facility may be used for general corporate purposes and was not drawn upon as of March 31, 2019. This agreement is further discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Credit support agreements exist between TMCC and TFSC and between TFSC and TMC. These agreements are further discussed in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

TMIS provides administrative services and various types of coverage to TMNA and other affiliates, including contractual indemnity coverage for limited warranties on TMNA’s certified pre-owned vehicle program and umbrella liability insurance.

Refer to Note 12 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

We operate in a highly competitive environment and compete with other financial institutions including national and regional commercial banks, credit unions, savings and loan associations, online banks, and finance companies. To a lesser extent, we compete with other automobile manufacturers’ affiliated finance companies that actively seek to purchase retail contracts through Toyota and Lexus dealers. We also compete with national and regional commercial banks and other automobile manufacturers’ affiliated finance companies for dealer financing. No single competitor is dominant in the industry. We compete primarily through service quality, our relationship with TMNA, and financing rates. We seek to provide exceptional customer service and competitive financing programs to our dealers and to their customers. Our affiliation with TMNA offers an advantage in providing financing or leasing of Toyota and Lexus vehicles.

Competition for the insurance products is primarily from national and regional independent service contract providers. We compete primarily through service quality, our relationship with TMNA and product benefits. Our affiliation with TMNA provides an advantage in selling our insurance products and services.

Our finance and insurance products are regulated under both federal and state law.

Our finance operations are governed by, among other federal laws, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Truth in Lending Act, the Consumer Leasing Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the unfair, deceptive and abusive practices (UDAAP) provisions of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), and the consumer data privacy and security provisions of the Gramm-Leach Bliley Act.

The Equal Credit Opportunity Act is designed to prevent credit discrimination on the basis of certain protected classes, requires the distribution of specified credit decision notices and limits the information that may be requested and considered in a credit transaction. The Truth in Lending Act and the Consumer Leasing Act place disclosure and substantive transaction restrictions on consumer credit and leasing transactions. The Fair Credit Reporting Act imposes restrictions and requirements regarding our use and sharing of credit reports, the reporting of data to credit reporting agencies including the accuracy and integrity of information reported, credit decision notices, consumer dispute handling procedures and identity theft prevention requirements. The Servicemembers Civil Relief Act provides additional protections for certain customers in the military. For example, it requires us, in most circumstances, to reduce the interest rate charged to customers who have subsequently joined, enlisted, been inducted or called to active military duty, and also requires us to allow eligible servicemembers to terminate their lease agreements with us early without penalty. UDAAP laws prohibit practices that are unfair, deceptive or abusive towards consumers.

Federal privacy and data security laws place restrictions on our use and sharing of consumer data, impose privacy notice requirements, give consumers the right to opt out of certain uses and sharing of their data and impose safeguarding rules regarding the maintenance, storage, transmission and destruction of consumer data. Cybersecurity and data privacy are areas of heightened legislative and regulatory focus. The timing and effects of potential legislative or regulatory changes to data privacy regulations is uncertain.

In addition, the dealers who originate our retail and lease contracts also must comply with federal credit and trade practice statutes and regulations. Failure of the dealers to comply with these statutes and regulations could result in remedies that could have an adverse effect on us.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) has broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement authority over entities offering consumer financial services or products, including non-bank companies, such as TMCC (“Covered Entities”). The CFPB’s rulemaking authority includes the authority to promulgate rules regarding, among other practices, debt collection practices that would apply to third-party collectors and first-party collectors, such as ourselves, and rules regarding consumer credit reporting practices. The timing and impact of these rules on our business remain uncertain.

In addition, the CFPB has questioned the value and increased scrutiny of the marketing and sale of certain ancillary or add-on products, including products similar to those we finance or sell through TMIS.

The CFPB has also focused on the area of auto finance, particularly with respect to indirect financing arrangements, dealer compensation and fair lending compliance. In March 2013, the CFPB issued a bulletin addressing compliance with the fair lending requirements of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and Regulation B. The bulletin addressed the practice of indirect auto lenders purchasing financing contracts executed between dealers and consumers and paying dealers for the contracts at a discount below the rates dealers charge consumers. It also outlined steps that indirect auto lenders should take in order to comply with fair lending laws regarding dealer markup and compensation policies. On May 21, 2018, President Trump signed into law a resolution repealing the CFPB’s fair lending guidance contained in the bulletin. Because this resolution was enacted under the authority of the Congressional Review Act, the CFPB is prohibited from issuing substantially similar guidance related to indirect auto financing in the future without Congressional approval.

The CFPB’s supervisory authority permits it to examine Covered Entities for compliance with consumer financial protection laws. These examinations could result in enforcement actions, regulatory fines and mandated changes to our business, products, policies and procedures.

The CFPB’s enforcement authority permits it to conduct investigations (which may include a joint investigation with other agencies and regulators) of, and initiate enforcement actions related to, violations of federal consumer financial protection laws. The CFPB has the authority to obtain cease and desist orders (which can include orders for restitution or rescission of contracts, as well as other types of affirmative relief), or other forms of remediation, and/or impose monetary penalties. The CFPB and the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) may investigate the products, services and operations of credit providers, including banks and other finance companies engaged in auto finance activities. As a result of such investigations, both the CFPB and FTC have announced various enforcement actions against lenders in the past few years involving significant penalties, consent orders, cease and desist orders and similar remedies that, if applicable to us or the products, services and operations we offer, may require us to cease or alter certain business practices, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

As previously disclosed, in February 2016, we entered into consent orders with the CFPB and the U.S. Department of Justice (collectively, the “Agencies”) to reflect the settlement of the Agencies’ allegations regarding our purchases of auto finance contracts from dealers and related discretionary dealer compensation practices (together, the “Consent Orders”). The Consent Orders were to be effective for three years, until February 2019, unless we met certain requirements at the end of the second year of the Consent Orders, in which case, the term of the Consent Orders could be reduced from three years to two years.

The Agencies concluded that we satisfied the requirements for early termination of the Consent Orders and terminated the Consent Orders effective May 1, 2018. The termination of the Consent Orders was conditioned upon our completion of the distribution of the consumer restitution funds required by the Consent Orders. In February 2019, we completed the distribution of the consumer restitution, which substantially completes our obligations under the Consent Orders.

A majority of states (and Puerto Rico) have enacted legislation establishing licensing requirements to conduct financing activities. We must renew these licenses periodically. Most states also impose limits on the maximum rate of finance charges. In certain states, the margin between the present statutory maximum interest rates and borrowing costs is sufficiently narrow that, in periods of rapidly increasing or high interest rates, there could be an adverse effect on our operations in these states if we were unable to pass on increased interest costs to our customers. Some state laws impose rate and other restrictions on credit transactions with customers in active military status in addition to those imposed by the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act.

State laws also impose requirements and restrictions on us with respect to, among other matters, required credit application and finance and lease disclosures, late fees and other charges, the right to repossess a vehicle for failure to pay or other defaults under the retail or lease contract, other rights and remedies we may exercise in the event of a default under the retail or lease contract, and other consumer protection matters. Many states are also focusing on cybersecurity and data privacy as areas warranting consumer protection. Some states have passed complex legislation dealing with consumer information, which impacts companies such as TMCC.

TMIS operations are subject to state regulations and licensing requirements. State laws vary with respect to which products are regulated and what types of corporate licenses and filings are required to offer certain products. Certain products offered by TMIS are covered by state privacy laws as well as new cybersecurity and data privacy legislation. Our insurance company subsidiaries must be appropriately licensed in certain states in which they conduct business, must maintain minimum capital requirements and file annual financial information as determined by their state of domicile and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Failure to comply with these requirements could have an adverse effect on insurance operations in a particular state. We actively monitor applicable laws and regulations in each state in order to maintain compliance.

State regulators are taking a more stringent approach to supervising and regulating providers of financial products and services subject to their jurisdiction. We expect to continue to face greater supervisory scrutiny and enhanced supervisory requirements for the foreseeable future. For example, on January 28, 2015, we received a request for documents and information from the New York State Department of Financial Services relating to our lending practices (including fair lending). We provided the requested documents and information, but have not had further communication with the New York State Department of Financial Services regarding its review.

The Dodd-Frank Act also established the Financial Stability Oversight Council (the “FSOC”), which may designate non-bank financial companies that pose systemic risk to the U.S. financial system (“SIFIs”) to be supervised by the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve is required to establish and apply enhanced prudential standards to SIFIs, including capital, liquidity, counterparty exposure, resolution plan and overall risk management standards. The FSOC uses a multi-stage review process to evaluate non-bank financial companies for potential designation and supervision by the Federal Reserve. If we were designated for supervision after this multi-stage review process and any available appeal processes, we could experience increased compliance costs, the need to change our business practices, impairments to our profitability and competitiveness and other adverse effects on our business.

Under the Volcker Rule, companies affiliated with U.S. insured depository institutions are generally prohibited from engaging in “proprietary trading” and certain transactions with certain privately offered funds. The activities prohibited by the Volcker Rule are not core activities for us. Accordingly, we do not believe the Volcker Rule and its implementing regulations are likely to have a material effect on our business or operations. In the future, however, the federal financial regulatory agencies charged with implementing the Volcker Rule could amend the rule or change their approach to administering, enforcing or interpreting the rule, which could negatively affect us and potentially require us to limit or change our activities or operations.

The Dodd-Frank Act amended the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”) to establish a comprehensive framework for the regulation of certain over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives referred to as swaps. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) is required to adopt certain rules and regulations governing swaps. The CFTC has completed the majority of its regulations in this area, most of which are in effect.

The OTC derivatives provisions of the CEA, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, impose clearing, trading and margin requirements on certain contracts. At present, we qualify for exceptions from these requirements for the swaps that we enter into to hedge our commercial risks. However, if we were to no longer qualify for such exceptions, we could become subject to some or all of these requirements, which would increase our cost of entering into and maintaining such hedging positions. Moreover, the application of the clearing, trading and margin requirements, and other related regulations, to our dealer counterparties may change the cost and availability of the OTC derivatives that we use for hedging. Certain other requirements, such as reporting and recordkeeping, also apply to such instruments, but are not expected to have a material impact on us.

The full impact of the OTC derivatives provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulatory requirements upon our business will not be known until the market for derivatives contracts has fully adjusted to this new regulatory regime. The Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations could have the ultimate effect of significantly increasing the cost of OTC derivative contracts, materially altering the terms of OTC derivative contracts, reducing the availability of OTC derivatives to protect against risks we encounter, or reducing our ability to monetize or restructure our existing OTC derivative contracts. If we reduce our use of OTC derivatives as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act and resulting regulations, our results of operations may become more volatile and our cash flows may be less predictable, which could adversely affect our ability to plan for and fund capital expenditures.

The current administration under President Trump has sought and passed legislation to revise elements of the Dodd-Frank Act. Although the current administration has indicated a goal of further reforming aspects of its existing financial services regulations, it is unknown at this time to what extent new legislation will be passed into law, whether pending or new regulatory proposals will be adopted or modified, or what effect such passage, adoption or modification will have, whether positive or negative, on us or on our industry.

We continually review our operations for compliance with applicable laws. Future administrative rulings, judicial decisions, legislation, regulations and regulatory guidance, and supervision and enforcement actions may result in monetary penalties, increase our compliance costs, require changes in our business practices, affect our competitiveness, impair our profitability, harm our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Refer to Part 1, Item 1A. Risk Factors – “The regulatory environment in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.”

At April 30, 2019, we had approximately 3,200 employees. We consider our employee relations to be satisfactory. We are not subject to any collective bargaining agreements with our employees.

We are exposed to certain risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. There may be additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial that may also have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

General business, economic, and geopolitical conditions, as well as other market events, may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by a variety of factors. These factors include changes in the overall market for retail contracts, leasing or dealer financing, the new and used vehicle market, rate of growth in the number and average balance of customer accounts, the U.S. regulatory environment, competition, rate of default by our customers, changes in the U.S. and international wholesale capital funding markets, levels of operating and administrative expenses (including, but not limited to, personnel costs, technology costs and costs associated with reorganization or relocation), general economic conditions, inflation, and fiscal and monetary policies in the U.S., Europe and other countries in which we issue debt. Further, a significant and sustained increase in fuel prices could lead to diminished new and used vehicle purchases. This could reduce the demand for retail, lease and wholesale financing. In turn, lower used vehicle values could affect return rates, charge-offs and depreciation on operating leases.

Economic slowdown and recession in the United States may lead to diminished consumer and business confidence, lower household incomes, increases in unemployment rates, higher consumer debt levels and higher consumer and commercial bankruptcy filings, any of which could adversely affect vehicle sales and discretionary consumer spending. These conditions may decrease the demand for our financing products, as well as increase our delinquencies and credit losses. In addition, because our credit exposures are generally collateralized by vehicles, the severity of losses can be particularly affected by declines in used vehicle values. Dealers may also be affected by economic slowdown and recession, which in turn may increase the risk of default of certain dealers within our dealer portfolio.

Elevated levels of market disruption and volatility, such as in the U.S., Europe and Asia, could increase our cost of capital and adversely affect our ability to access the global capital markets in a similar manner and at a similar cost as we have had in the past. These market conditions could also have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition by diminishing the value of our investment portfolio and increasing our cost of funding. If as a result we increase the rates we charge to our customers and dealers, our competitive position could be negatively affected.

Geopolitical conditions and other market events may also impact our results of operations. Restrictive exchange or import controls or other disruptive trade policies, disruption of operations as a result of systemic political or economic instability, outbreak of war or expansion of hostilities, and acts of terrorism, could each have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Developments related to the United Kingdom’s potential withdrawal from the European Union (“Brexit”) have created significant political and economic uncertainty in the United Kingdom and in other European Union member states. While we operate in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, the global financial, trade, and legal implications of Brexit could lead to declines in market liquidity and activity levels, volatile market conditions, a contraction of available credit, fluctuations in interest rates, weaker economic growth, and reduced business confidence on an international level, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our results of operations and financial condition are substantially dependent upon the sale of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, as well as our ability to offer competitive financing and insurance products.

We primarily provide a variety of finance and insurance products to authorized Toyota and Lexus dealers and their customers in the U.S. Accordingly, our business is substantially dependent upon the sale of Toyota and Lexus vehicles in the U.S. Changes in the volume of sales may result from governmental action or changes in governmental regulation or trade policies, changes in consumer demand, new vehicle incentive programs, recalls, the actual or perceived quality, safety or reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, economic conditions, increased competition, increases in the price of vehicles due to increased raw material costs, changes in import fees or tariffs on raw materials or imported vehicles, changes to or withdrawals from trade agreements (including the proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, which if ratified by the respective government of each of the three countries would replace the North American Free Trade Agreement), currency fluctuations, fluctuations in interest rates, decreased or delayed vehicle production due to natural disasters, supply chain interruptions or other events. In addition, many manufacturers have increased their level of incentive programs on new vehicles in an attempt to maintain and grow market share; these incentives historically have included a combination of subvention, price rebates, and other incentives. Any negative impact on the volume of TMNA sales could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

TMS, a subsidiary of TMNA, is the primary distributor of Toyota and Lexus vehicles in the U.S. While TMNA conducts extensive market research before launching new or refreshed vehicles and introducing new services, many factors both within and outside TMNA’s control affect the success of new or existing products and services in the marketplace. Offering vehicles and services that customers want and value can mitigate the risks of increasing price competition and declining demand, but products and services that are perceived to be less desirable (whether in terms of product mix, price, quality, styling, safety, overall value, fuel efficiency, or other attributes) and the level of availability of products and services that are desirable can exacerbate these risks. With increased consumer interconnectedness through the internet, social media, and other media, mere allegations relating to quality, safety, fuel efficiency, corporate social responsibility, or other key attributes can negatively impact TMNA’s reputation or market acceptance of its products or services, even where such allegations prove to be inaccurate or unfounded.

Additionally, the volume of TMNA sales may also be affected by Toyota’s ability to successfully grow through investments in the area of emerging opportunities such as mobility and connected services, vehicle electrification, fuel cell technology and autonomy, which depends on many factors, including advancements in technology, regulatory changes, and other factors that are difficult to predict.

We operate in a highly competitive environment and compete with other financial institutions and, to a lesser extent, other automobile manufacturers’ affiliated finance companies primarily through service, quality, our relationship with TMNA, and financing rates. TMNA sponsors subvention, cash, and contractual residual value support incentive programs offered by us on certain new and used Toyota and Lexus vehicles. Our ability to offer competitive financing and insurance products in the U.S. depends in part on the level of TMNA sponsored subvention, cash, and contractual residual value support incentive program activity, which varies based on TMNA marketing strategies, economic conditions, and the volume of vehicle sales, among other factors. Any negative impact on the level of TMNA sponsored subvention, cash, and contractual residual value support incentive programs could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Changes in consumer behavior could affect the automotive industry, TMNA and TMC, and, as a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A number of trends are affecting the automotive industry. These include a market shift from cars to sport utility vehicles (“SUVs”) and trucks, high demand for incentives, the rise of mobility services such as vehicle sharing and ride hailing, the development of autonomous and alternative-energy vehicles, the impact of demographic shifts on attitudes and behaviors toward vehicle ownership and use, the development of flexible alternatives to traditional financing and leasing such as subscription service offerings, changing expectations around the vehicle buying experience, adjustments in the geographic distribution of new and used vehicle sales, and advancements in communications and technology. Any one or more of these trends could adversely affect the automotive industry, TMNA and TMC, and could in turn have an impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Recalls and other related announcements by TMNA could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

TMNA periodically conducts vehicle recalls which could include temporary suspensions of sales and production of certain Toyota and Lexus models. Because our business is substantially dependent upon the sale of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, such events could adversely affect our business. A decrease in the level of sales, including as a result of the actual or perceived quality, safety or reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles or a change in standards of regulatory bodies will have a negative impact on the level of our financing volume, insurance volume, earning assets, Net financing revenues and insurance revenues. The credit performance of our dealer and consumer portfolios may also be adversely affected. In addition, a decline in the values of used Toyota and Lexus vehicles would have a negative effect on residual values and return rates, which, in turn, could increase depreciation expense and credit losses. Further, certain of TMCC’s affiliated entities are or may become subject to litigation and governmental investigations and have been or may become subject to fines or other penalties. These factors could affect sales of Toyota and Lexus vehicles and, accordingly, could have a negative effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to compete successfully or if competition increases in the businesses in which we operate, our results of operations could be negatively affected.

We operate in a highly competitive environment. We compete with other financial institutions including national and regional commercial banks, credit unions, savings and loan associations, finance companies, and to a lesser extent, other automobile manufacturers’ affiliated finance companies. In addition, online financing options provide consumers with alternative financing sources. Increases in competitive pressures could have an adverse impact on our contract volume, market share, Net financing revenues, insurance revenues and margins. Further, the financial condition and viability of our competitors and peers may have an adverse impact on the financial services industry in which we operate, resulting in a decrease in the demand for our products and services. This could have an adverse impact on the volume of our business and our results of operations.

Our borrowing costs and access to the unsecured debt capital markets depend significantly on the credit ratings of TMCC and its parent companies and our credit support arrangements.

The availability and cost of financing is influenced by credit ratings, which are intended to be an indicator of the creditworthiness of a particular company, security or obligation. Our credit ratings depend, in large part, on the existence of the credit support arrangements with TFSC and TMC and on the financial condition and results of operations of TMC. If these arrangements (or replacement arrangements acceptable to the rating agencies) become unavailable to us, or if the credit ratings of the credit support providers were lowered, our credit ratings would be adversely impacted.

Credit rating agencies which rate the credit of TMC and its affiliates, including TMCC, may qualify or alter ratings at any time. Global economic conditions and other geopolitical factors may directly or indirectly affect such ratings. Any downgrade in the sovereign credit ratings of the U.S. or Japan may directly or indirectly have a negative effect on the ratings of TMC and TMCC. Downgrades or placement on review for possible downgrades could result in an increase in our borrowing costs as well as reduced access to the global unsecured debt capital markets. These factors would have a negative impact on our competitive position, results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

A disruption in our funding sources and access to the capital markets would have an adverse effect on our liquidity.

Liquidity risk is the risk arising from our ability to meet obligations in a timely manner when they come due. Our liquidity strategy is to maintain the capacity to fund assets and repay liabilities in a timely and cost-effective manner even in adverse market conditions. A disruption in our funding sources may adversely affect our ability to meet our obligations as they become due. An inability to meet obligations in a timely manner would have a negative impact on our ability to refinance maturing debt and fund new asset growth and would have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further discussion of liquidity risk.

Our allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses, which may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to cover probable and estimable losses as of the balance sheet date resulting from the non-performance of our customers and dealers under their contractual obligations. The determination of the allowance involves significant assumptions, complex analyses, and management judgment and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks using existing qualitative and quantitative information. Actual results may differ from our estimates or assumptions. For example, we review and analyze external factors, including changes in economic conditions, actual or perceived quality, safety and reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, unemployment levels, the used vehicle market, and consumer behavior, among other factors. Internal factors, such as purchase quality mix and operational changes are also considered. A change in any of these factors would cause a change in estimated probable losses. As a result, our allowance for credit losses may not be adequate to cover our actual losses. In addition, changes in accounting rules and related guidance, new information regarding existing portfolios, and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may require changes to the allowance for credit losses. A material increase in our allowance for credit losses may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Critical Accounting Estimates” for further discussion of the estimates involved in determining the allowance for credit losses and Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of the methodology used in determining the allowance for credit losses.

Our business and operations make extensive use of quantitative models, estimates and assumptions. If our design, implementation or use of models is flawed or if actual results differ from our estimates or assumptions, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We use quantitative models, estimates and assumptions to price products and services, measure risk, estimate asset and liability values, assess liquidity, manage our balance sheet, and otherwise conduct our business and operations. If the design, implementation, or use of any of these models is flawed or if actual results different from our estimates or assumptions, it may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, to the extent that any inaccurate model outputs are used in reports to regulatory agencies or the public, we could be subjected to supervisory actions, litigation, and other proceedings that may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Assumptions and estimates often involve matters that are inherently difficult to predict and are beyond our control (for example, macro-economic conditions). In addition, they often involve complex interactions between a number of dependent and independent variables, factors, and other assumptions. As a result, our actual experience may differ materially from these estimates and assumptions. A material difference between our estimates and assumptions and our actual experience may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Fluctuations in the valuation of investment securities or significant fluctuations in investment market prices could negatively affect our Net financing revenues and results of operations.

Investment market prices, in general, are subject to fluctuation, which may result from perceived changes in the underlying characteristics of the investment, the relative price of alternative investments, geopolitical conditions, or general market conditions. Negative fluctuations in the fair value of equity investments and other-than-temporary impairment on available-for-sale debt securities may adversely affect our Net financing revenues and results of operations. Additionally, the amount realized in the subsequent sale of an investment may significantly differ from the reported market value and could negatively affect our Net financing revenues and other revenues.

Changes in accounting standards issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our accounting and financial reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S., which are periodically revised and/or expanded. The application of accounting principles is also subject to varying interpretations over time. Accordingly, we are required to adopt new or revised accounting standards or comply with revised interpretations that are issued from time to time by various parties, including accounting standard setters and those who interpret the standards, such as the FASB and the SEC and our independent registered public accounting firm. The FASB has proposed new financial accounting standards that may result in significant changes that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Refer to Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of these new accounting standards, including the potential impact to TMCC’s consolidated financial statements.

A decrease in the residual values of our off-lease vehicles and a higher number of returned lease assets could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to residual value risk on the disposition of leased vehicles if sales proceeds realized upon the sale of returned lease assets are not sufficient to cover the residual value that was estimated at lease inception and if the number of returned lease assets is higher than anticipated. To the extent the estimated end-of-term market value of a leased vehicle is lower than the residual value established at lease inception, the residual value of the leased vehicle is adjusted downward resulting in additional depreciation expense over the term of the lease contract so that the carrying value at lease-end will approximate the estimated end-of-term market value. Among other factors, local, regional and national economic conditions, new vehicle pricing, new vehicle incentive programs, new vehicle sales, the actual or perceived quality, safety or reliability of our vehicles, future plans for new Toyota and Lexus product introductions, competitive actions and behavior, product attributes of popular vehicles, the mix of used vehicle supply, the level of current used vehicle values and inventory levels, and fuel prices heavily influence used vehicle values and thus the actual residual value of off-lease vehicles. Differences between the actual residual values realized on leased vehicles and our estimates of such values at lease inception could have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition, due to the impact of higher-than-anticipated Depreciation on operating leases recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Actual return volumes may be higher than expected which can be impacted by higher contractual lease-end residual values relative to market values, a higher market supply of certain models of used vehicles, new vehicle incentive programs, and general economic conditions. The return of a higher number of leased vehicles could also impact the amount of depreciation expense recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Refer to Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Financial Condition – Residual Value Risk”, “Financial Condition – Disposition of Off-Lease Vehicles” and “Financial Condition – Depreciation on Operating Leases” for further discussion of current lease trends.

