10-K

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☑       ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

☐       TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File No. 001-39563

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)   1900 Lake Park Drive, Suite 380 Smyrna, GA (Address of principal executive offices) 87-0455038 (IRS Employer Identification Number)     30080 (Zip Code)

(678) 384-7220

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of each Exchange on which Registered
Common Stock $0.001 par value	GOVX	The Nasdaq Capital Market
Warrants to Purchase Common Stock	GOVXW	The Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐ Non-accelerated filer ☑ Smaller reporting company ☑ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2021, based on the closing price on that date was $30,365,310.

Number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of March 9, 2022: 7,089,025

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with respect to its 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this document.

Table of Contents

PART I		1
ITEM 1.	BUSINESS	1
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	15
ITEM 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	27
ITEM 2.	PROPERTIES	27
ITEM 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	27
ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES	27
PART II		28
ITEM 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES	28
ITEM 6.	RESERVED	28
ITEM 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	28
ITEM 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	34
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA	34
ITEM 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE	35
ITEM 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	35
ITEM 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION	35
ITEM 9C.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENTS INSPECTIONS	35
PART III		36
ITEM 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	36
ITEM 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION	36
ITEM 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS	37
ITEM 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE	37
ITEM 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES	37
PART IV		38
ITEM 15.	EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES	38
ITEM 16.	FORM 10-K SUMMARY	40
	SIGNATURES	41

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This Annual Report (including the following section regarding Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) contains forward-looking statements regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Words such as “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates” and similar expressions or variations of such words are intended to identify forward-looking statements but are not the exclusive means of identifying forward-looking statements in this Annual Report. Additionally, statements concerning future matters, including statements regarding our business, our financial position, the research and development of our products and other statements regarding matters that are not historical are forward-looking statements.

Although forward-looking statements in this Annual Report reflect the good faith judgment of our management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us. Consequently, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties and actual results and outcomes may differ materially from the results and outcomes discussed in or anticipated by the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences in results and outcomes include without limitation those discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this Annual Report. Readers are urged to carefully review and consider the various disclosures made in this Annual Report, which attempt to advise interested parties of the risks and factors that may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

GeoVax Labs, Inc. (“GeoVax” or “the Company”) is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing human vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer using novel proprietary platforms. GeoVax’s product pipeline includes ongoing human clinical trials for COVID-19 and head and neck cancer. Additional research and development programs include preventive vaccines against Zika Virus, hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, and Lassa) and malaria, as well as immunotherapies for multiple solid tumors. The Company’s portfolio of wholly owned, co-owned, and in-licensed intellectual property, stands at over 70 granted or pending patent applications spread over 20 patent families, which are discussed in greater detail in the “Our Intellectual Property” section.

Our Product Development Pipeline

We are currently developing a number of vaccines and immunotherapies for prevention or treatment of infectious diseases and cancers. The table below summarizes the status of our product development programs, which are discussed in greater detail in the following pages.

Indication	Product Candidate	Current Status
Coronavirus Vaccines
COVID-19 (Primary vaccine for immunocompromised patients)	GEO-CM04S1	Clinical - Phase 2
COVID-19 (Booster to mRNA)	GEO-CM04S1	Clinical – Phase 2
Pan Coronavirus	GEO-CM02	Preclinical/IND-Enabling
Cancer Immunotherapy
Solid Tumors (Advanced Head and Neck Cancer)*	Gedeptin®	Clinical - Phase 1/2
Solid Tumors (MUC1)	MVA-VLP-MUC1	Preclinical/IND-Enabling
Other Infectious Disease Vaccines
Zika**	GEO-ZM02	Preclinical/IND-Enabling
Ebola, Marburg, Sudan**	GEO-EM01	Preclinical/IND-Enabling
Lassa Fever**	GEO-LM01	Exploratory
Malaria**	GEO-MM02	Exploratory

* Orphan Drug status granted, as described in greater detail in the “Our Intellectual Property” section.

** Indication within FDA Priority Review Voucher program

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Our Coronavirus Vaccine Programs

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has rapidly swept throughout the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency of international concern and, as of early March 2022, has reported more than 425 million cases and nearly 6 million deaths worldwide.

There are currently twenty-four vaccines authorized for use in one or more countries around the world, including three in the United States. These vaccines are primarily designed to induce antibodies specific for the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 but rely on different mechanisms for presentation or expression of the S antigen, including recombinant proteins, whole inactivated virus, defective adenovirus vectors (three different types) or mRNA. Antiviral drugs and mAbs currently have limited availability and effectiveness. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), estimates of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine effectiveness have declined in recent months because of waning vaccine induced immunity over time, possible increased immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 variants, or a combination of these and other factors.

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the family Coronavidae within the genus beta-coronavirus. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes one large Spike (“S”) protein that plays a pivotal role during viral attachment to the host receptor and entry into host cells. The S protein is the major principal target for vaccines against human coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Neutralizing antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain (“RBD”) subunit of the S protein block the virus from binding to host cells. Over 90% of all neutralizing antibodies produced in response to infection are directed to the RBD subunit, and mAbs that have shown therapeutic activity target epitopes on the RBD.

GEO-CM04S1 for Immunocompromised Patients – The CDC lists immunocompromised patients, including patients who have received therapeutic procedures for hematologic malignancy, as high risk for SARS-CoV-2 disease. SARS-CoV-2 infection is expected to be very serious in this vulnerable population of hematology patients, including autologous (auto) and allogeneic (allo) hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), and recipients of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies. Given the serious impact of other respiratory viruses in this vulnerable patient population, it is anticipated that hematology recipients of cell therapy may develop severe clinical disease, profoundly impacting the therapy outcomes, such as morbidity and survival. There is very limited data and multiple critical gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 in hematology patients as no clinical trial of an approved vaccine has focused on immunocompromised patients. Thus, the efficacy and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has not been established in the different immunocompromised patient populations and it is possible that candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines may differ in their efficacy and safety for these patients.

Our vaccine candidate, GEO-CM04S1 (formerly referred to as COH04S1), is based on a synthetic, attenuated Modified Vaccinia Ankara (sMVA) vector expressing both spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was initially developed at City of Hope (COH) for immunocompromised patients. In a placebo-controlled Phase 1 clinical trial of healthy adults conducted by COH, GEO-CM04S1 was shown to be safe and immunogenic. In November 2021, GeoVax entered into a license agreement with COH, granting GeoVax exclusive worldwide rights to further develop and commercialize the vaccine.

GEO-CM04S1 is being studied in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT04977024) to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity, compared to the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA-based vaccine, in patients who have previously received either an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, an autologous hematopoietic cell transplant or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. GEO-CM04S1 is the only SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that includes both S and N proteins to advance to a Phase 2 trial in cancer patients. MVA-vector based vaccines tend to produce an immune response quickly – in less than 14 days – with only mild side effects. The trial is also the first to compare an investigational multi-antigenic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech in people who are immunocompromised. Such patients have often shown a weak antibody response after receiving currently available COVID-19 vaccines.

GEO-CM04S1 as a Booster Vaccine – In December 2021, patient enrollment began for the Phase 2 portion of a Phase 1/2 trial (NCT04639466) of GEO-CM0461, evaluating its use as a universal booster vaccine to current FDA-approved two-shot mRNA vaccines from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna. The clinical trial, titled “Phase 1/2 Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety and Biologically Effective Dose of COH04S1, a Synthetic MVA-based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, Administered as One or Two Injections or as a Booster to Healthy Adult Volunteers” is being conducted at COH.

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Because GEO-CM04S1 is designed to stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses against both the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2, GeoVax believes its administration as a booster will provide additional antigenic targets to the immune system resulting in a broader immune response. The GEO-CM0461 vaccine’s MVA backbone may also be more effective at inducing immunity since MVA is known to strongly induce T cell responses even in a background of immunosuppression. In addition, GEO-CM04S1 may offer greater protection against the significant sequence variation observed with the S antigen and durability of immunity, which is well established for MVA.

The Phase 1 portion of the trial was designed as a dose-escalation safety study in healthy individuals between the ages of 18 to 55, who had not been previously infected with SARS-CoV-2. The primary objectives were to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the GEO-CM04S1 in healthy volunteers who were administered the vaccine at three different dose levels by intramuscular (IM) injection. Follow-up studies of the volunteers are continuing in order to better assess duration of immune responses. Scientific presentations and publications of the Phase 1 trial results are planned for early 2022.

The Phase 2 booster study, for which vaccination is ongoing, will include 60 healthy individuals, 18 years of age and older, who were previously vaccinated with the two-dose regimen of one of the FDA-approved SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines, manufactured by either Pfizer/BioNtech or Moderna. The study is designed as a dose-escalation trial to specifically evaluate the safety profile and immunogenicity of COH04S1 as a booster. The immunological responses measured throughout the study will include the level of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), including the Omicron VOC, as well as specific T-cell responses.

GEO-CM02 as a Pan-Coronavirus Vaccine – First-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were rapidly developed and have proven highly efficacious in the human population.  Most of these first-generation vaccines were designed to encode the S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with the goal of inducing high levels of neutralizing antibodies. However, potential limitations of narrowly focusing on the S protein are becoming apparent with emerging variants capable of partially escaping neutralization by vaccine induced antibodies, as has been seen with the Omicron variant. Thus, the effectiveness of these vaccines against new SARS-CoV-2 variants and future coronavirus spillover events remains of immense concern.

Using its novel Modified Virus Ankara - Virus Like Particle (GV-MVA-VLP^TM) platform, GeoVax has developed a design strategy for vaccines expected to induce broader immunity through inclusion of multiple, genetically conserved structural and nonstructural proteins from the target pathogen. The GV-MVA-VLP^TM platform is known to induce a balanced antibody and cellular (T-cells) response against the multiple encoded immunogens, potentially limiting immune escape by emerging variants. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins by MVA supports the in vivo formation of virus like particles (VLPs), which induce both antibody and T-cell responses. Incorporation of other sequence-conserved structural and nonstructural proteins will provide targets for T-cell responses to increase the breadth and function of vaccine-induced immune responses. This strategy provides the basis for generating a universal vaccine with augmented potential to alleviate the burden of disease caused by circulating coronaviruses. Unique compared to other vaccines approved or under development, the GeoVax vaccine candidates are therefore specifically designed to provide a broader and more long-lived level of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 which should protect against emerging variants while avoiding the potential side effects that can limit vaccine utility and acceptance.

GeoVax’s lead vaccine candidate (GEO-CM02) encodes the S protein as the antibody target and the M and E proteins as T-cell targets. The combination of S, M and E protein expression supports in vivo VLP formation and optimal immunogenicity. In small animal studies, the Company measured functional immune responses after a single dose that mediated protection from infection and pathogenesis, including protection against the more virulent Beta variant

In January 2021, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), awarded the GeoVax a Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) grant in support of the Company’s vaccine development efforts. The Phase 1 grant, titled, “Preclinical Development of GV-MVA-VLP Vaccines Against COVID-19,” is supporting the ongoing design, construction and preclinical testing of our vaccine candidate’s evaluation, in preparation for human clinical trials. Scientific presentations and publications of the experimental results were delivered at multiple international vaccine conferences during 2021 and publication is planned for 2022.

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Our Cancer Immunotherapy Programs

Gedeptin^® – Gedeptin is a novel patented product/technology for the treatment of solid tumors through a gene therapy strategy known as Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (GDEPT). In September 2021, GeoVax entered into an assignment and license agreement with PNP Therapeutics, Inc. (“PNP”), granting GeoVax exclusive rights to develop and commercialize Gedeptin. The Gedeptin technology was developed with funding support from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the NIH. GeoVax’s license to Gedeptin includes the rights to expand the use of Gedeptin to all human diseases and/or conditions including, but not limited to, other cancers.

In GDEPT, a vector is used to selectively transduce tumor cells with a nonhuman gene, which expresses an enzyme that can convert a nontoxic prodrug into a very toxic antitumor compound, in situ. A cycle of Gedeptin therapy consists of three intra-tumoral injections of Gedeptin over a two-day period followed by infusion of a prodrug, fludarabine phosphate, once a day for three days. A Phase 1 dose ranging study, evaluating the safety of a single cycle of Gedeptin therapy, found the therapy to be well tolerated, with evidence of a reduction in tumor size in patients with solid tumors.

A Phase 1/2 trial (NCT03754933), evaluating the safety and efficacy of repeat cycles of Gedeptin therapy in patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with tumor(s) accessible for injection and no curable treatment options, is currently enrolling at Stanford University in collaboration with Emory University. The trial design involves repeat administration using Gedeptin followed by systemic fludarabine, as a way to gain additional information prior to expansion towards a larger patient trial. The initial stage of the study is being funded by the FDA pursuant to its Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program. The FDA has also granted Gedeptin orphan drug status for the intra-tumoral treatment of anatomically accessible oral and pharyngeal cancers, including cancers of the lip, tongue, gum, floor of mouth, salivary gland and other oral cavities. In January 2022, we engaged CATO SMS, a global provider of clinical research solutions, to manage the ongoing Phase 1/2 trial, and to assist with the expansion of clinical sites and acceleration of patient enrollment and evaluation.

MUC1-based Immunotherapy – Tumors are often able to inhibit the body’s natural immune system by producing inhibitory factors as a mechanism of immune resistance, especially against the T cells that are specific for tumor antigens and can kill cancer cells. The field of immuno-oncology has received new momentum with the discovery and commercial launch of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a type of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs).  ICIs block the naturally occurring and tumor-induced immune checkpoints, thus allowing functional T cells to more fully restore cellular proliferation, cytokine production and killing of tumor cells.

Unlike conventional therapies (e.g. radiation, chemotherapy, antibody, etc.), therapeutic cancer vaccines have the potential to induce responses that not only result in the control and even clearance of tumors but also establish immunological memory that can suppress and prevent tumor recurrence. Convenience, safety, and low toxicity of cancer vaccines could make them invaluable tools to be included in future immunotherapy approaches in combination with ICIs for treating tumors. Currently, there are only a few vectored cancer vaccines being tested in combination with ICIs, all of which are in early clinical stages.

We are developing our GV-MVA-VLP™ vaccine platform that is based on the aberrantly glycosylated forms of the cell surface-associated MUC1 protein that is expressed on a wide range of cancers, including breast, colon, ovarian, prostate, pancreatic, and lung, with the goal of raising therapeutic anti-tumor antibodies and T cell responses in cancer patients.

● We have produced a MVA-VLP-MUC1 vaccine candidate, demonstrated VLP production by electron microscopy using MUC1 immunogold staining, and showed that the VLPs express a hypo-glycosylated form of MUC1 in human cell lines.

● We collaborated with Dr. Olivera Finn, a leading expert in cancer immunotherapy at the University of Pittsburgh, who was one of the first to show that many tumors express an abnormal form of MUC1 that is recognized by the immune system as foreign. Our collaboration with Dr. Finn has shown that a combination of our MVA-VLP-MUC1 vaccine candidate with a MUC1 synthetic peptide was capable of breaking tolerance to human MUC1 in transgenic mice and inducing immune responses with efficacy against challenge in a lymphoma tumor model.

● In 2022, we initiated an IND enabling animal study with Dr. Pinku Mukherjee at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte n to define the optimal course and schedule of vaccination to define a protocol that can be evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial.

We previously collaborated with ViaMune, Inc., which has developed a fully synthetic MUC1 vaccine candidate (MTI), with the goal of developing a MUC1-based vaccine that can produce a broad spectrum of anti-tumor antibody and T cell responses. The resulting MUC1 vaccine could be combined with ICIs as a novel vaccination strategy for cancer patients with advanced MUC1+ tumors. Preclinical studies of the combined MTI and MVA-VLP-MUC1 vaccines conducted by Dr. Pinku Mukherjee have shown the combination of our vaccine with MTI and ICI have significantly reduced the tumor burden in a mouse model for colorectal cancer.

MUC1-based cancer immunotherapy is a multi-pronged effort comprised of combinations of novel technologies and products.  GeoVax believes our approach holds significant promise to be part of the continually expanding cancer treatment options in the future.

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Our Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Vaccines (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg and Lassa)

Ebola (EBOV, formerly designated as Zaire ebolavirus), Sudan (SUDV), and Marburg viruses (MARV) are the most virulent species of the Filoviridae family, causing hemorrhagic fever illnesses with up to a 90% fatality rate in humans. Lassa fever virus (LASV), a member of the Arenaviridae family, also causes severe and often fatal hemorrhagic illnesses in an overlapping region with Ebola. In December 2019, FDA approved the first live recombinant Ebola vaccine for prevention of Ebola disease by Zaire virus. This rVSV-ZEBOV showed safety concerns in Phase 1 trials and by virtue of being replication competent could pose threats to immunocompromised individuals, such as those infected with HIV living in West Africa where recent Ebola epidemics started.

To address the unmet need for a product that can respond to future hemorrhagic fever outbreaks, we are developing vaccines utilizing our GV-MVA-VLP™ platform. The MVA vector itself is considered safe, having originally been developed for use in immunocompromised individuals as a smallpox vaccine. We expect our vaccines may not only protect at-risk individuals against EBOV, SUDV, MARV and LASV, but also potentially reduce or modify the severity of other re-emerging pathogens such as Bundibugyo, Ivory Coast, and Reston viruses, based on antigenic cross reactivity and the elicitation of T cells to the more conserved matrix proteins (e.g. VP40 or Z) in addition to standard GP proteins used by us and other manufacturers. Thus, the GeoVax GV-MVA-VLP™ approach could offer a unique combination of advantages to achieve breadth and safety of a pan-filo vaccine. In addition to protecting people in Africa, it is intended to prevent the spread of disease to the US, and for preparedness against terrorist release of any of bio-threat pathogens.

Our initial preclinical studies in rodents and nonhuman primates for our MVA-VLP-EBOV vaccine candidate have shown 100% protection against a lethal dose of EBOV upon a single immunization. Recent studies in lethal challenge guinea pig models demonstrated that GeoVax vaccines MVA-VLP-SUDV and MVA-VLP-MARV conferred 100% protection from death. These vaccines were subsequently evaluated in a rigorous cynomolgus macaque infectious challenge model. Vaccination protected nonhuman primates from viremia, weight loss and death following challenge with a dose of Sudan or Marburg virus that is lethal in nonvaccinated animals. Evaluation of immune responses following vaccination demonstrated presence of both neutralizing antibodies and functional T cells, indicating a breadth of responses that combine for optimal protection. Likewise, our initial preclinical studies in rodents for our LASV vaccine candidate have shown 100% single-dose protection against a lethal dose of LASV challenge composed of multiple strains delivered directly into the brain. The nonhuman primate studies are ongoing in collaboration with NIAID and DoD and clinical development programs will be defined based on efficacy data and global priorities as potentially dangerous outbreaks occur.

Other Infectious Disease Programs

GEO-ZM02 for Zika – Zika disease is an emerging infectious disease caused by the Zika virus (ZIKV) and has been linked to an increase in microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barre syndrome (a neurodegenerative disease) in adults. ZIKV is a member of the Flaviviridae family, which includes medically important pathogens such as dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Public health officials recommend avoiding exposure to ZIKV, delaying pregnancy, and following basic supportive care (fluids, rest, and acetaminophen) after infection.

To address the unmet need for a ZIKV vaccine, we are developing novel vaccine candidates constructed using our GV-MVA-VLP platform. MVA has an outstanding safety record, which is particularly important given the need to include women of child-bearing age and newborns among those being vaccinated. Our Zika vaccine is designed based on the NS1 gene product to eliminate the risk of Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE), which is a serious side effect observed when a vaccinated individual doesn’t have a fully protective immune response which actually causes a more virulent reaction if infected.

Our initial preclinical studies in rodents using our GEO-ZM02 vaccine candidate demonstrated 100% single-dose protection against a lethal dose of ZIKV delivered directly into the brain. In rhesus macaques, vaccination with GEO-ZM02 induced immune responses that effectively controlled the virus replication despite the fact the vaccine is not designed to induce ZIKV neutralizing antibodies. Further development of GEO-ZM02 will be dependent upon partnering support.

GEO-MM02 for Malaria – Globally, malaria causes 228 million infections and 405,000 deaths annually. Despite decades of vaccine research, vaccine candidates have failed to induce substantial protection (e.g. >50%). Most of these vaccines are based on individual proteins that induce immune responses targeting only one stage of the malaria parasite’s life cycle. GeoVax’s MVA-VLP malaria vaccine candidates incorporate antigens derived from multiple stages of the parasite’s life cycle and are designed to induce an immune response with durable functional antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, all hallmarks of an ideal vaccine-induced immune response.

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We have collaborated with the Burnet Institute, a leading infectious diseases research institute in Australia, for the development of a vaccine to prevent malaria infection. The project included the design, construction, and characterization of multiple malaria vaccine candidates using GeoVax’s GV-MVA-VLP™ vaccine platform combined with malaria Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax sequences identified by the Burnet Institute. The vaccine design, construction, and characterization were performed at GeoVax with immunogenicity and challenge studies in animal models conducted at Burnet Institute using their unique functional assays. Further development of GEO-MM02 will be dependent upon additional funding support via federal grants or other sources.

HIV – Due to our corporate refocusing of development efforts prioritizing our SARS-CoV-2 and cancer immunotherapy programs, and to a lack of continuing government support for our HIV vaccine development efforts, we recently decided to discontinue active development of these programs. Our technology and intellectual property in this will remain available for out-license or partnering, but we will no longer devote any corporate resources to the programs.

Our GV-MVA-VLP^™ Platform

GeoVax’s GV-MVA-VLP™ vaccine platform utilizes Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), a large virus capable of carrying several vaccine antigens, that expresses proteins that assemble into virus-like particles (VLP) immunogens in the person receiving the vaccine. The production of VLPs in the person being vaccinated can mimic the virus production that occurs in a natural infection, stimulating both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system to recognize, prevent, and control the target infection. The MVA-VLP derived vaccines can elicit durable immune responses in the host similar to a live-attenuated virus, while providing the safety characteristics of a replication-defective vector.

Vaccines typically contain agents (antigens) that resemble disease-causing microorganisms. Traditional vaccines are often made from weakened or killed forms of the virus or from its surface proteins. Some newer vaccines use recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology to generate vaccine antigens in bacteria or cultured cells from specific portions of the DNA sequence of the target pathogen. The generated antigens are then purified and formulated for use in a vaccine. We believe the most successful of these purified antigens have been non-infectious virus-like particles (VLPs) as exemplified by vaccines for hepatitis B (Merck’s Recombivax® and GSK’s Engerix®) and Papilloma viruses (GSK’s Cervarix®, and Merck’s Gardasil®). Our approach uses recombinant DNA and/or recombinant MVA to produce VLPs in the person being vaccinated (in vivo) reducing complexity and costs of manufacturing. In human clinical trials of our HIV vaccines, we believe we have demonstrated that our VLPs, expressed from within the cells of the person being vaccinated, can be safe, yet elicit both strong and durable humoral and cellular immune response.