We are exposed to customer and dealer credit risk, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Credit risk is the risk of loss arising from the failure of a customer or dealer to meet the terms of any retail, lease or dealer financing contract with us or otherwise fail to perform as agreed. An increase in credit risk would increase our provision for credit losses, which would have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. There can be no assurance that our monitoring of credit risk and our efforts to mitigate credit risk are or will be sufficient to prevent an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The level of credit risk in our consumer portfolio is influenced primarily by two factors: the total number of contracts that experience default (“default frequency”) and the amount of loss per occurrence (“loss severity”), which in turn are influenced by various economic factors, the used vehicle market, purchase quality mix, contract term length, and operational changes. The used vehicle market is impacted by the supply of, and demand for, used vehicles, interest rates, inflation, new vehicle incentive programs, the manufacturer’s actual or perceived reputation for quality, safety, and reliability, and the general economic outlook.

The level of credit risk in our dealer portfolio is influenced primarily by the financial strength of dealers within our portfolio, dealer concentration, collateral quality, and other economic factors. The financial strength of dealers within our portfolio is influenced by general macroeconomic conditions, the overall demand for new and used vehicles, and the financial condition of automotive manufacturers, among other factors.

Economic slowdown and recession in the U.S., natural disasters and other factors increase the risk that a customer or dealer may not meet the terms of a retail, lease or dealer financing contract with us or may otherwise fail to perform as agreed. A weak economic environment evidenced by, among other things, unemployment, underemployment, and consumer bankruptcy filings, may affect some of our customers’ and dealers’ ability to make their scheduled payments.

Our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and market prices.

Market risk is the risk that changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates cause volatility in our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. An increase in interest rates could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations by increasing our cost of capital and the rates we charge to our customers and dealers, which could, in turn, decrease our financing volumes and market share, thereby resulting in a decline in our competitive position. We use various derivative instruments to manage our market risk. However, changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and market prices cannot always be predicted or hedged. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), announced that it intends to stop compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after calendar year 2021. It is not possible to predict whether LIBOR will cease to exist after calendar year 2021, whether additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted, or whether alternative reference rates will gain market acceptance, and any of these outcomes could increase our interest rate risk related to debt obligations, derivatives or other assets currently tied to LIBOR. Changes in interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates could affect our interest expense and the value of our derivatives, which could result in volatility in our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

A failure or interruption in our operations could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Operational risk is the risk of loss resulting from, among other factors, lack of established processes, inadequate or failed processes, systems or internal controls, theft, fraud or natural disasters. Operational risk can occur in many forms including, but not limited to, errors, business interruptions, failure of controls, failure of systems or other technology, deficiencies in our insurance risk management program, inappropriate behavior or misconduct by our employees or those contracted to perform services for us, and vendors that do not perform in accordance with their contractual agreements. We have established business recovery plans to address interruptions in our operations, but we can give no assurance that these plans will be adequate to remediate all events that we may face. A catastrophic event that results in the destruction or disruption of any of our critical business or information technology systems could harm our ability to conduct normal business operations. These events can potentially result in financial losses or other damage to us, including damage to our reputation.

We rely on a framework of internal controls designed to provide a sound and well-controlled operating environment. Due to the complexity of our business and the challenges inherent in implementing control structures across large organizations, control issues could be identified in the future that could have a material effect on our operations.

On April 16, 2019, we announced that we will consolidate the field operations located at the DSSO’s, three regional management offices, and two dealer funding teams, into three new regional dealer service centers and that our dealer lending function will be centralized at the new dealer service center located in Plano, Texas. Refer to Item 1. Business, “General” for further discussion of the field operations restructuring. We can give no assurance that the restructuring of our field operations will be completed as planned or within the expected timing or budget, and the expected benefits may not be fully realized due to associated disruption to field operations and personnel.

In addition, many parts of our business are dependent on key personnel. Our future success depends on our ability to retain existing, and attract, hire and integrate new key personnel and other necessary employees. Any failure to do so could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A failure or interruption of our information systems could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on internal and third party information and technological systems to manage our operations, which creates meaningful operational risk for us. Any failure or interruption of our information systems or the third party information systems on which we rely as a result of inadequate or failed processes or systems, human errors, employee misconduct, catastrophic events, external or internal security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, malware, ransomware, misplaced or lost data, or other events could disrupt our normal operating procedures, damage our reputation and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, we periodically upgrade or replace our existing transaction systems, which could have a significant impact on our ability to conduct our core business operations and increase our risk of loss resulting from disruptions of normal operating processes and procedures that may occur during and after the implementation of new systems. For example, we are in the process of implementing a new core servicing system to replace our legacy core servicing system, which includes building a new enterprise integration platform that also accommodates downstream systems. We are also planning to implement a standardized enterprise resource planning system for our finance and accounting functions which will integrate legacy systems and provide enhanced functionality. The development and implementation of these new systems and any future upgrades related thereto may require significant expenditures and divert management’s attention and other resources from our core business operations. There are no assurances that these new systems will provide us with the anticipated benefits and efficiencies. There can also be no assurance that the time and resources our management will need to devote to implementation and upgrades, potential delays in the implementation or upgrade or any resulting service interruptions, or any impact on the reliability of our data from any upgrade of our legacy system, will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

A security breach or a cyber-attack could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We collect and store certain personal and financial information from customers, employees, and other third parties. Security breaches or cyber-attacks involving our systems or facilities, or the systems or facilities of our service providers, could expose us to a risk of loss of personally identifiable information of customers, employees and third parties or other confidential, proprietary or competitively sensitive information, business interruptions, regulatory scrutiny, actions and penalties, litigation, reputational harm, a loss of confidence, and other financial and non-financial costs, all of which could potentially have an adverse impact on our future business with current and potential customers, results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on encryption and other information security technologies licensed from third parties to provide security controls necessary to help in securing online transmission of confidential information pertaining to customers, employees and other aspects of our business. Advances in information system capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other events or developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we use to protect sensitive data. A party who is able to circumvent our security measures by methods such as hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruption in our operations. We may be required to expend capital and other resources to protect against such security breaches or cyber-attacks or to remediate problems caused by such breaches or attacks. Our security measures are designed to protect against security breaches and cyber-attacks, but our failure to prevent such security breaches and cyber-attacks could subject us to liability, decrease our profitability and damage our reputation. Even if a failure of, or interruption in, our systems or facilities is resolved timely or an attempted cyber incident or other security breach is successfully avoided or thwarted, it may require us to expend substantial resources or to take actions that could adversely affect customer satisfaction or behavior and expose us to reputational harm.

We could also be subjected to cyber-attacks that could result in slow performance and loss or temporary unavailability of our information systems. Information security risks have increased because of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions, and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists, and others. We may not be able to anticipate or implement effective preventative measures against all security breaches of these types, especially because the techniques used change frequently and because attacks can originate from a wide variety of sources. The occurrence of any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our enterprise data practices, including the collection, use, sharing, and security of personally identifiable and financial information of our customers and employees are subject to increasingly complex, restrictive, and punitive regulations.

Under these regulations, the failure to maintain compliant data practices could result in consumer complaints and regulatory inquiry, resulting in civil or criminal penalties, as well as brand impact or other harm to our business. In addition, increased consumer sensitivity to real or perceived failures in maintaining acceptable data practices could damage our reputation and deter current and potential customers from using our products and services. Recent, well-publicized allegations involving the misuse or inappropriate sharing of personal information have led to expanded governmental scrutiny of practices relating to the safeguarding of personal information and the use or sharing of personal data by companies in the U.S. and other countries. That scrutiny has in some cases resulted in, and could in the future lead to, the adoption of stricter laws and regulations relating to the use and sharing of personal information. For example, in late calendar year 2018, California enacted a new data protection regime, which will take effect in calendar year 2020. These types of laws and regulations could prohibit or significantly restrict financial services providers such as TMCC from sharing information among affiliates or with third parties such as vendors, and thereby increase compliance costs, or could restrict TMCC’s use of personal data when developing or offering products or services to customers. These restrictions could inhibit TMCC’s development or marketing of certain products or services, or increase the costs of offering them to customers. Because many of these laws are new, there is little clarity as to their interpretation, as well as a lack of precedent for the scope of enforcement. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations will be high and is likely to increase in the future. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations could result in requirements to modify or cease certain operations or practices, significant liabilities or fines, penalties or other sanctions.

The failure or commercial soundness of our counterparties and other financial institutions may have an effect on our liquidity, results of operations or financial condition.

We have exposure to many different financial institutions, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial industry. Our debt, derivative and investment transactions, and our ability to borrow under committed and uncommitted credit facilities, could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. We cannot guarantee that our ability to borrow under committed and uncommitted credit facilities will continue to be available on reasonable terms or at all. Deterioration of social, political, labor, or economic conditions in a specific country or region may also adversely affect the ability of financial institutions, including our derivative counterparties and lenders, to perform their contractual obligations. Financial institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, lending and other relationships, and as a result, financial and political difficulties in one country or region may adversely affect financial institutions in other jurisdictions, including those with which we have relationships. The failure of any financial institutions and other counterparties to which we have exposure, directly or indirectly, to perform their contractual obligations, and any losses resulting from that failure, may materially and adversely affect our liquidity, results of operations or financial condition.

Our insurance operations could suffer losses if our reserves are insufficient to absorb actual losses.

Our insurance operations are subject to the risk of loss if our reserves for unearned premium and contract revenues on agreements in force are not sufficient. Using historical loss experience as a basis for recognizing revenue over the term of the contract or policy may result in the timing of revenue recognition varying materially from the actual loss development. Our insurance operations are also subject to the risk of loss if our reserves for reported losses, losses incurred but not reported, and loss adjustment expenses are not sufficient. Because we use estimates in establishing reserves, actual losses may vary from amounts established in earlier periods as a result of changes in frequency and severity.

We are exposed to risk transfer credit risk which could negatively impact our insurance operations.

Risk transfer credit risk is the risk that a reinsurer or other company assuming liabilities relating to our insurance operations will be unable to meet its obligations under the terms of our agreement with them. Such failure could result in losses to our insurance operations.

The regulatory environment in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Regulatory risk includes risk arising from failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements and risk of liability and other costs imposed under various laws and regulations, including changes in applicable law, regulation and regulatory guidance.

As a provider of finance and insurance products, we operate in a highly regulated environment. We are subject to licensing requirements at the state level, and to laws and regulations, as well as periodic examinations and investigations at the state and federal levels. Compliance with applicable law is costly and can affect our results of operations. Compliance requires forms, processes, procedures, controls and the infrastructure to support these requirements. Compliance may create operational constraints and place limits on pricing, as the laws and regulations in the financial services industry are designed primarily for the protection of consumers. Changes in regulation could restrict our ability to operate our business as currently operated, could impose substantial additional costs or require us to implement new processes, which could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial performance or financial condition. The failure to comply could result in significant statutory civil and criminal fines, penalties, monetary damages, attorneys’ fees and costs, restrictions on our ability to operate our business, possible revocation of licenses and damage to our reputation, brand and valued customer relationships. Any such costs, restrictions, revocations or damage could adversely affect our business, prospects, results of operations or financial condition.

Our principal consumer finance regulator at the federal level is the CFPB, which has broad regulatory, supervisory and enforcement authority over us. The CFPB’s supervisory authority allows it, among other things, to conduct comprehensive and rigorous examinations to assess our compliance with consumer financial protection laws, which could result in enforcement actions, regulatory fines and mandated changes to our business products, policies and procedures.

The CFPB’s rulemaking authority includes the authority to promulgate rules regarding, among other practices, debt collection practices that would apply to third-party collectors and first-party collectors, such as ourselves, and rules regarding consumer credit reporting practices. The timing and impact of these rules on our business remain uncertain. In addition, the CFPB has questioned the value and increased scrutiny of the marketing and sale of certain ancillary or add-on products, including products similar to those we finance or sell through TMIS.

The CFPB and FTC may investigate the products, services and operations of credit providers, including banks and other finance companies engaged in auto finance activities. As a result of such investigations, the CFPB and FTC have announced various enforcement actions against lenders in the past few years involving significant penalties, consent orders, cease and desist orders and similar remedies that, if applicable to us or the products, services and operations we offer, may require us to cease or alter certain business practices, which could have a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Supervision and investigations by these agencies, if any, may result in monetary penalties, increase our compliance costs, require changes in our business practices, affect our competitiveness, impair our profitability, harm our reputation or otherwise adversely affect our business.

Refer to Item 1. Business, “Regulatory Environment” for further discussion of the CFPB’s authority and activities.

At the state level, state regulators are taking a more stringent approach to supervising and regulating financial products and services subject to their jurisdiction. We expect to continue to face greater supervisory scrutiny and enhanced supervisory requirements for the foreseeable future. For example, on January 28, 2015, we received a request for documents and information from the New York State Department of Financial Services relating to our lending practices (including fair lending). We provided the requested documents and information, but have not had further communication with the New York State Department of Financial Services regarding its review.

The Dodd-Frank Act also established the FSOC, which is mandated with designating SIFIs. If we or one of our affiliates were designated as a SIFI, we could experience increased compliance costs, the need to change our business practices, impairments to our profitability and competitiveness and other adverse effects on our business.

Under the Volcker Rule companies affiliated with U.S. insured depository institutions are generally prohibited from engaging in “proprietary trading” and certain transactions with certain privately offered funds. The activities prohibited by the Volcker Rule are not core activities for us. Accordingly, we do not believe the Volcker Rule and its implementing regulations are likely to have a material effect on our business or operations. In the future, however, the federal financial regulatory agencies charged with implementing the Volcker Rule could change their approach to administering, enforcing or interpreting the rule, which could negatively affect us and potentially require us to limit or change our activities or operations.

The Dodd-Frank Act amended the CEA to establish a new framework for the regulation of certain OTC derivatives referred to as swaps. The OTC derivatives provisions of the CEA, as amended by the Dodd-Frank Act, impose clearing, trading and margin requirements on certain contracts. At present, we qualify for exceptions from these requirements for the swaps that we enter into to hedge our commercial risks. However, if we were to no longer qualify for such exceptions, we could become subject to some or all of these requirements, which would increase our cost of entering into and maintaining such hedging positions. Moreover, the application of the clearing, trading and margin requirements, and other related regulations, to our dealer counterparties may change the cost and availability of the OTC derivatives that we use for hedging.

The full impact of the OTC derivatives provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulatory requirements upon our business will not be known until the market for derivatives contracts has fully adjusted to this new regulatory regime. The Dodd-Frank Act and regulations could have the ultimate effect of significantly increasing the cost of OTC derivative contracts, materially altering the terms of OTC derivative contracts, reducing the availability of OTC derivatives to protect against risks we encounter, or reducing our ability to monetize or restructure our existing OTC derivative contracts. If we reduce our use of OTC derivatives as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act and resulting regulations, our results of operations may become more volatile and our cash flows may be less predictable, which could adversely affect our ability to plan for and fund capital expenditures.

Refer to Item 1. Business, “Regulatory Environment” for additional information on our regulatory environment.

Adverse economic conditions or changes in state laws in states in which we have customer concentrations may negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are exposed to geographic customer concentration risk in our retail, lease, dealer, and insurance products in certain states. Factors adversely affecting the economies and applicable laws in the states where we have concentration risk could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Refer to Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information and disclosure about customer concentrations in certain states.

Our headquarters operations are located in Plano, Texas, and our facilities are leased from TMNA.

Additional operations for both finance and insurance are currently located in three CSCs, three regional management offices, and 29 DSSOs in cities throughout the U.S. Two of the DSSOs share premises with the regional CSCs. All three of the regional management offices share premises with DSSO offices. The Central region CSC is located in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and is leased from TMNA. The Western region CSC is located in Chandler, Arizona. The Eastern region CSC is located in Owings Mills, Maryland. We also have a sales and operations office in Puerto Rico. All premises are occupied under lease.

While we believe that our properties are suitable to meet the current requirements of our business, over the next two years, we plan to consolidate our field operations into three new regional dealer service centers to better serve our dealer partners. Our dealer lending function will be centralized at the new dealer service center located in Plano, Texas. Refer to Item 1. Business, “General” for further discussion of the field operations restructuring.

Various legal actions, governmental proceedings and other claims are pending or may be instituted or asserted in the future against us with respect to matters arising in the ordinary course of business. Certain of these actions are or purport to be class action suits, seeking sizeable damages and/or changes in our business operations, policies and practices. In addition, we are subject to governmental and regulatory examinations, information-gathering requests, and investigations from time to time at the state and federal levels. It is inherently difficult to predict the course of such legal actions and governmental inquiries. Certain of these actions are similar to suits that have been filed against other financial institutions and captive finance companies. We perform periodic reviews of pending claims and actions to determine the probability of adverse verdicts and resulting amounts of liability. We establish accruals for legal claims when payments associated with the claims become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. When we are able, we also determine estimates of reasonably possible loss or range of loss, whether in excess of any related accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability. Refer to Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Given the inherent uncertainty associated with legal matters, the actual costs of resolving legal claims and associated costs of defense may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts for which accruals have been established. Based on available information and established accruals, we do not believe it is reasonably possible that the results of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

TMCC is a wholly-owned subsidiary of TFSIC, and accordingly, all shares of TMCC’s stock are owned by TFSIC. There is no market for TMCC's stock.

	Years Ended March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2019	2018	2017	2016	2015
INCOME STATEMENT DATA
Financing revenues:
Operating lease	$8,694	$8,167	$7,720	$7,141	$6,113
Retail	2,235	1,974	1,850	1,859	1,797
Dealer	711	576	476	403	400
Total financing revenues	11,640	10,717	10,046	9,403	8,310

Depreciation on operating leases	6,909	7,041	6,853	5,914	4,857
Interest expense	2,747	1,851	1,754	1,137	736
Net financing revenues	1,984	1,825	1,439	2,352	2,717

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues	904	882	804	719	638
Gain on sale of commercial finance business	-	-	-	197	-
Investment and other income, net	292	257	396	164	194
Net financing revenues and other revenues	3,180	2,964	2,639	3,432	3,549

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses	372	401	582	441	308
Operating and administrative	1,385	1,357	1,277	1,161	1,046
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses	446	425	371	318	269
Total expenses	2,203	2,183	2,230	1,920	1,623
Income before income taxes	977	781	409	1,512	1,926
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	182	(2,629)	142	580	729
Net income	$795	$3,410	$267	$932	$1,197

	March 31,
(Dollars in millions)	2019		2018		2017		2016		2015
BALANCE SHEET DATA

Finance receivables, net	$	70,517	$	69,647	$	68,462	$	65,636	$	65,893
Investments in operating leases, net	$	37,927	$	38,697	$	38,152	$	36,488	$	31,128
Total assets	$	116,516	$	120,546	$	119,635	$	114,592	$	109,503
Debt	$	92,922	$	98,353	$	98,233	$	93,594	$	90,109
Capital stock	$	915	$	915	$	915	$	915	$	915
Retained earnings	$	12,658	$	11,992	$	8,582	$	8,315	$	7,383
Total shareholder's equity	$	13,578	$	12,880	$	9,524	$	9,397	$	8,520

In fiscal 2019, TMCC recorded a dividend to TFSIC related to an asset purchase agreement in the amount of $10 million, which was recorded net of tax. No dividends were declared or paid during fiscal 2018, 2017, and 2016. Our Board of Directors declared and paid cash dividends of $435 million to TFSIC in fiscal 2015.

	As of and for the years ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2017			2016			2015
KEY FINANCIAL DATA

Debt to equity		6.8			7.6			10.3			10.0			10.6
Return on assets		0.67	%		2.84	%		0.23	%		0.83	%		1.13	%
Allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross earning assets		0.55	%		0.55	%		0.58	%		0.52	%		0.50	%
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average gross earning assets		0.34	%		0.39	%		0.47	%		0.38	%		0.29	%
60 or more days past due as a percentage of gross earning assets		0.31	%		0.30	%		0.27	%		0.26	%		0.21	%

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Certain statements contained in this Form 10-K are “forward looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are based on current expectations and currently available information. However, since these statements are based on factors that involve risks and uncertainties, our performance and results may differ materially from those described or implied by such forward-looking statements. Words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “project,” “should,” “intend,” “will,” “may” or words or phrases of similar meaning are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We caution that the forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors such as the following that may cause actual results to differ materially from those stated:

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. We will not update the forward-looking statements to reflect actual results or changes in the factors affecting the forward-looking statements.

In our finance operations, we generate revenue, income, and cash flows by providing retail, lease, and dealer financing to dealers and their customers. We measure the performance of our finance operations using the following metrics: financing volume, market share, financing margins, operating and administrative expense, residual value and credit loss metrics.

In our insurance operations, we generate revenue primarily through marketing, underwriting, and providing claims administration for products that cover certain risks of dealers and their customers. We measure the performance of our insurance operations using the following metrics: issued agreement volume, average number of agreements in force, loss metrics and investment income.

Our financial results are affected by a variety of economic and industry factors including, but not limited to, new and used vehicle markets, Toyota and Lexus sales volume, new vehicle incentive programs, consumer behavior, employment levels, our ability to respond to changes in interest rates with respect to both contract pricing and funding, the actual or perceived quality, safety or reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, the financial health of the dealers we finance, and competitive pressure. Our financial results may also be affected by the regulatory environment in which we operate, including as a result of new legislation or changes in regulation and any compliance costs or changes we may be required to make to our business practices. All of these factors can influence consumer contract and dealer financing volume, the number of consumer contracts and dealers that default and the loss per occurrence, our inability to realize originally estimated contractual residual values on leased vehicles, the volume and performance of our insurance operations, and our gross margins on consumer and dealer financing volume. Changes in the volume of vehicle sales, sales of our insurance and vehicle and payment protection products, or the level of insurance losses could materially and adversely impact our insurance operations. Additionally, our funding programs and related costs are influenced by changes in the global capital markets, prevailing interest rates, and our credit ratings and those of our parent companies, which may affect our ability to obtain cost effective funding to support earning asset growth.

Our primary competitors are other financial institutions including national and regional commercial banks, credit unions, savings and loan associations, independent insurance service contract providers, online banks, finance companies and, to a lesser extent, other automobile manufacturers’ affiliated finance companies that actively seek to purchase consumer contracts through Toyota and Lexus dealers. We strive to achieve the following:

Exceptional Customer Service: Our relationship with Toyota and Lexus dealers and their customers offer us a competitive advantage. We seek to leverage this opportunity by providing exceptional service to the dealers and their customers. Through our field operations, we work closely with the dealers to improve the quality of service we provide to them. We also focus on assisting the dealers with the quality of their customer service operations to enhance customer loyalty for the dealers and the Toyota and Lexus brands. By providing consistent and reliable support, training, and resources to our dealer network, we continue to develop and improve our dealer relationships. In addition to marketing programs targeted toward customer retention, we work closely with TMNA and other third party distributors to offer special retail, lease, dealer financing, and insurance programs. We also focus on providing a positive customer experience to existing retail, lease, and insurance customers through our CSCs.

Risk-Based Origination and Pricing: We price and structure our retail and lease contracts to compensate us for the credit risk we assume. The objective of this strategy is to maximize operating results and better match contract rates across a broad range of risk levels. To achieve this objective, we evaluate our existing portfolio for key opportunities to expand volume in targeted markets. We deliver timely strategic information to the dealers to assist them in benefiting from market opportunities. We continuously strive to refine our strategy and methodology for risk-based pricing.

Liquidity: Our liquidity strategy is to maintain the capacity to fund assets and repay liabilities in a timely and cost-effective manner even in adverse market conditions. This capacity is primarily driven by our ability to raise funds in the global capital markets and through loans, credit facilities, and other transactions, as well as our ability to generate liquidity from our earnings assets. Our pursuit of this strategy has led us to develop a diversified borrowing base that is distributed across a variety of markets, geographies, investors, and financing structures, among other factors.

During fiscal 2019, the U.S. economy continued to expand. The unemployment rate reached historically low levels, which resulted in wage growth for consumers. Additionally, consumer confidence increased to historically high levels. However, uncertainties surrounding geopolitical events, trade policy, the future path of U.S. monetary policy, and caution by global central banks have begun to impact the outlook for future economic growth. In addition, student and auto-related debt balances have increased and represent a larger portion of the consumer debt mix. Concurrently, delinquencies for student and auto-related debt have increased. Changes in the economy that adversely impact the consumer, such as higher interest rates, elevated debt levels and an increase in unemployment from the current low levels could adversely impact our results of operations in the future.

Industry-wide vehicle sales and sales incentives in the U.S. were relatively consistent during fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018. Our financing volume decreased 6 percent, primarily due to lower consumer demand for Toyota and Lexus vehicles. Our overall market share decreased 2 percentage points for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018, as a result of lower levels of subvention and competition from other financial institutions.

Used vehicle values for Toyota and Lexus vehicles improved slightly in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. Declines in used vehicle values resulting from increases in the supply of used vehicles, increases in new vehicle incentive programs and a larger lease portfolio resulting in higher future maturities could unfavorably impact return rates, residual values, depreciation expense and credit losses in the future.

We continue to maintain broad global access to both domestic and international markets. The global capital markets experienced periods of volatility during fiscal 2019, due to concerns about geopolitical events, trade policy, and the future path of U.S. monetary policy. During fiscal 2019, our interest expense increased as compared to fiscal 2018 as a result of higher interest rates. Future changes in interest rates in the U.S. and foreign markets could result in volatility in our interest expense, which could affect our results of operations.

Our consolidated net income was $795 million in fiscal 2019, compared to $3,410 million in fiscal 2018. The decrease in net income for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”), which resulted in a one-time tax benefit of $2.9 billion in fiscal 2018. Our net income for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was favorably impacted by a $923 million increase in total financing revenues, a $132 million decrease in depreciation on operating leases, and a $35 million increase in investment and other income, net, partially offset by a $896 million increase in interest expense.