VLPs mimic authentic viruses in form but are not infectious or capable of replicating and can cause the body’s immune system to recognize and kill targeted viruses to prevent an infection. VLPs can also train the immune system to recognize and kill virus-infected cells to control infection and reduce the length and severity of disease. One of the biggest challenges with VLP-based vaccines is to design the vaccines in such a way that the VLPs will be recognized by the immune system in the same way as the authentic virus would be. We design our vaccines such that, when VLPs for enveloped viruses like HIV, Ebola, Marburg or Lassa fever are produced in vivo (in the cells of the recipient), they include not only the protein antigens, but also an envelope consisting of membranes from the vaccinated individual’s cells. In this way, they are highly similar to the virus generated in a person’s body during a natural infection. VLPs produced in vitro (in a pharmaceutical plant), by contrast, have no envelope; or, envelopes from the cultured cells (typically hamster or insect cells) used to produce them. We believe our technology therefore provides distinct advantages by producing VLPs that more closely resemble the authentic viruses. We believe this feature of our immunogens allows the body’s immune system to more readily recognize the virus. By producing VLPs in vivo, we believe we also avoid potential purification issues associated with in vitro production of VLPs.

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Figure 1 below shows examples of thin section electron micrographs of actual viruses and VLPs for these viruses expressed by GeoVax MVA-VLP vaccines.

Figure 1. Comparison of MVA-VLPs and native virus structures

In the MVA-VLP platform, we take advantage of MVA’s large “coding capacity” to insert genes that encode multiple proteins, the combination of which is adequate to support the generation of VLPs by the MVA infected cells. Utility has been demonstrated for multiple vaccine candidates wherein the MVA-encoded viral matrix proteins and glycoproteins assemble into VLPs. MVA was originally developed as a safer smallpox vaccine for use in immune-compromised individuals. It was developed by attenuating the standard smallpox vaccine by passaging it (over 500 passages) in chicken embryos or chicken embryo fibroblasts, resulting in a virus with limited ability to replicate in human cells (thus safe) but with high replication capability in avian cells (thus cost effective for manufacturing). The deletions also resulted in the loss of immune evasion genes which assist the spread of wild type smallpox infections, even in the presence of human immune responses.

We collaborated with the laboratory of Dr. Bernard Moss at NIH/NIAID on four different generations of MVA vectors, spanning over 15 years of collaboration, to effectively express vaccine proteins that assemble into VLPs. These efforts led to the development of different shuttle vectors and the identification of multiple insertion sites for introducing foreign genes encoding the vaccine target proteins into MVA in a manner that optimizes each product for manufacturing stability. Each MVA-VLP vaccine has up to two expression cassettes, each encoding one or more antigens selected from pathogens of interest. At a minimum, each vaccine expresses two antigens required for VLP formation; in the case of HIV and hemorrhagic fever vaccines for example, a viral matrix protein and an envelope glycoprotein. We use a synthetic early late promoter that provides high, yet not lethal, levels of insert expression, which is initiated immediately after infection in cells of the vaccinated individual.

Our GV-MVA-VLP™ vaccine platform affords other advantages:

● Safety: Safety for MVA, generally, has been shown in more than 120,000 subjects in Europe, including immunocompromised individuals during the initial development of MVA and more recently with the development of MVA as a safer vaccine against smallpox. Our HIV vaccines demonstrated outstanding safety in multiple human clinical trials.

● Durability: Our technology raises highly durable (long-lasting) vaccine responses. We hypothesize that elicitation of durable vaccine responses is conferred on responding B cells by the vaccinia parent of MVA, which raises highly durable responses for smallpox.

● Limited pre-existing immunity to vector: Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980, smallpox vaccinations subsequently ended, leaving all but those born before 1980 and selected populations (such as vaccinated laboratory workers and first responders) unvaccinated and without pre-existing immunity to MVA-derived vaccines. A potential interference of pre-existing immunity to a vector may be more problematic with those vectors related to parent viruses used in routine vaccinations (e.g. measles) or constitute common viruses that infect people of all ages (e.g. cytomegalovirus).

● Repeated use of the platform for different vaccines used in sequence. In mouse experiments, we have shown that two of our vaccines (e.g. GV-MVA-VLP-Zika followed by GV-MVA-VLP-Ebola) can be given at <4 week intervals without any negative impact on their immunogenicity (lack of vector immunity).

● No need for adjuvants: MVA generally stimulates strong innate immune responses and does not require the use of adjuvants.

● Thermal stability: MVA is stable in both liquid and lyophilized formats (> 6 years of storage).

● Genetic stability and manufacturability: If appropriately engineered, MVA is genetically stable and can reliably be manufactured in either the established Chick Embryo Fibroblast cell substrate, or novel continuous cell lines that support scalability as well as greater process consistency and efficiency.

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Support from the United States Government

Grants and Contracts

We have been the recipient of multiple federal grants and contracts in support of our vaccine development programs. Our most recent awards are as follows:

Lassa DoD Grant. In September 2018, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) awarded us a $2,442,307 cooperative agreement in support of our LASV vaccine development program. The grant was awarded by the U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity pursuant to the Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program (PRMRP), part of the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP). In addition to the grant funds provided directly to GeoVax, DoD also funded testing of our vaccine by U.S. Army scientists under a separate subaward. The award, entitled “Advanced Preclinical Development and Production of Master Seed Virus of GEO-LM01, a Novel MVA-VLP Vaccine Against Lassa Fever”, supports generation of immunogenicity and efficacy data for our vaccine candidate in both rodent and nonhuman primate models, as well as manufacturing process development and cGMP production of vaccine seed stock.

COVID-19 SBIR Grant. In January 2021, NIAID awarded us a $299,927 Phase I SBIR grant in support of our development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The grant, titled, “Preclinical Development of GV-MVA-VLP Vaccines Against COVID-19,” has supported the ongoing design, construction and preclinical testing of our vaccine candidates.

Other Federal Support

We have been the recipient of additional in-kind federal support through collaborative and intramural arrangements with CDC for our Zika vaccine program, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory facility of NIAID for our hemorrhagic fever virus vaccine program, and the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID) for our hemorrhagic fever virus vaccine program. This support generally has been for the conduct or support of preclinical animal studies on our behalf.

Government Regulation

Regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries is a significant factor in our ongoing research and development activities and in the manufacture of our products. Complying with these regulations involves considerable expertise, time and expense.

In the United States, drugs and biologics are subject to rigorous federal and state regulation. Our products are regulated under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), the Public Health Service Act, and the regulations promulgated under these statutes, and other federal and state statutes and regulations. These laws govern, among other things, the testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of medications and medical devices. Product development and approval within this regulatory framework is difficult to predict, takes several years and involves great expense. The steps required before a human vaccine may be marketed in the United States include:

● Preclinical laboratory tests, in vivo preclinical studies and formulation studies;

● Manufacturing and testing of the product under strict compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations;

● Submission to the FDA of an Investigational New Drug application for human clinical testing which must become effective before human clinical trials can commence;

● Adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials to establish the safety and efficacy of the product;

● The submission of a Biologics License Application to the FDA, along with the required user fees; and

● FDA approval of the BLA prior to any commercial sale or shipment of the product

Before marketing any drug or biologic for human use in the United States, the product sponsor must obtain FDA approval. In addition, each manufacturing establishment must be registered with the FDA and must pass a pre-approval inspection before introducing any new drug or biologic into commercial distribution.

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The Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) authority granted to the FDA allows the FDA to help strengthen the nation’s public health protections against certain threats by facilitating the availability and use of medical countermeasures needed during public health emergencies. Under section 564 of the FD&C Act, the FDA Commissioner may allow unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in an emergency to diagnose, treat, or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions caused by threat agents when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. This potentially may provide a faster pathway to market for our COVID-19 or other infectious disease vaccine candidates. This was the approval pathway followed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna for their respective COVID-19 vaccines.

Because GeoVax does not manufacture vaccines for human use within our own facilities, we must ensure compliance both in our own operations and in the outsourced manufacturing operations. All FDA-regulated manufacturing establishments (both domestic establishments and foreign establishments that export products to the United States) are subject to inspections by the FDA and must comply with the FDA’s cGMP regulations for products, drugs and devices.

The FDA determines compliance with applicable statutes and regulations through documentation review, investigations, and inspections. Several enforcement mechanisms are available to the FDA, ranging from a simple demand to correct a minor deficiency to mandatory recalls, closure of facilities, and even criminal charges for the most serious violations.

Even if FDA regulatory clearances are obtained, a marketed product is subject to continual review, and later discovery of previously unknown problems or failure to comply with the applicable regulatory requirements may result in restrictions on the marketing of a product or withdrawal of the product from the market as well as possible civil or criminal sanctions.

Whether or not the FDA has approved the drug, approval of a product by regulatory authorities in foreign countries must be obtained prior to the commencement of commercial sales of the drug in such countries. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials and drug approvals vary widely from country to country, and the time required for approval may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval.

We also are subject to various federal, state and local laws, regulations, and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental use of animals, and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances used in connection with our research. The extent of government regulation that might result from any future legislation or administrative action cannot be accurately predicted.

FDA Tropical Disease Priority Review Voucher Program

Section 524 of the FD&C Act authorizes the FDA to award priority review vouchers (PRVs) to sponsors of approved tropical disease product applications that meet certain criteria. To qualify for a PRV, a sponsor’s application must be for a drug or biological product for the prevention or treatment of a “tropical disease,” must otherwise qualify for priority review, and must contain no active ingredient (including any salt or ester of an active ingredient) that has been approved in any other application under Section 505(b)(1) of the FD&C Act or section 351 of the Public Health Services Act. Priority review means that the FDA aims to render a decision in 6 months.

The PRV may be sold. For example, a small company might win a voucher for developing a drug for a neglected disease and sell the voucher to a large company for use on a commercial disease. The price of the voucher depends on supply and demand. The voucher’s value derives from three factors: shifting sales earlier, longer effective patent life due to earlier entry, and competitive benefits from earlier entry relative to competitors. Top-selling treatments can yield billions in sales each year, so being approved months earlier can be worth hundreds of millions of dollars to the voucher. Since the first voucher sale in 2014, the price of the vouchers has ranged from $68 million to $350 million.

GeoVax believes that its vaccine programs in Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, Lassa Fever, Malaria and Zika may each be eligible for a PRV and we intend to apply for a PRV at the appropriate time. There can be no assurance, however, that we will qualify or be approved for a PRV.

Manufacturing

To be successful, our products must be manufactured in commercial quantities in compliance with regulatory requirements and at an acceptable cost. To date, we have not commercialized any products, nor have we demonstrated that we can manufacture commercial quantities of our product candidates in accordance with regulatory requirements. If we cannot manufacture products in suitable quantities and in accordance with regulatory standards, either on our own or through contracts with third parties, it may delay clinical trials, regulatory approvals and marketing efforts for such products. Such delays could adversely affect our competitive position and our chances of achieving profitability. We cannot be sure that we can manufacture, either on our own or through contracts with third parties, such products at a cost or in quantities that are commercially viable.

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We do not currently have the facilities or internal expertise to manufacture any of the clinical or commercial supplies of any of our product. Rather, our strategy is to rely on third-party contract manufacturers to produce vaccines needed for research and clinical trials. We have arrangements with third party manufacturers for the supply of our DNA and MVA vaccines for use in our planned clinical trials. These suppliers operate under the FDA’s Good Manufacturing Practices and (in the case of European manufacturers) similar regulations of the European Medicines Agency. We anticipate that these suppliers will be able to provide sufficient vaccine supplies to complete our currently planned clinical trials. Various contractors are generally available in the United States and Europe for manufacture of vaccines for clinical trial evaluation, however, it may be difficult to replace existing contractors for certain manufacturing and testing activities and costs for contracted services may increase substantially if we switch to other contractors. Furthermore, there is currently a shortage of vaccine manufacturing capability due to demand for potential COVID-19 vaccines, which could affect our ability to have our vaccine candidates manufactured.

The MVA component of our vaccine is currently manufactured in cells that are cultured from embryonated eggs. We are exploring a number of approaches to growing MVA in continuous cell lines that can be grown in bioreactors more suitable for commercial-scale manufacturing.

The raw materials and other supplies that are used in the production process for our vaccines and that we use in our research activities are generally available from a number of commercial suppliers and we believe we will be able to obtain sufficient quantities of such materials and supplies for all foreseeable clinical investigations.

Competition

Our product candidates face, and will continue to face, intense competition from large pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies as well as academic and research institutions. We compete in an industry that is characterized by rapid technological change; evolving industry standards; emerging competition; and new product introductions. Competitors have existing products and technologies that will compete with our pipeline candidates and technologies and may develop and commercialize additional products and technologies that will compete with our pipeline candidates and technologies. Because competing companies and institutions may have greater financial resources than us, they may be able to provide broader services and product lines; and make greater investments in research and development. Competitors may also have greater development capabilities than we do and have substantially greater experience in undertaking nonclinical and clinical testing of products, obtaining regulatory approvals and manufacturing and marketing pharmaceutical products. They may also have greater name recognition and better access to customers.

We face general market competition from several subsectors of the vaccine development field, including large, multinational pharmaceutical companies including Sanofi, GSK, Merck, Janssen, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Takeda, and Pfizer, Inc.; mid-size pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotechnology companies including Dynavax, Novavax Inc., Moderna, BioNTech, and Hookipa; and academic and not-for-profit vaccine researchers and developers including the NIH. The industry is typified by extensive collaboration, licensing, and merger and acquisition activity despite the intense competition.

More than twenty COVID-19 vaccines are currently authorized for use in one or more countries around the world, including three in the United States (from Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and Janssen). All these vaccines are based on the S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but rely on different mechanisms for presentation or expression of the S antigen, including whole, inactivated virus, defective adenovirus vectors (three different types) or mRNA. Key companies in the space with late-stage clinical or pre-approval vaccine candidates include, Novavax, Inc., AstraZeneca PLC, CureVac N.V., Medicago Inc., GSK, Sanofi S.A., Dynavax, and Valneva SE.

A number of companies are developing various types of therapeutic vaccines or other immunotherapy approaches to treat cancer including Advaxis, Immune Design, Oncothyreon, Bavarian Nordic, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co, Bristol Myers Squibb, and AstraZeneca plc.

There are currently no FDA licensed and commercialized Zika vaccines, or hemorrhagic fever virus vaccines (other than for Ebola) available in the world market. We are aware of several development-stage and established enterprises, including major pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms, which are actively engaged in vaccine research and development in these areas. For hemorrhagic fever viruses, these include NewLink Genetics and Merck, Johnson & Johnson, Novavax, Inovio and GlaxoSmithKline. For Zika, these include NewLink Genetics, Inovio, Merck, Butantan Institute and NIH (NIAID). In December 2019, the FDA approved the first vaccine (ERVEBO^®) for prevention of Ebola, developed by Merck.

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There are currently no commercialized vaccines to prevent malaria infection. A first-generation infection-blocking malaria vaccine, RTS, S, is under regulatory review. It requires 4 doses and has been recommended by the WHO for pilot implementation studies. Since this vaccine is based on a single antigen and has modest efficacy (30-40%, depending on the age of subjects), the WHO has defined a Road Map for developing and licensing of next generation malaria vaccines. These vaccines are expected to contain multiple antigens designed to block both infection and transmission of malaria with at least a 75% efficacy rate.

Our Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability, and our licensors’ ability, to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our clinical product candidates, including our Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Virus-Like Particle (MVA-VLP) based vaccines, our in-licensed synthetic MVA Covid-19 vaccine candidate, and our in-licensed Gedeptin gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and methods of treatment using the same.

We, and in collaboration with our licensors for our in-licensed assets, seek patent protection on each of our product and developmental candidates and, where applicable, on combinations with other therapeutic and/or antigenic agents and dosing schedules. Our success also depends on our ability to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing U.S. patent applications and, where appropriate, foreign patent applications covering our proprietary technology, inventions, and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We collaborate with our licensors to ensure the filing of U.S. patent applications and, where appropriate, foreign patent applications covering our in-licensed technology, inventions, and improvements that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and potential in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. Additionally, we expect to benefit, where appropriate, from statutory frameworks in the United States, Europe, and other countries that provide a period of clinical data exclusivity to compensate for the time required for regulatory approval of our clinical product candidates.

We continually assess and refine our intellectual property strategies as we develop new technologies and product candidates. We plan to file additional patent applications based on our intellectual property strategies where appropriate, including where we seek to improve our basic technology, adapt to competition, or to improve business opportunities. Further, we plan to file patent applications, as we consider appropriate under the circumstances, to protect new technologies that we develop. Our patent filing strategy typically includes seeking patent protection in the United States and, wherein appropriate, in additional countries where we believe such protection is likely to be useful.

As of December 31, 2021, our owned, co-owned, and in-licensed patent estate, on a worldwide basis, includes 19 granted U.S. patents, 3 allowed U.S. patent applications, 10 pending U.S. patent applications; 56 granted foreign patents, 20 pending foreign patent applications, 4 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications, and 4 U.S. provisional applications spread over 25 patent families. The term of individual patents depends upon the laws of the countries in which they are obtained. In the countries in which we currently file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing of a non-provisional patent application which serves as a priority application. In addition, we plan to seek patent term adjustments, restorations, and/or patent term extensions where applicable in the United States and other jurisdictions. For example, depending upon the timing, duration, and specifics of FDA approval of our vaccine products, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for a patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the “Hatch-Waxman Amendments,” and codified as 35 U.S.C. § 156. 35 U.S.C. § 156 permits restoration of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and FDA regulatory review process. Patent term restoration, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of a Biologics License Application (BLA), plus the time between the submission date of a BLA and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved vaccine product is eligible for such an extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. A similar kind of patent extension, referred to as a Supplementary Protection Certificate, is available in Europe. Legal frameworks are also available in certain other jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent. We currently intend to seek patent term extensions on any of our, or our exclusively licensed, issued patents in any jurisdiction where we have a qualifying patent and the extension is available; however, there is no guarantee that the applicable regulatory authorities, including the FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment of whether such extensions should be granted, and even if granted, the length of such extensions. Further, even if our patent is extended, the patent, including the extended portion of the patent, may be held invalid or unenforceable by a court of final jurisdiction in the United States or a foreign country.

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Our current patent portfolio includes 5 patent families directed to various aspects of our DNA and MVA-based HIV vaccines, their genetic inserts expressing multiple HIV protein components, composition, structure, claim of immunization against multiple subtypes of HIV, routes of administration, safety and other related factors and methods of therapeutic and prophylactic use thereof including administration regimes. We have in-licensed patents from Emory University and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) relevant to our HIV-vaccine program. These patents will expire between 2022 and 2028, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions. We wholly own one patent family, including one granted U.S. patent (US 11,098,086), directed to specific vaccine administration methods which, where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2037, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We wholly own one allowed U.S. patent application directed to preventive vaccines against Ebola virus, and one pending U.S. patent application directed to Marburg virus and uses thereof. These applications, where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2036, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We wholly own one U.S. patent application directed to preventive vaccines against Zika virus and uses thereof. This application, if issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2037, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We co-own one patent family with Georgia State University directed to preventive vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV), and uses thereof, including one granted U.S. patent (US 11,052,148). These applications, where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2037, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We wholly own one allowed U.S. patent application directed to preventive vaccines against malaria and use thereof. This application, where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2038, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We wholly own 3 patent families, which includes one allowed U.S. patent application and one granted foreign application (AU 2017206102), directed to our immuno-oncology vaccine compositions and methods of use thereof. The patent applications of these families, where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire between 2037-2040, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We wholly own two pending patent families directed to various MVA-based vaccines for the treatment of SARS CoV-2. The patent applications in these families, if issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire between 2041-2042, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions. We have non-exclusively in-licensed from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) 3 patent families directed to certain aspects of our MVA-viral backbone used in our SARS-CoV2 vaccine, which will expire between 2023 and 2032, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions. We have non-exclusively in-licensed from the NIH 2 patent families relating to coronavirus spike protein compositions relevant to our MVA SARS-CoV2 vaccine candidates. The patent applications for these families, if issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire between 2037 and 2041, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We wholly one pending U.S. application directed to MVA-based vaccines for the treatment of Zika virus. The patent application, if issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2037, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We co-own one patent family with Leidos, Inc. directed to viral constructs for use in enhancing T-cell priming during vaccination. The patent applications in this patent family, if issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2042, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We are the exclusive, worldwide licensee of several patents and patent applications, which we refer to as the Emory Technology, owned, licensed or otherwise controlled by Emory University for HIV or smallpox vaccines pursuant to a license agreement originally entered into on August 23, 2002 and restated on June 23, 2004 (the “Emory License”). The in-licensed Emory University patents will expire between 2022 and 2028, exclusive of any patent term extensions. Through the Emory License we are also a non-exclusive licensee of four issued United States patents owned by the NIH related to the ability of our MVA vector vaccine to operate as a vehicle to deliver HIV virus antigens, and to induce an immune response in humans. These in-licensed NIH patents will expire in 2023, exclusive of any patent term extensions.

The MVA backbone that we have been using in our vaccines was provided to us by the laboratory of Dr. Bernard Moss of the NIAID, Laboratory of Viral Diseases (LVD). We have a non-exclusive commercial license to the NIH MVA backbone for our SARS CoV-2 vaccine with the NIAID of the National Institutes of Health NIH on behalf of the United States, which includes the use of certain patents and patent applications arising from the Moss laboratory and the provided materials. We also have a non-exclusive research and development license to use the MVA backbone for our other vaccine candidates. If we later decide to commercialize vaccine candidates that are under the research and development license, we will need to negotiate appropriate commercialization licenses. These in-licensed NIH patents and patent applications, if and where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire between 2023 and 2032, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

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We have exclusively in-licensed three patent families from the City of Hope in the field of vaccine products targeted for prevention, reduction, amelioration or treatment of COVID-19 pursuant to an Exclusive License Agreement entered into on November 9, 2021. The in-licensed patent families are directed to synthetic MVA vectors, including synthetic MVA vaccines encoding one or more SARS-CoV-2 antigens, and their methods of production and use, and encompass COH04S1, a multi-antigenic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine currently undergoing Phase 2 human clinical trials. These in-licensed City of Hope patent families, if issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire in 2041, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We have exclusively in-licensed two patent families from the University of Alabama and the Southern Research Institute pursuant to an Assignment and License Agreement with PNP Therapeutics, Inc. entered into on September 28, 2021. The two patent families are directed to the use of tail-mutant purine nucleoside phosphorylase enzymes and fludarabine for the treatment of cancer, and cover aspects of the use of our Gedeptin clinical product candidate. These in-licensed patent families, where issued, valid, and enforceable, will expire between 2029 and 2032, exclusive of any patent term adjustments or extensions.