Our overall capital position increased $0.7 billion, bringing total shareholder’s equity to $13.6 billion at March 31, 2019, as compared to $12.9 billion at March 31, 2018. Our debt decreased to $92.9 billion at March 31, 2019 from $98.4 billion at March 31, 2018. As a result, our debt-to-equity ratio decreased to 6.8 at March 31, 2019 from 7.6 at March 31, 2018.

For a discussion comparing our consolidated results of operations for fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2017, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, “Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on June 4, 2018.

	Years Ended March 31,							Percentage change
(Dollars in millions)	2019		2018			2017		2019 to 2018			2018 to 2017
Financing revenues:
Operating lease	$	8,694	$	8,167		$	7,720		6	%		6	%
Retail		2,235		1,974			1,850		13	%		7	%
Dealer		711		576			476		23	%		21	%
Total financing revenues		11,640		10,717			10,046		9	%		7	%
Depreciation on operating leases		6,909		7,041			6,853		(2	)%		3	%
Interest expense		2,769		1,863			1,759		49	%		6	%
Net financing revenues		1,962		1,813			1,434		8	%		26	%

Investment and other income, net		188		140			337		34	%		(58	)%
Net financing and other revenues		2,150		1,953			1,771		10	%		10	%

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		372		401			582		(7	)%		(31	)%
Operating and administrative expenses		1,038		1,028			979		1	%		5	%
Total expenses		1,410		1,429			1,561		(1	)%		(8	)%

Income before income taxes		740		524			210		41	%		150	%
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		147		(2,654	)		67		106	%		(4061	)%

Net income from finance operations	$	593	$	3,178		$	143		(81	)%		2122	%

Our finance operations reported net income of $593 million and $3,178 million during fiscal 2019 and 2018, respectively. The decrease in net income from finance operations for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to the enactment of the TCJA, which resulted in a one-time tax benefit of $2.9 billion in fiscal 2018. Our net income from finance operations for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was favorably impacted by a $923 million increase in total financing revenues, a $132 million decrease in depreciation on operating leases, and a $48 million increase in investment and other income, net partially offset by a $906 million increase in interest expense.

Total financing revenues increased 9 percent during fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 due to the following:

As a result of the above, our total portfolio yield, which includes operating lease, retail and dealer financing revenues, increased to 4.3 percent for fiscal 2019, compared to 3.4 percent for fiscal 2018.

We recorded depreciation on operating leases of $6,909 million during fiscal 2019 compared to $7,041 million during fiscal 2018. The decrease in depreciation expense during fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to improvements in used vehicle values which resulted in lower residual value losses.

During fiscal 2019, total interest expense increased to $2,747 million from $1,851 million in fiscal 2018. The increase in total interest expense for fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 is primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense on debt and losses on U.S. dollar non-hedge accounting interest rate swaps, partially offset by gains on non-hedge accounting debt denominated in foreign currencies net of non-hedge accounting foreign currency swaps.

Interest expense on debt and derivatives primarily represents contractual net interest settlements and changes in accruals on secured and unsecured notes and loans payable, and derivatives, and includes amortization of discounts, premiums, and debt issuance costs. During fiscal 2019, interest expense on debt and derivatives increased to $2,506 million from $1,903 million in fiscal 2018, due to higher weighted average interest rates.

Gains or losses on non-hedge accounting debt denominated in foreign currencies represent the impact of translation adjustments. We use non-hedge accounting foreign currency swaps to economically hedge the debt denominated in foreign currencies. During fiscal 2019, we recorded net gains of $63 million, as gains on our non-hedge accounting debt denominated in foreign currencies were partially offset by losses on our non-hedge accounting foreign currency swaps as a result of decreases in foreign currency swap rates across most tenors. During fiscal 2018, we recorded net losses of $38 million, as losses on our non-hedge accounting debt denominated in foreign currencies were largely offset by gains on our non-hedge accounting foreign currency swaps as a result of offsetting foreign currency swap rates across the various currencies in which our debt is denominated.

Gains or losses on U.S. dollar non-hedge accounting interest rate swaps represent the change in the valuation of interest rate swaps. During fiscal 2019, we recorded losses of $304 million, as losses on our higher notional, shorter-term pay-fixed swaps exceeded the gains on our longer-term pay-float swaps, primarily as a result of decreases in U.S. dollar swap rates. During fiscal 2018, we recorded gains of $90 million with the gains on our higher notional, shorter-term pay-fixed swaps exceeding losses on our longer-term pay-float swaps, primarily as a result of increases in U.S. dollar swap rates.

Future changes in interest and foreign currency exchange rates could continue to result in significant volatility in our interest expense, thereby affecting our results of operations.

We recorded investment and other income, net of $188 million for fiscal 2019, compared to $140 million for fiscal 2018. The increase in investment and other income, net for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to rising interest rates.

We recorded a provision for credit losses of $372 million for fiscal 2019, compared to $401 million for fiscal 2018. The decrease in the provision for credit losses for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was driven by favorable credit loss experience due to a continued focus on late stage collection activities, which was partially offset by deterioration in the financial performance of certain dealers.

We recorded operating and administrative expenses of $1,038 million during fiscal 2019 compared to $1,028 million during fiscal 2018. Operating and administrative expenses for fiscal 2019 and 2018 include expenses associated with the relocation of our headquarters, including deferred compensation, employee relocation and other relocation expenses.


	Years Ended March 31,						Percentage change
	2019		2018		2017		2019 to 2018			2018 to 2017
Agreements (units in thousands)
Issued		2,475		2,489		2,415		(1	)%		3	%
Average in force		8,975		8,272		7,362		8	%		12	%

(Dollars in millions)
Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues	$	904	$	882	$	804		2	%		10	%
Investment and other income, net		126		129		64		(2	)%		102	%
Revenues from insurance operations		1,030		1,011		868		2	%		16	%

Expenses:
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		446		425		371		5	%		15	%
Operating and administrative expenses		347		329		298		5	%		10	%
Total expenses		793		754		669		5	%		13	%

Income before income taxes		237		257		199		(8	)%		29	%
Provision for income taxes		35		25		75		40	%		(67	)%

Net income from insurance operations	$	202	$	232	$	124		(13	)%		87	%

Our insurance operations reported net income of $202 million for fiscal 2019 compared to $232 million for fiscal 2018. The decrease in net income from insurance operations for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to a $21 million increase in insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses, a $18 million increase in operating and administrative expenses, and a $10 million increase in provision for income taxes, partially offset by a $22 million increase in insurance earned premiums and contract revenues.

Agreements issued decreased slightly while the number of average in force agreements increased 8 percent during fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018. The average number of agreements in force has increased due to insurance portfolio growth in recent years, most notably in guaranteed auto protection agreements, prepaid maintenance agreements, and tire and wheel protection agreements.

Our insurance operations reported insurance earned premiums and contract revenues of $904 million for fiscal 2019 compared to $882 million for fiscal 2018. Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues represent revenues from in force agreements, and are affected by issuances as well as the level, age, and mix of in force agreements. Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues are recognized over the term of the agreements in relation to the timing and level of anticipated claims and administrative expenses. The increase in insurance earned premiums and contract revenues in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to insurance portfolio growth in recent years.

Our insurance operations reported investment and other income, net of $126 million for fiscal 2019, compared to $129 million for fiscal 2018. Investment and other income, net, consists primarily of dividend and interest income, realized gains and losses on investments in marketable securities, and changes in fair value from equity investments and other-than-temporary impairment on available-for-sale debt securities, if any.

Our insurance operations reported insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses of $446 million for fiscal 2019, compared to $425 million for fiscal 2018. Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred are a function of the amount of covered risks, the frequency and severity of claims associated with in force agreements and the level of risk retained by our insurance operations. Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses include amounts paid and accrued for reported losses, estimates of losses incurred but not reported, and any related claim adjustment expenses. The increase in insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 was primarily due to an increase in losses in our tire and wheel protection agreements, guaranteed auto protection agreements, and prepaid maintenance agreements. The increases in our tire and wheel protection and guaranteed auto protection losses in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 were due to increases in both frequency and severity of claims. The increase in our prepaid maintenance losses in fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 was due to a higher number of average in force agreements, as well as an increase in the severity of claims.

Our insurance operations reported operating and administrative expenses of $347 million for fiscal 2019, compared to $329 million for fiscal 2018. The increase in operating and administrative expenses in fiscal 2019 as compared to fiscal 2018 was attributable to higher product and dealer back-end program expenses primarily driven by the continued growth of our insurance business. Insurance dealer back-end program expenses are incentives or expense reduction programs we offer to dealers based on certain performance criteria.

Our overall provision for income taxes for fiscal 2019 was $182 million, compared to a benefit for income taxes of $2,629 million for fiscal 2018. The change in the provision for income taxes for fiscal 2019, compared to the same period in fiscal 2018, is primarily due to a one-time $2.9 billion income tax benefit recorded in fiscal 2018, attributable to the revaluation of our net deferred tax liabilities resulting from the reduction of the federal statutory income tax rate by the TCJA from 35 percent to 21 percent.

The composition of our vehicle contract volume and market share is summarized below:


	Years Ended March 31,									Percentage change
(units in thousands):	2019			2018			2017			2019 to 2018			2018 to 2017
Vehicle financing volume:¹
New retail contracts		567			644			614			(12	)%		5	%
Used retail contracts		263			255			291			3	%		(12	)%
Lease contracts		498			516			557			(3	)%		(7	)%
Total		1,328			1,415			1,462			(6	)%		(3	)%

TMNA subvened vehicle financing volume (units included in the above table):
New retail contracts		316			420			380			(25	)%		11	%
Used retail contracts		35			52			84			(33	)%		(38	)%
Lease contracts		471			481			482			(2	)%		-	%
Total		822			953			946			(14	)%		1	%

Market share:²		59.8	%		61.6	%		62.9	%

The volume of our retail and lease contracts, which are acquired primarily from Toyota and Lexus dealers, is substantially dependent upon TMNA new sales volume as well as the level of TMNA sponsored subvention and other incentive programs.

Our financing volume decreased 6 percent in fiscal 2019, compared to the same period in fiscal 2018, primarily as a result of lower consumer demand for Toyota and Lexus vehicles. Our market share decreased 2 percentage points in fiscal 2019, compared to the same period in fiscal 2018, as a result of lower levels of subvention and competition from other financial institutions.


	Years Ended March 31,						Percentage change
(Dollars in millions)	2019		2018		2017		2019 to 2018			2018 to 2017
Net Earning Assets
Finance receivables, net
Retail finance receivables, net	$	53,016	$	52,378	$	50,686		1	%		3	%
Dealer financing, net¹		17,501		17,269		17,776		1	%		(3	)%
Total finance receivables, net		70,517		69,647		68,462		1	%		2	%
Investments in operating leases, net		37,927		38,697		38,152		(2	)%		1	%
Net earning assets	$	108,444	$	108,344	$	106,614		-	%		2	%

Average original contract term in months
Lease contracts²		37		37		37
Retail contracts³		67		66		64


Dealer Financing
(Number of dealers serviced)
Toyota and Lexus dealers¹		956		988		993		(3	)%		(1	)%
Dealers outside of the Toyota/Lexus dealer network		372		364		371		2	%		(2	)%
Total number of dealers receiving wholesale financing		1,328		1,352		1,364		(2	)%		(1	)%

Dealer inventory outstanding (units in thousands)		309		334		340		(7	)%		(2	)%

Our new retail contract volume decreased 12 percent during fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 primarily due to lower demand for Toyota and Lexus vehicles, lower levels of subvention and competition from other financial institutions. Our retail finance receivables, net increased 1 percent at March 31, 2019 as compared to March 31, 2018 as a result of an increase in the average amount financed.

Our lease contract volume decreased 3 percent, compared to the same period in fiscal 2018 primarily due to lower demand for Toyota and Lexus vehicles and competition from other financial institutions. Our investments in operating leases, net, decreased 2 percent at March 31, 2019 as compared to March 31, 2018, primarily due to lower demand for Toyota and Lexus vehicles as well as higher average amount spent per unit on incentives.

Dealer financing, net at March 31, 2019, increased 1 percent from March 31, 2018, primarily due to an increase in working capital loans, largely offset by decreases in dealer inventory outstanding.

We are exposed to risk on the disposition of leased vehicles to the extent that sales proceeds realized upon the sale of returned lease vehicles are not sufficient to cover the residual value that was estimated at lease inception.

Residual value represents an estimate of the end-of-term market value of a leased vehicle. The primary factors affecting our exposure to residual value risk are the levels at which residual values are established at lease inception, current economic conditions and outlook, projected end-of-term market values, and the resulting impact on depreciation expense and lease return rates. The evaluation of these factors involves significant assumptions, complex analyses, and management judgment. Refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates” for further discussion of the estimates involved in the determination of accumulated depreciation on investments in operating leases.

Residual values of lease vehicles are estimated at lease inception by examining external industry data, the anticipated Toyota and Lexus product pipeline and our own experience. Factors considered in this evaluation include, but are not limited to, economic forecasts, historical portfolio trends, new vehicle pricing, new vehicle incentive programs, new vehicle sales, competitor actions and behavior, product attributes of popular vehicles, the mix and level of used vehicle supply, current and projected used vehicle values, the actual or perceived quality, safety or reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, buying and leasing behavior trends, and fuel prices. We use various channels to sell vehicles returned at lease-end. Refer to Part 1, Item 1. Business, “Finance Operations – Retail and Lease Financing – Remarketing” for additional information on remarketing.

On a quarterly basis, we review the estimated end-of-term market values of leased vehicles to assess the appropriateness of our carrying values. To the extent the estimated end-of-term market value of a leased vehicle is lower than the residual value established at lease inception, the residual value of the leased vehicle is adjusted downward so that the carrying value at lease end will approximate the estimated end-of-term market value. Factors affecting the estimated end-of-term market value are similar to those considered in the evaluation of residual values at lease inception discussed above. These factors are evaluated in the context of their historical trends to anticipate potential changes in the relationship among these factors in the future. For investments in operating leases, adjustments are made on a straight-line basis over the remaining terms of the lease contracts and are included in Depreciation on operating leases in our Consolidated Statements of Income as a change in accounting estimate.

The lease return rate represents the number of leased vehicles returned to us for sale as a percentage of lease contracts that were originally scheduled to mature in the same period less certain qualified early terminations. When the market value of a leased vehicle at contract maturity is less than its contractual residual value (i.e., the price at which the lease customer or dealer may purchase the leased vehicle), there is a higher probability that the vehicle will be returned to us. In addition, a higher market supply of certain models of used vehicles generally results in a lower market value for those vehicles, resulting in a higher probability that the vehicle will be returned to us. A higher rate of vehicle returns exposes us to greater residual value risk which impacts depreciation expense at lease termination.

We evaluate our investment in operating leases portfolio for potential impairment when we determine a triggering event has occurred. When a triggering event has occurred, we perform a test of recoverability by comparing the expected undiscounted future cash flows (including expected residual values) over the remaining lease terms to the carrying value of the asset group. If the test of recoverability identifies a possible impairment, the asset group’s fair value is measured in accordance with the fair value measurement framework. An impairment charge is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value and would be recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. As of March 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 and during the years then ended, there was no impairment in our investment in operating leases portfolio.

The following table summarizes our vehicle sales at lease termination and our scheduled maturities related to our lease portfolio by period:

	Years ended March 31,						Percentage Change
							2019 to			2018 to
(Units in thousands)	2019		2018		2017		2018			2017
Scheduled maturities		578		460		508		26	%		(9	)%

Vehicles sold through:
Dealer Direct program
Grounding dealer		114		93		96		23	%		(3	)%
Dealer Direct online program		57		38		39		50	%		(3	)%
Physical auction		137		117		126		17	%		(7	)%
Total vehicles sold at lease termination		308		248		261		24	%		(5	)%

Scheduled maturities increased 26 percent and vehicles sold at lease termination increased 24 percent in fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018, primarily due to higher maturities from higher leasing volume in prior years. We expect maturities will remain at a high level due to higher leasing volume in prior years. Refer to Part 1, Item 1. Business, “Finance Operations – Retail and Lease Financing - Remarketing” for additional information on disposal of lease vehicles.

Depreciation expense is recorded on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is based upon the depreciable basis of the leased vehicle. The depreciable basis is originally established as the difference between a leased vehicle’s original acquisition cost and its residual value established at lease inception. Changes to residual values have an effect on depreciation expense. To the extent the estimated end-of-term market value of a leased vehicle is lower than the residual value established at lease inception, the residual value of the leased vehicle is adjusted downward so that the carrying value at lease-end will approximate the estimated end-of-term market value. Refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates” for a further discussion of the assumptions involved in the determination of residual values.

Depreciation on operating leases and average operating lease units outstanding are as follows:

We recorded depreciation expense on operating leases of $6,909 million for fiscal 2019, compared to $7,041 million for fiscal 2018. The decrease in depreciation expense for fiscal 2019 compared to fiscal 2018 is primarily due to improvements in used vehicle values which resulted in lower residual value losses. Higher average operating lease units outstanding and the resulting increase in future maturities, a higher supply of used vehicles, as well as further deterioration in actual and expected used vehicle values for Toyota and Lexus vehicles could unfavorably impact return rates, residual values, and depreciation expense.

We are exposed to credit risk on our consumer and dealer portfolios. Credit risk on our earning assets is the risk of loss arising from the failure of consumers or dealers to make contractual payments. The level of credit risk on our consumer portfolio is influenced by two factors: default frequency and loss severity, which in turn are influenced by various factors such as economic conditions, the used vehicle market, purchase quality mix, and operational changes.

The level of credit risk on our dealer portfolio is influenced by the financial strength of dealers within our portfolio, dealer concentration, collateral quality, and other economic factors. The financial strength of dealers within our portfolio is influenced by, among other factors, general economic conditions, the overall demand for new and used vehicles and the financial condition of automotive manufacturers in general.

General economic conditions such as changes in unemployment rates, housing values, bankruptcy rates, consumer debt levels, fuel prices, consumer credit performance, interest rates, inflation, household disposable income and unforeseen events such as natural disasters, among other factors, can influence both default frequency and loss severity.

Changes in used vehicle values directly affect the proceeds from sales of repossessed vehicles, and accordingly, the level of loss severity we experience. The supply of, and demand for, used vehicles, interest rates, inflation, the level of manufacturer incentive programs on new vehicles, the manufacturer’s actual or perceived reputation for quality, safety, or reliability, and general economic outlook are some of the factors affecting the used vehicle market.

A change in the mix of contracts acquired at various risk levels may change the amount of credit risk we assume. An increase in the number of contracts acquired with lower credit quality (as measured by scores that establish a consumer’s creditworthiness based on present financial condition, experience, and credit history) can increase the amount of credit risk. Conversely, an increase in the number of contracts with higher credit quality can lower credit risk. An increase in the mix of contracts with lower credit quality can also increase operational risk unless appropriate controls and procedures are established. We strive to price contracts to achieve an appropriate risk adjusted return on our investment.

The average original contract term of retail and lease contracts influences credit losses. Longer term contracts generally experience a higher rate of default and thus affect default frequency. In addition, the carrying values of vehicles under longer term contracts decline at a slower rate, resulting in a longer period during which we may be subject to used vehicle market volatility, which may in turn lead to increased loss severity.

The types and models of the vehicles in our retail and lease portfolios have an effect on loss severity. Vehicle product mix can be influenced by factors such as customer preferences, fuel efficiency and fuel prices. These factors impact the demand for and values of used vehicles and consequently, loss severity.

Operational changes and ongoing implementation of new information and transaction systems and improved methods of consumer evaluation are designed to have a positive effect on the credit risk profile of our consumer portfolio. Customer service improvements in the management of delinquencies and credit losses increase operational efficiency and effectiveness. We remain focused on our service operations and credit loss mitigation methods.

In an effort to mitigate credit losses, we regularly evaluate our purchasing practices. We limit our risk exposure by limiting approvals of lower credit quality contracts and requiring certain loan-to-value ratios.

We continue to refine our credit risk management and analysis to ensure that the appropriate level of collection resources are aligned with portfolio risk, and we adjust capacity accordingly. We continue to focus on early and late stage delinquencies to increase the likelihood of resolution. We have also increased efficiency in our collections through the use of technology.

The financial strength of dealers to which we extend credit directly affects our credit risk. Lending to dealers with lower credit quality, or a negative change in the credit quality of existing dealers, increases the risk of credit loss we assume. Extending a substantial amount of financing or commitments to a specific dealer or group of dealers creates a concentration of credit risk, particularly when the financing may not be secured by fully realizable collateral assets. Collateral quality influences credit risk in that lower quality collateral increases the risk that in the event of default and subsequent liquidation of collateral, the value of the collateral may be less than the amount owed to us.

We assign risk classifications to each of our dealers and dealer groups based on their financial condition, the strength of the collateral, and other quantitative and qualitative factors including input from our field personnel. Our monitoring processes of the dealers and dealer groups are based on these risk classifications. We periodically update the risk classifications based on changes in financial condition. As part of our monitoring processes, we may require dealers to submit periodic financial statements. We also perform periodic physical audits of vehicle inventory as well as monitor the timeliness of dealer inventory financing payoffs in accordance with the agreed-upon terms in order to identify possible risks. We continue to enhance our risk management processes to mitigate dealer portfolio risk and to focus on higher risk dealers through enhanced risk governance, inventory audits, and credit watch processes. Where appropriate, we increase the frequency of our audits and examine more closely the financial condition of the dealer or dealer group. We continue to be diligent in underwriting dealers and have conducted targeted personnel training to address dealer credit risk.

Dealer portfolio credit risk is mitigated by a repurchase agreement between TMCC and TMNA. Pursuant to this agreement, TMNA will arrange for the repurchase of new Toyota and Lexus vehicles at the aggregate cost financed by TMCC in the event of a dealer default under wholesale financing. In addition, we provide other types of financing to certain Toyota and Lexus dealers and other third parties at the request of TMNA or private Toyota distributors, and the credit risk associated with such financing is mitigated by guarantees from TMNA or the applicable private distributors.

We also provide financing for some dealerships which sell products not distributed by TMNA or any of its affiliates. A significant adverse change in a non-Toyota/Lexus manufacturer such as restructuring and bankruptcy may increase the risk associated with the dealers we have financed that sell these products.

Our credit loss experience may be affected by a number of factors including the economic environment, our purchasing, servicing, and collections practices, used vehicle market conditions and subvention. We continuously evaluate and refine our purchasing practices and collection efforts to minimize risk. In addition, subvention contributes to our overall portfolio quality, as subvened contracts typically have higher credit scores than non-subvened contracts. For information regarding the potential impact of current market conditions, refer to Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors.

	Years Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Net charge-offs as a percentage of average gross earning assets
Finance receivables		0.39	%		0.44	%		0.52	%
Operating leases		0.23	%		0.31	%		0.39	%
Total		0.34	%		0.39	%		0.47	%

Default frequency as a percentage of outstanding contracts		1.45	%		1.46	%		1.53	%
Average loss severity per unit¹	$	7,281		$	7,497		$	7,787

Aggregate balances for accounts 60 or more days past due as a percentage of gross earning assets²
Finance receivables³		0.34	%		0.32	%		0.28	%
Operating leases³		0.27	%		0.27	%		0.25	%
Total		0.31	%		0.30	%		0.27	%

The level of credit losses primarily reflects two factors: default frequency and loss severity. Net charge-offs as a percentage of average gross earning assets decreased to 0.34 percent at March 31, 2019 from 0.39 percent at March 31, 2018 due to a continued focus on late stage collection activities. Default frequency as a percentage of outstanding contracts remained relatively consistent at 1.45 percent for fiscal 2019 compared to 1.46 percent for fiscal 2018. Our average loss severity for fiscal 2019 decreased to $7,281 from $7,497 in fiscal 2018 primarily due to a continued focus on late stage collection activities as well as changes in our purchasing practices that have improved the overall quality of our portfolio. Our aggregate balances for accounts 60 or more days past due remained relatively consistent at 0.31 percent for fiscal 2019 compared to 0.30 percent for fiscal 2018. Changes in the economy that impact the consumer such as increasing interest rates, and a rise in the unemployment rate as well as higher debt balances, coupled with deterioration in actual and expected used vehicle values, could increase our credit losses. In addition, a decline in the effectiveness of our collection practices could also increase our credit losses.

The allowance for credit losses for our consumer portfolio is established through a process that estimates probable losses incurred as of the balance sheet date based upon consistently applied statistical analyses of portfolio data. This process utilizes delinquency migration analysis, in which historical delinquency and credit loss experience is applied to the current aging of the portfolio, and incorporates current and expected trends and other relevant factors, including used vehicle market conditions, economic conditions, unemployment rates, purchase quality mix, and operational factors. This process, along with management judgment, is used to establish the allowance for credit losses to cover probable and estimable losses incurred as of the balance sheet date. Movement in any of these factors would cause changes in estimated probable losses.

The allowance for credit losses for our dealer portfolio is established by aggregating dealer financing receivables into loan-risk pools, which are determined based on the risk characteristics of the loan (e.g. secured by vehicles, real estate or dealership assets). We analyze the loan-risk pools using internally developed risk ratings for each dealer. In addition, we have established procedures that focus on managing high risk loans in our dealer portfolio. Our field operations management and special assets group are consulted each quarter to determine if any specific dealer loan is considered impaired. If impaired loans are identified, specific reserves are established, as appropriate, and the loan is removed from the loan-risk pool for separate monitoring.