We cannot be certain that any of the current pending patent applications we have or have licensed, or any new patent applications we may file or license, will ever be issued in the United States or any other country. Even if issued, there can be no assurance that those patents will be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our products or processes. Furthermore, our patents, as well as those we have licensed or may license in the future, may be held invalid or unenforceable by a court, or third parties could obtain patents that we would need to either license or to design around, which we may be unable to do. Current and future competitors may have licensed or filed patent applications or received patents and may acquire additional patents or proprietary rights relating to products or processes competitive to ours. In addition, any claims relating to the infringement of third-party proprietary rights, or earlier date of invention, even if not meritorious, could result in costly litigation, lengthy governmental proceedings, divert management’s attention and resources and require us to enter royalty or license agreements which are not advantageous to us, if available at all.

We also expect to benefit, where appropriate, from statutory frameworks in the United States, Europe, and other countries that provide a period of regulatory exclusivity to compensate for the time and cost required in securing regulatory approval of our clinical products. For example, in 2010, the United States enacted the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA). Under the BPCIA, innovator manufacturers of biological products may be granted 12 years of exclusive use before biosimilar versions of such products can be licensed for marketing in the U.S. This means that the FDA may not approve an application for a biosimilar version of our products until 12 years after the date the product is approved for sale (with a potential six-month extension of exclusivity if certain pediatric studies are conducted and the results accepted by the FDA), although a biosimilar application may be submitted four years after the date we receive approval from the FDA to sell our product. Additionally, the BPCIA establishes procedures by which potentially relevant patents may be shared and litigation over patents may proceed in advance of approval. The BPCIA also provides incentives to biosimilar applicants by providing a period of exclusivity to the first biosimilar of a product approved by the FDA. The 12-year data exclusivity provision of the BPCIA does not prevent a competitor from seeking marketing approval of one of our products, or a product similar thereto, by submitting its own, original Biologics License Application (BLA).

We intend to benefit, where applicable, from additional market exclusivity provisions in various jurisdictions that reward the treatments of rare diseases. For example, in the United States under the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a vaccine product intended to prevent or treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan designation must be requested before submitting a BLA. After the FDA grants orphan designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years from the date of such approval, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety, or providing a major contribution to patient care, or in instances of drug supply issues. Competitors, however, may receive approval of either a different product for the same indication or the same product for a different indication; in the latter case, because health care professionals are free to prescribe products for off-label uses, the competitor’s product could be used for the orphan indication despite our orphan exclusivity.

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We are not a party to any litigation, opposition, interference, or other potentially adverse proceeding with regard to our patent positions. However, if we become involved in litigation, interference proceedings, oppositions or other intellectual property proceedings, for example as a result of an alleged infringement or a third-party alleging an earlier date of invention, we may have to spend significant amounts of money and time and, in the event of an adverse ruling, we could be subject to liability for damages, invalidation of our intellectual property and injunctive relief that could prevent us from using technologies or developing products, any of which could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial conditions or results of operations. In addition, any claims relating to the infringement of third-party proprietary rights, or earlier date of invention, even if not meritorious, could result in costly litigation, lengthy governmental proceedings, divert management’s attention and resources and require us to enter royalty or license agreements which are not advantageous if available at all.

In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented, proprietary trade secrets and know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees, and consultants, and invention assignment agreements with our employees. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant us ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees, and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

License Agreements

City of Hope License – On November 9, 2021, we entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (COH License) with City of Hope (COH), a California nonprofit public benefit corporation, under which the Company obtained exclusive worldwide rights to further develop and commercialize COH04S1, a multi-antigenic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine currently undergoing Phase 2 human clinical trials. The COH License grants GeoVax exclusive rights to key patents, know-how, regulatory filings and clinical materials for use against COVID-19. The terms of the COH License, include an upfront fee consisting of an initial payment to COH of $5,000,000 within 30 days of the effective date of the COH License, and additional payments of $3,000,000 and $2,000,000 on the first and second anniversaries, respectively, of the effective date of the COH License. The terms also include milestone payments due upon the achievement of selected development, regulatory and sales events. The Company will also pay COH an annual royalty on net sales of products covered by the patents licensed from COH on a country-by-country and licensed product-by-licensed product basis, subject to specified reductions.

Gedeptin License – On September 28, 2021, we entered into an Assignment and License Agreement (the “Gedeptin License”) with PNP Therapeutics, Inc. (“PNP”) under which the Company obtained exclusive worldwide rights to key intellectual property, including Gedeptin patents, know-how, regulatory filings, clinical materials, and trademarks. The Gedeptin patent portfolio was originally licensed from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (“UAB”) and Southern Research Institute (“SRI”) by PNP. Under the terms of the Gedeptin License, the Company is the successor to PNP under the Exclusive License Agreement between UAB, SRI and PNP, and has acquired the exclusive rights to develop and commercialize Gedeptin, a novel patented product for the treatment of solid tumors.

The terms of the Gedeptin License, include (i) an upfront payment at closing, (ii) milestone payments due upon the achievement of selected development and regulatory events, and (iii) quarterly support payments for the lesser period of three years or the Company’s filing for FDA approval of its Biologics License Application on the use of Gedeptin for the treatment of head and neck cancer in humans. The Company will also pay tiered percentage annual royalties in the low-to-mid teens on Net Sales (as defined in the Gedeptin License) of products covered under the Gedeptin License on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis, subject to specified reductions. The Company also issued a warrant to PNP, exercisable at any time following March 28, 2022, and prior to September 28, 2026, for up to 100,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $13.00 per share. The Gedeptin License will remain in effect during the original term, which concludes upon FDA approval of a generic or biosimilar product, and then will automatically renew for 5-year additional terms, subject to customary termination rights.

NIH Licenses – On November 25, 2020, the Company entered into a Patent and Biological Materials License Agreement for Internal Research Use (the “Research License”) with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), as represented by NIAID, in support of the Company’s non-clinical development of vaccines against numerous pathogens. The Research License allows GeoVax to use these materials and patent rights owned by agencies of the HHS in combination with the Company’s proprietary technology for the creation of preventive and/or therapeutic Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus-Virus Like Particle (MVA-VLP) vaccines against Ebola-Zaire virus, Ebola-Sudan virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, Zika virus and malaria. The agreement also extends to the Company’s research and development efforts in certain oncology areas. The agreement provides GeoVax with nonexclusive rights for the nonclinical development and manufacturing of its vaccine and immunotherapy candidates using HHS patents and materials.

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On October 22, 2020, the Company entered into a Patent and Biological Materials License Agreement (the “COVID License”) with HHS, as represented by NIAID, in support of the Company’s development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The COVID License allows GeoVax to use these materials and patent rights owned by agencies of the HHS in combination with the Company’s proprietary technology for the creation of a preventive Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus-Virus Like Particle (MVA-VLP) vaccine that primes and/or boosts the immune system against COVID-19. The COVID License provides GeoVax with nonexclusive rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize its COVID-19 vaccine and includes access to NIAID’s patent rights in the stabilized SPIKE protein, which is the protein that SARS-CoV-2 uses to gain entry into human tissue.

Scientific Advisors

We seek advice from our Scientific Advisory Board, which consists of a number of leading scientists, on scientific and medical matters. The current members of our Scientific Advisory Board are:

Name	Position/Institutional Affiliation
Harriet L. Robinson, PhD.	Chief Scientific Officer Emeritus, GeoVax
Stanley A. Plotkin, MD	Professor Emeritus, University of Pennsylvania, Adjunct Professor, Johns Hopkins University
Barney S. Graham, MD, PhD	Senior Investigator, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID
Scott C. Weaver, PhD	Director, University of Texas Medical Branch Institute for Human Infections and Immunity Scientific Director, Galveston National Laboratory
Olivera J. Finn, PhD	Distinguished Professor of Immunology and Surgery, University of Pittsburgh

Human Capital Resources

We currently have eleven full-time employees. None of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and we believe that our employee relations are good. We also engage consultants and independent contractors to fulfill key roles and/or provide expert services on both an ongoing and short-term basis.

We believe that our future success largely depends upon our continued ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. We provide our employees with competitive compensation, opportunity for equity ownership, and a robust employment package that promotes wellness across all aspects of their lives, including healthcare, retirement planning, and paid time off.

Corporate Background

The predecessor of our parent company, GeoVax Labs, Inc. (the reporting entity) was originally incorporated in June 1988 under the laws of Illinois as Dauphin Technology, Inc. (“Dauphin”). In September 2006, Dauphin completed a merger with GeoVax, Inc. As a result of the merger, GeoVax, Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Dauphin, and Dauphin changed its name to GeoVax Labs, Inc. In June 2008, the Company was reincorporated under the laws of Delaware. We currently do not conduct any business other than GeoVax, Inc.’s business of developing new products for the treatment or prevention of human diseases. Our principal offices are in Smyrna, Georgia which is in the Atlanta metropolitan area.

Available Information

Our website address is www.geovax.com. We make our SEC filings, such as proxy statements, Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports available on this website under “Investors – SEC Reports,” free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the SEC. We also make available our Code of Business Conduct on this website under the heading “Investors – Corporate Governance”. Information contained on our website is not incorporated into this Annual Report.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Ownership of our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review and consider the risks, uncertainties and other factors described below before you decide whether to own our securities. Any of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects and could negatively impact the market price of our common stock, and you may lose some or all of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations. You should also refer to the other information contained in this Form 10-K, including our financial statements and the related notes.

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Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, discussed in more detail in the following section. These risks include, among others, the following key risks:

Risks Related to Our Business and Capital Requirements

● We have a history of operating losses, and we expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future.

● Our business will require continued funding. If we do not receive adequate funding, we may not be able to continue our operations.

● Significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of information security systems could adversely affect our business.

● Our business could be adversely affected by widespread public health epidemics or other catastrophic events beyond our control.

Risks Related to Development and Commercialization of Product Candidates and Dependence on Third Parties

● Our products are still being developed and are unproven. These products may not be successful.

● We depend upon key personnel who may terminate their employment with us at any time. If we were to lose the services of any of these individuals, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

● Regulatory and legal uncertainties could result in significant costs or otherwise harm our business.

● We face intense competition and rapid technological change that could result in products that are superior to the products we will be commercializing or developing.

● Our product candidates are based on new medical technology and, consequently, are inherently risky. Concerns about the safety and efficacy of our products could limit our future success.

● We may experience delays in our clinical trials that could adversely affect our financial results and our commercial prospects.

● Failure to obtain timely regulatory approvals required to exploit the commercial potential of our products could increase our future development costs or impair our future sales.

● State pharmaceutical marketing compliance and reporting requirements may expose us to regulatory and legal action by state governments or other government authorities.

● Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict, and may have a significant adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

● We may not be successful in establishing collaborations for product candidates we seek to commercialize, which could adversely affect our ability to discover, develop, and commercialize products.

● We do not have manufacturing, sales or marketing experience.

● Our products under development may not gain market acceptance.

● We may be required to defend lawsuits or pay damages for product liability claims.

● Reimbursement decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance. If there is not sufficient reimbursement for our products, it is less likely that they will be widely used.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

● Our success depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

● We could lose our license rights to our important intellectual property if we do not fulfill our contractual obligations to our licensors.

● Other parties may claim that we infringe their intellectual property or proprietary rights, which could cause us to incur significant expenses or prevent us from selling products.

● Any inability to protect our or our licensors’ intellectual property rights in the United States and foreign countries could limit our ability to prevent others from manufacturing or selling our products.

● Changes in United States patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.

● The patent protection and patent prosecution for our product candidates is dependent in part on third parties.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

● The market price of our common stock is highly volatile.

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● The sale or issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

● Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation which authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock may make it more difficult for a third party to effect a change in control.

● We have never paid dividends and have no plans to do so. 

● Public company compliance may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain officers and directors.

● Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may be amended by the affirmative vote of a majority of our stockholders.

● Broker-dealers may be discouraged from effecting transactions in shares of our common stock if we are considered to be a penny stock and thus subject to the penny stock rules.

Risks Related to Our Business and Capital Requirements

We have a history of operating losses, and we expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future.

As a research and development-focused company, we have had no product revenue to date and revenues from our government grants and other collaborations have not generated sufficient cash flows to cover operating expenses. Since our inception, we have incurred operating losses each year due to costs incurred in connection with research and development activities and general and administrative expenses associated with our operations. We incurred a net loss of $18,570,317 for the year ended December 31, 2021. We expect to incur additional operating losses and expect cumulative losses to increase as our research and development, preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing efforts expand. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability to successfully complete the development of our product candidates, conduct preclinical tests and clinical trials, obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, and manufacture and market or otherwise commercialize our products. Unless we are able to successfully meet these challenges, we will not be profitable and may not remain in business.

Our business will require continued funding. If we do not receive adequate funding, we may not be able to continue our operations.

To date, we have financed our operations principally through the sale of our equity securities and through government grants and clinical trial support. We will require substantial additional financing at various intervals for our operations, including clinical trials, operating expenses, intellectual property protection and enforcement, for pursuit of regulatory approvals, and for establishing or contracting out manufacturing, marketing and sales functions. There is no assurance that such additional funding will be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are not able to secure the significant funding that is required to maintain and continue our operations at current levels, or at levels that may be required in the future, we may be required to delay clinical studies or clinical trials, curtail operations, or obtain funds through collaborative arrangements that may require us to relinquish rights to some of our products or potential markets.

We may pursue additional support from the federal government for our vaccine and immunotherapy development programs; however, as we progress to the later stages of our development activities, government financial support may be more difficult to obtain, or may not be available at all. Therefore, it will be necessary for us to look to other sources of funding to finance our development activities.

We expect that our current working capital will be sufficient to support our planned level of operations into the second quarter of 2023. We will need to raise additional funds to significantly advance our vaccine development programs and to continue our operations. In order to meet our operating cash flow needs we plan to seek sources of non-dilutive capital through government grant programs and clinical trial support. We may also plan additional offerings of our equity securities, debt, or convertible debt instruments. Should the financing we require to sustain our working capital needs be unavailable or prohibitively expensive when we require it, the consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of information security systems could adversely affect our business.

We rely upon a combination of information technology systems and traditional recordkeeping to operate our business. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store, and transmit confidential information (including, but not limited to, personal information and intellectual property). We have also outsourced elements of our operations to third parties, including elements of our information technology systems and, as a result, we manage a number of independent vendor relationships with third parties who may or could have access to our confidential information. Our information technology and information security systems and records are potentially vulnerable to security breaches, service interruptions, or data loss from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees or vendors. Our information technology and information security systems and records are also potentially vulnerable to malicious attacks by third parties. Such attacks are of ever-increasing levels of sophistication and are made by groups and individuals with a wide range of expertise and motives (including, but not limited to, financial crime, industrial espionage, and market manipulation).

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While we have invested, and continue to invest, a portion of our limited funds in our information technology and information security systems, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent security breaches, service interruptions, or data losses. Any security breaches, service interruptions, or data losses could adversely affect our business operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive confidential information or intellectual property, and could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us or allow third parties to gain material, inside information that they may use to trade in our securities.

Our business could be adversely affected by widespread public health epidemics or other catastrophic events beyond our control.

In addition to our reliance on our own employees and facilities, we depend on our collaborators, laboratories and other facilities for the continued operation of our business. Despite any precautions we take, public health epidemics, such as COVID-19, or other catastrophic events, such as natural disasters, terrorist attacks, hurricanes, fire, floods and ice and snowstorms, may result in interruptions in our business.

Although the necessary work within our laboratory and of our collaborators has continued without significant interruption from the COVID-19 pandemic, we continue to monitor the situation and may adjust our current policies as more information and guidance become available, temporarily suspending travel and limitations on doing business in-person has and could continue to negatively impact our business development efforts and create operational or other challenges, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic could disrupt our operations due to absenteeism by infected or ill members of management or other employees because of our limited staffing. COVID-19 related illness could also impact members of our Board of Directors resulting in absenteeism from meetings of the directors or committees of directors and making it more difficult to convene the quorums of the full Board of Directors or its committees needed to conduct meetings for the management of our affairs.

Risks Related to Development and Commercialization of Product Candidates and Dependence on Third Parties

Our products are still being developed and are unproven. These products may not be successful.

To become profitable, we must generate revenue through sales of our products. However, our products are in varying stages of development and testing. Our products have not been proven in human clinical trials and have not been approved by any government agency for sale. If we cannot successfully develop and prove our products and processes, or if we do not develop other sources of revenue, we will not become profitable and at some point, we would discontinue operations.

We depend upon key personnel who may terminate their employment with us at any time. If we were to lose the services of any of these individuals, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

The success of our business strategy will depend to a significant degree upon the continued services of key management, technical and scientific personnel and our ability to attract and retain additional qualified personnel and managers. Competition for qualified personnel is intense among companies, academic institutions and other organizations. The ability to attract and retain personnel is adversely affected by our financial challenges. If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and advisors, it may negatively affect our ability to successfully develop, test, commercialize and market our products and product candidates.

Regulatory and legal uncertainties could result in significant costs or otherwise harm our business.

To manufacture and sell our products, we must comply with extensive domestic and international regulation. In order to sell our products in the United States, approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) is required. Satisfaction of regulatory requirements, including FDA requirements, typically takes many years, and if approval is obtained at all, it is dependent upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product, and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. We cannot predict whether our products will be approved by the FDA. Even if they are approved, we cannot predict the time frame for approval. Foreign regulatory requirements differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may, in some cases, be more stringent or difficult to meet than FDA requirements. As with the FDA, we cannot predict if or when we may obtain these regulatory approvals. If we cannot demonstrate that our products can be used safely and successfully in a broad segment of the patient population on a long-term basis, our products would likely be denied approval by the FDA and the regulatory agencies of foreign governments.

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We face intense competition and rapid technological change that could result in products that are superior to the products we will be commercializing or developing.

The market for vaccines that protect against or treat human infectious diseases is intensely competitive and is subject to rapid and significant technological change. We have numerous competitors in the United States and abroad, including, among others, large companies with substantially greater resources than us. If any of our competitors develop products with efficacy or safety profiles significantly better than our products, we may not be able to commercialize our products, and sales of any of our commercialized products could be harmed. Some of our competitors and potential competitors have substantially greater product development capabilities and financial, scientific, marketing and human resources than we do. Competitors may develop products earlier, obtain FDA approvals for products more rapidly, or develop products that are more effective than those under development by us. We will seek to expand our technological capabilities to remain competitive; however, research and development by others may render our technologies or products obsolete or noncompetitive or result in treatments or cures superior to ours.

Our product candidates are based on new medical technology and, consequently, are inherently risky. Concerns about the safety and efficacy of our products could limit our future success.

We are subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of product candidates based on new medical technologies. These risks include the possibility that the products we create will not be effective, that our product candidates will be unsafe or otherwise fail to receive the necessary regulatory approvals, and that our product candidates will be difficult to manufacture on a large scale or will be uneconomical to market.

Many pharmaceutical products cause multiple potential complications and side effects, not all of which can be predicted with accuracy and many of which may vary from patient to patient. Long term follow-up data may reveal previously unidentified complications associated with our products. The responses of potential physicians and others to information about complications could materially adversely affect the market acceptance of our products, which in turn would materially harm our business.

We may experience delays in our clinical trials that could adversely affect our financial results and our commercial prospects.

We do not know whether planned pre-clinical and clinical trials will begin on time or whether we will complete any of our trials on schedule, if at all. Product development costs will increase if we have delays in testing or approvals, or if we need to perform more or larger clinical trials than planned. Significant delays may adversely affect our financial results and the commercial prospects for our products and delay our ability to become profitable.

We rely heavily on independent clinical investigators, vaccine manufacturers, and other third-party service providers for successful execution of our clinical trials, but do not control many aspects of their activities. We are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial participants are protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. Third parties may not complete activities on schedule or may not conduct our clinical trials in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols. The failure of these third parties to carry out their obligations could delay or prevent the development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates.

Failure to obtain timely regulatory approvals required to exploit the commercial potential of our products could increase our future development costs or impair our future sales.

None of our vaccines are approved by the FDA for sale in the United States or by other regulatory authorities for sale in foreign countries. To exploit the commercial potential of our technologies, we are conducting and planning to conduct additional pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. This process is expensive and can require a significant amount of time. Failure can occur at any stage of testing, even if the results are favorable. Failure to adequately demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical trials could delay or preclude regulatory approval and restrict our ability to commercialize our technology or products. Any such failure may severely harm our business. In addition, any approvals we obtain may not cover all of the clinical indications for which approval is sought or may contain significant limitations in the form of narrow indications, warnings, precautions or contraindications with respect to conditions of use, or in the form of onerous risk management plans, restrictions on distribution, or post-approval study requirements.

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State pharmaceutical marketing compliance and reporting requirements may expose us to regulatory and legal action by state governments or other government authorities.

Several states have enacted legislation requiring pharmaceutical companies to establish marketing compliance programs and file periodic reports on sales, marketing, pricing and other activities. Similar legislation is being considered in other states. Many of these requirements are new and uncertain, and available guidance is limited. Unless we are in full compliance with these laws, we could face enforcement action, fines, and other penalties and could receive adverse publicity, all of which could harm our business.

Changes in healthcare law and implementing regulations, as well as changes in healthcare policy, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict, and may have a significant adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In the United States and foreign jurisdictions, there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, including in the European Union, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”), substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both the government and private insurers, and significantly impacts the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The Affordable Care Act includes a number of provisions that are intended to lower healthcare costs, including provisions relating to prescription drug prices and government spending on medical products.

Since its enactment, there have also been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act, as well as efforts by the former Trump administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the statute. We continue to evaluate the effect that the Affordable Care Act and subsequent changes to the statute has on our business. It is uncertain the extent to which any such changes may impact our business or financial condition.

There has also been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products. There have been several Congressional inquiries and proposed bills, as well as state efforts, designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. In June 2017, the FDA issued a Drug Competition Action plan intended to lower prescription drug prices by encouraging competition from generic versions of existing products. In July 2018, the FDA issued a Biosimilar Action Plan, intended to similarly promote competition to prescription biologics from biosimilars.

Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures. For example, in September 2017, the California State Assembly approved SB17, which requires pharmaceutical companies to notify health insurers and government health plans at least 60 days before any scheduled increases in the prices of their products if they exceed 16% over a two-year period, and further requiring pharmaceutical companies to explain the reasons for such increase. Effective in 2016, Vermont passed a law requiring certain manufacturers identified by the state to justify their price increases.

We expect that these, and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and lower reimbursement, and in downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our drugs, once marketing approval is obtained.

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We may not be successful in establishing collaborations for product candidates we seek to commercialize, which could adversely affect our ability to discover, develop, and commercialize products.

We expect to seek collaborations for the development and commercialization of product candidates in the future. The timing and terms of any collaboration will depend on the evaluation by prospective collaborators of the clinical trial results and other aspects of a product’s safety and efficacy profile. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators for any product candidate, we will be forced to fund the entire development and commercialization of such product candidates, ourselves, and we may not have the resources to do so. If resource constraints require us to enter into a collaboration agreement early in the development of a product candidate, we may be forced to accept a more limited share of any revenues the product may eventually generate. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, these collaboration arrangements are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish collaborations or other alternative arrangements for any product candidate. Even if we are successful in establishing collaborations, we may not be able to ensure fulfillment by collaborators of their obligations or our expectations.

We do not have manufacturing, sales or marketing experience.

We do not have experience in manufacturing, selling, or marketing. To obtain the expertise necessary to successfully manufacture, market, and sell our products, we must develop our own commercial infrastructure and/or collaborative commercial arrangements and partnerships. Our ability to execute our current operating plan is dependent on numerous factors, including, the performance of third-party collaborators with whom we may contract.

Our products under development may not gain market acceptance.

Our products may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers and the medical community. Significant factors in determining whether we will be able to compete successfully include:

● the efficacy and safety of our products;

● the time and scope of regulatory approval;

● reimbursement coverage from insurance companies and others;

● the price and cost-effectiveness of our products, especially as compared to any competitive products; and

● the ability to maintain patent protection; and

● the market demand is not readily known.

We may be required to defend lawsuits or pay damages for product liability claims.

Product liability is a major risk in testing and marketing biotechnology and pharmaceutical products. We may face substantial product liability exposure in human clinical trials and for products that we sell after regulatory approval. We carry product liability insurance and we expect to continue such policies. However, product liability claims, regardless of their merits, could exceed policy limits, divert management’s attention, and adversely affect our reputation and demand for our products.

Reimbursement decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance. If there is not sufficient reimbursement for our products, it is less likely that they will be widely used.

Market acceptance of products we develop, if approved, will depend on reimbursement policies and may be affected by, among other things, future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will cover and establish payment levels. We cannot be certain that reimbursement will be available for any products that we may develop. Also, we cannot be certain that reimbursement policies will not reduce the demand for, or the price paid for our products. If reimbursement is not available or is available on a limited basis, we may not be able to successfully commercialize products that we develop.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our success depends on our ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies

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In general, our commercial success will depend in part on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our intellectual property and proprietary technologies, including patent protection and trade secret protection for our product candidates, proprietary technologies and their uses as well as our ability to operate without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property rights of others. If we or our licensors are unable to obtain, maintain, protect, or enforce our intellectual property rights or if our intellectual property rights are inadequate for our technology or our product candidates, our competitive position could be harmed, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial conditions, and prospects. There can be no assurance that our patent applications will result in patents being issued or that issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors with similar technologies, nor can there be any assurance that the patents if issued will not be infringed, misappropriated, violated, designed around or invalidated by third parties. Even issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. The degree of future protection for our intellectual property is uncertain. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. These uncertainties and/or limitations in our ability to properly obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce the intellectual property rights relating to our product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We cannot be certain that the claims in our in-licensed pending patent applications will be considered patentable by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries, nor can we be certain that claims that may ultimately issue from our patent applications will not be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged. If we or our licensors are unable to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to our product candidates, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

We could lose our license rights to our important intellectual property if we do not fulfill our contractual obligations to our licensors.

Our rights to significant parts of the technology we use in our products are licensed from third parties and are subject to termination if we do not fulfill our contractual obligations to our licensors. Termination of intellectual property rights under any of our license agreements could adversely impact our ability to produce or protect our products. Our obligations under our license agreements include requirements that we make milestone payments to our licensors upon the achievement of clinical development and regulatory approval milestones, royalties as we sell commercial products, and reimbursement of patent filing and maintenance expenses. Should we become bankrupt or otherwise unable to fulfill our contractual obligations, our licensors could terminate our rights to critical technology that we rely upon.

Other parties may claim that we infringe their intellectual property or proprietary rights, which could cause us to incur significant expenses or prevent us from selling products

Our success will depend in part on our ability to operate without infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. The manufacture, use and sale of biologic products have been subject to substantial patent litigation in the biopharmaceutical industry. Such lawsuits often relate to the validity or infringement of patents or other proprietary rights of third parties. Pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, universities, research institutions or other third parties may have filed patent applications or may have been granted patents that cover aspects of our products or our licensors’ products, product candidates or other technologies.

Future or existing patents issued to third parties may contain patent claims that cover our products or their use or manufacture. In particular, the patent landscape in the COVID-19 vaccine space is crowded, and a large number of patent applications have been filed by numerous entities since January 2020, including for the use of certain SARS-CoV-2 antigens and antigenic combinations, including from Moderna, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sementis LTD., VaxBio, Inc., Oxford University, BioNTech, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Diosynvax LTD., The University of Alberta, and Tonix Pharmaceuticals. We expect to be subject to infringement claims from time to time in the ordinary course of business, and third parties could assert infringement claims against us in the future with respect to our current products or with respect to products that we may develop or license. Litigation or interference proceedings could force us to:

● stop or delay selling, manufacturing or using products that incorporate, or are made using the challenged intellectual property;

● pay damages; or

● enter into licensing or royalty agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

Any litigation or interference proceedings, regardless of their outcome, would likely delay the regulatory approval process, be costly and require significant time and attention of our key management and technical personnel.

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Any inability to protect our or our licensors’ intellectual property rights in the United States and foreign countries could limit our ability to prevent others from manufacturing or selling our products.

We will rely on trade secrets, unpatented proprietary know-how, continuing technological innovation and, in some cases, patent protection to preserve our competitive position. Our patents and licensed patent rights may be challenged, invalidated, infringed or circumvented, and the rights granted in those patents may not provide proprietary protection or competitive advantages to us. We and our licensors may not be able to develop patentable products with acceptable patent protection. Even if patent claims are allowed, the claims may not issue, or in the event of issuance, may not be sufficient to protect the technology owned by or licensed to us. If patents containing competitive or conflicting claims are issued to third parties, we may be prevented from commercializing the products covered by such patents or may be required to obtain or develop alternate technology. In addition, other parties may duplicate, design around or independently develop similar or alternative technologies.

Some of our patent families and our in-licensed patent families are in an early stage of prosecution and cannot be enforced against third parties practicing the technology claimed in such applications unless, and until, patents are issued from such applications, and then only to the extent the issued claims cover the third-party technology. There can be no assurance that our patent applications will result in patents being issued or that issued patents will afford sufficient protection against competitors with similar technologies. There can be no assurance that the patents if issued will not be infringed, misappropriated, violated, designed around or invalidated by third parties. Even issued patents may later be found invalid or unenforceable or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. The degree of future protection for our intellectual property is uncertain. Only limited protection may be available and may not adequately obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. These uncertainties and/or limitations in our ability to properly obtain, maintain, protect, and enforce the intellectual property rights relating to our product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing or using our intellectual property, and the parties from whom we may license intellectual property may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing or using the licensed intellectual property. We generally attempt to control and limit access to, and the distribution of, our product documentation and other proprietary information. Despite efforts to protect this proprietary information, unauthorized parties may obtain and use information that we may regard as proprietary. Other parties may independently develop similar know-how or may even obtain access to these technologies.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary information to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems and costs in protecting their proprietary information in these foreign countries.

Furthermore, even if our or our licensors’ patent applications are granted, the patent term may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time. Patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest United States non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates have been or are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing, and regulatory review of product candidates, patents protecting our product candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing product candidates similar or identical to ours.

Changes in United States patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our product candidates.

As is the case with other biotechnology companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing biotechnology patents is costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or in the interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property and may increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents. We cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be allowed or enforced in our patents or in third-party patents. In addition, Congress or other foreign legislative bodies may pass patent reform legislation that is unfavorable to us.

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For example, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, signed into law on September 16, 2011, includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted, redefine prior art and provide more efficient and cost-effective avenues for competitors to challenge the validity of patents. These include allowing third-party submission of prior art to the USPTO during patent prosecution and additional procedures to attack the validity of a patent by USPTO administered post-grant proceedings, including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. Further, because of a lower evidentiary standard in these USPTO post-grant proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Thus, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation can increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. After March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith Act, the United States transitioned to a first inventor to file system in which, assuming that the other statutory requirements are met, the first inventor to file a patent application is entitled to the patent on an invention regardless of whether a third-party was the first to invent the claimed invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 2013, but before we file an application covering the same invention, could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either (i) file any patent application related to our product candidates and other proprietary technologies we may develop or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensor’s patents or patent applications. Even where we have a valid and enforceable patent, we may not be able to exclude others from practicing the claimed invention where the other party can show that they used the invention in commerce before our filing date or the other party benefits from a compulsory license. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In addition, the patent positions of companies in the development and commercialization of biologics and pharmaceuticals are particularly uncertain. Recent United States Supreme Court and Federal Circuit rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. For example, recent Federal Circuit rulings such as Ariad Pharms., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (en banc), Wyeth & Cordis Corp. v. Abbott Labs, 720 F.3d 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2013), Enzo Life Scis., Inc. v. Roche Molecular Sys., 928 F.3d 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2019), and Idenix Pharms. LLC v. Gilead Scis. Inc., 941 F.3d 1149 (Fed. Cir. 2019), and Amgen Inc. v. Sanofi, 987 F.3d 1080 (Fed. Cir. 2021) have significantly heightened the standard for securing broad claims to pharmaceutical and biological products.

In addition to heightened patentability requirements, recent Supreme Court and Federal Circuit cases relating to biosimilar product approval under the BPCIA, have held that the “patent dance” provisions of the statute, which are intended to resolve any patent infringement issues before the approval of a biosimilar, are discretionary, and a biosimilar applicant can opt out by refusing to provide a copy of its application and manufacturing information to the biologic sponsor (see Sandoz Inc. v. Amgen Inc.,137 S. Ct. 1664 (2017). It may be that we do not learn of a biosimilar application until after FDA publishes its approval (see Immunex v. Samsung Bioepsis, 2:19-cv-117555-CCC-MF (D.N.J. Apr. 30, 2019). In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by Congress, the United States federal courts, the USPTO, or similar authorities in foreign jurisdictions, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents we might obtain in the future.

The patent protection and patent prosecution for our product candidates is dependent in part on third parties.

We or our licensors may fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions made in the course of development and commercialization activities before it is too late to obtain patent protection on them. Therefore, we may miss potential opportunities to strengthen our patent position. It is possible that defects of form in the preparation or filing of our patents or patent applications may exist, or may arise in the future, for example, with respect to proper priority claims, inventorship, claim scope, or requests for patent term adjustments. If we or our licensors, fail to establish, maintain, or protect such patents and other intellectual property rights, such rights may be reduced or eliminated. If our licensors are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance, or enforcement of any patent rights, such patent rights could be compromised. If there are material defects in the form, preparation, prosecution, or enforcement of our patents or patent applications, such patents may be invalid and/or unenforceable, and such applications may never result in valid, enforceable patents. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

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We rely on third parties to file and prosecute patent applications and maintain patents and otherwise protect the licensed intellectual property under some of our license agreements. We have not had and do not have primary control over these activities for our patents or patent applications and other intellectual property rights. We cannot be certain that such activities by third parties have been or will be conducted in compliance with applicable laws and regulations or will result in valid and enforceable patents or other intellectual property rights. Pursuant to the terms of the license agreements with some of our licensors, the licensors may have the right to control enforcement of our licensed patents or defense of any claims asserting the invalidity of these patents and even if we are permitted to pursue such enforcement or defense, we will require the cooperation of our licensors. We cannot be certain that our licensors will allocate sufficient resources or prioritize their or our enforcement of such patents or defense of such claims to protect our interests in the licensed patents. Even if we are not a party to these legal actions, an adverse outcome could harm our business because it might prevent us from continuing to license intellectual property that we may need to operate our business. If any of our licensors fail to appropriately prosecute and maintain patent protection for patents covering our product candidates, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using, and selling competing products.

In addition, even where we have the right to control patent prosecution of patents and patent applications we have acquired or licensed from third parties, we may still be adversely affected or prejudiced by actions or inactions of our predecessors or licensors and their counsel that took place prior to us assuming control over patent prosecution.

Our technology acquired or licensed from various third parties may be subject to retained rights. Our predecessors or licensors often retain certain rights under their agreements with us, including the right to use the underlying technology for non-commercial academic and research use, to publish general scientific findings from research related to the technology, and to make customary scientific and scholarly disclosures of information relating to the technology. It is difficult to monitor whether our predecessors or licensors limit their use of the technology to these uses, and we could incur substantial expenses to enforce our rights to our licensed technology in the event of misuse.

In addition, the research resulting in certain of our in-licensed patent rights and technology was funded in part by the United States government. As a result, the government may have certain rights, or march-in rights, to such patent rights and technology. When new technologies are developed with government funding, the government generally obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a nonexclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention for noncommercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or allow third parties to use our licensed technology. The United States government also has the right to take title to these inventions if the applicable licensor fails to disclose the invention to the government or fails to file an application to register the intellectual property within specified time limits. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to United States industry. In addition, our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such inventions in the United States. Any exercise by the government of such rights could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock is highly volatile.

The market price of our common stock has been, and is expected to continue to be, highly volatile. Certain factors, including announcements of new developments by us or other companies, regulatory matters, new or existing medicines or procedures, concerns about our financial position, operating results, litigation, government regulation, developments or disputes relating to agreements, patents or proprietary rights, may have a significant impact on the market price of our stock. In addition, potential dilutive effects of future sales of shares of common stock by us, and subsequent sales of common stock by the holders of our options and warrants could have an adverse effect on the market price of our shares.

In addition, the securities markets from time-to-time experience significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

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The sale or issuance of additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities could result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

In order to meet our operating cash flow needs, we may plan additional offerings of our equity securities, debt, or convertible debt instruments. The sale of additional equity securities could result in significant additional dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness could result in debt service obligations and operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. We cannot assure investors that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all.

We are obligated to issue additional shares of our common stock in connection with our outstanding warrants if the warrant holders choose to exercise them. There are outstanding pre-funded warrants exercisable for 2,360,000 shares at a nominal exercise price, and other outstanding warrants are exercisable for 5,884,115 shares at exercise prices ranging from $3.26 to $13.00 per share. The exercise of these warrants will cause us to issue additional shares of our common stock and will dilute the percentage ownership of our shareholders.

Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation which authorize the issuance of shares of preferred stock may make it more difficult for a third party to effect a change in control.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. The shares of preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, the terms of which may be determined at the time of issuance by our Board of Directors without further action by the stockholders. These terms may include voting rights, including the right to vote as a series on particular matters, preferences as to dividends and liquidation, conversion rights, redemption rights and sinking fund provisions. The issuance of any newly issued preferred stock could diminish the rights of holders of our common stock, and therefore could reduce the value of our common stock. In addition, specific rights granted to future holders of preferred stock could be used to restrict our ability to merge with, or sell assets to, a third party. The ability of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock could make it more difficult, delay, discourage, prevent or make it costlier to acquire or effect a change-in-control, which in turn could prevent the stockholders from recognizing a gain in the event that a favorable offer is extended and could materially and negatively affect the market price of our common stock.

We have never paid dividends and have no plans to do so.

Holders of shares of our common stock are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared by our Board of Directors. To date, we have paid no cash dividends on our shares of common stock and we do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain future earnings, if any, to provide funds for operations of our business. Therefore, any potential return investors may have in our common stock will be in the form of appreciation, if any, in the market value of their shares of common stock.

Public company compliance may make it more difficult for us to attract and retain officers and directors.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the JOBS Act, the FAST Act, and rules subsequently implemented by the SEC have required changes in corporate governance practices of public companies. As a public company, we expect these rules and regulations, and amendments to them, to contribute to our compliance costs and to make certain activities more time consuming and costly. As a public company, we also expect that these rules and regulations may make it difficult and expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. As a result, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may be amended by the affirmative vote of a majority of our stockholders.

Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, a corporation’s certificate of incorporation may be amended by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote, and a majority of the outstanding shares of each class entitled to vote as a class, unless the articles require the vote of a larger percentage of shares. Our Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, does not require the vote of a larger percentage of shares. As permitted under the Delaware General Corporation Law, our Bylaws give our board of directors the power to adopt, amend, or repeal our Bylaws. Our stockholders entitled to vote have concurrent power to adopt, amend, or repeal our Bylaws.

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Broker-dealers may be discouraged from effecting transactions in shares of our common stock if we are considered to be a penny stock and thus subject to the penny stock rules.

The SEC has adopted a number of rules to regulate “penny stocks” that restrict transactions involving stock which is deemed to be penny stock. Such rules include Rules 3a51-1, 15g-1, 15g-2, 15g-3, 15g-4, 15g-5, 15g-6, 15g-7, and 15g-9 under the Exchange Act. These rules may have the effect of reducing the liquidity of penny stocks. “Penny stocks” generally are equity securities with a price of less than $5.00 per share (other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or quoted on Nasdaq if current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system). Our securities have in the past constituted, and may again in the future, if we are delisted from Nasdaq, constitute, “penny stock” within the meaning of the rules. The additional sales practice and disclosure requirements imposed upon U.S. broker-dealers may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in shares of our common stock, which could severely limit the market liquidity of such shares and impede their sale in the secondary market.

A U.S. broker-dealer selling penny stock to anyone other than an established customer or “accredited investor” (generally, an individual with net worth in excess of $1,000,000 (exclusive of personal residence) or an annual income exceeding $200,000, or $300,000 together with his or her spouse) must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and must receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale, unless the broker-dealer or the transaction is otherwise exempt. In addition, the “penny stock” regulations require the U.S. broker-dealer to deliver, prior to any transaction involving a “penny stock”, a disclosure schedule prepared in accordance with SEC standards relating to the “penny stock” market, unless the broker-dealer or the transaction is otherwise exempt. A U.S. broker-dealer is also required to disclose commissions payable to the U.S. broker-dealer and the registered representative and current quotations for the securities. Finally, a U.S. broker-dealer is required to submit monthly statements disclosing recent price information with respect to the “penny stock” held in a customer’s account and information with respect to the limited market in “penny stocks”.

Stockholders should be aware that, according to the SEC, the market for “penny stocks” has suffered in recent years from patterns of fraud and abuse. Such patterns include (i) control of the market for the security by one or a few broker-dealers that are often related to the promoter or issuer; (ii) manipulation of prices through prearranged matching of purchases and sales and false and misleading press releases; (iii) “boiler room” practices involving high-pressure sales tactics and unrealistic price projections by inexperienced sales persons; (iv) excessive and undisclosed bid-ask differentials and markups by selling broker-dealers; and (v) the wholesale dumping of the same securities by promoters and broker-dealers after prices have been manipulated to a desired level, resulting in investor losses. Our management is aware of the abuses that have occurred historically in the penny stock market. Although we do not expect to be in a position to dictate the behavior of the market or of broker-dealers who participate in the market, management will strive within the confines of practical limitations to prevent the described patterns from being established with respect to our securities.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal executive offices are located in Smyrna, Georgia, where we lease approximately 8,400 square feet of office and laboratory space. Our lease for the premises is currently scheduled to terminate on December 31, 2022. We do not currently own any real property. We believe that our current facilities are adequate to meet our immediate needs and believe that we will be able to renew our lease without an adverse impact on our operations. In addition, we believe that if we require additional space, we will be able to obtain additional facilities on commercially reasonable terms.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings. We may from time to time become involved in various legal proceedings such as those arising in the ordinary course of business.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock is currently traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “GOVX”.

Holders

On March 9, 2022, there were 12 holders of record of our common stock. The majority of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, and we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We expect to retain future earnings, if any, for reinvestment in our business. We will not be permitted to pay dividends on our common stock unless all dividends on any preferred stock that may be issued have been paid in full. We currently do not have any plans to issue additional preferred stock. Any credit agreements which we may enter into may also restrict our ability to pay dividends. The payment of dividends in the future will be subject to the discretion of our board of directors and will depend, among other things, on our financial condition, results of operations, cash requirements, future prospects and any other factors our board of directors deems relevant.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered securities during the period covered by this report that have not previously been reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K or a Quarterly Report Form 10-Q.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during the fourth quarter of 2021.

ITEM 6. RESERVED

Not Applicable.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with “Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes beginning on page F-1. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties because they are based on current expectations and relate to future events and our future financial performance. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements because of many important factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Overview and Recent Developments

GeoVax is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancers using novel vector vaccine platforms. GeoVax’s product pipeline includes ongoing human clinical trials in COVID-19 and head and neck cancer. Additional research and development programs include preventive vaccines against Zika Virus, hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, and Lassa) and malaria, as well as immunotherapies for solid tumors. Certain of our vaccine development activities have been, and continue to be, financially supported by the U.S. Government. This support has been both in the form of research grants and contracts awarded directly to us, as well as indirect support for the conduct of preclinical animal studies and human clinical trials.

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GEO-CM04S1 License - In November 2021, GeoVax entered into a license agreement with City of Hope (the “COH License”), granting GeoVax exclusive rights to further develop and commercialize GEO-CM04S1 (formerly referred to as COH04S1). GEO-CM04S1, a synthetic, attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (sMVA) vector expressing Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was initially developed at COH for immunocompromised patients.

GEO-CM04S1 is being studied in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity, compared to the Pfizer mRNA-based vaccine, in patients who have previously received either an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, an autologous hematopoietic cell transplant or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. GEO-CM04S1 is the only COVID-19 vaccine that includes both SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins to advance to a Phase 2 trial in cancer patients. Such vaccines also tend to produce an immune response quickly – in less than 14 days – with only mild side effects. The trial is also the first to compare an investigational multi-antigenic COVID-19 vaccine to the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech in people who are immunocompromised. Such patients have often shown a weak antibody response after receiving currently available COVID-19 vaccines.