The following table provides information related to our allowance for credit losses:

Our allowance for credit losses increased $5 million from $597 million at March 31, 2018 to $602 million at March 31, 2019. The total allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross earning assets was 0.55 percent for both fiscal 2019 and 2018. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross earning assets for finance receivables increased to 0.70 percent in fiscal 2019 from 0.66 percent in fiscal 2018 due to the deterioration in the financial performance of certain dealers, which was largely offset by lower credit loss experience on our consumer portfolio. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of gross earning assets for operating leases decreased to 0.27 percent in fiscal 2019 from 0.35 percent in fiscal 2018 due to lower credit loss experience. Changes in the economy that impact the consumer such as increasing interest rates and a rise in the unemployment rate as well as higher debt balances, coupled with deterioration in actual and expected used vehicle values, could result in increases to our allowance for credit losses. In addition, a decline in the effectiveness of our collection practices could also increase our allowance for credit losses.

Liquidity risk is the risk relating to our ability to meet our financial obligations when they come due. Our liquidity strategy is to ensure that we maintain the ability to fund assets and repay liabilities in a timely and cost-effective manner, even in adverse market conditions. Our strategy includes raising funds via the global capital markets and through loans, credit facilities, and other transactions, as well as generating liquidity from our earning assets. This strategy has led us to develop a diversified borrowing base that is distributed across a variety of markets, geographies, investors, and financing structures.

Liquidity management involves forecasting and maintaining sufficient capacity to meet our cash needs, including unanticipated events. To ensure adequate liquidity through a full range of potential operating environments and market conditions, we conduct our liquidity management and business activities in a manner that will preserve and enhance funding stability, flexibility and diversity. Key components of this operating strategy include a strong focus on developing and maintaining direct relationships with commercial paper investors and wholesale market funding providers, and maintaining the ability to sell certain assets when and if conditions warrant.

We develop and maintain contingency funding plans and regularly evaluate our liquidity position under various operating circumstances, allowing us to assess how we will be able to operate through a period of stress when access to normal sources of capital is constrained. The plans project funding requirements during a potential period of stress, specify and quantify sources of liquidity, and outline actions and procedures for effectively managing through the problem period. In addition, we monitor the ratings and credit exposure of the lenders that participate in our credit facilities to ascertain any issues that may arise with potential draws on these facilities if that contingency becomes warranted.

We maintain broad access to a variety of domestic and global markets and may choose to realign our funding activities depending upon market conditions, relative costs, and other factors. We believe that our funding sources, combined with operating and investing activities, provide sufficient liquidity to meet future funding requirements and business growth. For liquidity purposes, we hold cash in excess of our immediate funding needs. These excess funds are invested in short-term, highly liquid and investment grade money market instruments as well as certain available-for-sale debt securities, which provide liquidity for our short-term funding needs and flexibility in the use of our other funding sources. We maintained excess funds ranging from $2.9 billion to $11.1 billion with an average balance of $7.8 billion during fiscal 2019. As a result of our access to additional liquidity under the $5.0 billion credit facility with TMS, and depending on market conditions and other factors, we may further reduce the amount of excess funds we hold in future periods in an amount up to the size of the credit facility. Our credit facility with TMS is further described in Note 7 – Debt and Credit Facilities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We believe we have ample capacity to meet our short-term funding requirements and manage our liquidity.

Credit support is provided to us by our indirect parent TFSC, and, in turn, to TFSC by TMC. Taken together, these credit support agreements provide an additional source of liquidity to us, although we do not rely upon such credit support in our liquidity planning and capital and risk management. The credit support agreements are not a guarantee by TMC or TFSC of any securities or obligations of TFSC or TMCC, respectively. The fees paid pursuant to these agreements are disclosed in Note 12 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

TMC’s obligations under its credit support agreement with TFSC rank pari passu with TMC’s senior unsecured debt obligations. Refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors – “Our borrowing costs and access to the unsecured debt capital markets depend significantly on the credit ratings of TMCC and its parent companies and our credit support arrangements” for further discussion.

We routinely monitor global financial conditions and our financial exposure to our global counterparties, particularly in those countries experiencing significant economic, fiscal or political strain, and the corresponding likelihood of default. We do not currently have exposure to sovereign counterparties in countries experiencing significant economic, fiscal or political strain or any other sovereign counterparties. Refer to the “Liquidity and Capital Resources - Credit Facilities and Letters of Credit” section and Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors – “The failure or commercial soundness of our counterparties and other financial institutions may have an effect on our liquidity, results of operations or financial condition” for further discussion.

The following table summarizes the components of our outstanding debt which includes unamortized premiums, discounts, debt issuance costs and the effects of foreign currency translation adjustments.

	March 31, 2019							March 31, 2018
(Dollars in millions)	Face Value		Carrying Value		Weighted average contractual interest rates			Face Value		Carrying Value		Weighted average contractual interest rates
Unsecured notes and loans payable
Commercial paper	$	25,374	$	25,273		2.62	%	$	27,396	$	27,313		1.80	%
U.S. medium term note ("MTN") program		33,540		33,397		2.82	%		35,465		35,313		2.35	%
Euro medium term note ("EMTN") program		15,916		15,810		1.90	%		15,900		15,812		1.65	%
Other debt		6,045		6,041		3.12	%		6,281		6,277		2.54	%
Total Unsecured notes and loans payable		80,875		80,521		2.60	%		85,042		84,715		2.05	%
Secured notes and loans payable		12,421		12,401		2.62	%		13,657		13,638		1.95	%
Total debt	$	93,296	$	92,922		2.60	%	$	98,699	$	98,353		2.04	%

The following table summarizes the significant activities by program of our Unsecured notes and loans payable:

(Dollars in millions)	Commercial paper¹			MTNs			EMTNs			Other			Total Unsecured notes and loans payable
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	27,396		$	35,465		$	15,900		$	6,281		$	85,042
Issuances		-			9,541			2,306			1,929			13,776
Maturities and terminations		(2,022	)		(11,466	)		(1,273	)		(2,142	)		(16,903	)
Non-cash changes in foreign currency rates		-			-			(1,017	)		(23	)		(1,040	)
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	25,374		$	33,540		$	15,916		$	6,045		$	80,875
Issuances during the one month ended April 30, 2019	$	6,089		$	2,050		$	-		$	6		$	8,145

Short-term funding needs are met through the issuance of commercial paper in the U.S. Amounts outstanding under our commercial paper programs ranged from approximately $25.3 billion to $29.1 billion during fiscal 2019, with an average outstanding balance of $27.1 billion. Our commercial paper programs are supported by the credit facilities discussed under the heading “Credit Facilities and Letters of Credit.”

We maintain a shelf registration statement with the SEC to provide for the issuance of debt securities in the U.S. capital markets to retail and institutional investors. We qualify as a well-known seasoned issuer under SEC rules, which allows us to issue under our registration statement an unlimited amount of debt securities during the three year period ending January 2021. Debt securities issued under the U.S. shelf registration statement are issued pursuant to the terms of an indenture which requires TMCC to comply with certain covenants, including negative pledge and cross-default provisions. We are currently in compliance with these covenants.

Our EMTN program, shared with our affiliates Toyota Motor Finance (Netherlands) B.V., Toyota Credit Canada Inc. and Toyota Finance Australia Limited (TMCC and such affiliates, the “EMTN Issuers”), provides for the issuance of debt securities in the international capital markets. In September 2018, the EMTN Issuers renewed the EMTN program for a one-year period. The maximum aggregate principal amount authorized under the EMTN Program to be outstanding at any time is €50.0 billion, or the equivalent in other currencies, of which €19.1 billion was available for issuance at April 30, 2019. The authorized amount is shared among all EMTN Issuers. The authorized aggregate principal amount under the EMTN program may be increased from time to time. Debt securities issued under the EMTN program are issued pursuant to the terms of an agency agreement. Certain debt securities issued under the EMTN program are subject to negative pledge provisions. We are currently in compliance with these covenants.

We may issue other debt securities through the global capital markets or enter into other unsecured financing arrangements, including those in which we agree to use the proceeds solely to acquire retail or lease contracts financing new Toyota and Lexus vehicles of specified “green” models. The terms of these “green” bond transactions are consistent with the terms of other similar transactions except that the proceeds we receive are included in Restricted cash and cash equivalents in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, when applicable.

TMCC has entered into term loan agreements with various banks. These term loan agreements contain covenants and conditions customary in transactions of this nature, including negative pledge provisions, cross-default provisions and limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets. We are currently in compliance with these covenants and conditions.

We may borrow from affiliates on terms based upon a number of business factors such as funds availability, cash flow timing, relative cost of funds, and market access capabilities.

Asset-backed securitization of our earning asset portfolio provides us with an alternative source of funding. We regularly execute public securitization transactions registered with the SEC and private securitization transactions with bank-sponsored multi-seller asset-backed conduits.

The following table summarizes the significant activities of our Secured notes and loans payable:

We securitize finance receivables and beneficial interests in investments in operating leases (“Securitized Assets”) using a variety of structures. Our securitization transactions involve the transfer of Securitized Assets to bankruptcy-remote special purpose entities. These bankruptcy-remote entities are used to ensure that the Securitized Assets are isolated from the claims of creditors of TMCC and that the cash flows from these assets are available solely for the benefit of the investors in these asset-backed securities. Investors in asset-backed securities do not have recourse to our other assets, and neither TMCC nor our affiliates guarantee these obligations. We are not required to repurchase or make reallocation payments with respect to the Securitized Assets that become delinquent or default after securitization. As seller and servicer of the Securitized Assets, we are required to repurchase or make a reallocation payment with respect to the underlying assets that are subsequently discovered not to have met specified eligibility requirements. This repurchase obligation is customary in securitization transactions. Funding obtained from our securitization transactions is repaid as the underlying Securitized Assets amortize.

We service the Securitized Assets in accordance with our customary servicing practices and procedures. Our servicing duties include collecting payments on Securitized Assets and submitting them to a trustee for distribution to security holders and other interest holders. We prepare monthly servicer certificates on the performance of the Securitized Assets, including collections, investor distributions, delinquencies, and credit losses. We also perform administrative services for the special purpose entities.

Our use of special purpose entities in securitizations is consistent with conventional practice in the securitization market. None of our officers, directors, or employees hold any equity interests or receive any direct or indirect compensation from our special purpose entities. These entities do not own our stock or the stock of any of our affiliates. Each special purpose entity has a limited purpose and generally is permitted only to purchase assets, issue asset-backed securities, and make payments to the security holders, other interest holders and certain service providers as required under the terms of the transactions.

Our securitizations are structured to provide credit enhancement to reduce the risk of loss to security holders and other interest holders in the asset-backed securities. Credit enhancement may include some or all of the following:

In addition to the credit enhancement described above, we may enter into interest rate swaps with our special purpose entities that issue variable rate debt. Under the terms of these swaps, the special purpose entities are obligated to pay TMCC a fixed rate of interest on payment dates in exchange for receiving a floating rate of interest on notional amounts equal to the outstanding balance of the secured notes and loans payable. This arrangement enables the special purpose entities to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in issuing variable rate debt that is secured by fixed rate Securitized Assets.

Securitized Assets and the related debt remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recognize financing revenue on the Securitized Assets. We also recognize interest expense on the secured notes and loans payable issued by the special purpose entities and maintain an allowance for credit losses on the Securitized Assets to cover estimated probable credit losses using a methodology consistent with that used for our non-securitized asset portfolio. The interest rate swaps between TMCC and the special purpose entities are considered intercompany transactions and therefore are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

We periodically enter into term securitization transactions whereby we agree to use the proceeds solely to acquire retail and lease contracts financing new Toyota and Lexus vehicles of certain specified “green” models. The terms of these “green” securitization transactions are consistent with the terms of our other similar transactions except that the proceeds we receive are included in Restricted cash and cash equivalents in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, when applicable.

We maintain a shelf registration statement with the SEC to provide for the issuance of securities backed by Securitized Assets in the U.S. capital markets during the three year period ending December 2021. We regularly sponsor public securitization trusts that issue securities backed by retail finance receivables, including registered securities that we retain. None of these securities have defaulted, experienced any events of default or failed to pay principal in full at maturity. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, we did not have any outstanding lease securitization transactions registered with the SEC.

For additional liquidity purposes, we maintain credit facilities as described below:

364 Day Credit Agreement, Three Year Credit Agreement and Five Year Credit Agreement

In November 2018, TMCC, Toyota Credit de Puerto Rico Corp. (“TCPR”) and other Toyota affiliates entered into a $5.0 billion 364 day syndicated bank credit facility, a $5.0 billion three year syndicated bank credit facility and a $5.0 billion five year syndicated bank credit facility, expiring in fiscal 2020, 2022, and 2024, respectively.

The ability to make draws is subject to covenants and conditions customary in transactions of this nature, including negative pledge provisions, cross-default provisions and limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets. These agreements may be used for general corporate purposes and none were drawn upon as of March 31, 2019. We are currently in compliance with the covenants and conditions of the credit agreements described above.

TMCC has entered into additional unsecured credit facilities with various banks. As of March 31, 2019, TMCC had committed bank credit facilities totaling $5.5 billion, of which $2.8 billion, $200 million and $2.5 billion mature in fiscal 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.

These credit agreements contain covenants and conditions customary in transactions of this nature, including negative pledge provisions, cross-default provisions and limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets. These credit facilities were not drawn upon as of March 31, 2019 and 2018. We are currently in compliance with the covenants and conditions of the credit agreements described above.

From time to time, we may borrow from affiliates based upon a number of business factors such as funds availability, cash flow timing, relative costs of funds, and market access capabilities.

The cost and availability of unsecured financing is influenced by credit ratings, which are intended to be an indicator of the creditworthiness of a particular company, security, or obligation. Lower ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs as well as reduced access to capital markets. Credit ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell, or hold securities, and are subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning credit rating organization. Each credit rating organization may have different criteria for evaluating risk, and therefore ratings should be evaluated independently for each organization. Our credit ratings depend in part on the existence of the credit support agreements of TFSC and TMC. Refer to Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors – “Our borrowing costs and access to the unsecured debt capital markets depend significantly on the credit ratings of TMCC and its parent companies and our credit support arrangements.”

Under the terms of a credit support agreement between TMC and TFSC, TMC has agreed to:

The agreement is not a guarantee by TMC of any securities or obligations of TFSC. TMC’s obligations under the credit support agreement rank pari passu with TMC’s senior unsecured debt obligations. Either party may terminate the agreement upon 30 days written notice to the other party. However, such termination cannot take effect unless and until (1) all Securities issued on or prior to the date of the termination notice have been repaid or (2) each rating agency that has issued a rating in respect of TFSC or any Securities upon the request of TMC or TFSC has confirmed to TFSC that the debt ratings of all such Securities will be unaffected by such termination. In addition, with certain exceptions, the agreement may be modified only by the written agreement of TMC and TFSC, and no modification or amendment can have any adverse effect upon any holder of any Securities outstanding at the time of such modification or amendment. The agreement is governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of Japan.

Under the terms of a similar credit support agreement between TFSC and TMCC, TFSC has agreed to:

The agreement is not a guarantee by TFSC of any TMCC Securities. The agreement contains termination and modification provisions that are similar to those in the agreement between TMC and TFSC as described above. The agreement is governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of Japan. TMCC Securities do not include the securities issued by securitization trusts in connection with TMCC’s securitization programs or any indebtedness under TMCC’s credit facilities or term loan agreements.

Holders of TMCC Securities have the right to claim directly against TFSC and TMC to perform their respective obligations under the credit support agreements by making a written claim together with a declaration to the effect that the holder will have recourse to the rights given under the credit support agreements. If TFSC and/or TMC receive such a claim from any holder of TMCC Securities, TFSC and/or TMC shall indemnify, without any further action or formality, the holder against any loss or damage resulting from the failure of TFSC and/or TMC to perform any of their respective obligations under the credit support agreements. The holder of TMCC Securities who made the claim may then enforce the indemnity directly against TFSC and/or TMC.

In addition, TMCC and TFSC are parties to a credit support fee agreement which requires TMCC to pay to TFSC a fee which is based upon the weighted average outstanding amount of TMCC Securities entitled to credit support.

TCPR is the beneficiary of a credit support agreement with TFSC containing the same provisions as the credit support agreement between TFSC and TMCC but pertaining to TCPR bonds, debentures, notes and other investment securities and commercial paper (collectively, “TCPR Securities”). Holders of TCPR Securities have the right to claim directly against TFSC and TMC to perform their respective obligations as described above. This agreement is not a guarantee by TFSC of any securities or other obligations of TCPR. TCPR has agreed to pay TFSC a fee which is based upon the weighted average outstanding amount of TCPR Securities entitled to credit support.

Our liabilities consist mainly of fixed and variable rate debt, denominated in U.S dollars and various other currencies, which we issue in the global capital markets, while our assets consist primarily of U.S. dollar denominated, fixed rate receivables. We enter into interest rate swaps, interest rate floors, and foreign currency swaps to economically hedge the interest rate and foreign currency risks that result from the different characteristics of our assets and liabilities. Our use of derivative transactions is intended to reduce long-term fluctuations in the fair value of assets and liabilities caused by market movements. All of our derivative activities are authorized and monitored by our management and our Asset-Liability Committee (“ALCO”) which provides a framework for financial controls and governance to manage market risk.

All derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value, taking into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements that allow us to net settle asset and liability positions and offset cash collateral held with the same counterparty on a net basis. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The derivative instruments are included as a component of Other assets or Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The accounting guidance permits the net presentation on our Consolidated Balance Sheets of derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. When we meet this condition, we elect to present such balances on a net basis.

Our International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreements are our master netting agreements which permit multiple transactions to be cancelled and settled with a single net balance paid to either party. The master netting agreements also contain reciprocal collateral agreements which require the transfer of cash collateral to the party in a net asset position across all transactions. Our collateral agreements with substantially all our counterparties include a zero threshold, full collateralization arrangement. Although we have daily valuation and collateral exchange arrangements with all of our counterparties, due to the time required to move collateral, there may be a delay of up to one day between the exchange of collateral and the valuation of our derivatives. We would not be required to post additional collateral to the counterparties with whom we were in a net liability position at March 31, 2019, if our credit ratings were to decline, since we fully collateralize without regard to credit ratings with these counterparties. In addition, as our collateral agreements include legal right of offset provisions, collateral amounts are netted against derivative assets or derivative liabilities.

We categorize derivatives as those designated for hedge accounting (“hedge accounting derivatives”) and those that are not designated for hedge accounting (“non-hedge accounting derivatives”). At the inception of a derivative contract, we may elect to designate a derivative as a hedge accounting derivative. As of March 31, 2019, we had no hedge accounting derivatives.

Refer to Note 6 – Derivatives, Hedging Activities and Interest Expense of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Collateral represents cash received or deposited under reciprocal arrangements that we have entered into with our derivative counterparties. As of March 31, 2019, we held excess collateral of $2 million which we did not use to offset derivative assets, and we posted excess collateral of $17 million which we did not use to offset derivative liabilities. As of March 31, 2018, we held excess collateral of $11 million which we did not use to offset derivative assets, and we posted excess collateral of $3 million which we did not use to offset derivative liabilities.

TMCC has guaranteed the payments of principal and interest with respect to the bond obligations that were issued by Putnam County, West Virginia and Gibson County, Indiana to finance the construction of pollution control facilities at manufacturing plants of certain TMCC affiliates. TMCC would be required to perform under the guarantees in the event of non-payment on the bonds and other related obligations. TMCC is entitled to reimbursement by the applicable affiliates for any amounts paid. TMCC receives a nominal annual fee for guaranteeing such payments. Other than this fee, there are no corresponding expenses or cash flows arising from our guarantees. The nature, business purpose, and amounts of these guarantees are described in Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

We provide fixed and variable rate credit facilities to dealers and various multi-franchise organizations referred to as dealer groups. These credit facilities are typically used for facilities refurbishment, real estate purchases, business acquisitions, and working capital requirements. These loans are typically secured with liens on real estate, vehicle inventory, and/or other dealership assets, as appropriate, and may be guaranteed by the individual or corporate guarantees of the affiliated dealers, dealer groups, or dealer principals when deemed prudent. Although the loans are typically collateralized or guaranteed, the value of the underlying collateral or guarantees may not be sufficient to cover our exposure under such agreements. Our pricing reflects market conditions, the competitive environment, the level of dealer support required for the facility and the credit worthiness of each dealer. Amounts drawn under these facilities are reviewed for collectability on a quarterly basis, in conjunction with our evaluation of the allowance for credit losses. Refer to Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion and disclosure.

We have also extended credit facilities to affiliates as described in Note 12 – Related Party Transactions of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Refer to Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of agreements containing indemnification provisions. We have not made any material payments in the past as a result of these provisions, and as of March 31, 2019, we determined that it is not probable that we will be required to make any material payments in the future. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, no amounts have been recorded under these indemnification provisions.

We have certain obligations to make future payments under contracts and commitments. Aggregate contractual obligations and commitments in existence at March 31, 2019 are summarized as follows:

(Dollars in millions)	Payments due by period
Contractual obligations	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		3-5 years		More than 5 years
Debt ¹	$	94,147	$	45,596	$	29,535	$	13,044	$	5,972
Estimated interest payments for debt ²		5,540		1,644		1,843		720		1,333
Estimated net payments (receipts) under interest rate swap agreements²		450		165		452		115		(282	)
Premises occupied under lease		144		22		39		22		61
Purchase obligations ³		6		6		-		-		-
Total	$	100,287	$	47,433	$	31,869	$	13,901	$	7,084

The contractual obligations and commitments in the above table do not include term loans and revolving lines of credit we extend to dealers and dealer groups as the amount and timing of future payments is uncertain. Refer to Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional discussion and disclosure.

Refer to Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) requires management to make certain estimates which affect reported financial results. The evaluation of the factors used in determining each of our critical accounting estimates involves significant assumptions, complex analyses, and management judgment. Changes in the evaluation of these factors may have a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, due to inherent uncertainties in making estimates, actual results could differ from those estimates, and those differences could be material. The accounting estimates we consider to be critical are the following:

Accumulated depreciation on investment in operating leases reduces the value of the leased vehicles from their original value at acquisition to their expected market value at the end of the lease term.

The accumulated depreciation on investment in operating leases is based on assumptions of end-of-term market value of the leased vehicles and the number of vehicles that will be returned at maturity. At the inception of a lease, the residual values are estimated by examining external industry data, the anticipated Toyota and Lexus product pipeline and our own experience. Factors considered in this evaluation include, but are not limited to, local, regional and national economic forecasts, new vehicle pricing, new vehicle incentive programs, new vehicle sales, competitor actions and behavior, product attributes of popular vehicles, the mix and level of used vehicle supply, current and projected used vehicle values, the actual or perceived quality, safety or reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, buying and leasing behavior trends, and fuel prices. We review the estimated end-of-term market values of leased vehicles to assess the appropriateness of their carrying values on a quarterly basis. To the extent the estimated end-of-term market value of a leased vehicle is lower than the contractual residual value established at lease inception, the residual value of the leased vehicle is adjusted downward so that the carrying value at lease end will approximate the estimated end-of-term market value. Factors affecting the estimated end-of-term market value are similar to those considered in the evaluation of the contractual residual values at lease inception. These factors are evaluated in the context of their historical trends to anticipate potential changes in the relationship among those factors in the future.

The vehicle lease return rate represents the number of end-of-term leased vehicles returned to us for sale as a percentage of lease contracts that were originally scheduled to mature in the same period less certain qualified early terminations. When the market value of a leased vehicle at maturity is less than its contractual residual value (i.e., the price at which the lease customer may purchase the leased vehicle), there is a higher probability that the vehicle will be returned. In addition, a higher market supply of certain models of used vehicles generally results in a lower relative level of demand for those vehicles, resulting in a higher probability that the vehicle will be returned.

At March 31, 2019, holding other estimates constant, if end-of-term market values for returned units were to decrease by one percent from our present estimates, the effect would be to increase depreciation expense by approximately $123 million. If the forecasted end-of-term market value of a leased vehicle is less than the contractual residual value, additional depreciation expense is recorded.

At March 31, 2019, holding other estimates constant, if the return rate for our existing lease portfolio were to increase by one percentage point from our present estimates, the effect would be to increase depreciation expense by approximately $31 million. Adjustments are made on a straight-line basis over the remaining terms of the leases and are included in Investment in operating leases, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheet and in Depreciation on operating leases in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to cover probable and estimable losses as of the balance sheet date on our earning assets resulting from the failure of customers or dealers to make required payments. For evaluation purposes, exposures to credit losses are segmented into the two primary categories of “consumer” and “dealer”. Our consumer portfolio consists, for accounting purposes, of our retail loan portfolio segment and our investment in operating leases portfolio, both of which are characterized by smaller contract balances than our dealer portfolio. Our dealer portfolio consists, for accounting purposes, of our dealer products portfolio segment. The overall allowance is evaluated at least quarterly, considering a variety of assumptions and factors to determine whether reserves are considered adequate to cover probable and estimable losses as of the balance sheet date. For further discussion of the accounting treatment of our allowance for credit losses, refer to Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The allowance for credit losses for the consumer portfolio is evaluated based on assumptions of default frequency and loss severity using methodologies such as roll rate, credit risk grade/tier, and vintage analysis. Default frequency represents the number of finance receivables and investment in operating lease contracts that we expect will default over the loss emergence period, which represents the average length of time between when a loss event first occurs and when the account is charged off. The loss severity assumption represents the expected difference between the amount a customer owes when the finance contract is charged off and the amount received, net of expenses, from selling the repossessed vehicle. In addition, we review and analyze external factors, such as changes in economic conditions, actual or perceived quality, safety and reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, unemployment levels, the used vehicle market, and consumer behavior as well as internal factors, such as purchase quality mix, collection strategies, and operational changes.