In December 2021, patient enrollment began for the Phase 2 portion of a Phase 1/2 trial of GEO-CM04S1, to study its use as a universal booster vaccine to current FDA-approved vaccines. GeoVax believes that the GEO-CM04S1 vaccine, when administered as a heterologous booster, will provide additional recognition elements to the immune system over a homologous boost from mRNA vaccines such as those developed by Moderna or Pfizer, which are directed only toward SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. The COH04S1 vaccine’s MVA backbone may be more effective at inducing COVID-19 immunity since MVA strongly induces T cell responses even in a background of immunosuppression. In addition, GEO-CM04S1 targeting of both Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens, may offer greater protection against the significant sequence variation observed with the Spike antigen.

Gedeptin® License - In September 2021, GeoVax entered into an Assignment and License Agreement with PNP Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Gedeptin License), whereby GeoVax expanded its immuno-oncology pipeline and added a new technology platform through the acquisition of exclusive rights to Gedeptin®, a novel patented product for the treatment of solid tumors through a gene therapy strategy known as GDEPT (Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy). In GDEPT, a vector is used to selectively transduce tumor cells with a nonhuman gene, which expresses an enzyme that can convert a nontoxic prodrug into a potent antitumor compound. A Phase 1/2 clinical trial is currently enrolling to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat cycles of Gedeptin therapy in patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with tumors accessible for injection and no curable treatment options. The FDA has granted Gedeptin Orphan Drug status for the treatment of HNSCC and the initial stage of the ongoing clinical trial is being funded by the FDA pursuant to its Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program. GeoVax’s license to Gedeptin includes rights to expand its use to all human diseases and/or conditions including, but not limited to, cancers.

Our corporate strategy is to advance, protect and exploit our differentiated vaccine/immunotherapy technologies leading to the successful development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and various cancers. Our goal is to advance products through to human clinical testing, and to seek partnership or licensing arrangements for achieving regulatory approval and commercialization. We also leverage third party resources through collaborations and partnerships for preclinical and clinical testing with multiple government, academic and corporate entities.

We have not generated any revenues from the sale of the products we are developing, and we do not expect to generate any such revenues for at least the next several years. Our product candidates will require significant additional research and development efforts, including extensive preclinical and clinical testing. All product candidates that we advance to clinical testing will require regulatory approval prior to commercial use and will require significant costs for commercialization. We may not be successful in our research and development efforts, and we may never generate sufficient product revenue to be profitable.

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Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021			2020			Change
Grant and collaboration revenue	$	385,501		$	1,823,658		$	(1,438,157	)
Operating expenses:
Research and development		15,554,171			2,444,459			13,109,712
General and administrative		3,577,153			2,196,014			1,381,139
Total operating expenses		19,131,324			4,640,473			14,490,851
Loss from operations		(18,745,823	)		(2,816,815	)		(15,929,008	)
Total other income (expense)		175,506			(141,253	)		316,759
Net loss	$	(18,570,317	)	$	(2,958,068	)	$	(15,612,249	)

Grant and Collaboration Revenues

Our grant and collaboration revenues relate to grants and contracts from agencies of the U.S. government and collaborative arrangements with other third parties in support of our vaccine development activities. We record revenue associated with these grants as the related costs and expenses are incurred. The following table summarizes our grant and collaboration revenues for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021		2020		Change
Lassa Fever – U.S. Army Grant	$	85,574	$	1,438,465	$	(1,352,891	)
Covid-19 – NIH SBIR Grant		299,927		-		299,927
Malaria – Collaboration Revenue		-		385,193		(385,193	)
Total	$	385,501	$	1,823,658	$	(1,438,157	)

Grant and collaboration revenues decreased by $1,438,157 (79%) for the year ended December 30, 2021 compared to 2020, attributable to the differing mix of active grants and collaborations as shown in the table above, as well as the timing of expenditures related to such grants and collaborations. As of December 31, 2021, there was $81,526 of approved grant funds remaining and available for use during 2022.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses can fluctuate considerably on a period-to-period basis, depending on the timing of expenditures related to our government grants and other research projects, and other factors. We do not disclose our research and development expenses by project, since our employees’ time is spread across multiple programs and our laboratory facility is used for multiple product candidates. We track the direct cost of research and development expenses related to government grant revenue by the percentage of assigned employees’ time spent on each grant and other direct costs associated with each grant. Indirect costs associated with grants are not tracked separately but are applied based on a contracted overhead rate negotiated with the granting agency. Therefore, the recorded revenues associated with government grants approximate the costs incurred.

Our research and development expenses were $15,554,171 for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $2,444,459 for 2020, representing an increase of $13,109,712 (536%). Of this increase, $10,000,000 relates to upfront license fees pursuant to the COH License ($5,000,000 paid during 2021 and $5,000,000 payable in future years), $1,864,300 relates to clinical trial expense and patent cost reimbursements pursuant to the COH License, and $459,825 relates to upfront license fees (inclusive of $209,825 of stock-based expense) associated with the Gedeptin License. Research and development expense for 2021 and 2020 includes stock-based compensation expense of $96,814 and $7,156, respectively associated with employee stock options, reflecting a $89,658 increase (see discussion under “Stock-Based Compensation Expense” below). The remaining $695,929 increase in research and development expense from 2020 to 2021 relates primarily due to expenditures related to our COVID-19 vaccine program, manufacturing process development, and a generally higher level of activity, offset in part by lower external expenditures related to our government grants.

General and Administrative Expenses

Our general and administrative expenses were $3,577,153 for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $2,196,014 for 2020, representing an increase of $1,381,139 (63%). General and administrative expense for these periods includes stock-based compensation expense of $273,173 and $57,307, respectively (see discussion under “Stock-Based Compensation Expense” below). Excluding stock-based compensation expense, general and administrative expenses were $3,303,979 and $2,138,707 for 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing an increase of $1,165,272 (54%). Approximately $360,000 of this increase is attributable to higher Delaware franchise taxes (which we expect will be no more than $200,000 in future years) with the remainder primarily due to higher legal, accounting and patent costs; insurance costs; consulting fees; and investor relations costs.

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Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The table below shows the components of stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. In general, stock-based compensation expense is allocated to research and development expense or general and administrative expense according to the classification of cash compensation paid to the employee, consultant or director to whom the stock compensation was granted.

	2021		2020
Stock option expense	$	269,427	$	18,730
Stock issued for non-employee services		100,560		45,733
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	369,987	$	64,463

As a result of the reverse stock splits enacted in April 2019 and in January 2020, we made adjustments and retroactive restatements to all of our outstanding stock options such that the balances in January 2020 were negligible. We therefore recorded no stock-based compensation expense related to our stock option plan for the majority of 2020. We re-initiated employee stock option grants in December 2020 and recorded a proportionate amount of expense for the year ended December 31, 2020.

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, stock-based compensation expense was allocated as follows:

	2021		2020
General and administrative expense	$	273,173	$	57,307
Research and development expense		96,814		7,156
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	369,987	$	64,463

Other Income (Expense)

Interest income was $4,736 and $2,271 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The variances between years are primarily attributable to the cash available for investment and to interest rate fluctuations.

Interest expense was $1,286 and $143,524 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest expense for 2021 relates to the GRA Note and PPP Loan, and for 2020 relates to the GRA Note, PPP loan, financing costs associated with insurance premiums, and convertible debentures which were retired during 2020.

During 2021, we recorded a $172,056 gain on debt extinguishment associated with the forgiveness of the PPP loan principal and accrued interest.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and adjusts them as necessary. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Our significant accounting policies are summarized in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, which are included in this Form 10-K. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements:

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09), which created a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606. The standard is principle-based and provides a five-step model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Grant revenue – We receive payments from government entities under non-refundable grants in support of our vaccine development programs. We record revenue associated with these grants when the reimbursable costs are incurred and we have complied with all conditions necessary to receive the grant funds.

Research collaborations – From time to time, we may enter into collaborative research and development agreements for specific vaccine development approaches and/or disease indications whereby we receive third-party funding for preclinical research under certain of these arrangements. Each agreement is evaluated in accordance with the process defined by ASU 2014-09 and revenue is recognized accordingly.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based transactions in which the Company receives services from employees, directors or others in exchange for equity instruments based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. Stock-based compensation cost for awards of common stock is estimated based on the price of the underlying common stock on the date of issuance. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options or warrants is estimated at the grant date based on each instrument’s fair value as calculated by using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We recognize stock-based compensation cost as expense ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. See Note 7 to our financial statements for additional stock-based compensation information.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

From inception through December 31, 2021, we have accumulated net losses of approximately $64.4 million and we expect to incur operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. We have funded our operations to date primarily from sales of our equity securities and from government grants and clinical trial assistance.

The following tables summarize our liquidity and capital resources as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and our cash flows for the years then ended:

	As of December 31,
Liquidity and Capital Resources	2021		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,423,870	$	9,883,796
Working capital		6,193,756		9,424,839

	Year Ended December 31,
Cash Flow Data	2021			2020
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	(11,196,420	)	$	(2,750,570	)
Investing activities		(47,718	)		(156,791	)
Financing activities		12,784,212			12,507,816
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	1,540,074		$	9,600,455

Operating Activities – Net cash used in operating activities of $11,196,420 for 2021 was primarily due to our net loss of $18,570,317, offset by non-cash items such as depreciation expense, stock-based compensation expense and the gain recognized on extinguishment of our PPP loan, and by changes in our working capital accounts. Net cash used in operating activities of $2,750,570 for 2020 was primarily due to our net loss of $2,958,068, offset by non-cash charges such as depreciation and stock-based compensation expense, and by changes in our working capital accounts.

Investing Activities – Net cash used in investing activities was $47,718 and $156,791 for 2021 and 2020, respectively, and relates to purchases of property and equipment.

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Financing Activities – Net cash provided by financing activities was $12,784,212 for 2021, consisting of (i) net proceeds of $9,408,920 from a public offering of our common stock, (ii) $3,404,156 of net proceeds from the exercise of warrants, (iii) $1,000 expended for the repurchase of outstanding convertible preferred stock, and (iv) $27,864 in principal repayments toward a note payable to the Georgia Research Alliance, Inc. (the “GRA Note”); the GRA Note was fully repaid during 2021. Additionally, during May 2021 our PPP loan of $170,200, together with $1,856 of accrued interest, was forgiven by the lender and extinguished.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $12,507,816 for 2020, consisting of (i) net proceeds of $11,158,496 from a public offering of our common stock and warrants, (ii) net proceeds of $300,000 from the sale of our convertible preferred stock, (iii) $170,200 of PPP loan proceeds, (iv) $888,500 of net proceeds from issuance of a note payable, (v) $2,500 in proceeds from warrant exercises, and (vi) $11,880 in principal repayments toward the GRA Note.

Funding Requirements and Sources of Capital

Our primary uses of capital are for salaries and related expenses for personnel, costs of conducting clinical trials, manufacturing costs for preclinical and clinical materials, third-party research services, laboratory and related supplies, legal and other regulatory expenses, and general overhead costs. We expect these costs will continue to be the primary operating capital requirements for the near future.

We expect our research and development costs to increase as we continue development of our various programs and as we move toward later stages of development, especially with regard to clinical trials. We have entered into license agreements with City of Hope, PNP Therapeutics, Inc., University of Alabama at Birmingham, Southern Research Institute, Emory University, and with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), as represented by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), an institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), for various technologies and patent rights associated with our product development activities. These agreements may contain provisions for upfront payments, milestone fees due upon the achievement of selected development and regulatory events, minimum annual royalties or other fees, and royalties based on future net sales. Aggregate unrecorded future minimum payments under these agreements (excluding milestone and royalty payments due upon contingent future events, and assuming neither party terminates the agreements) are approximately $174,000 in 2022, $128,000 in 2023, $128,000 in 2024, $28,000 in 2025 and $28,000 in 2026.

Our research and development expenditures during 2022 and beyond will increase significantly as a result of the Gedeptin and COH04S1 clinical programs. We do not provide forward-looking estimates of costs and time to complete our research programs due to the many uncertainties associated with biotechnology research and development. Due to these uncertainties, our future expenditures are likely to be highly volatile in future periods depending on the outcomes of the trials and studies. As we obtain data from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials, we may elect to discontinue or delay certain development programs to focus our resources on more promising product candidates. Completion of preclinical studies and human clinical trials may take several years or more, but the length of time can vary substantially depending upon several factors. The duration and the cost of future clinical trials may vary significantly over the life of the project because of differences arising during development of the human clinical trial protocols, including the length of time required to enroll suitable patient subjects, the number of patients that ultimately participate in the clinical trial, the duration of patient follow-up, and the number of clinical sites included in the clinical trials.

We expect that our general and administrative costs will increase during 2022 and beyond in support of expanded research and development activities and other general corporate activities.

We are currently seeking sources of capital through additional government and quasi-government grant programs and clinical trial support, although there can be no assurance any such funds will be obtained. Gedeptin is in a Phase 1/2 trial, being conducted at Stanford University in collaboration with Emory University; the initial stage of the study (10 patients) is being funded by the FDA pursuant to its Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program.

During January 2022, we closed a private placement of our common stock and warrants for net proceeds of approximately $9.2 million.

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We believe our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements into the second quarter of 2023. However, our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties and is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong; actual results could vary materially. We may need to obtain additional funds sooner than planned or in greater amounts than we currently anticipate. The actual amount of funds we will need to operate is subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include the progress of our research activities; the number and scope of our research programs; the progress and success of our pre-clinical and clinical development activities; the progress of the development efforts of parties with whom we have entered into research and development agreements; the costs of manufacturing our product candidates, and the progress of efforts with parties with whom we may enter into commercial manufacturing agreements; our ability to maintain current research and development programs and to establish new research and development and licensing arrangements; the costs involved in prosecuting and enforcing patent claims and other intellectual property rights; the terms and timing of establishing and maintaining collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements; the impact of any natural disasters or public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic; the costs associated with any products or technologies that we may in-license or acquire; and the costs and timing of regulatory approvals.

We will need to continue to raise additional capital to support our future operating activities, including progression of our development programs, preparation for commercialization, and other operating costs. Financing strategies we may pursue include, but are not limited to, the public or private sale of equity, debt financings or funds from other capital sources, such as government funding, collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties. There can be no assurances additional capital will be available to secure additional financing, or if available, that it will be sufficient to meet our needs on favorable terms. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of our product candidates.

Net Operating Loss Carryforwards

At December 31, 2021, we had consolidated net operating loss carryforwards for income tax purposes of $75.2 million, of which approximately $48.9 million will expire in 2022 through 2037 if not utilized. We also have research and development tax credits of approximately $1.6 million available to reduce income taxes, if any, which will expire in 2022 through 2041 if not utilized. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that may limit our utilization of net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards in any given year as a result of significant changes in ownership interests that have occurred in past periods or may occur in future periods.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that are likely or reasonably likely to have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations, other than the operating lease for our office and laboratory space.

ITEM 7A.  QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our exposure to market risk is limited primarily to interest income sensitivity, which is affected by changes in the general level of United States interest rates, particularly because a significant portion of our investments are in institutional money market funds. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income received without significantly increasing risk. Due to the nature of our short-term investments, we believe that we are not subject to any material market risk exposure. We do not have any derivative financial instruments or foreign currency instruments.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Our consolidated financial statements and supplemental schedule and notes thereto as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 and for the two-year period ended December 31, 2021 together with the independent registered public accounting firm’s report thereon, are set forth on pages F-1 to F-17 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

There were no disagreements with our accountants on matters of accounting or financial disclosure, or other reportable events requiring disclosure under this Item 9.

ITEM9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to ensure that financial information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the required time periods, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). As a result of this assessment, management concluded that the Company’s internal controls and procedures over financial reporting were not effective, due to a material weakness surrounding the Company’s interpretation of a non-routine transaction. The Company’s controls over non-routine transactions were not conducive to identify certain items with sufficient precision. Management has undertaken steps to design and implement more effective internal controls, including a more comprehensive review process of non-routine transactions.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. The changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting described in the previous paragraph will be implemented during the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

Limitations on Controls

Management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.

ITEM 9B.  OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not Applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information required by this Item is included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC under the captions “Directors and Executive Officers” and “Corporate Governance” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

Our Board of Directors has adopted a written Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, a copy of which is available on our website at www.geovax.com. The Company will provide a copy of the Code of Ethics upon request to any person without charge. Such requests may be transmitted by regular mail in the care of the Corporate Secretary. We require all officers, directors and employees to adhere to this code in addressing the legal and ethical issues encountered in conducting their work. The code requires that employees avoid conflicts of interest, comply with all laws and other legal requirements, conduct business in an honest and ethical manner, and otherwise act with integrity and in our best interest. Employees are required to report any conduct that they believe in good faith to be an actual or apparent violation of the code. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires certain companies to have procedures to receive, retain and treat complaints received regarding accounting, internal accounting controls or auditing matters and to allow for the confidential and anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters. We have such procedures in place.

The Company will post on its website, www.geovax.com, or will disclose on a Form 8-K filed with the SEC, any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of the Code of Ethics that applies to the Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, and that relate to (i) honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; (ii) full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that the Company files with, or submits to, the SEC and in other public communications made by the Company; (iii) compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations; (iv) the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code of Ethics to an appropriate person or persons identified in the code; or (v) accountability for adherence to the Code of Ethics. Any waiver granted to an executive officer or a director may only be granted by the Board and will be disclosed, along with the reasons therefor, on a Form 8-K filed with the SEC. No such waivers were granted in 2021.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Executive Compensation” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

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ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item is included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC under the captions “Security Ownership of Principal Stockholders, Directors and Executive Officers” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth certain information as of December 31, 2021 with respect to compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance.

Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights (a)	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (b)	Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (excluding securities reflected in column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders	962,300	$3.18	506,700
Equity compensation plans not approved by stockholders	272,997	$5.00	-0-

A description of our equity compensation plans can be found in footnote 7 to our 2021 consolidated financial statements, which are filed as exhibits this document.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is included in our definitive proxy statement for our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the SEC under the caption “Ratification of Appointment of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” and is incorporated herein by this reference.

37

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)	Documents filed as part of this report:
(1)	Financial Statements	Page
	Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-4
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficiency) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8
(2)	Financial Statement Schedules
	The following financial statement schedule is set forth on page F-17 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K: Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
	Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
	All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or not required or because the information is included elsewhere in the Consolidated Financial Statements or the Notes thereto.
(3)	Exhibits Required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K

Exhibit
Number	Description
3.1	Certificate of Incorporation (3)
3.1.1	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed April 13, 2010 (5)
3.1.2	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed April 27, 2010 (6)
3.1.3	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed August 2, 2013 (7)
3.1.4	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed May 13, 2015 (8)
3.1.5	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed June 14, 2016 (10)
3.1.6	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed August 4, 2017 (11)
3.1.7	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed April 30, 2019 (14)
3.1.8	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed January 21, 2020 (16)
3.1.9	Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Incorporation of GeoVax Labs, Inc. filed September 24, 2020 (23)
3.2	Bylaws (3)
4.1	Form of Stock Certificate representing the Company’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share (20)
4.1.1	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (22)
4.1.2	Form of Representative’s Warrant Agreement (21)
4.1.3	Form of Warrant Agent Agreement (21)
4.1.4	Form of Warrant issued to certain Management Creditors (21)
4.1.5	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant, dated June 26, 2020 (19)
4.1.6	Form of Underwriters Warrant Agreement dated February 11, 2021 (26)
4.1.7	Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant, dated September 28, 2021 (28)
4.1.8	Form of Pre-Funded Warrant Agreement (30)
4.1.9	Form of Common Warrant (30)
10.1 **	Employment Agreement between GeoVax Labs, Inc. and David A. Dodd (12)
10.2 **	Employment Agreement between GeoVax, Inc. and Mark W. Reynolds (4)
10.2.1 **	Amendment No. 1 to Employment Agreement between GeoVax Labs, Inc. and Mark W. Reynolds (8)
10.2.2 *’**	Employment Agreement between GeoVax, Inc. and Mark J. Newman, PhD, as Amended and Restated March 9, 2022
10.2.3 *’**	Consulting Agreement by and between GeoVax, Inc. and Kelly T. McKee, MD, dated December 22, 2021
10.5 **	GeoVax Labs, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated August 11, 2021 (18)
10.5.1 **	Form of Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement (27)
10.6	License Agreement (as amended and restated) between GeoVax, Inc. and Emory University (2)
10.7	Patent and Biological Materials License Agreement with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, dated October 22, 2020 (24)

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10.8	Patent and Biological Materials License Agreement for Internal Research Use with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, dated November 25, 2020 (25)
10.9	Office and Laboratory Lease between UCB, Inc. and GeoVax, Inc. (17)
10.10 *	Summary of the GeoVax Labs, Inc. Director Compensation Plan
10.11	Assignment and License Agreement by and between GeoVax, Inc. and PNP Therapeutics, Inc. dated September 28, 2021 (28)
10.12	Exclusive License Agreement by and between GeoVax, Inc. and City of Hope, dated November 9, 2021 (29)
10.13	Securities Purchase Agreement, dated January 14, 2022 (30)
10.14	Registration Rights Agreement, dated January 14, 2022 (30)
14.1	Code of Ethics (13)
21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant (15)
23.1 *	Consent of Wipfli LLP (U.S. PCAOB Auditor Firm ID 344)
31.1 *	Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
31.2 *	Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
32.1 *	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2 *	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted by Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document (the Instance Document does not appear in the Interactive Data Files because its XBRL tags are embedded with the Inline XBRL Document) (1)
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (1)
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (1)
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (1)
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document (1)
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (1)
104	Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and included in the Exhibit 101 Inline XBRL Document Set (1)

*	Filed herewith.
**	Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
(1)	These interactive data files shall not be deemed filed or a part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to liability under these sections.
(2)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 4, 2006.
(3)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 23, 2008.
(4)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 8, 2010.
(5)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 14, 2010.
(6)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 28, 2010.
(7)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 2, 2013.
(8)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 23, 2013.
(9)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 14, 2015.
(10)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 16, 2016.
(11)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 4, 2017.
(12)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 7, 2018.
(13)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 26, 2019.
(14)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 30, 2019
(15)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 7, 2019.
(16)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 21, 2020.
(17)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 24, 2020.
(18)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 12, 2021.
(19)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 26, 2020.
(20)	Incorporated by reference from the Amendment No. 2 to registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1  (File No. 333-239958) filed August 26, 2020.
(21)	Incorporated by reference from the Amendment No. 3 to registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-239958) filed September 8, 2020
(22)	Incorporated by reference from the Amendment No. 4 to registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-239958) filed September 23, 2020.
(23)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 25, 2020.
(24)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 26, 2020. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K, certain confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted as the Company has determined (i) the omitted information is not material and (ii) the omitted information would likely cause competitive harm to the Company if publicly disclosed.

39

(25)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 30, 2020. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K, certain confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted as the Company has determined (i) the omitted information is not material and (ii) the omitted information would likely cause competitive harm to the Company if publicly disclosed.
(26)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 11, 2021.
(27)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 23, 2021.
(28)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 29, 2021. Pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K, certain confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted as (i) the Company has determined the omitted information is not material and (ii) the Company customarily A nd actually treats the omitted information as private or confidential.
(29)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 10, 2021. Pursuant to 399 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K, certain confidential portions of this exhibit have been omitted as (i) the Company has determined the omitted information is not material and (ii) the Company customarily and actually treats the omitted information as private or confidential.
(30)	Incorporated by reference from the registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed January 20, 2022.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

None.

40

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

GEOVAX LABS, INC.
By:	/s/ David A. Dodd
David A. Dodd
President and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: March 9, 2022

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been duly signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature / Name	Title	Date
/s/ David A. Dodd	Director	March 9, 2022
David A. Dodd	President and Chief Executive Offic9
	(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Mark W. Reynolds	Chief Financial Officer	March 9, 2022
Mark W. Reynolds	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
/s/ Randal D. Chase	Director	March 9, 2022
Randal D. Chase
/s/ David A. Dodd	Director	March 9, 2022
David A. Dodd
/s/ Dean G. Kollintzas	Director	March 9, 2022
Dean G. Kollintzas
/s/ Robert T. McNally	Director	March 9, 2022
Robert T. McNally
/s/ John N. Spencer, Jr.	Director	March 9, 2022
John N. Spencer, Jr.

41

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

INDEX TO 2021 CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficiency) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-8
Financial Statement Schedule:
Schedule II – Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020	F-17

F-1

235 Peachtree Street NE
Suite 1800
Atlanta, GA 30303 404 588 4200 wipfli.com

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of GeoVax Labs, Inc.

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of GeoVax Labs, Inc. and subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficiency) and cash flows for the years then ended and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements and schedule (collectively, the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Equity Transactions

As described in Note 7 to the financial statements, the Company has multiple equity instruments with various levels of complexity and volumes including warrants and stock options.

F-2

The principal considerations for our determination that the complexity of the Company’s equity structure should be a critical audit matter were based on the volume of equity transactions, including conversions to common stock, common stock issuance activity and warrant activity making it challenging to ensure adequate disclosure of all equity transactions. Auditing such estimates and activity required extensive audit effort due to the volume and complexity of these transactions and a high degree of auditor judgment when performing the requisite audit procedures and evaluating the results of those procedures.

The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

● We evaluated the design effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process for accounting for and recording equity transactions

● We tested the assumptions used within the Black-Scholes model calculation to estimate the value of stock options and warrants granted, which included key assumptions such as the estimated life of the stock options and warrants and volatility of the Company’s stock price

/s/ WIPFLI LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2005.

Atlanta, Georgia

March 9, 2022

F-3

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

	December 31,
	2021			2020
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	11,423,870		$	9,883,796
Grant funds and other receivables		49,006			182,663
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		156,240			168,689
Total current assets		11,629,116			10,235,148
Property and equipment, net		156,938			147,741
Deposits		11,010			11,010
Total assets	$	11,797,064		$	10,393,899
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	2,057,534		$	267,702
Accrued expenses		3,377,826			359,281
Current portion of notes payable		-			183,326
Total current liabilities		5,435,360			810,309
Accrued expenses – noncurrent		2,000,000			-
Note payable, net of current portion		-			14,738
Total liabilities		7,435,360			825,047
Commitments (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value: Authorized shares – 10,000,000 Series B convertible preferred stock, $1,000 stated value; -0- and 100 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively		-			76,095
Common stock, $.001 par value: Authorized shares – 600,000,000 Issued and outstanding shares – 6,381,541 and 3,834,095 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively		6,382			3,834
Additional paid-in capital		68,731,220			55,294,504
Accumulated deficit		(64,375,898	)		(45,805,581	)
Total stockholders’ equity		4,361,704			9,568,852
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	11,797,064		$	10,393,899

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-4

GEOVAX LABS. INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

	Years Ended December 31,
	2021			2020
Grant and collaboration revenue	$	385,501		$	1,823,658
Operating expenses:
Research and development		15,554,171			2,444,459
General and administrative		3,577,153			2,196,014
Total operating expenses		19,131,324			4,640,473
Loss from operations		(18,745,823	)		(2,816,815	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income		4,736			2,271
Interest expense		(1,286	)		(143,524	)
Gain on debt extinguishment		172,056			-
Total other income (expense)		175,506			(141,253	)
Net loss	$	(18,570,317	)	$	(2,958,068	)
Basic and diluted:
Net loss per common share	$	(3.04	)	$	(2.14	)
Weighted average shares outstanding		6,099,933			1,383,829

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-5

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIENCY)

																	Total
	Preferred Stock						Common Stock				Additional			Accumulated			Stockholders’  Equity
	Shares			Amount			Shares		Amount		Paid-in Capital			Deficit			(Deficiency)
Balance at December 31, 2019		2,486		$	1,932,433			14,992	$	15	$	39,340,509		$	(42,847,513	)	$	(1,574,556	)
Sale of convertible preferred stock for cash		300			300,000			-		-		-			-			300,000
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock		(2,686	)		(2,156,338	)		716,790		717		2,155,621			-			-
Warrants issued in bridge financing		-			-			-		-		457,833			-			457,833
Issuance of common stock upon warrant exercise		-			-			286,902		287		2,213			-			2,500
Issuance of common stock upon debenture conversion		-			-			177,626		177		569,340			-			569,517
Issuance of common stock upon cancellation of accrued compensation		-			-			300,001		300		1,499,700			-			1,500,000
Sale of common stock for cash		-			-			2,310,000		2,310		11,156,186			-			11,158,496
Issuance of common stock for services		-			-			26,581		27		94,373			-			94,400
Stock option expense		-			-			-		-		18,730			-			18,730
Roundup of shares following reverse stock split		-			-			1,203		1		(1	)		-			-
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2020		-			-			-		-		-			(2,958,068	)		(2,958,068	)
Balance at December 31, 2020		100			76,095			3,834,095		3,834		55,294,504			(45,805,581	)		9,568,852
Sale of common stock for cash		-			-			1,644,000		1,644		9,407,276			-			9,408,920
Issuance of common stock upon warrant exercise		-			-			889,739		890		3,403,266			-			3,404,156
Issuance of common stock for services		-			-			13,707		14		71,827			-			71,841
Issuance of warrant for technology license		-			-			-		-		209,825			-			209,825
Repurchase of preferred stock		(100	)		(76,095	)		-		-		75,095			-			(1,000	)
Stock option expense		-			-			-		-		269,427			-			269,427
Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2021		-			-			-		-		-			(18,570,317	)		(18,570,317	)
Balance at December 31, 2021		-		$	-			6,381,541	$	6,382	$	68,731,220		$	(64,375,898	)	$	4,361,704

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-6

GEOVAX LABS. INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

	Years Ended December 31,
	2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(18,570,317	)	$	(2,958,068	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		38,521			19,656
Amortization of debt discount		-			124,185
Stock-based compensation expense		369,987			64,463
Warrant issued for technology license fee		209,825			-
Gain on debt extinguishment		(172,056	)		-
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Grant funds and other receivables		133,657			(114,060	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(16,270	)		(24,702	)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses		6,810,233			137,956
Total adjustments		7,373,897			207,498
Net cash used in operating activities		(11,196,420	)		(2,750,570	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		(47,718	)		(156,791	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(47,718	)		(156,791	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants		9,408,920			11,158,496
Net proceeds from warrant exercises		3,404,156			2,500
Net proceeds from sale of preferred stock		-			300,000
Net proceeds from issuance of note payable		-			170,200
Net proceeds from bridge financing		-			888,500
Repurchase of preferred stock		(1,000	)		-
Principal repayment of note payable		(27,864	)		(11,880	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		12,784,212			12,507,816
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		1,540,074			9,600,455
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		9,883,796			283,341
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	11,423,870		$	9,883,796

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities:

During the year ended December 31, 2021:

● 149,705 shares of common stock were issued upon the cashless exercise of stock purchase warrants

● $172,056 of principal and accrued interest related to a note payable was extinguished upon the loan’s forgiveness

During the year ended December 31, 2020:

● 716,790 shares of common stock were issued upon conversion of convertible preferred stock

● 36,902 shares of common stock were issued upon the cashless exercise of stock purchase warrants

● 300,001 shares of common stock and 300,001 stock purchase warrants were issued in exchange for cancellation of $1,500,000 owed to current and former employees and directors

● 177,626 shares of common stock, 126,042 pre-funded stock purchase warrants and 303,668 stock purchase warrants were issued upon conversion of $1,200,000 convertible debentures and $14,667 of related accrued interest

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

F-7

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

1. Description of Business and Recent Developments

GeoVax Labs, Inc. (“GeoVax” or the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancers using novel vector vaccine platforms. GeoVax’s product pipeline includes ongoing human clinical trials in COVID-19 and head and neck cancer. Additional research and development programs include preventive vaccines against Zika Virus, hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, and Lassa) and malaria, as well as immunotherapies for solid tumors. Certain of our vaccine development activities have been, and continue to be, financially supported by the U.S. Government. This support has been both in the form of research grants and contracts awarded directly to us, as well as indirect support for the conduct of preclinical animal studies and human clinical trials.

GEO-CM04S1 License -- In November 2021, GeoVax entered into a license agreement with City of Hope (the “COH License”), granting GeoVax exclusive rights to further develop and commercialize GEO-CM04S1 (formerly referred to as COH04S1). GEO-CM04S1, a synthetic, attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (sMVA) vector expressing Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was initially developed at COH for immunocompromised patients.

GEO-CM04S1 is being studied in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity, compared to the Pfizer mRNA-based vaccine, in patients who have previously received either an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, an autologous hematopoietic cell transplant or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. GEO-CM04S1 is the only COVID-19 vaccine that includes both SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins to advance to a Phase 2 trial in cancer patients. Such vaccines also tend to produce an immune response quickly – in less than 14 days – with only mild side effects. The trial is also the first to compare an investigational multi-antigenic COVID-19 vaccine to the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech in people who are immunocompromised. Such patients have often shown a weak antibody response after receiving currently available COVID-19 vaccines.

In December 2021, patient enrollment began for the Phase 2 portion of a Phase 1/2 trial of GEO-CM04S1, to study its use as a universal booster vaccine to current FDA-approved vaccines. GeoVax believes that the GEO-CM04S1 vaccine, when administered as a heterologous booster, will provide additional recognition elements to the immune system over a homologous boost from mRNA vaccines such as those developed by Moderna or Pfizer, which are directed only toward SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. The COH04S1 vaccine’s MVA backbone may be more effective at inducing COVID-19 immunity since MVA strongly induces T cell responses even in a background of immunosuppression. In addition, GEO-CM04S1 targeting of both Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens, may offer greater protection against the significant sequence variation observed with the Spike antigen.

Gedeptin® License -- In September 2021, GeoVax entered into an Assignment and License Agreement with PNP Therapeutics, Inc. (the “PNP License), whereby GeoVax expanded its immuno-oncology pipeline and added a new technology platform through the acquisition of exclusive rights to Gedeptin®, a novel patented product for the treatment of solid tumors through a gene therapy strategy known as GDEPT (Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy). In GDEPT, a vector is used to selectively transduce tumor cells with a nonhuman gene, which expresses an enzyme that can convert a nontoxic prodrug into a potent antitumor compound. A Phase 1/2 clinical trial is currently enrolling to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat cycles of Gedeptin therapy in patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with tumors accessible for injection and no curable treatment options. The FDA has granted Gedeptin Orphan Drug status for the treatment of HNSCC and the initial stage of the ongoing clinical trial is being funded by the FDA pursuant to its Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program. GeoVax’s license to Gedeptin includes rights to expand its use to all human diseases and/or conditions including, but not limited to, cancers.

GeoVax is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and our principal offices are located in the metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia area.

F- 8

 

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GeoVax Labs, Inc. together with those of our wholly-owned subsidiary, GeoVax, Inc. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation

On January 21, 2020, we effected a 1-for-2000 reverse split of our common stock and on September 25, 2020, we effected a 1-for-20 reverse split of our common stock. Unless otherwise noted, the accompanying consolidated financial statements, and all share and per share information contained herein, have been retroactively restated to reflect the reverse stock splits.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business for the twelve-month period following the issue date of these consolidated financial statements. We are devoting substantially all of our present efforts to research and development of our vaccine and immunotherapy candidates. We expect to incur future net losses and require substantial funds as we continue our research and development activities. Our transition to profitability will be dependent upon, among other things, the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. We may never achieve profitability or positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise additional funding.

We have funded our activities to date from sales of our equity securities, government grants and clinical trial assistance, and corporate and academic collaborations. We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to continue our planned operations into the second quarter of 2023. We intend to fund future operations through additional private and/or public offerings of debt or equity securities.  In addition, we may seek additional capital through arrangements with strategic partners or from other sources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional funds or achieve or sustain profitability or positive cash flows from operations. 

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of bank deposits and money market accounts. The recorded values approximate fair market values due to the short maturities.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, which are maintained by a high credit quality financial institution. The carrying values reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents approximate fair values.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred, while additions and improvements are capitalized. We calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to five years. We amortize leasehold improvements using the straight-line method over the term of the related lease.

We recognize leases in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (ASU 2016-02), which requires lessees to classify leases as either financing or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. In the case of our facility lease agreement which has an effective term of less than 12 months, we made an accounting policy election to not recognize lease assets and liabilities and record lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

F- 9

 

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the future net cash flows expected to be generated by such assets. If we consider such assets to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the expected future net cash flows from the assets.

Accrued Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we estimate expenses that we believe we have incurred, but have not yet been billed by our third-party vendors. This process involves identifying services and activities that have been performed by such vendors on our behalf and estimating the level to which they have been performed and the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted loss per common share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Common share equivalents consist of common shares issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock, and upon exercise of stock options and stock purchase warrants. All common share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share since the effect would be anti-dilutive. The weighted average number of common share equivalents which were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share, calculated using the treasury stock method, totaled 213,831 and 1,001,948 shares at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09), which created a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606. The standard is principle-based and provides a five-step model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Grant revenue – We receive payments from government entities under non-refundable grants in support of our vaccine development programs. We record revenue associated with these grants when the reimbursable costs are incurred and we have complied with all conditions necessary to receive the grant funds.

Research collaborations – From time to time, we may enter into collaborative research and development agreements for specific vaccine development approaches and/or disease indications whereby we receive third-party funding for preclinical research under certain of these arrangements. Each agreement is evaluated in accordance with the process defined by ASU 2014-09 and revenue is recognized accordingly.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development (R&D) expense primarily consists of costs incurred in the discovery, development, testing and manufacturing of our product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of (i) salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation for personnel, (ii) laboratory supplies and facility-related expenses to conduct development, (iii) fees paid to third-party service providers to perform, monitor and accumulate data related to our preclinical studies and clinical trials, (iv) costs related to sponsored research agreements, and (v) costs to procure and manufacture materials used in clinical trials. These costs are charged to expense as incurred. During 2021, we also recorded $10,513,825 of R&D expense for upfront license fees and warrant expense associated with the COH License and the PNP License.

F- 10

 

Patent Costs

Our expenditures relating to obtaining and protecting patents are charged to expense when incurred and are included in general and administrative expense.

Period-to-Period Comparisons

Our operating results are expected to fluctuate for the foreseeable future. Therefore, period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as predictive of the results for future periods.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates in effect for the year in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance unless, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based transactions in which the Company receives services from employees, directors or others in exchange for equity instruments based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. Stock-based compensation cost for awards of common stock is estimated based on the price of the underlying common stock on the date of issuance. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options or warrants is estimated at the grant date based on each instrument’s fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We recognize stock-based compensation cost as expense ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. See Note 7 for additional stock-based compensation information.

Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Except as discussed above, there have been no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements which we expect to have a material impact on our financial statements, nor do we believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards if currently adopted would have a material effect on our financial statements.

3. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as shown on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is composed of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021			2020
Equipment and furnishings	$	591,554		$	543,836
Leasehold improvements		115,605			115,605
Total property and equipment		707,159			659,441
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(550,221	)		(511,700	)
Property and equipment, net	$	156,938		$	147,741

Depreciation expense was $38,521 and $19,656 during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

4. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses as shown on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is composed of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021		2020
Accrued license fees – current	$	3,000,000	$	-
Accrued license fees – noncurrent		2,000,000		-
Accrued payroll		269,000		279,696
Other accrued expenses		108,826		79,585
Total accrued expenses	$	5,377,826	$	359,281

F- 11

 

5. Debt

GRA Note – On February 28, 2018, we entered into a Senior Note Purchase Agreement with Georgia Research Alliance, Inc. (GRA) pursuant to which we issued a five-year Senior Promissory Note (the “GRA Note”) to GRA in exchange for $50,000. The GRA Note bore an annual interest rate of 5%. During May 2021, we repaid the remaining principal balance of $22,737 and retired the GRA Note.

CARES Act Paycheck Protection Program Loan – On April 17, 2020, we received a $170,200 bank loan backed by the United States Small Business Administration (SBA) pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The loan bore an annual interest rate of one percent. During May 2021, upon receiving payment from the SBA, the lender forgave the full principal balance of $170,200 together with $1,856 of accrued interest, and we recorded a $172,056 gain on debt extinguishment.

Convertible Debentures – On June 26 2020, we issued convertible debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $1,200,000 and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 120,000 shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of $1,050,000. As discussed in Note 7, in September 2020, the convertible debentures and accrued interest were fully converted into our equity securities and were retired.

Interest expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2019 was as follows:

	2021		2020
GRA Note	$	633	$	1,727
PPP Loan		653		1,203
Insurance premium financing costs		-		1,743
Convertible debentures (including $124,185 of debt discount amortization)		-		138,851
Total interest expense	$	1,286	$	143,524

6. Commitments

Operating Lease

We lease approximately 8,400 square feet of office and laboratory space pursuant to an operating lease which expires on December 31, 2022. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $166,242 and $166,577, respectively. Future minimum lease payments total $176,356 in 2022, although the lease may be terminated at any time by either party with ninety days written notice.

License Agreements

We have entered into license agreements with City of Hope, PNP Therapeutics, Inc., University of Alabama at Birmingham, Southern Research Institute, Emory University, and with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), as represented by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), an institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), for various technologies and patent rights associated with our product development activities. These agreements may contain provisions for upfront payments, milestone fees due upon the achievement of selected development and regulatory events, minimum annual royalties or other fees, and royalties based on future net sales. Aggregate unrecorded future minimum payments under these agreements (excluding milestone and royalty payments due upon contingent future events, and assuming neither party terminates the agreements) are approximately $174,000 in 2022, $128,000 in 2023, $128,000 in 2024, $28,000 in 2025 and $28,000 in 2026.

Other Commitments

In the normal course of business, we enter into various firm purchase commitments related to production and testing of our vaccine, conduct of research studies, and other activities. As of December 31, 2021, there were approximately $407,000 of unrecorded outstanding purchase commitments to our vendors and subcontractors, which we expect will be due in 2022.

7. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

In June 2021, we repurchased the remaining 100 shares of our Series B convertible preferred stock for a total price of $1,000. As of December 31, 2021, there are no shares of our preferred stock outstanding.

F- 12

 

Common Stock

2020 Public Offering – On September 29, 2020, we closed an underwritten public offering (the “2020 Offering”) of an aggregate of 2,560,000 units of our equity securities (the “Units”) with gross proceeds to us of approximately $12.8 million. Net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses were approximately $11.2 million. Each Unit sold in the offering consisted of one share of our common stock (or a pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, all of which were fully exercised during 2020), and a warrant to purchase one share of common stock (“Unit Warrant”), exercisable at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and with a five-year expiration date.

From 2016 through August 2020, to help conserve the Company’s cash resources, our executive officers and non-employee directors agreed to defer receipt of all or a portion of their respective cash compensation. Upon consummation of the 2020 Offering, $1,500,000 of accumulated deferrals were converted at the $5.00 offering price, resulting in the issuance of 300,001 units substantially similar to the units sold in the public offering, with each unit consisting of one share of our common stock and one warrant substantially similar to a Unit Warrant.

Upon consummation of the 2020 Offering, we issued an aggregate of 177,626 shares of our common stock, 126,042 pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock, and 303,668 warrants substantially similar to a Unit Warrant upon the mandatory conversion of $1,214,667 of convertible debentures and accrued interest.

2021 Public Offering – On February 11, 2021, we closed an underwritten public offering of 1,644,000 shares of our common stock, with gross proceeds to us of approximately $10.3 million. Net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses were approximately $9.4 million.

Warrant exercises – During 2021, 740,034 Unit Warrants were exercised for cash, resulting in gross proceeds to us of approximately $3.7 million; net proceeds after deducting commissions owed to the underwriter of the 2020 Offering were approximately $3.4 million. During 2021, an aggregate of 215,672 warrants were exercised using the cashless exercise feature of the warrants, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 149,705 shares of our common stock. During 2020, 54,557 warrants were exercised using the cashless exercise feature of the warrants, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 36,902 shares of our common stock

Other Common Stock Transactions – During 2021 and 2020 we issued 13,707 and 26,581 shares, respectively, of our common stock pursuant to consulting agreements. During 2020 we issued an aggregate of 716,790 shares of our common stock, pursuant to the conversion of Series H and Series I convertible preferred stock.

Stock Option Plan

We have a stock-based incentive plan (the “2020 Plan”) pursuant to which our Board of Directors may grant stock options to our employees. A total of 1,500,000 shares of our common stock are reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2020 Plan. The exercise price for any option granted may not be less than fair value (110% of fair value for ISO’s granted to certain employees). Options have a maximum ten-year term.