The allowance for credit losses for the dealer portfolio is evaluated based on assumptions of probability of default and loss given default by aggregating dealer financing receivables into loan-risk pools, which are determined based on the risk characteristics of the loan (e.g. secured by vehicle inventory, real estate, or dealership assets). We analyze the loan-risk pools using internally developed risk ratings for each dealer. In addition, field operations management and our special assets group are consulted each quarter to determine if any specific dealer loan is considered impaired. If impaired loans are identified, specific reserves are established as appropriate, and the loan is removed from the loan-risk pool for separate monitoring.

The assumptions used in evaluating our exposure to credit losses involve estimates and significant judgment. The majority of our credit losses are related to our consumer portfolio. Holding other estimates constant, a 10 percent increase or decrease in either the estimated loss severity or the estimated default frequency on the consumer portfolio would have resulted in a change in the allowance for credit losses of $41 million as of March 31, 2019.

Our business and global capital market activities give rise to market sensitive assets and liabilities. This sensitivity is considered market risk and is caused by changes in market prices of our financial instruments on the balance sheet which is driven by various market factors such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads and other market driven factors. Market risk is inherent in the financial instruments associated with our operations such as cash equivalents, finance receivables, debt and equity securities, debt, and derivatives.

ALCO is responsible for the execution of our market risk management strategies and their activities are governed by written policies and procedures. The principal objective of asset and liability management is to manage the sensitivity of net interest margin to changing interest rates. When evaluating risk management strategies, we consider a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, management’s risk tolerance, market conditions and portfolio composition.

We manage our exposure to certain market risks through our regular operating and financing activities and when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative instruments. These instruments are used to manage underlying exposures; we do not use derivatives for trading, market making or speculative purposes. Refer to “Derivative Instruments” within Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for information on risk management strategies, corporate governance and derivatives usage.

Interest rate risk can result from timing differences in the maturity or re-pricing of assets and liabilities. Changes in the level and volatility of market interest rate curves also create interest rate risk as the re-pricing of assets and liabilities are a function of implied forward interest rates. We are also exposed to basis risk, which is the difference in re-pricing characteristics of two floating rate indices.

We use sensitivity simulations to assess and manage interest rate risk. Our simulations allow us to analyze the sensitivity of our existing portfolio as well as the expected sensitivity of our new business. We measure the potential volatility in our net interest margin and manage our interest rate risk by assessing the dollar impact given a 100 basis point increase or decrease in the implied yield curve. We have established risk limits to monitor and control our exposures. ALCO reviews the amount at risk and prescribes steps, if needed, to mitigate our exposure. Our current exposure is considered within tolerable limits.

Interest rate scenarios were derived from implied forward curves based on market expectations. Internal and external data sources were used for the reinvestment of maturing assets, refinancing of maturing debt and replacement of maturing derivatives. The prepayment of retail and lease contracts was based on our historical experience and attrition projections, voluntary or involuntary. We monitor our balance sheet positions, economic trends and market conditions, internal forecasts and expected business growth in an effort to maintain the reasonableness of the sensitivity model.

The table below reflects the potential 12-month change in pre-tax cash flows based on hypothetical movements in future market interest rates. The sensitivity analysis assumes instantaneous, parallel shifts in interest rate yield curves. These interest rate scenarios do not represent management’s view of future interest rate movements. In reality, interest rate movements are rarely instantaneous or parallel and rates could move more or less than the rate scenarios reflected in the table below. In situations where existing interest rates are below one percent, the assumption of a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates is subject to a floor of zero percent, which is reflected in the “-100bp” scenario for both March 31, 2019 and 2018.

Our net interest cash flow sensitivity results from the “+100bp” scenario show a slightly liability-sensitive position on March 31, 2019 and a slightly asset-sensitive position on March 31, 2018. We regularly assess the viability of our business and hedging strategies to reduce unacceptable risks to earnings and implement strategies to protect our net interest margins from the potential negative effects of changes in interest rates.

Foreign currency risk represents exposure to changes in the values of our current holdings and future cash flows denominated in other currencies. To meet our funding objectives, we issue fixed and variable rate debt denominated in a number of different currencies. Our policy is to minimize exposures to changes in foreign exchange rates. Currency exposure related to foreign currency debt is economically hedged at issuance through the execution of foreign currency swaps which effectively convert our obligations on foreign denominated debt into U.S. dollar denominated 3-month LIBOR based payments. As a result, our economic exposure to foreign currency risk is minimized.

Certain equity investments in our investment securities portfolio are exposed to foreign currency risk. The equity investments may invest directly in foreign currencies, in securities that trade in and receive revenues in foreign currencies, or in financial derivatives that provide exposure to foreign currencies. The equity investments may also enter into foreign currency derivative contracts to hedge the currency exposure associated with some or all of the equity investments’ securities. The market value of these holdings is translated into U.S. dollars based on the current exchange rates each business day. The effect of changes in foreign currency on our portfolio is reflected in the net asset value of the equity investment.

We manage derivative counterparty credit risk by maintaining policies for entering into derivative contracts, exercising our rights under our derivative contracts, requiring the posting of collateral and actively monitoring our exposure to counterparties.

All of our derivative counterparties to which we had credit exposure at March 31, 2019 were assigned investment grade ratings by a credit rating organization. Our counterparty credit risk could be adversely affected by deterioration of the global economy and financial distress in the banking industry.

Our ISDA Master Agreements permit multiple transactions to be cancelled and settled with a single net balance paid to either party in the event of default or other termination event outside the normal course of business, such as a ratings downgrade of either party to the contract. These ISDA Master Agreements also contain reciprocal collateral arrangements which help mitigate our exposure to the credit risk associated with our counterparties. As of March 31, 2019, we have daily valuation and collateral exchange arrangements with all of our counterparties. Our collateral agreements with substantially all our counterparties include a zero threshold, full collateralization requirement, which has significantly reduced counterparty credit risk exposure. Under our ISDA Master Agreements, cash is the only permissible form of collateral. Neither we nor our counterparties are required to hold collateral in a segregated account. Upon default, the collateral agreement grants the party in a net asset position the right to set-off amounts receivable against any posted collateral.

A summary of our net counterparty credit exposure by credit rating (net of collateral held) is presented below:

We exclude from the table above credit valuation adjustments which were not significant at March 31, 2019 and 2018 related to non-performance risk of our counterparties. All derivative credit valuation adjustments are recorded in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Issuer credit risk represents exposures to changes in the creditworthiness of individual issuers or groups of issuers. Changes in economic conditions may expose us to issuer credit risk where the value of an asset may be adversely impacted by changes in the levels of credit spreads, by credit migration, or by defaults.

The following tables summarize our investments in marketable securities distribution by credit rating as of:

	March 31, 2019
					Distribution by credit rating
	Amortized		Fair										BB
(Dollars in millions)	cost		value		AAA		AA		A		BBB		or below
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. government and agency obligations	$	213	$	212	$	205	$	2	$	-	$	-	$	5
Municipal debt securities		9		11		2		8		1		-		-
Certificates of deposit		50		50		-		-		50		-		-
Commercial paper		70		70		-		70		-		-		-
Corporate debt securities		160		162		-		14		62		81		5
Mortgage-backed securities		75		75		40		3		2		5		25
Asset-backed securities		52		53		12		2		17		3		19
Total available-for-sale debt securities:	$	629	$	633	$	259	$	99	$	132	$	89	$	54
Equity investments			$	2,275	$	-	$	412	$	1,316	$	522	$	25
Total			$	2,908	$	259	$	511	$	1,448	$	611	$	79

	March 31, 2018
					Distribution by credit rating
	Amortized		Fair										BB
(Dollars in millions)	cost		value		AAA		AA		A		BBB		or below
Available-for-sale securities:
Debt securities:
U.S. government and agency obligations	$	2,821	$	2,798	$	2,167	$	631	$	-	$	-	$	-
Municipal debt securities		10		11		2		8		1		-		-
Certificates of deposit		475		474		-		-		474		-		-
Commercial paper		52		52		-		52		-		-		-
Corporate debt securities		203		201		-		22		85		92		2
Mortgage-backed securities		69		70		43		13		9		-		5
Asset-backed securities		39		39		6		5		17		6		5
Equity investments		2,196		2,184		203		214		1,701		43		23
Total	$	5,865	$	5,829	$	2,421	$	945	$	2,287	$	141	$	35

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Toyota Motor Credit Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholder’s equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2019, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2019 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

	Years ended March 31,
	2019		2018			2017
Financing revenues:
Operating lease	$	8,694	$	8,167		$	7,720
Retail		2,235		1,974			1,850
Dealer		711		576			476
Total financing revenues		11,640		10,717			10,046
Depreciation on operating leases		6,909		7,041			6,853
Interest expense		2,747		1,851			1,754
Net financing revenues		1,984		1,825			1,439

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues		904		882			804
Investment and other income, net		292		257			396
Net financing revenues and other revenues		3,180		2,964			2,639

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		372		401			582
Operating and administrative		1,385		1,357			1,277
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		446		425			371
Total expenses		2,203		2,183			2,230

Income before income taxes		977		781			409
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		182		(2,629	)		142

Net income	$	795	$	3,410		$	267

	March 31,		March 31,
	2019		2018
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,198	$	3,540
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		985		1,219
Investments in marketable securities		2,908		5,829
Finance receivables, net		70,517		69,647
Investments in operating leases, net		37,927		38,697
Other assets		1,981		1,614
Total assets	$	116,516	$	120,546

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDER’S EQUITY
Debt	$	92,922	$	98,353
Deferred income taxes		5,452		5,326
Other liabilities		4,564		3,987
Total liabilities		102,938		107,666

Commitments and contingencies (Refer to Note 11)

Shareholder’s equity:
Capital stock, no par value (100,000 shares authorized; 91,500 issued and outstanding) at March 31, 2019 and 2018		915		915
Additional paid-in capital		2		2
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		3		(29	)
Retained earnings		12,658		11,992
Total shareholder's equity		13,578		12,880
Total liabilities and shareholder's equity	$	116,516	$	120,546

The following table presents the assets and liabilities of our consolidated variable interest entities (Refer to Note 8).

					Accumulated
			Additional		other
	Capital		paid-in		comprehensive			Retained
	stock		capital		income (loss)			earnings			Total
Balance at March 31, 2016	$	915	$	2	$	165		$	8,315		$	9,397

Net income		-		-		-			267			267
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		-		-		(140	)		-			(140	)
Balance at March 31, 2017	$	915	$	2	$	25		$	8,582		$	9,524

Net income		-		-		-			3,410			3,410
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		-		-		(54	)		-			(54	)
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	915	$	2	$	(29	)	$	11,992		$	12,880

Cumulative-effect of change in accounting policy		-		-		12			(122	)		(110	)
Net income		-		-		-			795			795
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-		20			-			20
Dividends, net of tax		-		-		-			(7	)		(7	)
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	915	$	2	$	3		$	12,658		$	13,578

	Years Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	795		$	3,410		$	267
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		7,023			7,123			6,916
Recognition of deferred income		(2,346	)		(2,003	)		(1,779	)
Provision for credit losses		372			401			582
Amortization of deferred costs		617			607			625
Foreign currency and other adjustments to the carrying value of debt, net		(938	)		1,502			(704	)
Net gains from investments in marketable securities		(2	)		(41	)		(226	)
Net change in:
Derivative assets		-			(10	)		17
Other assets and accrued interest		(86	)		(117	)		(167	)
Deferred income taxes		156			(2,578	)		(3	)
Derivative liabilities		20			(40	)		39
Other liabilities		324			81			347
Net cash provided by operating activities		5,935			8,335			5,914

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of investments in marketable securities		(1,251	)		(7,137	)		(3,702	)
Proceeds from sales of investments in marketable securities		1,740			1,376			875
Proceeds from maturities of investments in marketable securities		2,457			5,580			3,656
Acquisition of finance receivables		(24,686	)		(25,713	)		(25,497	)
Collection of finance receivables		24,082			24,100			24,324
Net change in wholesale and certain working capital receivables		(89	)		388			(1,859	)
Acquisition of investments in operating leases		(16,068	)		(16,575	)		(17,947	)
Disposals of investments in operating leases		11,395			9,821			10,230
Long term loans to affiliates		(569	)		-			-
Payments on long term loans from affiliates		36			-			-
Net change in financing support provided to affiliates		-			755			354
Other, net		(63	)		(79	)		(110	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(3,016	)		(7,484	)		(9,676	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of debt		21,153			21,768			28,817
Payments on debt		(23,624	)		(23,814	)		(23,463	)
Net change in commercial paper		(2,022	)		664			(12	)
Net change in financing support provided by affiliates		(2	)		5			(6	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(4,495	)		(1,377	)		5,336
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents		(1,576	)		(526	)		1,574
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period		4,759			5,285			3,711
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period	$	3,183		$	4,759		$	5,285
Supplemental disclosures:
Interest paid, net	$	2,239		$	1,722		$	1,406
Income taxes paid, net	$	42		$	8		$	53

Toyota Motor Credit Corporation (“TMCC”) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toyota Financial Services International Corporation (“TFSIC”), a California corporation, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toyota Financial Services Corporation (“TFSC”), a Japanese corporation. TFSC, in turn, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation (“TMC”), a Japanese corporation. TFSC manages TMC’s worldwide financial services operations. References herein to the “Company”, “we”, “our”, and “us” denote TMCC and its consolidated subsidiaries. TMCC is marketed under the brands of Toyota Financial Services and Lexus Financial Services.

We provide a variety of finance and insurance products to authorized Toyota and Lexus dealers or dealer groups and, to a lesser extent, other domestic and import franchise dealers (collectively referred to as “dealers”) and their customers in the United States of America (excluding Hawaii) (the “U.S.”) and Puerto Rico. Our business is substantially dependent upon the sale of Toyota and Lexus vehicles.

Our finance operations are located in the U.S. and Puerto Rico with earning assets principally sourced through Toyota and Lexus dealers. As of March 31, 2019, approximately 23 percent of retail and lease contracts were concentrated in California, 11 percent in Texas, 8 percent in New York, and 5 percent in New Jersey. Our insurance operations are located in the U.S. As of March 31, 2019, approximately 26 percent of insurance policies and contracts were concentrated in California, 6 percent in New York, and 5 percent in Maryland, New Jersey, and Virginia, respectively. Any material adverse changes to the economies or applicable laws in these states could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

On April 16, 2019, we announced that we will restructure our field operations over the next two years to better serve our dealer partners by streamlining our field office structure into three regional locations and investing in new technology. Costs associated with this restructure are not expected to be significant.

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Our accounting and financial reporting policies conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Related party transactions presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements are disclosed in Note 12 – Related Party Transactions.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TMCC, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and all variable interest entities (“VIE”) of which we are the primary beneficiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Because of inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions. The accounting estimates that are most important to our business are the accumulated depreciation related to our investments in operating leases and the allowance for credit losses.

Our significant accounting policies are found in the respective Note for which the policy is applicable.

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

We adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”), using the modified retrospective approach and applied it to active agreements at the time of adoption. As such, the comparative information in this Form 10-K has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The majority of our total consolidated revenues are outside the scope of the standard; however, the majority of revenue reported by our insurance operations segment falls within the scope of ASU 2014-09. Upon adoption, fees collected for administering certain vehicle and payment protection products are now recognized using the same measure as the related product revenue and certain dealer incentives are now capitalized and amortized over the contract term instead of expensed as incurred.

While the adoption of ASU 2014-09 has changed the timing of recognition of certain revenues and expenses, the total revenue and expense recognized over the contract term will not change as a result of adopting the standard. We do not expect the adoption to be significant to our net income on an ongoing basis.

The cumulative effect of the changes made to our Consolidated Balance Sheet as of April 1, 2018 for the adoption of ASU-2014-09 was as follows:

The impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheet for the adoption of ASU-2014-09 was as follows:

For the year ended March 31, 2019, the effect on our Consolidated Statement of Income from the adoption of ASU 2014-09 was a decrease of $5 million in net income.

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

We adopted ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets (“ASU 2016-01”), which requires entities to measure equity investments at fair value and recognize any changes in fair value in net income. On April 1, 2018, we recognized the cumulative effect of adoption by recording a reduction to our opening retained earnings of approximately $12 million, net of tax.

We adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. The adoption of this guidance did not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

We adopted ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which clarifies how restricted cash and cash equivalents should be classified and presented on the statement of cash flows. This guidance was intended to reduce diversity in practice in the classification of restricted cash and cash equivalents on the statement of cash flows. Effective April 1, 2018, we no longer report the change in restricted cash and cash equivalents in the operating and investing sections in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Restricted cash and cash equivalents are now included in the beginning and end of the period cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. These changes have been applied using a retrospective transition method to each period presented.

We early adopted ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”). The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which introduces a lessee model that brings most leases on the balance sheet and aligns many of the underlying principles of the new lessor model with those in the new revenue recognition standard. The FASB also subsequently issued guidance amending and clarifying various aspects of the new leases guidance. The new leasing standard represents a wholesale change to lease accounting for lessees and requires additional disclosures regarding leasing arrangements. We will adopt this ASU using the optional transition method and it will not have a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. Upon adoption of the guidance on April 1, 2019, we expect to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities (at their present value) of approximately $120 million in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. This guidance introduces a new impairment model based on expected losses rather than incurred losses for certain types of financial instruments. It also modifies the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities and provides for a simplified accounting model for purchased financial assets with credit deterioration since their origination. The FASB also subsequently issued guidance amending and clarifying aspects of the new impairment model. This ASU is effective for us on April 1, 2020. We are in the process of developing, refining and testing the models and procedures that will be used to calculate the credit loss reserves in accordance with this new accounting guidance. We expect this new guidance will result in an increase in our allowance for credit losses with a cumulative-effect adjustment to our opening retained earnings in the period of adoption. The magnitude of the increase in our allowance for credit losses is under evaluation. We are currently evaluating the other potential impacts of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, which requires certain premiums on callable debt securities to be amortized to the earliest call date. This ASU is effective for us on April 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), which makes targeted improvements to accounting for hedging activities. This guidance eliminates the requirement to separately measure and report hedge ineffectiveness and generally requires, for qualifying hedges, the entire change in the fair value of a hedging instrument to be presented in the same income statement line as the hedged item. The guidance provides new alternatives for applying hedge accounting and measuring the hedged item in fair value hedges of interest rate risk. The guidance also modifies certain disclosure requirements. This ASU is effective for us on April 1, 2019. The adoption of this guidance will not have an impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures as we no longer have hedge accounting derivatives as of September 30, 2018.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which modifies disclosure requirements related to fair value measurement. This ASU is effective for us on April 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the potential impacts of this guidance on our disclosures.

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software, which aligns the accounting for costs incurred to implement a cloud computing arrangement that is a service arrangement with the guidance on capitalizing costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software. This ASU is effective for us on April 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the potential impacts of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-17, Consolidation (Topic 810), which requires indirect interests held through related parties in common control arrangements to be considered on a proportional basis for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interests. This ASU is effective for us on April 1, 2021. We are currently evaluating the potential impacts of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In April 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The applicable provisions of this ASU are effective for us on April 1, 2020. We are currently evaluating the potential impacts of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Cash and cash equivalents represent highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less from the date of acquisition and may include money market instruments, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government and agency obligations, or similar instruments.

Restricted cash and cash equivalents include customer collections on securitized receivables to be distributed to investors as payments on the related secured notes and loans payable, which are primarily related to securitization trusts. Restricted cash equivalents may also contain amounts unrelated to financing activities which are restricted as to use and proceeds from certain debt issuances for which the use of the cash is restricted.

Investments in marketable securities consist of debt securities and equity investments.

Debt securities are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are recorded at fair value with unrealized gains or losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), net of applicable taxes. An unrealized loss exists when the current fair value of an individual security is less than its amortized cost basis. We conduct periodic reviews of AFS debt securities to determine whether the loss is deemed to be other-than-temporary.

If an other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) loss is deemed to exist, we first determine whether we have the intent to sell the debt security or if it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If so, the cost basis of the security is written down to fair value and the loss is reflected in Investment and other income, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income. If we do not have the intent to sell nor is it more likely than not that we will be required to sell, the credit loss component of the OTTI losses is recognized in Investment and other income, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income, while the remainder of the loss is recognized in AOCI. The credit loss component is identified as the portion of the amortized cost of the security not expected to be collected over the remaining term as projected using a cash flow analysis for debt securities.

Prior to April 1, 2018, our equity investments were also considered AFS. However, beginning on April 1, 2018, all equity investments are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value included in Investment and other income, net within our Consolidated Statements of Income. Realized gains and losses from sales of equity investments are determined using the first in first out method and are included in Investment and other income, net within our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Note 2 – Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments in Marketable Securities (Continued)

	March 31, 2019
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
	cost		gains		losses			value
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. government and agency obligations	$	213	$	2	$	(3	)	$	212
Municipal debt securities		9		2	-				11
Certificates of deposit		50	-		-				50
Commercial paper		70	-		-				70
Corporate debt securities		160		3		(1	)		162
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agency		35	-		-				35
Non-agency residential		1	-		-				1
Non-agency commercial		39	-		-				39
Asset-backed securities		52		1	-				53
Total available-for-sale debt securities	$	629	$	8	$	(4	)	$	633
Equity investments								$	2,275
Total investments in marketable securities								$	2,908

	March 31, 2018
	Amortized		Unrealized		Unrealized			Fair
	cost		gains		losses			value
Available-for-sale securities:
Debt securities:
U.S. government and agency obligations	$	2,821	$	-	$	(23	)	$	2,798
Municipal debt securities		10		1		-			11
Certificates of deposit		475		-		(1	)		474
Commercial paper		52		-		-			52
Corporate debt securities		203		1		(3	)		201
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agency		38		1		-			39
Non-agency residential		1		1		-			2
Non-agency commercial		30		-		(1	)		29
Asset-backed securities		39		-		-			39
Equity investments		2,196		11		(23	)		2,184
Total investments in marketable securities	$	5,865	$	15	$	(51	)	$	5,829

A portion of our equity investments are investments in funds that are privately placed and managed by an open-end investment management company (the “Trust”). If we elect to redeem shares, the Trust will normally redeem all shares for cash, but may, in unusual circumstances, redeem amounts exceeding the lesser of $250 thousand or 1 percent of the Trust’s asset value by payment in kind of securities held by the respective fund during any 90-day period.

We also invest in actively traded open-end mutual funds. Redemptions are subject to normal terms and conditions as described in each fund’s prospectus.

Note 2 – Cash and Cash Equivalents and Investments in Marketable Securities (Continued)

Available-for-sale debt securities in a continuous loss position for less than twelve months and for greater than twelve months were not significant as of March 31, 2019. Available-for-sale debt securities and equity investments in a continuous loss position for less than twelve months and for greater than twelve months were not significant as of March 31, 2018.

The following table represents gains and losses on our investments in marketable securities presented in our Consolidated Statements of Income:

The amortized cost, fair value and contractual maturities of available-for-sale debt securities are summarized in the following table. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations.

¹ Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities are shown separately from other maturity groupings as these securities have multiple maturity dates.

Finance receivables, net consist of the retail loan and the dealer products portfolio segments, which includes accrued interest and deferred fees and costs, net of the allowance for credit losses and deferred income. Finance receivables, net also includes securitized retail receivables, which represent retail receivables that have been sold for legal purposes to securitization trusts but continue to be included in our consolidated financial statements, as discussed further in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities. Cash flows from these securitized retail receivables are available only for the repayment of debt issued by these trusts and other obligations arising from the securitization transactions. They are not available for payment of our other obligations or to satisfy claims of our other creditors.

Finance receivables are classified as held-for-investment if the Company has the intent and ability to hold the receivables for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, all finance receivables were classified as held-for-investment.

Revenues associated with retail and dealer financing are recognized so as to approximate a constant effective yield over the contract term. Incremental direct fees and costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of retail contracts and dealer financing receivables, including incentive and rate participation payments made to dealers, are capitalized and amortized so as to approximate a constant effective yield over the term of the related contracts. Payments received on subvention and other consumer incentives are deferred and recognized to approximate a constant effective yield over the term of the related contracts.

The accrual of revenue is discontinued at the time a retail receivable is determined to be uncollectible. These finance receivables may be restored to accrual status when future payments are reasonably assured. For retail loan finance receivables in non-accrual status, subsequent financing revenue is recognized only to the extent a payment is received. Payments are applied first to outstanding interest and then to the unpaid principal balance.