We use the Black-Scholes model for determining the grant date fair value of our stock option grants. This model utilizes certain information, such as the interest rate on a risk-free security with a term generally equivalent to the expected life of the option being valued and requires certain other assumptions, such as the expected amount of time an option will be outstanding until it is exercised or expired, to calculate the fair value of stock options granted. The significant assumptions we used in our fair value calculations were as follows:

	2021			2020
Weighted average risk-free interest rates		1.43	%		0.69	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%
Expected life of option (in years)		7.0			7.0
Expected volatility		84.80	%		38.16	%

F- 13

 

A summary of stock option activity under the 2020 Plan as of December 31, 2021, and changes during the year then ended is presented below.

	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (yrs)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020		602,000	$	2.79
Granted		360,300		3.82
Exercised		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-		-
Outstanding at December 31, 2021		962,300	$	3.18		9.31	$	499,660
Exercisable at December 31, 2021		200,661	$	2.79		8.93	$	166,549

The weighted-average grant date fair values of options granted during 2021 and 2020 were $2.87 and $1.12, respectively. Total stock option compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $269,427 and $18,730, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there is $1,420,144 of unrecognized compensation expense that will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.

Stock Purchase Warrants

Summary of Warrants Outstanding – The table below presents summary information about our warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2021. Additional information concerning the warrants follows the table.

Warrant Description	Number of Shares		Exercise Price		Expiration
2020 Warrants		120,000		5.00	Jun 2025
2020 Unit Warrants		2,396,631		5.00	Sep 2025
2020 Representative Warrants		128,000		5.50	Mar 2024
2021 Representative Warrants		72,000		6.875	Aug 2024
2021 Warrants		100,000		13.00	Sep 2026
Total Warrants Outstanding at December 31, 2021		2,816,631
Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$	5.35
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years)		3.7

2020 Warrants – In June 2020, in connection with the issuance of convertible debentures, we issued warrants to purchase 120,000 shares of common stock, with a five-year term and an exercise price of $10.00. As a result of the 2020 Public Offering, in September 2020 the exercise price was reduced to $5.00.

2020 Unit Warrants – In September 2020, in connection with the 2020 Public Offering, we issued 303,668 warrants upon the conversion of convertible debentures, 300,001 warrants upon the conversion of amounts owed to current and former executive officers and directors, and 2,560,000 warrants to other investors in the 2020 Public Offering, with each of the warrants having a five-year term and an exercise price of $5.00. During 2021, 740,034 of these warrants were exercised for cash and 27,004 were exercised using the cashless exercise feature of the warrant.

2020 Representative Warrants – In September 2020, we issued 128,000 warrants to the underwriter of the 2020 Public Offering, with a 42-month term and an exercise price of $5.50.

2021 Representative Warrants – In February 2021, we issued 72,000 warrants to the underwriter of the 2021 Public Offering, with a 42-month term and an exercise price of $6.875.

2021 Warrants – In September 2021, in connection with a technology licensing agreement, we issued 100,000 warrants, with a five-year term and an exercise price of $13.00.

F- 14

 

Additional Stock-Based Compensation Expense

In addition to stock-based compensation expense related to the 2020 Plan (see Stock Options above), during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $100,560 and $45,733, respectively, of expense related to the issuance of our common stock pursuant to consulting and investment banking agreements. As of December 31, 2021, there is $19,947 recorded as a prepaid expense for these arrangements, which will be recognized as expense during 2022 over the term of the related agreement.

8. Retirement Plan

We participate in a multi-employer defined contribution retirement plan (the “401k Plan”) administered by a third-party service provider, and the Company contributes to the 401k Plan on behalf of its employees based upon a matching formula. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 our contributions to the 401k Plan were $36,980 and $27,511, respectively.

9. Income Taxes

At December 31, 2021, we have a consolidated federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $75.2 million available to offset against future taxable income of which approximately $48.9 million expires in varying amounts in 2022 through 2037. Additionally, we have approximately $1.6 million in research and development (“R&D”) tax credits that expire in 2022 through 2041 unless utilized earlier. No income taxes have been paid to date. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that may limit our utilization of our NOL and R&D tax credit carryforwards in any given year as a result of significant changes in ownership interests that have occurred in past periods or may occur in future periods.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities included the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021			2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	18,449,694		$	14,737,240
Research and development tax credit carryforward		1,566,293			1,189,110
Stock-based compensation expense		129,475			4,870
Accrued salaries		69,940			72,721
Total deferred tax assets		20,215,402			16,003,941
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation		30,945			28,274
Net deferred tax assets		20,184,457			15,975,667
Valuation allowance		(20,184,457	)		(15,975,667	)
Net deferred tax asset after reduction for valuation allowance	$	-0-		$	-0-

We have established a full valuation allowance equal to the amount of our net deferred tax assets due to uncertainties with respect to our ability to generate sufficient taxable income to realize these assets in the future. A reconciliation of the income tax benefit on losses at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the reported income tax expense is as follows:

	2021			2020
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss	$	(3,899,767	)	$	(621,194	)
Permanent differences		-			65
Research and development credits		(377,183	)		(66,574	)
Change in valuation allowance, net of expired items and other adjustments		4,276,950			687,703
Reported income tax expense	$	-0-		$	-0-

F- 15

 

10. Grants and Collaboration Revenue

We receive payments from government entities under our grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and from the U.S. Department of Defense in support of our vaccine research and development efforts. We record revenue associated with government grants as the reimbursable costs are incurred. During 2021 and 2020, we recorded $385,501 and $1,438,465, respectively, of revenue associated with these grants. As of December 31, 2021, there is an aggregate of $81,526 in remaining grant funds available for use during 2022. During 2020, we recorded $385,193 of revenues associated with a research collaboration agreement.

11. Subsequent Events

On January 19, 2022, we closed a private placement of 707,484 shares of common stock, 2,360,000 pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock, and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 3,067,484 shares of common stock. The warrants are exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $3.26 per share and will expire five years from the date of issuance. Net proceeds after deducting placement agent commissions and other offering expenses were approximately $9.2 million.

F- 16

 

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

			Additions (Reductions)
Description	Balance at Beginning Of Period		Charged to Costs and Expenses			Charged to Other Accounts		Deductions		Balance at End Of Period
Reserve Deducted in the Balance Sheet From the Asset to Which it Applies:
Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets
Year ended December 31, 2021	$	15,975,667	$	4,208,790		$	-0-	$	-0-	$	20,184,457
Year ended December 31, 2020	$	18,787,230	$	(2,811,563	)	$	-0-	$	-0-	$	15,975,667

F-17

EX-10.22

Exhibit 10.2.2

Employment Agreement

Between

GeoVax, Inc. and Mark J. Newman, PhD

Amended and Restated as of March 1, 2022

This EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT (the "Agreement") by and between GeoVax, Inc., a Georgia Corporation ("Company"), and Mark J. Newman, PhD ("Employee"; and with the Company, collectively, the "Parties"), is entered into and effective as of March 1, 2022 (the "Effective Date”). This Agreement amends and restates the original employment agreement between the parties dated August 25, 2020 (the “Original Agreement”).

Employee will serve as Chief Scientific Officer of the Company. The Company and Employee desire that Employee be employed by the Company in the above capacity under the terms of this Agreement. Therefore, in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements set forth herein, it is agreed:

1. Employment Duties. Employee is hereby employed by the Company under the terms of this Agreement, and Employee accepts such employment. Employee shall serve in the capacity as defined above and shall perform the following duties (“Employees Duties”): such duties as are customary for someone in that position and duties that may be reasonably assigned from time to time by the President/CEO. Primary duties include but are not limited to: contribution to the overall focus of our company developing commercially viable vaccines for infectious diseases based on the GeoVax technologies. Assistance and contributions in the raising of equity and successful competition for grants (both as a PI and as a collaborator).

2. Term of Agreement. The term of Employee’s employment pursuant to the Original Agreement commenced on or about August 25, 2020 and shall end upon the termination of Employee’s employment with the Company as provided herein. The Company may terminate this Agreement at will and at its sole discretion as allowed under Georgia state law, by giving written notice to Employee, and such termination shall be effective on the termination date described in such notice (or such earlier time as the Company and Employee may agree). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the termination of this Agreement shall not terminate the Company’s obligation to make any payments to Employee for services performed and expenses incurred prior to the date of such termination as long as the Employee is in good standing; and such termination shall not terminate Employee’s obligations under Sections 13-15, and 17-29 below. Employee shall have the right to terminate employment on one month written notice, and shall suitably perform all normal services during that one month period, if requested to do so by Company.

3. Base Salary. The base salary will be $275,000 on a full-time annualized basis. Performance and salary reviews are at the discretion of the President/CEO and/or Board of Directors.

4. Performance Reviews. Performance reviews will be conducted at least annually by the President/CEO or designee.

5. Annual Bonus Potential. An annual fiscal year bonus will be considered and recommended, if appropriate, by the supervisor and President/CEO and must be BOD approved. The targeted bonus will be 40% of base salary, but the actual amount shall be at the full discretion of the President/BOD based on Employee’s and the Company’s performance and achievement.

6. Equity Stock Incentive. An annual stock option grant will be based on a target of 75% of base salary, but actual option grants are performance based and at the discretion of the BOD based on Employee’s and the Company’s performance and achievement.

7. Moving Expenses. N/A

8. Temporary Living Expense. N/A

9. Other Business Expenses. N/A

10. Benefits.

a. Group Insurance & 401(k) Benefits.  Employee will be eligible for Company group benefit programs generally provided to other full-time employees of similar status, including group medical insurance and 401(k) benefits.

b. Vacation.  Employee will accrue four weeks of paid vacation per year on a full-time basis. Vacation time is accrued on a pay period basis subject to the Company’s paid time off policy as documented in the Employee Handbook.

c. Holidays.  GeoVax will be closed on the following holidays: New Year’s Day, Good Friday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and the day after, and two days that include Christmas (to be determined by Company.

11. Termination.

a. Materials. Upon termination, Employee shall immediately return Company issued computers, phones, files, emails, documents and/or other Company owned devices and materials (including laboratory materials) to Company and shall not delete or destroy anything prior to return to Company.

b. By the Company with Cause. If Employee is terminated with cause, Employee’s employment, compensation, and benefits will terminate immediately (unless otherwise provided by law), and Employee shall not receive any severance payments.

c. By the Company without Cause. Company may terminate Employee at will without cause consistent with Georgia state law by providing written notice. Company and Employee will discuss whether it is appropriate under the circumstances to have a period during which Employee continues to carry out his function for the Company for normal or adjusted compensation during that period, however, Company shall make the final decision at its sole option. Company shall pay Employee any amounts due up through the date of termination.

d. By the Employee. Employee may voluntarily terminate his employment on 30 days written notice to the Company, and Employee’s employment, compensation and benefits will terminate on the effective date of termination (unless otherwise provided by law). Employee shall not receive any severance payments or other payments due after the date of termination. Company shall decide whether to allow Employee to leave immediately, and if so, will not be obligated to provide any further compensation or benefits.

12. Record Keeping and Payment. Employee shall keep and file with the Company an expense report for all business expenses for which Employee seeks reimbursement. Employee shall be reimbursed for such documented business expenses within thirty (30) days of submitting a request for reimbursement.

13. Proprietary Information. Employee agrees that all information, whether or not in writing, concerning the Company's business, technology, business goals, plans or strategies, relationships or financial affairs (collectively, "Proprietary Information") is and will be the exclusive property of the Company. By way of illustration, Proprietary Information may include information or material which has not been made generally available to the public, such as: (a) corporate information, including business or technical plans, strategies, methods, policies, resolutions, negotiations, or litigation; (b) marketing information, including strategies, methods, potential or present collaborator or vendor identities, or other information about prospects and prospect identities, or market analyses or projections; (c) financial information, including cost and performance data, debt arrangements, equity structure, investors and holdings, purchasing and sales data and price lists; (d) operational and technological information, including research goals, plans, potential products, implementations, viral vectors, inserts, specifications, manuals, forms, templates, software, designs, methods, procedures, formulas , discoveries, inventions, improvements, concepts and ideas; and (e) contract terms, licenses, license negotiation negotiations strategies, potential licensees or licensors; and (f) personnel information, including personnel lists, reporting or organizational structure, resumes, personnel data, compensation structure, performance evaluations, and termination arrangements or documents. Proprietary Information also includes information received in confidence by the Company from its collaborators, vendors, or suppliers or other third parties. Proprietary Information does not include information that a) is in the public domain or enters the public domain through no breach of this Agreement by Employee; b) information that is in Employee’s possession prior to receipt from the Company; or c) information that is disclosed to Employee by a third party who is not under a direct or indirect obligation of confidentiality to the Company with respect thereto.

14. Recognition of Company's Rights. Employee shall not, at any time, without the Company's prior written permission, either during or after Employee’s employment, disclose any Proprietary Information to anyone outside of the Company, or use or permit to be used any Proprietary Information for any purpose other than the performance of Employee’s duties as an employee of the Company. Employee shall cooperate with the Company and use reasonable best efforts to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of all Proprietary Information. Employee shall deliver to the Company all copies of Proprietary Information in Employee’s possession or control upon the earlier of a request by the Company or termination of Employee’s employment.

15. Rights of Others. Employee understands that the Company is now and may hereafter be subject to non-disclosure or confidentiality agreements with third persons which require the Company to protect or refrain from use of Proprietary Information. Employee agrees to be bound by the terms of such agreements in the event Employee has access to such Proprietary Information, provided that the Company has informed Employee that such information is subject to a confidentiality agreement with a third party.

16. Commitment to Company; Avoidance of Conflict of Interest. While an employee of the Company, Employee will devote Employee’s full-time efforts to the Company's business and will not engage in any other business activity that conflicts with Employee’s duties to the Company. Employee will advise the CEO of the Company or his or her nominee at such time if any activity of either the Company or another business presents Employee with a conflict of interest or the appearance of a conflict of interest as an employee of the Company. Employee will take whatever reasonable action is requested by the Company to resolve any conflict or appearance of conflict which it finds to exist.

17. Inventions. Employee will make full and prompt written disclosure to the Company of all inventions, discoveries, designs, developments, methods, modifications, improvements, compositions of matter, methods of use, processes of preparation, other processes, algorithms, databases, computer programs, formulae, techniques, trade secrets, graphics or images, and audio or visual works and other works of authorship, whether or not patentable or copyrightable, that are created, made, conceived or reduced to practice by Employee (alone or jointly with others) or under Employee’s direction during the period of employment for the Company (collectively “Inventions”). Employee acknowledges that all work performed by Employee is on a “work for hire” basis, and Employee hereby does assign and transfer and, to the extent any such assignment cannot be made at present, will assign and transfer, to the Company and its successors and assigns all Employee’s rights, title, and interest in all Inventions that (a) relate to the business of the Company or any of the products or services being researched, developed, manufactured or sold by the Company or which may be used with such products or services; or (b) result from tasks assigned to Employee by the Company; or (c) result from the use of premises, laboratories, equipment, physical space, or personal property (whether tangible or intangible) owned, leased, or contracted for by the Company (“Company­ Related Inventions”), and all related patents, patent applications, trademarks and trademark applications, copyrights and copyright applications, and other intellectual property rights in all countries and territories worldwide and under any international conventions (“Intellectual Property Rights”).

18. Documents and Other Materials. Employee will keep and maintain adequate and current records of all Proprietary Information and Company-Related Inventions developed by Employee during employment, which records will be available to and remain the sole property of the Company at all times.

All files, letters, notes, memoranda, reports, records, data, sketches, drawings, notebooks, layouts, charts, quotations and proposals, specification sheets, program listings, blueprints, models, prototypes, or other written, photographic, or other tangible material containing Proprietary Information, whether created by Employee or others, which come into Employee’s custody or possession, are the exclusive property of the Company to be used by Employee only in the performance of Employee’s duties for the Company. Any property situated on the Company's premises and owned by the Company, including without limitation computers, disks, and other storage media, filing cabinets or other work areas, is subject to inspection by the Company at any time with or without notice. In the event of the termination of Employee's employment for any reason, Employee will deliver to the Company all Company property and equipment in Employee’s possession, custody or control, including all files, letters, notes, memoranda, reports, records, data, sketches, drawings, notebooks, layouts, charts, quotations and proposals, specification sheets, program listings, blueprints, models, prototypes, or other written, photographic or other tangible material containing Proprietary Information, and other materials of any nature pertaining to the Proprietary Information of the Company and to Employee’s work, and will not take or keep in Employee’s possession any of the foregoing or any copies.

19. Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights. Employee will cooperate fully with the Company, both during and after employment with the Company, with respect to the procurement, maintenance, and enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Company-Related Inventions. Employee will sign, both during and after the term of this Agreement, all papers, including without limitation copyright applications, patent applications, declarations, oaths, assignments of priority rights, and powers of attorney, which the Company may deem necessary or desirable in order to protect its rights and interests in any Company-Related Inventions. If the Company is unable, after reasonable effort, to secure Employee’s signature on any such papers, Employee hereby irrevocably designates and appoints each officer of the Company as Employee’s agent and attorney-in-fact to execute any such papers on Employee’s behalf, and to take any and all actions as the Company may deem necessary or desirable in order to protect its rights and interests in any Company-Related Inventions. Other than with regard to signing these various papers, which shall be done without remuneration, any cooperation Employee provides to the Company after the term of Employee’s employment with the Company shall be provided at Company's reasonable expense.

20. Non-Competition and Non-Solicitation. To protect the Company's Proprietary Information and good will, during Employee's employment and for a period of one (1) year following the termination of Employee’s employment for any reason (the “Restricted Period”):

(a) Employee will not directly or indirectly, whether as owner, partner, shareholder, director, manager, consultant, agent, employee, co-venturer or otherwise, engage, participate or invest in any business activity anywhere in the United States or elsewhere that develops, manufactures or markets any products, or performs any services, that are otherwise competitive with or similar to the products or services in the Company's Field Of Interest, provided that this shall not prohibit any possible investment in publicly traded stock of a company representing less than one percent of the stock of such company. The phrase, Company's “Field of Interest”, means research, development, and commercialization activities relating to vaccinia-based and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based vaccines that induce or enhance immuno-protection, or such other specific areas of research, development and commercialization as the Company may be engaged in during the term of this Agreement.

(b) Employee will not, directly, or indirectly, in any manner, other than for the benefit of the Company, call upon, solicit, divert, take away, accept or conduct any business from or with any of the customers or prospective customers of the Company or any of its suppliers.

(c) Employee will not, directly, or indirectly, in any manner, solicit, entice, attempt to persuade any other employee or consultant of the Company to leave the Company for any reason or otherwise participate in or facilitate the hire, directly or through another entity, of any person who is employed or engaged by the Company or who was employed or engaged by the Company within six months of any attempt to hire such person. Employee acknowledges and agrees that if Employee violates any of the provisions of this paragraph 20, the running of the Restricted Period will be extended by the time during which Employee engages in such violation(s).

21. Government Contracts. Employee acknowledges that the Company may have from time-to-time agreements with other persons or with the United States Government or its agencies which impose obligations or restrictions on the Company regarding inventions made during the course of work under such agreements or regarding the confidential nature of such work. Employee agrees to comply with any such obligations or restrictions upon the direction of the Company. In addition to the rights assigned under paragraph 17, Employee also assigns to the Company (or any of its nominees) all rights which Employee has or acquires in any Inventions, full title to which is required to be in the United States under any contract between the Company and the United States or any of its agencies.

22. Prior Agreements. Employee hereby represents that, except as Employee has fully disclosed previously in writing to the Company, Employee is not bound by the terms of any agreement with any previous employer or other party to refrain from using or disclosing any trade secret or confidential or proprietary information in the course of employment with the Company or to refrain from competing, directly or indirectly, with the business of such previous employer or any other party within the scope of the duties for Company. Employee further represent that Employee’s performance of all the terms of this Agreement as an employee of the Company does not and will not breach any agreement to keep in confidence proprietary information, knowledge or data acquired by Employee in confidence or in trust prior to employment with the Company. Employee will not disclose to the Company or induce the Company to use any confidential or proprietary information or material belonging to any previous employer or others.

23. Remedies Upon Breach. Employee understands that the restrictions contained in this Agreement are necessary for the protection of the business and goodwill of the Company and Employee considers them to be reasonable for such purpose. Any breach of this Agreement may cause the Company substantial and irrevocable damage and therefore, in the event of such breach, the Company, in addition to such other remedies which may be available, may be entitled to specific performance and other injunctive relief: without the posting of a bond. If Employee is found to have violated this Agreement by court of law, in addition to other remedies available to the Company at law, in equity, and under contract, Employee may be obligated to pay all the Company's reasonable costs of enforcement of this Agreement, including reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses.

24. Publications and Public Statements. Employee will obtain the Company's written approval before publishing or submitting for publication any material that relates to Employee’s work at the Company and/or incorporates any Proprietary Information. To ensure that the Company delivers a consistent message about its products, services, and operations to the public, and further in recognition that even positive statements may have a detrimental effect on the Company in certain securities transactions and other contexts, any statement about the Company or its research or development activities which Employee creates, publishes, or posts during Employee's period of employment and for six (6) months thereafter, on any media accessible by the public, including but not limited to social media and networking services and sites, electronic bulletin boards and Internet-based chat rooms, must first be reviewed and approved by an officer of the Company before it is released in the public domain.

25. Survival and Assignment by the Company. Employee understands that the Employee’s obligations under this Agreement will continue following the termination of Employee’s employment regardless of the manner of such termination and will be binding upon Employee’s heirs, executors, and administrators. Company will have the right to assign this Agreement to its affiliates, successors, and assigns in connection with the transfer of the area of business Employee is acting in, and Employee expressly consents to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement for the benefit of the Company or any parent, subsidiary, or affiliate to whose employ Employee may be transferred without the necessity that this Agreement be resigned at the time of such transfer.

26. Post-Employment Notifications. For twelve (l2) months following termination of employment, Employee will notify the Company of any change in Employee’s address and of each subsequent employment or business activity, including the name and address of Employee’s subsequent employer or other post-Company employment plans.

27. Disclosure to Future Employers. Employee will provide a copy of this Agreement to any future employer, partner or coadventurer prior to entering into an employment, partnership, or other business relationship with such person or entity, and can redact personal information such as salary, etc.

28. Severability. In case any provisions (or portions thereof) contained in this Agreement shall, for any reason, be held invalid, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect, such invalidity, illegality, or unenforceability shall not affect the other provisions of this Agreement, and this Agreement shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal, or unenforceable provision had never been contained herein. If, moreover, any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall for any reason be held to be excessively broad as to duration, geographical scope, activity, or subject, it shall be construed by limiting and reducing it, so as to be enforceable to the extent compatible with the applicable law as it shall then appear.