Impaired receivables in the dealer products portfolio segment are placed on nonaccrual status if full payment of principal or interest is in doubt, or when principal or interest is 90 days or more past due. Interest accrued, but not collected at the date a dealer financing receivable is placed on nonaccrual status, is reversed against interest income. In addition, the amortization of net deferred fees is suspended. Interest income on nonaccrual dealer financing receivables is recognized only to the extent it is received in cash. Dealer financing receivables are restored to accrual status only when interest and principal payments are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Finance receivables in the dealer products portfolio segment are charged off against the allowance for credit losses when the loss has been realized.

Contractual maturities on retail receivables and dealer financing are as follows:

A portion of our finance receivables has historically settled prior to contractual maturity. Contractual maturities shown above should not be considered indicative of future cash collections.

We are exposed to credit risk on our finance receivables. Credit risk is the risk of loss arising from the failure of customers or dealers to meet the terms of their contracts with us or otherwise fail to perform as agreed.

The retail loan portfolio segment consists of one class of finance receivables. While we use various credit quality metrics to develop our allowance for credit losses on the retail loan portfolio segment, we primarily utilize the aging of the individual accounts to monitor the credit quality of these finance receivables. Based on our experience, the payment status of borrowers is the strongest indicator of the credit quality of the underlying receivables. Payment status also impacts charge-offs.

Individual borrower accounts within the retail loan portfolio segment are segregated into aging categories based on the number of days outstanding. The aging for each class of finance receivables is updated monthly.

For the three classes of finance receivables within the dealer products portfolio segment (wholesale, real estate and working capital), all loans outstanding for an individual dealer or dealer group, which includes affiliated entities, are aggregated and evaluated collectively by dealer or dealer group. This reflects the interconnected nature of financing provided to our individual dealer and dealer group customers, and their affiliated entities.

When assessing the credit quality of the finance receivables within the dealer products portfolio segment, we segregate the finance receivables account balances into four categories representing distinct credit quality indicators based on internal risk assessments. The internal risk assessments for all finance receivables within the dealer products portfolio segment are updated on a monthly basis.

The tables below present each credit quality indicator by class of finance receivables:

	Wholesale				Real Estate				Working Capital
	March 31,		March 31,		March 31,		March 31,		March 31,		March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2019		2018
Credit quality indicators:
Performing	$	9,155	$	9,451	$	4,019	$	4,070	$	2,448	$	2,118
Credit Watch		1,127		946		554		484		70		105
At Risk		152		75		84		29		63		33
Default		6		41		14		47		4		21
Total	$	10,440	$	10,513	$	4,671	$	4,630	$	2,585	$	2,277

Substantially all finance receivables do not involve recourse to the dealer in the event of customer default. Finance receivables include contracts in bankruptcy and contracts greater than 120 days past due, which are recorded at the fair value of collateral less estimated costs to sell. Contracts for which vehicles have been repossessed are excluded.

	March 31, 2019
	30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Finance Receivables		90 Days or Greater Past Due and Accruing
Retail loan	$	657	$	162	$	73	$	892	$	53,047	$	53,939	$	47
Wholesale		-		-		1		1		10,439		10,440		-
Real estate		-		-		-		-		4,671		4,671		-
Working capital		-		-		4		4		2,581		2,585		-
Total	$	657	$	162	$	78	$	897	$	70,738	$	71,635	$	47

	March 31, 2018
	30 - 59 Days Past Due		60 - 89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Total Finance Receivables		90 Days or Greater Past Due and Accruing
Retail loan	$	613	$	158	$	65	$	836	$	52,559	$	53,395	$	46
Wholesale		-		-		-		-		10,513		10,513		-
Real estate		-		-		-		-		4,630		4,630		-
Working capital		-		-		-		-		2,277		2,277		-
Total	$	613	$	158	$	65	$	836	$	69,979	$	70,815	$	46

A finance receivable is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the terms of the contract. Factors such as payment history, compliance with terms and conditions of the underlying loan agreement and other subjective factors related to the financial stability of the borrower are considered when determining whether a finance receivable is impaired.

The following table summarizes the information related to our impaired loans by class of finance receivables:

	Impaired				Individually Evaluated
	Finance Receivables				Allowance
	March 31,		March 31,		March 31,		March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018

Impaired account balances individually evaluated for impairment with an allowance:
Wholesale	$	161	$	107	$	28	$	14
Real estate		93		86		11		5
Working capital		67		55		60		51
Total	$	321	$	248	$	99	$	70

Impaired account balances individually evaluated for impairment without an allowance:
Wholesale	$	130	$	83
Real estate		152		142
Working capital		20		22
Total	$	302	$	247

Impaired account balances aggregated and evaluated for impairment:
Retail loan	$	231	$	222

Total impaired account balances:
Retail loan	$	231	$	222
Wholesale		291		190
Real estate		245		228
Working capital		87		77
Total	$	854	$	717

The primary source of interest income recognized on the loans in the table above is from performing troubled debt restructurings. Interest income on impaired finance receivables and interest income recognized using a cash-basis method of accounting during fiscal 2019 and 2018 were not significant. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, the impaired finance receivables balance for accounts in the dealer products portfolio segment that were on nonaccrual status was $329 million and $249 million, respectively, and there were no charge-offs against the allowance for credit losses for these finance receivables. Therefore, the impaired finance receivables balance is equal to the unpaid principal balance.

As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, impaired finance receivables in the retail loan portfolio segment recorded at the fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs were not significant and therefore excluded from the table above. Refer to Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses for details related to the retail loan portfolio segment’s impaired account balances which are aggregated and evaluated for impairment when determining the allowance for credit losses.

A troubled debt restructuring occurs when a finance receivable is modified through a concession to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. A finance receivable modified under a troubled debt restructuring is considered to be impaired. In addition, troubled debt restructurings include finance receivables for which the customer has filed for bankruptcy protection. For such finance receivables, we no longer have the ability to modify the terms of the agreement without the approval of the bankruptcy court and the court may impose term modifications that we are obligated to accept.

For accounts not under bankruptcy protection, the amount of finance receivables modified as a troubled debt restructuring during fiscal 2019 and 2018 was not significant for each class of finance receivables. Troubled debt restructurings for accounts not under bankruptcy protection within the retail loan class of finance receivables are comprised exclusively of contract term extensions that reduce the monthly payment due from the customer. For the three classes of finance receivables within the dealer products portfolio segment, troubled debt restructurings include contract term extensions, interest rate adjustments, waivers of loan covenants, or any combination of the three. Troubled debt restructurings of accounts not under bankruptcy protection did not include forgiveness of principal or interest rate adjustments during fiscal 2019 and 2018.

We consider finance receivables under bankruptcy protection within the retail loan class to be troubled debt restructurings as of the date we receive notice of a customer filing for bankruptcy protection, regardless of the ultimate outcome of the bankruptcy proceedings. The bankruptcy court may impose modifications as part of the proceedings, including interest rate adjustments and forgiveness of principal. For fiscal 2019 and 2018, the financial impact of troubled debt restructurings related to finance receivables under bankruptcy protection was not significant to our Consolidated Statements of Income and Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Investments in operating leases, net consist of leases, net of deferred fees and costs, deferred income, accumulated depreciation and the allowance for credit losses. Securitized investments in operating leases represent beneficial interests in a pool of certain vehicle leases that have been sold for legal purposes to securitization trusts but continue to be included in our consolidated financial statements as discussed further in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities. Cash flows from these securitized investments in operating leases are available only for the repayment of debt issued by these trusts and other obligations arising from the securitization transactions. They are not available for payment of our other obligations or to satisfy claims of our other creditors.

Operating lease revenues are recorded net of sales tax collected from customers and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Deferred fees and costs, including incentive payments made to dealers and acquisition fees collected from customers, are capitalized or deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the contract term. Payments received on affiliate sponsored subvention and other incentive programs are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term. The accrual of revenue on investments in operating leases is discontinued at the time an account is determined to be uncollectible and subsequent revenue is recognized only to the extent a payment is received. Operating leases may be restored to accrual status when future payments are reasonably assured.

Residual values of lease contracts are estimated at lease inception by examining external industry data, the anticipated Toyota and Lexus product pipeline and our own experience. Factors considered in this evaluation include, but are not limited to, economic forecasts, new vehicle pricing, new vehicle incentive programs, new vehicle sales, competitor actions and behavior, vehicle features and specifications, the mix and level of used vehicle supply, the level of current used vehicle values, buying and leasing behavior trends, and fuel prices. We use various channels to sell vehicles returned at lease-end.

Depreciation on operating leases is recognized using the straight-line method over the lease term. The depreciable basis is the original acquisition cost of the vehicle less the estimated residual value of the vehicle at the end of the lease term. On a quarterly basis, we review the estimated end-of-term market values and return rates of leased vehicles to assess the appropriateness of the carrying values at lease-end. Factors affecting the estimated end-of-term market value are similar to those considered in the evaluation of residual values at lease inception discussed above. Adjustments to depreciation expense to reflect revised estimates of expected market values at lease termination and revised return rates are recorded prospectively on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease term.

We evaluate our investment in operating leases portfolio for potential impairment when we determine a triggering event has occurred. When a triggering event has occurred, we perform a test of recoverability by comparing the expected undiscounted future cash flows (including expected residual values) over the remaining lease terms to the carrying value of the asset group. If the test of recoverability identifies a possible impairment, the asset group’s fair value is measured in accordance with the fair value measurement framework. An impairment charge would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its estimated fair value and would be recorded in our Consolidated Statements of Income. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, there was no impairment in our investment in operating leases portfolio.

A portion of our operating lease contracts has historically terminated prior to maturity. Future minimum rentals shown above should not be considered indicative of future cash collections.

We maintain an allowance for credit losses to cover probable and estimable losses incurred on our finance receivables and investments in operating leases resulting from the failure of customers or dealers to make contractual payments. Management evaluates the allowance at least quarterly, considering a variety of factors and assumptions to determine whether the allowance is considered adequate to cover probable and estimable losses incurred as of the balance sheet date.

Management develops and documents the allowance for credit losses on finance receivables based on two portfolio segments. The determination of portfolio segments is based primarily on the qualitative consideration of the nature of our business operations and the characteristics of the underlying finance receivables, as follows:

We also separately develop and document the allowance for credit losses for investments in operating leases. Investments in operating leases are not within the scope of accounting guidance governing the disclosure of portfolio segments.

The level of credit risk in our retail loan portfolio segment and our investments in operating leases is influenced primarily by two factors: default frequency and loss severity, which in turn are influenced by various factors such as economic conditions, the used vehicle market, purchase quality mix, contract term length, and collection strategies and practices.

We evaluate the retail loan portfolio segment and investments in operating leases using methodologies that include roll rate, credit risk grade/tier, and vintage analysis. We review and analyze external factors, including changes in economic conditions, actual or perceived quality, safety and reliability of Toyota and Lexus vehicles, unemployment levels, the used vehicle market, and consumer behavior. In addition, internal factors, such as purchase quality mix and operational changes are also considered in the analyses.

We utilize a loss emergence period assumption in developing our allowance for credit losses. This assumption represents the average length of time between when a loss event first occurs and when the account is charged off. We apply judgment in estimating the loss emergence period using available credit information and trends.

The level of credit risk in our dealer products portfolio segment is influenced primarily by the financial strength of dealers within our portfolio, dealer concentration, collateral quality, and other economic factors. The financial strength of dealers within our portfolio is influenced by, among other factors, general economic conditions, the overall demand for new and used vehicles and the financial condition of automotive manufacturers.

We evaluate the dealer portfolio by aggregating dealer financing receivables into loan-risk pools, which are determined based on the risk characteristics of the loan (e.g. secured by vehicles, real estate or dealership assets). We analyze the loan-risk pools using internally developed risk ratings for each dealer. We also utilize a loss emergence period assumption in developing our allowance for credit losses. The loss emergence period represents the time period between the date at which the loss event is estimated to have occurred and the ultimate realization of that loss through charge-off. In addition, field operations management and our special assets group are consulted each quarter to determine if any specific dealer loan is considered impaired. If impaired loans are identified, specific reserves are established, as appropriate, and the loan is removed from the loan-risk pool for separate monitoring.

The majority of the allowance for credit losses covers estimated losses on the retail loan portfolio segment and investments in operating leases which are collectively evaluated for impairment. The remainder of the allowance for credit losses covers the estimated losses on the dealer products portfolio segment. Within the dealer products portfolio segment, we establish specific reserves to cover the estimated losses on individual impaired loans (including loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring). The specific reserves are assessed based on discounted cash flows, the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

Increases to the allowance for credit losses are accompanied by corresponding charges to the Provision for credit losses on our Consolidated Statements of Income. The uncollectible portion of finance receivables and investments in operating leases is charged to the allowance for credit losses at the earlier of when an account is deemed to be uncollectible or when an account is greater than 120 days past due. In the event we repossess the collateral, the receivable is charged-off and we record the collateral at its estimated fair value less costs to sell and report it in Other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Recoveries of finance receivables and investments in operating leases previously charged off as uncollectible are credited to the allowance for credit losses.

The following table provides information related to our allowance for credit losses on finance receivables and investments in operating leases:

The following tables provide information related to our allowance for credit losses for finance receivables and finance receivables by portfolio segment:


	Year Ended March 31, 2019
	Retail Loan			Dealer Products		Total
Beginning balance, April 1, 2018	$	312		$	151	$	463
Charge-offs		(330	)		-		(330	)
Recoveries		50			-		50
Provision for credit losses		272			44		316
Ending balance, March 31, 2019	$	304		$	195	$	499

Allowance for Credit Losses for Finance Receivables:
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		$	99	$	99
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	304		$	96	$	400

Finance Receivables:
Ending balance, March 31, 2019	$	53,939		$	17,696	$	71,635
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		$	623	$	623
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	53,939		$	17,073	$	71,012

The ending balance of finance receivables collectively evaluated for impairment in the above table includes approximately $231 million of finance receivables within the retail loan portfolio segment that are specifically identified as impaired. These amounts are aggregated within their respective portfolio segment when determining the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2019, as they are deemed to be insignificant for individual evaluation and we have determined that the allowance for credit losses is not significant and would not be materially different if the amounts had been individually evaluated for impairment. The ending balance of finance receivables for the dealer products portfolio segment collectively evaluated for impairment as of March 31, 2019 includes $1,091 million in finance receivables that are guaranteed by Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (“TMNA”) and $132 million in finance receivables that are guaranteed by third party private Toyota distributors. These finance receivables are related to certain Toyota and Lexus dealers and other third parties to whom we provided financing at the request of TMNA and third party private Toyota distributors.


	Year Ended March 31, 2018
	Retail Loan			Dealer Products		Total
Beginning balance, April 1, 2017	$	344		$	123	$	467
Charge-offs		(355	)		-		(355	)
Recoveries		50			-		50
Provision for credit losses		273			28		301
Ending balance, March 31, 2018	$	312		$	151	$	463

Allowance for Credit Losses for Finance Receivables:
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		$	70	$	70
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	312		$	81	$	393

Finance Receivables:
Ending balance, March 31, 2018	$	53,395		$	17,420	$	70,815
Ending balance: Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-		$	495	$	495
Ending balance: Collectively evaluated for impairment	$	53,395		$	16,925	$	70,320

The ending balance of finance receivables collectively evaluated for impairment in the above table includes approximately $222 million of finance receivables within the retail loan portfolio segment that are specifically identified as impaired. These amounts are aggregated within their respective portfolio segment when determining the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2018, as they are deemed to be insignificant for individual evaluation and we have determined that the allowance for credit losses is not significant and would not be materially different if the amounts had been individually evaluated for impairment. The ending balance of finance receivables for the dealer products portfolio segment collectively evaluated for impairment as of March 31, 2018 includes $1,030 million in finance receivables that are guaranteed by TMNA and $146 million in finance receivables that are guaranteed by third party private Toyota distributors. These finance receivables are related to certain Toyota and Lexus dealers and other third parties to whom we provided financing at the request of TMNA and third party private Toyota distributors.

Our liabilities consist mainly of fixed and variable rate debt, denominated in U.S. dollars and various other currencies, which we issue in the global capital markets, while our assets consist primarily of U.S. dollar denominated, fixed rate receivables. We enter into interest rate swaps, interest rate floors, and foreign currency swaps to economically hedge the interest rate and foreign currency risks that result from the different characteristics of our assets and liabilities. Our use of derivative transactions is intended to reduce long-term fluctuations in the fair value of assets and liabilities caused by market movements. All of our derivative activities are authorized and monitored by our management and our Asset-Liability Committee, which provides a framework for financial controls and governance to manage market risk.

We categorize derivatives as those designated for hedge accounting (“hedge accounting derivatives”) and those that are not designated for hedge accounting (“non-hedge accounting derivatives”). At the inception of a derivative contract, we may elect to designate a derivative as a hedge accounting derivative if certain criteria are met. As of September 30, 2018, we no longer have any hedge accounting derivatives.

All derivative instruments are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value, taking into consideration the effects of legally enforceable master netting agreements that allow us to net settle asset and liability positions and offset cash collateral held with the same counterparty on a net basis. Changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments are recognized as a component of Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The derivative instruments are included as a component of Other assets or Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Our International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Master Agreements are also our master netting agreements which permit multiple transactions to be cancelled and settled with a single net balance paid to either party. The master netting agreements also contain reciprocal collateral agreements which require the transfer of cash collateral to the party in a net asset position across all transactions. Our collateral agreements with substantially all our counterparties include a zero threshold, full collateralization arrangement. Although we have daily valuation and collateral exchange arrangements with all of our counterparties, due to the time required to move collateral, there may be a delay of up to one day between the exchange of collateral and the valuation of our derivatives. We would not be required to post additional collateral to the counterparties with whom we were in a net liability position at March 31, 2019, if our credit ratings were to decline, since we fully collateralize without regard to credit ratings with these counterparties. In addition, as our collateral agreements include legal right of offset provisions, collateral amounts are netted against derivative assets or derivative liabilities, the net amount of which is included in Other assets or Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following tables show the financial statement line item and amount of our derivative assets and liabilities that are reported in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	March 31, 2019
	Non-hedge
	accounting derivatives
			Fair
	Notional		value
Other assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	49,254	$	472
Foreign currency swaps		2,771		72
Total	$	52,025	$	544

Counterparty netting				(441	)
Collateral held				(42	)
Carrying value of derivative contracts – Other assets			$	61

Other liabilities:
Interest rate swaps	$	57,593	$	622
Foreign currency swaps		9,796		785
Total	$	67,389	$	1,407

Counterparty netting				(441	)
Collateral posted				(940	)
Carrying value of derivative contracts – Other liabilities			$	26

As of March 31, 2019, we held excess collateral of $2 million, which we did not use to offset derivative assets and was recorded in Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and we posted excess collateral of $17 million, which we did not use to offset derivative liabilities and was recorded in Other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

	March 31, 2018
	Hedge accounting				Non-hedge
	derivatives				accounting derivatives				Total
			Fair				Fair				Fair
	Notional		value		Notional		value		Notional		value
Other assets:
Interest rate swaps	$	-	$	-	$	71,464	$	872	$	71,464	$	872
Interest rate floors		-		-		847		1		847		1
Foreign currency swaps		119		8		7,248		477		7,367		485
Total	$	119	$	8	$	79,559	$	1,350	$	79,678	$	1,358

Counterparty netting												(560	)
Collateral held												(737	)
Carrying value of derivative contracts – Other assets											$	61

Other liabilities:
Interest rate swaps	$	-	$	-	$	41,513	$	628	$	41,513	$	628
Foreign currency swaps		-		-		5,863		200		5,863		200
Total	$	-	$	-	$	47,376	$	828	$	47,376	$	828

Counterparty netting												(560	)
Collateral posted												(262	)
Carrying value of derivative contracts – Other liabilities											$	6

As of March 31, 2018, we held excess collateral of $11 million, which we did not use to offset derivative assets and was recorded in Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, and we posted excess collateral of $3 million, which we did not use to offset derivative liabilities and was recorded in Other assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table summarizes the components of interest expense, including the location and amount of gains and losses on derivative instruments and related hedged items, as reported in our Consolidated Statements of Income:

Interest expense on debt and derivatives represents net interest settlements and changes in accruals. Gains and losses on hedge accounting derivatives and debt denominated in foreign currencies exclude net interest settlements and changes in accruals. Cash flows associated with hedge accounting, non-hedge accounting, and de-designated derivatives are reported in Net cash provided by operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Debt and the related weighted average contractual interest rates are summarized as follows:

The carrying value of our debt includes unamortized premiums, discounts, debt issuance costs and the effects of foreign currency translation adjustments. Debt issuance costs are deferred and amortized to interest expense on an effective yield basis over the contractual term of the debt.

Weighted average contractual interest rates are calculated based on original notional or par value before consideration of premium or discount and approximate the effective interest rates.

Debt is callable at par value. Scheduled maturities of our debt portfolio are summarized below. Actual repayment of secured debt will vary based on the repayment activity on the related pledged assets.

¹ Unsecured and secured notes and loans payable mature on various dates through fiscal 2049.

Our unsecured notes and loans payable consist of commercial paper and fixed and variable rate debt. Short-term funding needs are met through the issuance of commercial paper in the U.S. Amounts outstanding under our commercial paper programs were $25.3 billion and $27.3 billion as of March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Upon issuance of fixed rate debt, we generally elect to enter into pay-float swaps to convert fixed rate payments on debt to floating rate payments. Certain unsecured notes and loans payable are denominated in various foreign currencies. The debt is translated into U.S. dollars using the applicable exchange rate at the transaction date and retranslated at each balance data using the exchange rate in effect at that date. Concurrent with the issuance of these foreign currency unsecured notes and loans payable, we enter into currency swaps in the same notional amount to convert non-U.S. currency payments to U.S. dollar denominated payments. Gains and losses related to foreign currency transactions are included in Interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Certain of our unsecured notes and loans payable contain covenants and conditions customary in transactions of this nature, including negative pledge provisions, cross-default provisions and limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets. We are currently in compliance with these covenants and conditions.

Our secured notes and loans payable are denominated in U.S. dollars and consist of both fixed and variable rate debt. Secured notes and loans payable are issued using on-balance sheet securitization trusts, as further discussed in Note 8 – Variable Interest Entities. These notes are repayable only from collections on the underlying securitized retail finance receivables and the beneficial interests in investments in operating leases and from related credit enhancements.

For additional liquidity purposes, we maintain credit facilities as described below:

364 Day Credit Agreement, Three Year Credit Agreement and Five Year Credit Agreement

These credit agreements contain covenants and conditions customary in transactions of this nature, including negative pledge provisions, cross-default provisions and limitations on certain consolidations, mergers and sales of assets. These credit facilities were not drawn upon as of March 31, 2019 or 2018. We are currently in compliance with the covenants and conditions of the credit agreements described above.

In December 2018, TMCC entered into a $5.0 billion three year revolving credit facility with TMS expiring in fiscal 2022. This credit facility may be used for general corporate purposes and was not drawn upon as of March 31, 2019. Any amounts drawn on this credit facility would be recorded in Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

From time to time, we may borrow from affiliates based upon a number of business factors such as funds availability, cash flow timing, relative cost of funds, and market access capabilities. Any amounts borrowed from affiliates would be recorded in Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

A VIE is an entity that either (i) has insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) has equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is the party with both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb the losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

To assess whether we have the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, we consider all the facts and circumstances including our role in establishing the VIE and our ongoing rights and responsibilities. This assessment includes identifying the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and identifying which party, if any, has power over those activities. In general, the party that makes the most significant decisions affecting the VIE is determined to have the power to direct the activities of the VIE. To assess whether we have the obligation to absorb the losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE, we consider all of our economic interests, including debt and equity interests, servicing rights and fee arrangements, and any other variable interests in the VIE. If we determine that we are the party with the power to make the most significant decisions affecting the VIE, and we have an obligation to absorb the losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE, then we consolidate the VIE.

We perform ongoing reassessments, usually quarterly, of whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The reassessment process considers whether we have acquired or divested the power to direct the most significant activities of the VIE through changes in governing documents or other circumstances. We also reconsider whether entities previously determined not to be VIEs have become VIEs, based on new events, and therefore could be subject to the VIE consolidation framework.

We use one or more special purpose entities that are considered Variable Interest Entities to issue asset-backed securities to third party bank-sponsored asset-backed securitization vehicles and to investors in securitization transactions. The securities issued by these VIEs are backed by the cash flows related to retail finance receivables and beneficial interests in investments in operating leases (“Securitized Assets”). We hold variable interests in the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. We determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the securitization trusts because (i) our servicing responsibilities for the Securitized Assets give us the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIEs, and (ii) our variable interests in the VIEs give us the obligation to absorb losses and the right to receive residual returns that could potentially be significant.

The following tables show the assets and liabilities related to our VIE securitization transactions that were included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Restricted Cash, including cash equivalents, shown in the previous table represents collections from the underlying Gross Securitized Assets shown in the table above and certain reserve deposits held by TMCC for the VIEs and is included as part of Restricted cash and cash equivalents on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gross Securitized Assets represent finance receivables and beneficial interests in investments in operating leases securitized for the asset-backed securities issued. Net Securitized Assets shown in the table above are presented net of deferred fees and costs, deferred income, accumulated depreciation and the allowance for credit losses. Other Assets represent used vehicles held-for-sale that were repossessed by or returned to TMCC for the benefit of the VIEs. The related debt of these consolidated VIEs is presented net of $1,486 million and $1,520 million of securities retained by TMCC at March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Other Liabilities represents accrued interest on the debt of the consolidated VIEs.

The assets of the VIEs and the restricted cash and cash equivalents held by TMCC serve as the sole source of repayment for the asset-backed securities issued by these entities. Investors in the notes issued by the VIEs do not have recourse to us or our other assets, with the exception of customary representation and warranty repurchase provisions and indemnities.

As the primary beneficiary of these entities, we are exposed to credit, residual value, interest rate, and prepayment risk from the Securitized Assets in the VIEs. However, our exposure to these risks did not change as a result of the transfer of the assets to the VIEs. We may also be exposed to interest rate risk arising from the secured notes issued by the VIEs.

In addition, we entered into interest rate swaps with certain special purpose entities that issue variable rate debt. Under the terms of these swaps, the special purpose entities are obligated to pay TMCC a fixed rate of interest on certain payment dates in exchange for receiving a floating rate of interest on notional amounts equal to the outstanding balance of the secured debt. This arrangement enables the special purpose entities to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in issuing variable rate debt that is secured by fixed rate Securitized Assets.

The transfers of the Securitized Assets to the special purpose entities in our securitizations are considered to be sales for legal purposes. However, the Securitized Assets and the related debt remain on our Consolidated Balance Sheets. We recognize financing revenue on the Securitized Assets and interest expense on the secured debt issued by the special purpose entities. We also maintain an allowance for credit losses on the Securitized Assets to cover estimated probable credit losses using a methodology consistent with that used for our non-securitized asset portfolio. The interest rate swaps between TMCC and the special purpose entities are considered intercompany transactions and therefore are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.

We provide lending to Toyota and Lexus dealers through the Toyota Dealer Investment Group’s Dealer Capital Program (“TDIG Program”) operated by our affiliate, TMNA, which has an equity interest in these dealerships. Dealers participating in this program have been determined to be VIEs. We do not consolidate the dealerships in this program as we are not the primary beneficiary and any exposure to loss is limited to the amount of the credit facility. Amounts due from these dealers under the TDIG Program that are classified as Finance receivables, net in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2019 and 2018 and revenues earned from these dealers during fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 were not significant.

We also have other lending relationships which have been determined to be VIEs, but these relationships are not consolidated as we are not the primary beneficiary. Amounts due and revenues earned under these relationships as of March 31, 2019 and 2018 were not significant.

We are a participating employer in certain retirement and post-retirement medical care, life insurance, and other benefits sponsored by TMNA, an affiliate. Costs of each plan are generally allocated to TMCC based on relative benefit costs associated with participating or eligible employees at TMCC as compared to the plan as a whole.

Prior to January 1, 2015, our employees were generally eligible to participate in the Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Pension Plan (the “Pension Plan”) commencing on the first day of the month following hire and were vested after 5 years of continuous employment. Effective January 1, 2015, the Pension Plan was closed to employees first employed or reemployed on or after such date.

Benefits payable under this non-contributory defined benefit pension plan are based, generally, upon the employees' years of credited service (up to a maximum of 25 years), the highest average annual compensation (as defined in the plan) for any 60 consecutive month period out of the last 120 months of employment (the “Applicable Years”), and one-half of eligible bonus/gift payments for the Applicable Years (recalculated to determine the annual average of such amount), reduced by a percentage of the estimated amount of social security benefits.

Costs allocated to TMCC for our employees in the Pension Plan and certain other non-qualified plans were not significant for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Employees meeting certain eligibility requirements, as defined in the plan documents, may participate in the Toyota Motor North America, Inc. Retirement Savings Plan. Under this plan, eligible employees may elect to contribute between 1 percent and 30 percent of their eligible pre-tax compensation, subject to federal tax regulation limits. We match 66.67 percent of the first 6 percent that a participant contributes, up to 4 percent of eligible compensation. Participants are always 100% vested in their contributions to the Retirement Savings Plan. Employer contributions vest on a 4-year graded schedule at 25 percent per year. Generally, contributions are funded through bi-weekly payments to the plan’s administrator. Certain employees hired on or after January 1, 2015, may be eligible to receive an additional Company contribution to the plan calculated based on their age and compensation.

TMCC employer contributions to the savings plan were not significant for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Employees are generally eligible to participate in other post-retirement benefits sponsored by TMNA which provide certain medical care and life insurance benefits to eligible retired employees. Generally, in order to be eligible for these benefits, the employee must be age 55 or older with 10 or more years of service.

Other post-retirement benefit costs allocated to TMCC were not significant for fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017.

We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted to reflect changes in tax rates and laws in the period such changes are enacted resulting in adjustments to the current fiscal year’s provision for income taxes.

TMCC files a consolidated federal income tax return with its subsidiaries and TFSIC. TMCC files either separate or consolidated/combined state income tax returns with TMNA, TFSIC, or subsidiaries of TMCC. State income tax expense is generally recognized as if TMCC and its subsidiaries filed their tax returns on a stand-alone basis. In those states where TMCC and its subsidiaries join in the filing of consolidated or combined income tax returns, TMCC and its subsidiaries are allocated their share of the total income tax expense based on combined allocation/apportionment factors and separate company income or loss. Based on the federal and state tax sharing agreements, TFSIC and TMCC and its subsidiaries pay for their share of the income tax expense and are reimbursed for the benefit of any of their tax losses utilized in the federal and state income tax returns.

	Years ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Current
Federal	$	(55	)	$	(45	)	$	136
State		76			(10	)		2
Foreign		4			3			7
Total		25			(52	)		145

Deferred
Federal		207			(2,625	)		(9	)
State		(49	)		48			5
Foreign		(1	)		-			1
Total		157			(2,577	)		(3	)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$	182		$	(2,629	)	$	142

A reconciliation between the U.S. federal statutory tax rate and the effective tax rate is as follows:

During fiscal 2018, the TCJA reduced the corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. As a result, our federal statutory rate for fiscal 2018 was a blended rate of 31.6% and we recorded a $2.9 billion income tax benefit from the revaluation of our net deferred tax liabilities. We completed our assessment of the impact of the TCJA within twelve months from its enactment date, and such impact has been reflected in our Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the year ended March 31, 2019.

The amounts in Other, net in the table above include an adjustment to the provisional deemed repatriation tax for fiscal 2019, benefits from federal plug-in vehicle credits for fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, and fuel cell credits for fiscal 2017.

Our net deferred income tax liability consisted of the following deferred tax liabilities and assets:

	March 31,
	2019			2018
Liabilities:
Lease transactions	$	7,121		$	5,642
State taxes, net of federal tax benefit		847			856
Mark-to-market of investments in marketable securities and derivatives		44			185
Other		288			244
Deferred tax liabilities	$	8,300		$	6,927

Assets:
Provision for credit and residual value losses		361			420
Deferred costs and fees		192			186
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards		2,297			993
Other		22			31
Deferred tax assets		2,872			1,630
Valuation allowance		(24	)		(29	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	2,848		$	1,601
Net deferred income tax liability¹	$	5,452		$	5,326

¹ Balance includes amounts attributable to unrealized gains or losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, net of $1 million of deferred tax liabilities and $7 million of deferred tax assets at March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The change in this balance is not included in total deferred tax expense.

We have deferred tax assets related to cumulative federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $2.1 billion and $147 million at March 31, 2019, respectively, compared to $857 million in federal net operating loss deferred tax assets and $109 million in state net operating loss deferred tax assets at March 31, 2018, respectively. The federal net operating loss generated in fiscal 2018 will expire in 2038, while the federal net operating loss generated in fiscal 2019 will not expire. The federal tax credit carryforwards will expire beginning in fiscal 2028. Some state net operating loss carryforwards have no expiration while others expire beginning in fiscal 2020.

The deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credit and state tax net operating loss carryforwards are reduced by a valuation allowance of $24 million and $29 million at March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The determination of the valuation allowance is based on management’s estimate of future taxable income during the respective carryforward periods. Apart from the valuation allowance, we believe that the remaining deferred tax assets will be realized in full. The amount of the deferred tax assets considered realizable could be reduced if management’s estimates change.

We have made an assertion of permanent reinvestment of earnings from our foreign subsidiary; as a result, other than the deemed repatriation tax that is provided pursuant to the TCJA, state and local taxes have not been provided for unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiary. At March 31, 2019 and 2018, these unremitted earnings totaled $233 million and $223 million, respectively. Determination of the amount of the deferred state and local tax liability is not practicable, and accordingly no estimate of the unrecorded deferred state and local tax liability is provided.

Although we do not foresee any events causing repatriation of earnings, possible examples may include but are not limited to parent company capital needs or exiting the business in the foreign country.

Our share of the income tax payable or receivable in those states where we filed consolidated or combined returns with TMNA and its subsidiaries was not significant for both March 31, 2019 and 2018. Additionally, our federal and state income tax payable or receivable from TMCC affiliated companies, including TFSIC, Toyota Financial Savings Bank (“TFSB”), and Toyota Financial Services Securities USA Corporation, was not significant for both March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The guidance for the accounting and reporting for income taxes requires us to assess tax positions in cases where the interpretation of the tax law may be uncertain. Unrecognized tax benefits were not significant as of March 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. We do not have any positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly increase or decrease within 12 months.

We accrue interest, if applicable, related to uncertain income tax positions in interest expense. Statutory penalties, if applicable, accrued with respect to uncertain income tax positions are recognized as an addition to the income tax liability. For each of fiscal 2019, 2018, and 2017, accrued interest was not significant and no penalties were accrued.

As of March 31, 2019, we remained under IRS examination for fiscal 2019 and 2018. The IRS examination for fiscal 2017 was concluded in fiscal 2019.

We have entered into certain commitments and guarantees for which the maximum unfunded amounts are summarized in the table below:

Wholesale financing is not considered to be a contractual commitment as the arrangements are not binding arrangements under which TMCC is required to perform.

We have a lease agreement through August 2032 with TMNA for our headquarters facility in Plano, Texas. Total rental expense, including payments to affiliates, was $30 million for both fiscal 2019 and 2018, and $27 million for fiscal 2017. Minimum lease commitments in the table above include $97 million and $105 million for facilities leases with affiliates at March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. At March 31, 2019, minimum future commitments under lease agreements to which we are a lessee, including those with affiliates, are as follows:

TMCC has guaranteed bond obligations totaling $100 million in principal that were issued by Putnam County, West Virginia and Gibson County, Indiana to finance the construction of pollution control facilities at manufacturing plants of certain TMCC affiliates. The bonds mature in the following fiscal years ending March 31: 2028 - $20 million; 2029 - $50 million; 2030 - $10 million; 2031 - $10 million; and 2032 - $10 million. TMCC would be required to perform under the guarantees in the event of non-payment on the bonds and other related obligations. TMCC is entitled to reimbursement by the applicable affiliates for any amounts paid. TMCC receives a nominal annual fee for guaranteeing such payments. TMCC has not been required to perform under any of these affiliate bond guarantees as of March 31, 2019 and 2018.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements containing indemnification provisions standard in the industry related to several types of transactions, including, but not limited to, debt funding, derivatives, securitization transactions, and our vendor and supplier agreements. Performance under these indemnities would occur upon a breach of the representations, warranties or covenants made or given, or a third party claim. In addition, we have agreed in certain debt and derivative issuances, and subject to certain exceptions, to gross-up payments due to third parties in the event that withholding tax is imposed on such payments. In addition, certain of our funding arrangements may require us to pay lenders for increased costs due to certain changes in laws or regulations. Due to the difficulty in predicting events which could cause a breach of the indemnification provisions or trigger a gross-up or other payment obligation, we are not able to estimate our maximum exposure to future payments that could result from claims made under such provisions. We have not made any material payments in the past as a result of these provisions, and as of March 31, 2019, we determined that it is not probable that we will be required to make any material payments in the future. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, no amounts have been recorded under these indemnification provisions.

We perform periodic reviews of pending claims and actions to determine the probability of adverse verdicts and resulting amounts of liability. We establish accruals for legal claims when payments associated with the claims become probable and the costs can be reasonably estimated. When we are able, we also determine estimates of reasonably possible loss or range of loss, whether in excess of any related accrued liability or where there is no accrued liability. Given the inherent uncertainty associated with legal matters, the actual costs of resolving legal claims and associated costs of defense may be substantially higher or lower than the amounts for which accruals have been established. Based on available information and established accruals, we do not believe it is reasonably possible that the results of these proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

The tables below summarize amounts included in our Consolidated Statements of Income and in our Consolidated Balance Sheets under various related party agreements or relationships:


	Years Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Net financing revenues:
Manufacturers’ subvention and other revenues	$	1,930		$	1,590		$	1,374
Depreciation on operating leases	$	(24	)	$	(12	)	$	-

Interest expense:
Credit support fees, interest and other expenses	$	96		$	95		$	95

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues:
Insurance premiums and contract revenues	$	181		$	182		$	149

Investment and other income, net:
Interest and other income	$	16		$	13		$	9

Expenses:
Operating and administrative expenses	$	95		$	80		$	73
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses¹	$	(3	)	$	(3	)	$	-

	March 31,			March 31,
	2019			2018
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents
Commercial paper	$	-		$	255

Investments in marketable securities
Commercial paper	$	70		$	52

Finance receivables, net
Accounts receivable	$	150		$	191
Deferred retail subvention income	$	(1,257	)	$	(1,279	)

Investments in operating leases, net
Investments in operating leases, net	$	1		$	6
Deferred lease subvention income	$	(2,062	)	$	(1,682	)

Other assets
Notes receivable	$	601		$	68
Other receivables, net	$	11		$	310

Liabilities:
Other liabilities
Unearned affiliate insurance premiums and contract revenues	$	337		$	328
Other payables, net	$	147		$	74
Notes payable	$	16		$	18

TMCC receives subvention payments from TMNA which results in a gross monthly subvention receivable. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, the subvention receivable from TMNA was $171 million and $279 million, respectively. We have a master netting agreement with TMNA, which allows us to net settle payments for shared services and subvention transactions. Under this agreement, we had a net amount payable to TMNA, which resulted in the subvention receivable being recorded in Other payables, net in Other liabilities as of March 31, 2019. The subvention receivable was recorded in Other receivables, net in Other assets as of March 31, 2018.

TMCC is party to a credit support agreement with TFSC (the “TMCC Credit Support Agreement”). The TMCC Credit Support Agreement requires TFSC to maintain certain ownership, net worth maintenance, and debt service provisions with respect to TMCC, but is not a guarantee by TFSC of any securities or obligations of TMCC. In conjunction with this credit support agreement, TMCC has agreed to pay TFSC a semi-annual fee based on a fixed rate applied to the weighted average outstanding amount of securities entitled to credit support.

TCPR is the beneficiary of a credit support agreement with TFSC containing provisions similar to the TMCC Credit Support Agreement described above.

In addition, TMCC receives support from and provides financing support to TFSC and other affiliates in the form of promissory notes and various loan and credit facility agreements. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, total financing support available from affiliates totaled approximately $8.5 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively. As of March 31, 2019 and 2018, total financing support available to affiliates totaled approximately $5.4 billion and $5.6 billion, respectively. The amounts outstanding under these agreements are recorded in Other assets and Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2019 and 2018.

In May 2019, TMCC increased financing support available to Toyota Financial Services Mexico, S.A. de C.V., which increases total financing support available to affiliates by $1.5 billion.

TMCC provides wholesale financing, real estate and working capital loans to certain dealerships that were consolidated with another affiliate under the accounting guidance for variable interest entities. TMCC also pays these dealers origination fees. These costs represent direct costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of retail and lease contracts, including subvention and other cash incentive programs.

TMCC has guaranteed the payments of principal and interest with respect to the bonds of manufacturing facilities of certain affiliates. The nature, business purpose, and amounts of these guarantees are described in Note 11 – Commitments and Contingencies.

TMCC and TFSB are parties to a master participation agreement pursuant to which TMCC agreed to purchase up to $60 million per year of residential mortgage loans originated by TFSB that meet specified credit underwriting guidelines. At March 31, 2019 and 2018, we had $23 million and $30 million, respectively, in loan participations outstanding that had been purchased by TMCC under this agreement.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In order to determine fair value of our assets and liabilities, we use quoted prices for identical or similar instruments, otherwise we utilize valuation models with observable or calculated inputs. The use of observable quotes for identical or similar instruments and the use of unobservable inputs is reflected in the fair value hierarchy assessment disclosed in the tables within this Note as Level 1, 2 and 3 defined below. The availability of observable inputs can vary based upon the financial instrument and other factors, such as instrument type, market liquidity and other specific characteristics particular to the financial instrument. To the extent that a valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires additional judgment by management. We use prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market disruption. In periods of market disruption, the availability of prices and inputs may be reduced for certain financial instruments. This condition could result in a financial instrument being reclassified from Level 1 to Level 2 or from Level 2 to Level 3.

Level 1: Quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Quoted prices in active markets for similar assets and liabilities, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and may require significant judgment in order to determine the fair value of the assets and liabilities.

We may make valuation adjustments to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality, our own creditworthiness, as well as constraints due to market illiquidity or unobservable parameters.

The fair value of cash equivalents and restricted cash equivalents approximates the carrying value and these instruments are classified in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.

We estimate the value of our AFS debt securities using observed transaction prices, independent third-party pricing valuation vendors, and internal valuation models.

We may hold investments in actively traded open-end and private placement equity investments. Where the equity investments produce a daily net asset value that is quoted in an active market, we use this value to determine the fair value of the equity investment and classify the investment in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of equity investments that produce a daily net asset value that is not quoted in an active market is estimated using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as practical expedient and are excluded from leveling in the fair value hierarchy.

In addition, we may hold individual securities where valuation methodologies and inputs to valuation models depend on the security type, thus they may be classified differently in the leveling hierarchy. Where possible, quoted prices in active markets for identical or similar securities are used to determine the fair value of the investment securities; those securities are classified as Level 1 or 2, respectively. Where quoted prices in active markets are not available, we use various valuation models for each asset class that are consistent with what market participants use. The inputs and assumptions to the models are derived from market observable sources including: benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and other market-related data. These investments are generally classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, however depending on the significance of the unobservable inputs they may also be classified as Level 3.

We estimate the fair value of our derivatives using industry standard valuation models that require observable market inputs, including market prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, volatilities, counterparty credit risk, our own non-performance risk and the contractual terms of the derivative instruments. We consider counterparty credit risk and our own non-performance risk through credit valuation adjustments.

For derivatives that trade in liquid markets, model inputs can generally be verified and do not require significant management judgment. These derivative instruments are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Certain other derivative transactions trade in less liquid markets with limited pricing information. For such derivatives, key inputs to the valuation process include quotes from counterparties and other market data used to corroborate and adjust values where appropriate. Other market data includes values obtained from a market participant that serves as a third party valuation vendor. These derivative instruments are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Nonrecurring fair value measurements include Level 3 net finance receivables that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments utilizing the fair value of the underlying collateral when there is evidence of impairment. We did not have any significant nonrecurring fair value items as of March 31, 2019 and 2018.

For finance receivables within the dealer products portfolio segment for which there is evidence of impairment, we may measure impairment based on discounted cash flows, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. If the loan is collateral-dependent, the fair values of impaired finance receivables are reported at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The methods used to estimate the fair value of the underlying collateral depends on the specific class of finance receivable. For finance receivables within the wholesale class of finance receivables, the collateral value is generally based on wholesale market value or liquidation value for new and used vehicles. For finance receivables within the real estate class of finance receivables, the collateral value is generally based on appraisals. For finance receivables within the working capital class of finance receivables, the collateral value is generally based on the expected liquidation value of the underlying dealership assets. Adjustments may be performed in circumstances where market comparables are not specific to the attributes of the specific collateral or appraisal information may not be reflective of current market conditions due to the passage of time and the occurrence of market events since receipt of the information. As these valuations utilize unobservable inputs, our impaired finance receivables are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Retail finance receivables greater than 120 days past due are measured at fair value based on the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. The fair value of collateral is based on the current average selling prices for like vehicles at wholesale used vehicle auctions.

Our finance receivables consist of retail loans and dealer financing loans, which are comprised of wholesale, real estate and working capital financing. Retail finance receivables are primarily valued using a securitization model that incorporates expected cash flows. Cash flows expected to be collected are estimated using contractual principal and interest payments adjusted for specific factors, such as prepayments, extensions, default rates, loss severity, credit scores, and collateral type. The securitization model utilizes quoted secondary market rates if available, or estimated market rates that incorporate management's best estimate of investor assumptions about the portfolio. The dealer financing portfolio is valued using a discounted cash flow model. Discount rates are derived based on market rates for equivalent portfolio bond ratings. As these valuations utilize unobservable inputs, our finance receivables are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair value of commercial paper is assumed to approximate the carrying value due to its short duration and generally negligible credit risk. We validate this assumption by recalculating the fair value of our commercial paper using quoted market rates. Commercial paper is classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other unsecured notes and loans payable are primarily valued using current market rates and credit spreads for debt with similar maturities. Our valuation models utilize observable inputs such as standard industry curves; therefore, we classify these unsecured notes and loans payables in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When observable inputs are not available for all assumptions, we estimate the fair value using internal assumptions such as volatility and expected credit losses. As these valuations utilize unobservable inputs, we classify these unsecured notes and loans payable in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Fair value is estimated based on current market rates and credit spreads for debt with similar maturities. We also use internal assumptions, including prepayment speeds and expected credit losses on the underlying securitized assets, to estimate the timing of cash flows to be paid on these instruments. As these valuations utilize unobservable inputs, our secured notes and loans payables are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The following tables summarize our financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy except for certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient and are excluded from the leveling information provided in the tables below. Fair value amounts presented below are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

	March 31, 2019
								Counterparty
								netting &			Fair
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		collateral			value
Investments in marketable securities:
Available-for-sale debt securities:
U.S. government and agency obligations	$	194	$	18		$	-	$	-		$	212
Municipal debt securities		-		11			-		-			11
Certificates of deposit		-		50			-		-			50
Commercial paper		-		70			-		-			70
Corporate debt securities		-		162			-		-			162
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agency		-		35			-		-			35
Non-agency residential		-		-			1		-			1
Non-agency commercial		-		-			39		-			39
Asset-backed securities		-		-			53		-			53
Available-for-sale debt securities total		194		346			93		-			633
Equity investments:
Fixed income mutual funds:
Fixed income mutual funds measured at net asset value												689
Total return bond funds		1,586		-			-		-			1,586
Equity investments total		1,586		-			-		-			2,275
Investments in marketable securities total		1,780		346			93		-			2,908
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps		-		471			1		-			472
Foreign currency swaps		-		72			-		-			72
Counterparty netting and collateral		-		-			-		(483	)		(483	)
Derivative assets total		-		543			1		(483	)		61
Assets at fair value		1,780		889			94		(483	)		2,969
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps		-		(622	)		-		-			(622	)
Foreign currency swaps		-		(785	)		-		-			(785	)
Counterparty netting and collateral		-		-			-		1,381			1,381
Liabilities at fair value		-		(1,407	)		-		1,381			(26	)
Net assets at fair value	$	1,780	$	(518	)	$	94	$	898		$	2,943

	March 31, 2018
									Counterparty
									netting &			Fair
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3			collateral			value
Available-for-sale securities:
Debt securities:
U.S. government and agency obligations	$	2,774	$	24		$	-		$	-		$	2,798
Municipal debt securities		-		11			-			-			11
Certificates of deposit		-		474			-			-			474
Commercial paper		-		52			-			-			52
Corporate debt securities		15		186			-			-			201
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agency		-		39			-			-			39
Non-agency residential		-		-			2			-			2
Non-agency commercial		-		-			29			-			29
Asset-backed securities		-		-			39			-			39
Equity investments:
Fixed income mutual funds:
Fixed income mutual funds measured at net asset value													660
Total return bond funds		1,524		-			-			-			1,524
Available-for-sale securities total		4,313		786			70			-			5,829
Derivative assets:
Interest rate swaps		-		872			-			-			872
Interest rate floors		-		1			-			-			1
Foreign currency swaps		-		485			-			-			485
Counterparty netting and collateral		-		-			-			(1,297	)		(1,297	)
Derivative assets total		-		1,358			-			(1,297	)		61
Assets at fair value		4,313		2,144			70			(1,297	)		5,890
Derivative liabilities:
Interest rate swaps		-		(607	)		(21	)		-			(628	)
Foreign currency swaps		-		(200	)		-			-			(200	)
Counterparty netting and collateral		-		-			-			822			822
Liabilities at fair value		-		(807	)		(21	)		822			(6	)
Net assets at fair value	$	4,313	$	1,337		$	49		$	(475	)	$	5,884

Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized at the end of their respective reporting periods. Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy during the years ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 resulted from changes in the transparency of inputs and were not significant.

The following tables summarize the rollforward of all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs:

	Year Ended March 31, 2019
													Total net
										Derivative			assets
	Available-for-sale debt securities									instruments, net			(liabilities)

							Total
	Mortgage-			Asset-			available-			Interest
	backed			backed			for-sale debt			rate
	securities			securities			securities			swaps
Fair value, April 1, 2018	$	31		$	39		$	70		$	(21	)	$	49
Total gains (losses)
Included in net income		-			-			-			29			29
Included in other comprehensive income		-			1			1			-			1
Purchases, issuances, sales, and settlements
Purchases		16			32			48			-			48
Issuances		-			-			-			-			-
Sales		-			(4	)		(4	)		-			(4	)
Settlements		(7	)		(15	)		(22	)		(7	)		(29	)
Transfers in to Level 3		-			-			-			-			-
Transfers out of Level 3		-			-			-			-			-
Fair value, March 31, 2019	$	40		$	53		$	93		$	1		$	94
The amount of total gains (losses) included in net income attributable to assets held at the reporting date										$	29		$	29

	Year Ended March 31, 2018
																									Total net
																Derivative									assets
	Available-for-sale securities															instruments, net									(liabilities)

	U.S.												Total									Total
	government			Corporate			Mortgage-			Asset-			available-			Interest			Foreign			derivative
	and agency			debt			backed			backed			for-sale			rate			currency			assets
	obligations			securities			securities			securities			securities			swaps			swaps			(liabilities)
Fair value, April 1, 2017	$	2		$	8		$	39		$	31		$	80		$	(5	)	$	(62	)	$	(67	)	$	13
Total gains (losses)
Included in net income		-			-			-			-			-			-			7			7			7
Included in other comprehensive income		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Purchases, issuances, sales, and settlements
Purchases		-			-			5			30			35			-			-			-			35
Issuances		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Sales		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Settlements		-			(9	)		(13	)		(22	)		(44	)		(16	)		55			39			(5	)
Transfers in to Level 3		-			1			-			-			1			-			-			-			1
Transfers out of Level 3		(2	)		-			-			-			(2	)		-			-			-			(2	)
Fair value, March 31, 2018	$	-		$	-		$	31		$	39		$	70		$	(21	)	$	-		$	(21	)	$	49
The amount of total gains (losses) included in net income attributable to assets held at the reporting date																$	-		$	-		$	-		$	-

The Level 3 financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value which are subject to recurring and nonrecurring fair value measurement, and the corresponding change in the fair value measurements of these assets and liabilities, were not significant to our Consolidated Balance Sheets or Consolidated Statements of Income as of and for the years ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

The following tables provide information about assets and liabilities not carried at fair value on a recurring basis on our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

	March 31, 2019
	Carrying								Total Fair
	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value

Financial assets
Finance receivables, net
Retail loan	$	53,013	$	-	$	-	$	53,247	$	53,247
Wholesale		10,293		-		-		10,369		10,369
Real estate		4,550		-		-		4,534		4,534
Working capital		2,510		-		-		2,554		2,554

Financial liabilities
Unsecured notes and loans payable	$	80,521	$	-	$	79,056	$	2,313	$	81,369
Secured notes and loans payable		12,401		-		-		12,428		12,428

	March 31, 2018
	Carrying								Total Fair
	value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value

Financial assets
Finance receivables, net
Retail loan	$	52,374	$	-	$	-	$	52,081	$	52,081
Wholesale		10,365		-		-		10,413		10,413
Real estate		4,492		-		-		4,409		4,409
Working capital		2,222		-		-		2,197		2,197

Financial liabilities
Unsecured notes and loans payable	$	84,715	$	-	$	82,754	$	2,341	$	85,095
Secured notes and loans payable		13,638		-		-		13,588		13,588

The carrying value of each class of finance receivables includes accrued interest and deferred fees and costs, net of deferred income and the allowance for credit losses. Finance receivables, net excludes related party transactions, for which the fair value approximates the carrying value, of $148 million and $189 million at March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Fair values of related party finance receivables, net would be classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Our reportable segments are Finance and Insurance operations. Finance operations include retail, leasing, and dealer financing provided to authorized dealers and their customers in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Insurance operations are performed by TMIS and its subsidiaries.

Financial information for our reportable operating segments, which includes allocated corporate expenses, is summarized as follows:

	Year ended March 31, 2019
	Finance		Insurance		Intercompany
	operations		operations		eliminations			Total

Total financing revenues	$	11,640	$	-	$	-		$	11,640
Depreciation on operating leases		6,909		-		-			6,909
Interest expense		2,769		-		(22	)		2,747
Net financing revenues		1,962		-		22			1,984

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues		-		904		-			904
Investment and other income, net		188		126		(22	)		292
Net financing and other revenues		2,150		1,030		-			3,180

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		372		-		-			372
Operating and administrative expenses		1,038		347		-			1,385
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		-		446		-			446
Total expenses		1,410		793		-			2,203

Income before income taxes		740		237		-			977
Provision for income taxes		147		35		-			182

Net income	$	593	$	202	$	-		$	795

Total assets	$	112,615	$	5,066	$	(1,165	)	$	116,516

	Year ended March 31, 2018
	Finance			Insurance		Intercompany
	operations			operations		eliminations			Total

Total financing revenues	$	10,717		$	-	$	-		$	10,717
Depreciation on operating leases		7,041			-		-			7,041
Interest expense		1,863			-		(12	)		1,851
Net financing revenues		1,813			-		12			1,825

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues		-			882		-			882
Investment and other income, net		140			129		(12	)		257
Net financing and other revenues		1,953			1,011		-			2,964

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		401			-		-			401
Operating and administrative expenses		1,028			329		-			1,357
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		-			425		-			425
Total expenses		1,429			754		-			2,183

Income before income taxes		524			257		-			781
(Benefit) provision for income taxes		(2,654	)		25		-			(2,629	)

Net income	$	3,178		$	232	$	-		$	3,410

Total assets	$	116,942		$	4,691	$	(1,087	)	$	120,546

	Year ended March 31, 2017
	Finance		Insurance		Intercompany
	operations		operations		eliminations			Total

Total financing revenues	$	10,046	$	-	$	-		$	10,046
Depreciation on operating leases		6,853		-		-			6,853
Interest expense		1,759		-		(5	)		1,754
Net financing revenues		1,434		-		5			1,439

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues		-		804		-			804
Investment and other income, net		337		64		(5	)		396
Net financing and other revenues		1,771		868		-			2,639

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		582		-		-			582
Operating and administrative expenses		979		298		-			1,277
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		-		371		-			371
Total Expenses		1,561		669		-			2,230

Income before income taxes		210		199		-			409
Provision for income taxes		67		75		-			142

Net income	$	143	$	124	$	-		$	267

Total assets	$	116,242	$	4,476	$	(1,083	)	$	119,635

The Insurance operations segment offers vehicle and payment protection products on Toyota, Lexus and other domestic and import vehicles that are sold by dealers along with the sale of a vehicle.

Revenues from providing coverage under various contractual agreements are recognized over the term of the coverage in relation to the timing and level of anticipated claims and administrative expenses. Revenues from insurance policies, net of premiums ceded to reinsurers, are earned over the terms of the respective policies in proportion to the estimated loss development. Management relies on historical loss experience as a basis for establishing earnings factors used to recognize revenue over the term of the contract or policy.

We receive the contractually determined dealer cost at the inception of the contract. Revenue is then deferred and recognized over the term of the contract according to earnings factors established by management that are based upon historical loss experience. Contracts sold range in term from 3 to 120 months and are typically cancellable at any time. The effect of subsequent cancellations is recorded as an offset to unearned contract revenues in Other liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For the year ended March 31, 2019, approximately 84 percent of Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues in the Insurance operations segment were accounted for under ASU 2014-09.

The Insurance operations segment defers contractually determined incentives paid to dealers as contract costs for selling vehicle and payment protection products. These costs are recorded in Other assets on our Consolidated Balance Sheets and are amortized to Operating and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Income using a methodology consistent with the recognition of revenue. The amount of capitalized dealer incentives and the related amortization was not significant to our consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended March 31, 2019.

We had $2.2 billion of unearned insurance premiums and contract revenues within the scope of the revenue recognition guidance included in Other liabilities as of April 1, 2018 and March 31, 2019. We recognized $652 million of the unearned amount in Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues in our Consolidated Statements of Income during fiscal 2019. We expect to recognize as revenue approximately $673 million in fiscal 2020, and $1.6 billion thereafter.

Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses include amounts paid and accrued for loss events that are known and have been recorded as claims, estimates of losses incurred but not reported based on actuarial estimates and historical loss development patterns, and loss adjustment expenses that are expected to be incurred in connection with settling and paying these claims.

Accruals for unpaid losses, losses incurred but not reported, and loss adjustment expenses are included in Other liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These accruals arising from contractual agreements entered into by TMIS are not significant as of March 31, 2019 and 2018. Estimated liabilities are reviewed regularly, and we recognize any adjustments in the periods in which they are determined. If anticipated losses, loss adjustment expenses, and unamortized acquisition and maintenance costs exceed the recorded unearned premium, a premium deficiency is recognized by first charging any unamortized acquisition costs to expense and then by recording a liability for any excess deficiency.

Our insurance operations transfer certain risks to protect us against the impact of unpredictable high severity losses. The amounts recoverable from reinsurers and other companies that assume liabilities relating to our Insurance operations are determined in a manner consistent with the related reinsurance or risk transfer agreement. Amounts recoverable from reinsurers and other companies on unpaid losses are recorded as a receivable but are not collectible until the losses are paid. Revenues related to risks transferred are recognized on the same basis as the related revenues from the underlying agreements. Covered losses are recorded as a reduction to Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses.

	Unaudited
	First		Second		Third		Fourth
	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter		Quarter
Year ended March 31, 2019:
Financing revenues:
Operating lease	$	2,126	$	2,167	$	2,212	$	2,189
Retail		535		547		578		575
Dealer		175		176		178		182
Total financing revenues		2,836		2,890		2,968		2,946
Depreciation on operating leases		1,766		1,662		1,717		1,764
Interest expense		682		702		699		664
Net financing revenues		388		526		552		518

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues		224		226		226		228
Investment and other income, net		40		56		68		128
Net financing revenues and other revenues		652		808		846		874

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		89		67		110		106
Operating and administrative		324		348		347		366
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		125		112		106		103
Total expenses		538		527		563		575

Income before income taxes		114		281		283		299
Provision for income taxes		22		87		69		4
Net income	$	92	$	194	$	214	$	295

	Unaudited
	First		Second		Third			Fourth
	Quarter		Quarter		Quarter			Quarter
Year ended March 31, 2018:
Financing revenues:
Operating lease	$	1,981	$	2,016	$	2,068		$	2,102
Retail		474		490		498			512
Dealer		143		141		140			152
Total financing revenues		2,598		2,647		2,706			2,766
Depreciation on operating leases		1,681		1,719		1,778			1,863
Interest expense		448		452		428			523
Net financing revenues		469		476		500			380

Insurance earned premiums and contract revenues		216		221		220			225
Investment and other income, net		88		56		66			47
Net financing revenues and other revenues		773		753		786			652

Expenses:
Provision for credit losses		85		127		108			81
Operating and administrative		313		337		323			384
Insurance losses and loss adjustment expenses		114		102		100			109
Total expenses		512		566		531			574

Income before income taxes		261		187		255			78
Provision (benefit) for income taxes		96		70		(2,821	)		26
Net income	$	165	$	117	$	3,076		$	52

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified by the rules and regulations of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer (the principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (the principal financial officer), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, we conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures’ as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2019.

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management conducted, under the supervision of our CEO and CFO, an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, commonly referred to as the “COSO” criteria. Based on the assessment performed, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of March 31, 2019.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report is not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm.

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

TMCC has omitted certain information in this section pursuant to General Instruction I(2) of Form 10-K.

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the directors and executive officers of TMCC as of June 4, 2019.

All directors of TMCC are elected annually and hold office until their successors are elected and qualified. Officers are elected annually and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

Mr. Templin was named President and Chief Executive Officer of TMCC in September 2018. He was named Director and Chairman in May 2016 and served as Chairman of the TMCC Board of Directors from May 2016 to August 2018. He was also named Director, President and Chief Operating Officer of TFSIC in April 2016. Mr. Templin has also served as a Director of TFSC since April 2016 and was named Group Chief Operating Officer of TFSC in September 2017. From April 2016 to September 2017, he served as Chief Marketing Officer of TFSC. From April 2013 to December 2017, Mr. Templin also served as Managing Officer of TMC, and from April 2016 to December 2017 he served as Deputy Chief Officer of TMC’s Sales Financial Business Group. From April 2013 to April 2016, Mr. Templin served as Executive Vice President of TMC’s Lexus International Company, and from April 2012 to March 2013, Mr. Templin also served as General Manager of TMC’s Lexus Planning Division. From October 2007 to March 2013, he served as Group Vice President and General Manager of TMS’s Lexus Division. Mr. Templin first joined TMS in January 1990.

Mr. Cooke was named Director of TMCC in June 2019, Chief Financial Officer of TMCC in April 2019 and has served as a Group Vice President since December 2017. Prior to his appointment to the Chief Financial Officer position, Mr. Cooke served as Group Vice President of Treasury, Business Intelligence, Analytics and Finance of TMCC from February 2019 to April 2019. From December 2017 to January 2019, he held the position of Group Vice President, Chief Risk Officer. Mr. Cooke served as Vice President, Chief Risk Officer from July 2015 to December 2017. Prior to that, he served as Corporate Manager, Product Planning for North American Products at TMS from July 2014 to July 2015. From August 2012 to July 2014, Mr. Cooke held the position of Corporate Manager, Dealer Credit. Mr. Cooke first joined TMCC in June 2003.

Mr. Chu was named Group Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer of TMCC in January 2017. He previously served as Vice President, Accounting & Tax of TMCC from June 2010 to January 2017. Mr. Chu served as Officer, Tax of TFSIC from January 2017 to August 2018. He served as Vice President, Tax of TFSIC from April 2011 to January 2017. From September 2007 to June 2010, Mr. Chu served as Corporate Manager, Tax. Mr. Chu joined TMCC in March 2002 as National Manager, Tax. Prior to joining TMCC, he served as Director of Tax for Asia Global Crossing and Senior Manager for KPMG, LLP, in Los Angeles. Mr. Chu is a Certified Public Accountant licensed in California.

Mr. Carey was named Group Vice President – Service Operations of TMCC in December 2018. He previously served as Group Vice President – Sales, Product and Marketing of TMCC from January 2017 to December 2018. Mr. Carey also served as Vice President and General Manager of the San Francisco region at TMS from February 2014 to January 2017. Prior to this, he served as Vice President – Sales of TMCC from April 2011 to February 2014 and as Corporate Manager, Commercial Finance from April 2009 to April 2011. Mr. Carey first joined TMCC in 1993.

Mr. Hagey was named Group Vice President – Sales, Product and Marketing of TMCC in December 2018. He previously served as Vice President and General Manager of the Los Angeles region at TMS from January 2015 to December 2018. Prior to this, Mr. Hagey served as Vice President of Marketing of TMS from December 2013 to January 2015. Mr. Hagey first joined TMS in 1990.

Mr. Saka was named Director and Treasurer of TMCC in June 2019. He previously served as Group Vice President of the Corporate Planning Group of TFSC from January 2016 to April 2019. From January 2013 to December 2015, Mr. Saka served as the Chief Financial Officer of Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt Ltd., a TMC affiliate in India. Prior to this, from January 2007 to December 2012, he served in the Accounting Division of TMC. Mr. Saka first joined the Finance Division of TMC in 1993.

Mr. Fukutome was named Director of TMCC in April 2018. He was named Chief Officer, Sales Financial Business Group of TMC in January 2019. Mr. Fukutome served as Managing Officer and Chief Officer, Sales Financial Business Group of TMC from January 2018 to January 2019. In January 2018, he was also named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of TFSIC, and Director, President and Chief Executive Officer of TFSC. Prior to joining TMC, Mr. Fukutome held the positions of Managing Executive Officer, Nagoya Corporate Banking Division and Head of Nagoya Middle Market Banking Division of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (“SMBC”) from April 2015 to December 2017. Prior to this, he held the following positions at SMBC: Executive Officer and General Manager of the Tokyo Corporate Banking Department VI from April 2014 to April 2015; General Manager of the Tokyo Corporate Banking Department VI from April 2013 to April 2014; General Manager, Treasury Department from April 2012 to April 2013 and General Manager, President & Chief Executive Officer, of Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation of Canada from April 2010 to April 2012. Mr. Fukutome first joined SMBC in 1985.

Mr. Lentz was named Director of TMCC in June 2006. He was named Director, President and Chief Operating Officer of TMNA in April 2013. Mr. Lentz also was named Operating Officer of TMC in January 2019. Prior to this, he served as a Senior Managing Officer of TMC from April 2013 to January 2019 and as Managing Officer of TMC from June 2008 to April 2013. Mr. Lentz served as President and Chief Executive Officer of TMS from April 2012 until March 2013 after having served as President and Chief Operating Officer of TMS since November 2007. Prior to his promotion to President of TMS, he served as Executive Vice President of TMS from July 2006 to November 2007. Mr. Lentz also served as a Director of TMS from June 2006 to April 2017. Prior to this, he held the following positions at TMS: Group Vice President - Toyota Division from April 2005 to July 2006, Group Vice President Marketing from April 2004 to April 2005 and Vice President Marketing from December 2002 to March 2004. In addition, from 2001 to 2002, Mr. Lentz was the Vice President of Scion. From 2000 to 2001, he was the Vice President and General Manager of the Los Angeles Region. Mr. Lentz first joined TMS in 1982.

Mr. Carter was named Director of TMCC in June 2017. He was also named Executive Vice President-Sales of TMNA and President and Director of TMS in April 2017. Prior to this, Mr. Carter held the following positions at TMS: Senior Vice President of Automotive Operations from July 2012 to March 2017, Group Vice President and General Manager of Toyota Division from April 2007 to July 2012 and Group Vice President and General Manager of Lexus Division from April 2005 to April 2007. Mr. Carter first joined TMS in November 1981.

TMCC has omitted this section pursuant to General Instruction I(2) of Form 10-K.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

TMCC has omitted this section pursuant to General Instruction I(2) of Form 10-K.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

TMCC has omitted this section pursuant to General Instruction I(2) of Form 10-K.

The following table represents aggregate fees billed to us by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm.

Audit fees include the audits of our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, reviews of our consolidated financial statements included in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and providing comfort letters, consents and other attestation reports in connection with our funding transactions.

Tax fees primarily include tax reporting software license fees, tax planning services, assistance in connection with tax audits, and tax compliance system license fees.

Other fees include industry research, information technology risk and process assessment review, and translation services performed in connection with our funding transactions.

The Audit Committee charter requires that all services provided to us by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, including audit services and permitted audit-related and non-audit services, be pre-approved by the Audit Committee. All the services provided in fiscal 2019 and 2018 were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

Included in Part II, “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K on pages 64 through 118.

Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, the information required to be contained in them is disclosed in Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Credit Risk” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K or the amounts involved are not sufficient to require submission.

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

California		95-3775816
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

6565 Headquarters Drive Plano, Texas		75024
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

INDEX
PART I		3

Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	15
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	25
Item 2.	Properties	25
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	25
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	25
PART II		26

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	26
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	27
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	29
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	61
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	64
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	64
	Consolidated Statements of Income	65
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	65
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	66
	Consolidated Statements of Shareholder’s Equity	67
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	68
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures	119
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	119
Item 9B.	Other Information	119
PART III		120

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	120
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	123
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	123
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	123
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	123
PART IV		124

Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	124
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	128
	Signatures	129

Sensitivity analysis	Immediate change in rates
(in millions)	+100bp			-100bp
March 31, 2019	$	(9.7	)	$	10.1
March 31, 2018	$	4.3		$	(4.0	)

	March 31,			March 31,
	2019			2018
Retail receivables	$	42,621		$	41,265
Securitized retail receivables		11,318			12,130
Dealer financing		17,696			17,420
		71,635			70,815

Deferred origination (fees) and costs, net		695			630
Deferred income		(1,314	)		(1,335	)
Allowance for credit losses
Retail and securitized retail receivables		(304	)		(312	)
Dealer financing		(195	)		(151	)
Total allowance for credit losses		(499	)		(463	)
Finance receivables, net	$	70,517		$	69,647

	Contractual maturities
Years ending March 31,	Retail receivables		Dealer financing
2020	$	14,180	$	12,957
2021		12,866		1,519
2022		10,934		924
2023		8,618		588
2024		5,238		646
Thereafter		2,103		1,062
Total	$	53,939	$	17,696

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☒	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

(Dollars in millions)	Secured notes and loans payable
Balance at March 31, 2018	$	13,657
Issuances		7,522
Maturities and terminations		(8,758	)
Balance at March 31, 2019	$	12,421
Issuances during the one month ended April 30, 2019	$	-

	March 31,		Adjustments related			April 1,
	2018		to adoption			2018
Assets:
Other assets	$	1,614	$	73		$	1,687

Liabilities and shareholder's equity:
Deferred income taxes	$	5,326	$	(36	)	$	5,290
Other liabilities		3,987		219			4,206
Retained earnings		11,992		(110	)		11,882

	March 31, 2019
			Effect of			Balances without
	As reported		adoption			adoption
Assets:
Other assets	$	1,981	$	(72	)	$	1,909

Liabilities and shareholder's equity:
Deferred income taxes	$	5,452	$	38		$	5,490
Other liabilities		4,564		(225	)		4,339
Retained earnings		12,658		115			12,773

	March 31, 2019
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Available-for-sale debt securities:
Due within 1 year	$	177	$	177
Due after 1 year through 5 years		102		102
Due after 5 years through 10 years		146		147
Due after 10 years		77		79
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities¹		127		128
Total	$	629	$	633

Years ending March 31,	Future minimum rentals on operating leases
2020	$	6,025
2021		3,869
2022		1,467
2023		156
2024		4
Total	$	11,521

	Future
Years ending March 31,	debt maturities
2020	$	45,500
2021		15,028
2022		14,086
2023		8,888
2024		3,856
Thereafter¹		5,938
Unamortized premiums, discounts and debt issuance costs		(374	)
Total debt	$	92,922

	March 31, 2019
			VIE Assets						VIE Liabilities
			Gross		Net
	Restricted Cash		Securitized Assets		Securitized Assets		Other Assets		Debt		Other Liabilities
Retail finance receivables	$	630	$	11,318	$	11,075	$	6	$	9,202	$	10
Investments in operating leases		355		7,532		5,307		186		3,199		2
Total	$	985	$	18,850	$	16,382	$	192	$	12,401	$	12

	Future minimum
Years ending March 31,	lease payments
2020	$	22
2021		19
2022		20
2023		12
2024		10
Thereafter		61
Total	$	144

Name	Age	Position
Mark S. Templin	58	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer, TMCC; Director, President and Chief Operating Officer, TFSIC;
		Director and Group Chief Operating Officer, TFSC

Scott Cooke	48	Director, Group Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, TMCC

Ron Chu	61	Group Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, TMCC

Pete Carey	55	Group Vice President – Service Operations, TMCC

Alec Hagey	53	Group Vice President – Sales, Product, and Marketing, TMCC

Mao Saka	48	Director and Treasurer, TMCC

Akihiro Fukutome	56	Director, TMCC; Director, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, TFSIC; Director, President and Chief Executive Officer, TFSC; Chief Officer, Sales Financial Business Group, TMC

James E. Lentz III	63	Director, TMCC; Director, President and Chief Operating Officer, TMNA; Operating Officer, TMC

Robert Carter	59	Director, TMCC; Director and President, TMS; Executive Vice President-Sales, TMNA;

	Years ended March 31,
(Dollars in thousands)	2019		2018
Audit fees	$	9,947	$	10,181
Audit related fees		-		450
Tax fees		445		416
All other fees		63		79
Total fees	$	10,455	$	11,126

Exhibit Number	Description	Method of Filing

3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation filed with the California Secretary of State on April 1, 2010.	(1)

3.2	Bylaws as amended through December 8, 2000.	(2)

4.1(a)	Indenture, dated as of August 1, 1991, between Toyota Motor Credit Corporation and The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.	(3)

4.1(b)	First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of October 1, 1991, among Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, Bankers Trust Company and The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.	(4)

4.1(c)	Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 31, 2004, among Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, JPMorgan Chase Bank (as successor to The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.) and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (formerly known as Bankers Trust Company).	(5)

4.1(d)	Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 8, 2011, among Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A. (formerly known as The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A.) as successor to The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas, as trustee.	(6)

4.1(e)	Agreement of Resignation and Acceptance, dated as of April 26, 2010, among Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, The Bank of New York Mellon and The Bank of New York Trust Company, N.A.	(7)

4.2(a)	Amended and Restated Agency Agreement, dated as of September 14, 2018, among Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, Toyota Motor Finance (Netherlands) B.V., Toyota Credit Canada Inc., Toyota Finance Australia Limited and The Bank of New York Mellon, acting through its London branch.	(8)

4.2(b)	Amended and Restated Note Agency Agreement, dated as of September 8, 2017, among Toyota Motor Credit Corporation, The Bank of New York Mellon S.A. /NV, Luxembourg branch, and The Bank of New York Mellon, acting through its London branch.	(9)

	TOYOTA MOTOR CREDIT CORPORATION
	(Registrant)

Date: June 4, 2019	By /s/ Mark S. Templin
	Mark S. Templin
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)

Signature	Title	Date


/s/ Mark S. Templin Mark S. Templin	Director, President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)	June 4, 2019

/s/ Scott Cooke Scott Cooke	Director, Group Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)	June 4, 2019


/s/ Ron Chu Ron Chu	Group Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)	June 4, 2019


__________ Mao Saka	Director and Treasurer	June 4, 2019


____________ Akihiro Fukutome	Director	June 4, 2019


/s/ James E. Lentz III James E. Lentz III	Director	June 4, 2019


/s/ Robert Carter Robert Carter	Director	June 4, 2019