29. Interpretation. This Agreement will be deemed to be made and entered into in the State of Georgia, and will in all respects be interpreted, enforced, and governed under the laws of the State of Georgia. Employee hereby agree to consent to personal jurisdiction of the state and federal courts situated within Cobb County, Georgia and the Federal District Court for the Northern District of Georgia, respectively, for purposes of enforcing this Agreement and waive any objection that Employee might have to personal jurisdiction or venue in those courts.

EMPLOYEE UNDERSTANDS THAT THIS AGREEMENT AFFECTS IMPORTANT RIGHTS. BY SIGNING BELOW, EMPLOYEE CERTIFIES THAT EMPLOYEE HAS READ IT CAREFULLY AND IS SATISFIED THAT EMPLOYEE UNDERSTANDS IT COMPLETELY.

The Parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the day and year first written below.

GEOVAX, INC.
By:		Date:
	David A. Dodd / President & CEO
EMPLOYEE
By:		Date:
	Mark J. Newman, PhD

EX-10.23

Exhibit 10.2.3

CONSULTING AGREEMENT

This CONSULTING AGREEMENT is entered into by Kelly T. McKee, Jr., MD, MPH, who is the President and Sole Proprietor of KTM BioPartners, LLC, a North Carolina Limited Liability Corporation, with offices located at 233 Valley Meadow Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27516 (Consultant) and GeoVax, Inc, a Georgia Corporation with offices located at 1900 Lake Park Drive, Suite 380, Atlanta, Ga, 30080 (GeoVax).

The parties agree as follows:

1.         Scope of Work/Updates/Term.

(a)         Scope of Work. During the Term (as defined below), upon the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, GeoVax hereby retains Consultant, and Consultant hereby agrees, to perform the consulting services set forth on Schedule A and Attachment 1 (collectively, the “Services”).

(b)         Updates. Consultant agrees to keep GeoVax updated promptly upon GeoVax request of any progress, problems, and/or developments of which Consultant is aware regarding the Services.

(c)         Scope of Services and Personnel. Consultant agrees to make available the services of Kelly T. McKee, Jr., MD, MPH, in the performance of this Agreement.

(d)         Term. The term of this Agreement (the “Term”) shall be deemed to have commenced as of 15 January 2022 and shall continue until such time as GeoVax and/or Consultant propose and agree to terminate, change conditions, or otherwise modify the relationship between GeoVax and Consultant.

2.         Compensation. The Company shall compensate Consultant as follows:

(a)   Consultant agrees to be available to GeoVax to perform duties as Chief Medical Officer and related activities for 10 hrs per week, at a bill rate of $400 USD/hr. GeoVax will pay Consultant a fixed fee of $4,000 per week ($400/hr X 10 hrs) for the Term of the contract. If additional hours are agreed between GeoVax and Consultant, the same bill rate ($400/hr) shall apply. Payment shall be made by check (mailed to Kelly T. McKee, Jr, 233 Valley Meadow Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 28306), or by direct wire transfer as follows:

Bank of America

104 East Main Street

Carrboro, North Carolina 27510

Account Name: Kelly T. McKee Jr

Account Number: 006010392899

Bank Routing Number: 026009593

Swift Code: BOFAUS3N (for wire transfer in US dollars)

Page 2

(b)         No Other Benefits; Taxes. Except as expressly provided in this Agreement, Consultant shall not be entitled to receive any other compensation or any benefits from GeoVax. Except as otherwise required by law, GeoVax shall not withhold any sums from payments made to Consultant for US State and/or Federal taxes of any kind, and all required US tax payments in respect of the payable pursuant to this Agreement shall be the Consultant’s sole responsibility.

3.         Confidential Information. Consultant agrees that all information, whether or not in writing, of a private, secret or confidential nature concerning, without limitation, GeoVax’s business, business relationships, technology, clinical trials or financial affairs (collectively, “Proprietary Information”), is and shall be the exclusive property of GeoVax. Consultant shall not disclose any Proprietary Information to any person or entity other than employees of GeoVax, on a need to know basis, or such third parties as GeoVax may authorize in advance, or use the same for any purposes other than in the performance of its duties as a Consultant to GeoVax, either during or after the Term, unless and until Consultant can demonstrate in written records that such Proprietary Information has become public knowledge without fault by Consultant. Consultant agrees that its obligation not to disclose or to use information and materials of the types set forth above also extends to confidential and proprietary information, materials and tangible property of customers, suppliers, sales agents and distributors of GeoVax and other third parties who may have disclosed or entrusted the same to GeoVax or to Consultant (“Third Party Information”). Consultant agrees to treat Third Party Information in the same manner as Consultant is required to treat Proprietary Information.

4.         Indemnification.

(a)    Consultant shall indemnify and hold GeoVax and its officers, agents, directors and consultants harmless against all claims, losses, expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) and injuries to person or property (including death) resulting in any way, from any negligence or willful misconduct on the part of Consultant, in the performance or failure to fulfill any Services under this Agreement.

(b)    GeoVax shall indemnify and hold Consultant and its officers and directors harmless against all claims, losses, expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) and injuries to person or property (including death) resulting in any way, from any negligence or willful misconduct on the part of GeoVax, in the performance or failure to fulfill its obligations under this Agreement.

5.         Term and Termination.

(a)         Termination by The Company. This Agreement can be terminated by GeoVax with or without cause following 30 days written notice to the Consultant.

(b)         Termination by Consultant. This Agreement may be terminated by Consultant with or without cause with 30 days written notice to GeoVax.

Page 3

6.         Compliance with Applicable Laws. Consultant warrants that any materials supplied and work performed under this Agreement comply with or will comply with all applicable United States laws and regulations.

7.         Independent Contractor. Consultant is an independent contractor and represents and warrants that he is not and shall not be construed to be an employee of GeoVax and that his status shall be that of an independent contractor acting in his professional capacity as GeoVax Chief Medical Officer. Further:

(1) Geovax shall provide professional liability coverage for the Consultant specific for services performed as GeoVax Chief Medical Officer.

(2) The Consultant is not authorized to enter into contracts or agreements on behalf of GeoVax or to otherwise create obligations of GeoVax to third parties, except or unless authorized specifically by GeoVax.

(3) The Consultant’s place of work is confirmed as being home based. At such time as this Contract terminates, or Consultant terminates services to GeoVax, Consultant will immediately return any computer or other corporate property that may be provided to him by GeoVax.

8.         Reimbursement of Expenses. GeoVax will reimburse Consultant for all travel, lodging, meals, and other reasonable out-of-pocket expenses actually incurred by Consultant in connection with this Agreement, upon submission to GeoVax of an invoice and reasonable supporting documentation thereof. International travel (outside North America) will be via business class air; lodging will be in Marriott-brand hotels (or equivalent if Marriott is unavailable). It is expected that the Consultant is responsible for all cost related to maintain a professional office. Reimbursement shall be due within 15 days after receipt of the related invoice by GeoVax.

9.         Reporting Obligations.         

(a)    None.

10.      General.

(a)          Severability. Consultant hereby agrees that each provision herein shall be treated as a separate and independent clause, and the unenforceability of any one clause shall in no way impair the enforceability of any of the other clauses herein. Moreover, if one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall for any reason be held to be excessively broad as to scope, activity, subject or otherwise so as to be unenforceable at law, such provision or provisions shall be construed by the appropriate judicial body by limiting or reducing it or them so as to be enforceable to the maximum extent compatible with the applicable law as it shall then appear.

(b)         Assignment. GeoVax shall have the right to assign this Agreement or any rights and obligations hereunder to its successors and assignees, and all covenants and agreements hereunder shall inure to the benefit of and shall be binding upon said successors or assignees. Consultant may not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of GeoVax.

Page 4

(c)         Governing Law and Forum. This Agreement and all aspects of the relationship between the parties hereto shall be construed and enforced in accordance with and governed by the internal laws of the State of Georgia, U.S.A. without regard to its conflict of laws’ provisions. Any claims or legal actions by one party against the other shall be commenced and maintained in any state or federal court located in the state of Georgia, U.S.A. and the parties hereby submit to the jurisdiction and venue of any such court.

(d)         Notices. All notices provided for in this Agreement shall be given in writing and shall be effective when either served by hand delivery, electronic facsimile transmission, express overnight courier service, or by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the parties at their respective addresses set forth below, or to such other address or addresses as either party may later specify by written notice to the other:

If to GeoVax, to:

David A Dodd, President and CEO

GeoVax, Inc.

1900 Lake Park Drive, Suite 380,

Atlanta, GA, 30080

If to Consultant, to:

Kelly T. McKee, Jr., MD, MPH

233 Valley Meadow Drive

Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA

1 919 214-2214 (phone)

mckeekt@ktmbio.com (e-mail)

(e)         Nature of Obligations; Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is solely for the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns, and does not confer any rights or remedies on any other person or entity.

(f)         Entire Agreement and Waiver. This Agreement and any schedules and exhibits hereto shall constitute the entire agreement between GeoVax and Consultant with respect to the subject matter hereof and all prior agreements, representations, and statement with respect to such subject matter are superseded hereby, including without limitation any non-disclosure agreement previously executed between the parties. The terms of this Agreement shall control in the event of any inconsistency with the terms of any schedule or exhibit hereto. No failure of either party to exercise or enforce any of its rights under this Agreement shall act as a waiver of subsequent breaches; and the waiver of any breach shall not act as a waiver of subsequent breaches.

Page 5

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have signed this agreement on 22 December 2021, effective as of 15 January 2022.

GeoVax, Inc.

By: _____________________________

David A. Dodd

Title:_President and CEO

____________________________

Consultant

By:

Kelly T. McKee, Jr., MD, MPH

Title: President, KTM BioPartners LLC

In Lieu of Wet Ink Originals

Page 6

Schedule A

Scope of Services

The Consultant will report directly to David A Dodd, President and Chief Executive Officer, as Chief Medical Officer, and support him and GeoVax in line with GeoVax’s instructions and Standard Operating Procedures, by providing consulting services as Chief Medical Officer, and other related duties as requested or assigned, to include client meetings, Business Development activities, project / program strategy and support, protocol development, and other duties as described in Attachment 1. The Consultant will adhere to all local laws and regulations and ensure the services are provided in conformity with local law and regulations, institutional regulations and according to the Declaration of Helsinki as set out in the European Directive 2005/28/EC, the Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, adopted by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association (1996) and any subsequent modifications or amendments thereto and applying consistently Principles of ICH Good Clinical Practice as required by EU/FDA regulations.

Page 7

Attachment 1

Chief Medical Officer – GeoVax, Inc.

(Consultant, Leading to Potential Full-time Position)

Position Summary:

The Chief Medical Officer (CMO) will report directly to the Chief Executive Officer. The primary role of the CMO will be to provide leadership and direction for GeoVax’s pipeline of clinical development programs in both infectious diseases and immuno-oncology.

The CMO will be responsible for the strategy, direction and execution of the company’s clinical development plans. The CMO will be a key member of the senior management team as a member of the company’s Executive Operating Committee which determines and oversees research and drug development at GeoVax and sets the overall strategic direction of the company. This is a unique opportunity to be a major contributor to the success of an exciting, well-positioned, well-financed growth stage biotechnology company.

Critical roles and activities:

● Direct the development of clinical strategies and plans to integrate GeoVax products into the standard practice of oncology/hematology and infectious disease management/prevention;

● Orchestrate and manage clinical aspects of regulatory strategies and interactions with health regulatory authorities;

● Oversee the analysis and interpretation of clinical trial data and the reporting of clinical trial results;

● Lead interactions with academic thought leaders, investigators, cooperative groups, and other clinical stakeholders ;

● Provide clinical support and work with other members of the management team to develop and communicate the overall corporate strategy;

● Represent the Company and its programs to external audiences, including the investment, medical and regulatory communities, as well as pharmaceutical or biotechnology industry collaborators/partners ;

● In addition to leading and supervising Clinical Development Operations, including external CRO relationships, the CMO will have direct responsibility for Patient Advocacy, Medical Affairs, and Biometrics operations

Qualifications:

The ideal candidate will offer:

● M.D. or equivalent with Board Certification in Hematology/Oncology or Infectious Disease

● 15 years minimum experience in clinical practice treating patients and pharmaceutical and/or biotechnology industry experience as a sponsor working on investigational new therapies/vaccines

● Multiple years of management experience leading a clinical group including clinical/medical affairs and clinical operations

● A proven success record in Phase I-IV clinical development studies and trial design, successful submission of IND’s and marketing approval-directed filings (BLA’s, NDA’s and MAA’s) and lead interactions with regulatory agencies.

Page 8

Knowledge, Skills and Abilities:

● Knowledge of relevant FDA regulations and guidelines as well as those of the EU and other health authorities; experience in interactions with FDA personnel is essential; experience in interactions with other health authorities a plus;

● Experience with, or strong knowledge of Oncology drug development or Infectious Disease vaccine development;

● Experience in translational medicine, clinical pharmacology and early-stage development is desirable;

● Must have a thorough knowledge of clinical research concepts, practices, and GCP and ICH Guidelines.

● The successful candidate will read, write and speak fluent English, possess excellent communication skills and will be capable of articulating the Company’s clinical and regulatory strategies and progress to a wide audience, internally and externally;

● Must have excellent leadership and interpersonal skills; should have proven skills as an effective team player who can engender credibility and confidence within and outside the Company, including having outstanding executive presence.

EX-10.10

Exhibit 10.10

GeoVax Labs, Inc.

Summary of Director Compensation Plan
Effective as of January 1, 2022

In an effort to attract and retain well-qualified directors, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) of GeoVax Labs, Inc. (the “Company”) has approved a plan of compensation for the Company’s non-employee directors (the “Plan”). A summary of the material terms of the Plan is as follows:

Board Membership

● Each non-employee director shall receive an annual cash retainer of $25,000 for service as a member of the Board.

● A non-employee Chairperson of the Board shall receive an additional annual cash retainer of $25,000.

● In the absence of a non-employee Chairperson of the Board, a non-employee director designated as the Lead Director shall receive an additional annual cash retainer of $10,000.

● Each non-employee director shall receive an annual grant of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The Board, upon recommendation of the Compensation Committee, shall determine the amount and terms of such grants each year.

Audit Committee

● Each non-employee director shall receive an annual cash retainer of $7,500, for service as a member of the Audit Committee.

● The Audit Committee Chairperson shall receive an additional annual cash retainer of $7,500 ($15,000 total) for service in such capacity.

Compensation Committee

● Each non-employee director shall receive an annual cash retainer of $5,000, for service as a member of the Compensation Committee.

● The Compensation Committee Chairperson shall receive an additional annual cash retainer of $5,000 ($10,000 total) for service in such capacity.

Nominating & Governance Committee

● Each non-employee director shall receive an annual cash retainer of $5,000, for service as a member of the Nominating & Governance Committee.

● The Nominating & Governance Committee Chairperson shall receive an additional annual cash retainer of $2,500 ($7,500 total) for service in such capacity.

Other

● All reasonable expenses incurred by non-employee directors in their capacity as such shall be reimbursed by the Company.

● Cash retainers shall be paid in advance in four quarterly installments.

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-252437) of GeoVax Labs, Inc. of our report dated March 9, 2022, relating to the consolidated financial statements of GeoVax Labs, Inc., appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of GeoVax Labs, Inc. for the year ended December 31, 2021.

/s/ WIPFLI LLP

Atlanta, Georgia

March 9, 2022

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

I, David A. Dodd, certify that:

(1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of GeoVax Labs, Inc.;

(2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

(5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

March 9, 2022	/s/ David A. Dodd
	David A. Dodd
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO RULE 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a)

OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

I, Mark W. Reynolds, certify that:

(1) I have reviewed this annual report on Form 10-K of GeoVax Labs, Inc.;

(2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

(3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

(4) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a. Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b. Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c. Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d. Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

(5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a. All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b. Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

March 9, 2022	/s/ Mark W. Reynolds
	Mark W. Reynolds
	Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the annual report of GeoVax Labs, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, I, David A. Dodd, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The annual report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the annual report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

March 9, 2022	/s/ David A. Dodd
	David A. Dodd
	President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

CERTIFICATION

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the annual report of GeoVax Labs, Inc. (the "Company") on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, I, Mark W. Reynolds, hereby certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002, that to the best of my knowledge:

1. The annual report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the annual report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company

March 9, 2022	/s/ Mark W. Reynolds
	Mark W. Reynolds
	Chief Financial Officer

XML

Document And Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Mar. 09, 2022	Jun. 30, 2021
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Central Index Key	0000832489
Entity Registrant Name	GeoVax Labs, Inc.
Amendment Flag	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2021
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2021
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-39563
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Address, Address Line One	1900 Lake Park Drive, Suite 380
Entity Address, City or Town	Smyrna
Entity Address, State or Province	GA
Entity Tax Identification Number	87-0455038
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	30080
City Area Code	678
Local Phone Number	384-7220
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 30,365,310
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		7,089,025
Auditor Name	WIPFLI LLP
Auditor Location	Atlanta, Georgia
Auditor Firm ID	344
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	false
Warrant [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Warrants to Purchase Common Stock
Trading Symbol	GOVXW
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Common Stock [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock $0.001 par value
Trading Symbol	GOVX
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 11,423,870	$ 9,883,796
Grant funds and other receivables	49,006	182,663
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	156,240	168,689
Total current assets	11,629,116	10,235,148
Property and equipment, net	156,938	147,741
Deposits	11,010	11,010
Total assets	11,797,064	10,393,899
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	2,057,534	267,702
Accrued expenses	3,377,826	359,281
Current portion of notes payable	0	183,326
Total current liabilities	5,435,360	810,309
Accrued expenses – noncurrent	2,000,000	0
Note payable, net of current portion	0	14,738
Total liabilities	7,435,360	825,047
Commitments (Note 6)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value: Authorized shares – 10,000,000 Series B convertible preferred stock, $1,000 stated value; -0- and 100 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively	0	76,095
Common stock, $.001 par value: Authorized shares – 600,000,000 Issued and outstanding shares – 6,381,541 and 3,834,095 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively	6,382	3,834
Additional paid-in capital	68,731,220	55,294,504
Accumulated deficit	(64,375,898)	(45,805,581)
Total stockholders’ equity	4,361,704	9,568,852
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$ 11,797,064	$ 10,393,899

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parentheticals) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	600,000,000	600,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	6,381,541	3,834,095
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	6,381,541	3,834,095
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 1,000	$ 1,000
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	100
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	100

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Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Grant and collaboration revenue	$ 385,501	$ 1,823,658
Operating expenses:
Research and development	15,554,171	2,444,459
General and administrative	3,577,153	2,196,014
Total operating expenses	19,131,324	4,640,473
Loss from operations	(18,745,823)	(2,816,815)
Other income (expense):
Interest income	4,736	2,271
Interest expense	(1,286)	(143,524)
Gain on debt extinguishment	172,056	0
Total other income (expense)	175,506	(141,253)
Net loss	$ (18,570,317)	$ (2,958,068)
Basic and diluted:
Net loss per common share (in dollars per share)	$ (3.04)	$ (2.14)
Weighted average shares outstanding (in shares)	6,099,933	1,383,829

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Deficiency) - USD ($)	Warrant Issued for Technology License[Member] Preferred Stock [Member]	Warrant Issued for Technology License[Member] Common Stock [Member]	Warrant Issued for Technology License[Member] Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Warrant Issued for Technology License[Member] Retained Earnings [Member]	Warrant Issued for Technology License[Member]	Preferred Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member]	Additional Paid-in Capital [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Total
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019						2,486	14,992
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019						$ 1,932,433	$ 15	$ 39,340,509	$ (42,847,513)	$ (1,574,556)
Sale of convertible preferred stock for cash (in shares)						300	0
Sale of convertible preferred stock for cash						$ 300,000	$ 0	0	0	300,000
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock (in shares)						(2,686)	716,790
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock						$ (2,156,338)	$ 717	2,155,621	0	0
Warrants issued in bridge financing						$ 0	$ 0	457,833	0	457,833
Common stock issued (in shares)						0	286,902
Issuance of common stock upon warrant exercise						$ 0	$ 287	2,213	0	2,500
Issuance of common stock upon debenture conversion (in shares)						0	177,626
Issuance of common stock upon debenture conversion						$ 0	$ 177	569,340	0	$ 569,517
Common stock issued for cancellation of accrued compensation (in shares)						0	300,001			300,001
Issuance of common stock upon cancellation of accrued compensation						$ 0	$ 300	1,499,700	0	$ 1,500,000
Sale of common stock for cash (in shares)						0	2,310,000
Sale of common stock for cash						$ 0	$ 2,310	11,156,186	0	$ 11,158,496
Issuance of common stock for services (in shares)						0	26,581			26,581
Issuance of common stock for services						$ 0	$ 27	94,373	0	$ 94,400
Stock option expense								18,730		18,730
Roundup of shares following reverse stock split (in shares)						0	1,203
Roundup of shares following reverse stock split						$ 0	$ 1	(1)	0	0
Net loss						$ 0	$ 0	0	(2,958,068)	(2,958,068)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020						100	3,834,095
Balance at Dec. 31, 2020						$ 76,095	$ 3,834	55,294,504	(45,805,581)	9,568,852
Warrants issued in bridge financing	$ 0	$ 0	$ 209,825	$ 0	$ 209,825
Common stock issued (in shares)						0	889,739
Issuance of common stock upon warrant exercise						$ 0	$ 890	3,403,266	0	3,404,156
Sale of common stock for cash (in shares)						0	1,644,000
Sale of common stock for cash						$ 0	$ 1,644	9,407,276	0	$ 9,408,920
Issuance of common stock for services (in shares)						0	13,707			13,707
Issuance of common stock for services						$ 0	$ 14	71,827	0	$ 71,841
Stock option expense						0	0	269,427	0	269,427
Net loss						$ 0	$ 0	0	(18,570,317)	(18,570,317)
Repurchase of preferred stock (in shares)						(100)	0
Repurchase of preferred stock						$ (76,095)	$ 0	75,095	0	(1,000)
Balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021						0	6,381,541
Balance at Dec. 31, 2021						$ 0	$ 6,382	$ 68,731,220	$ (64,375,898)	$ 4,361,704

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (18,570,317)	$ (2,958,068)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	38,521	19,656
Debt discount amortization	0	124,185
Stock-based compensation expense	369,987	64,463
Warrant issued for technology license fee	209,825	0
Gain on debt extinguishment	(172,056)	0
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Grant funds and other receivables	133,657	(114,060)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(16,270)	(24,702)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	6,810,233	137,956
Total adjustments	7,373,897	207,498
Net cash used in operating activities	(11,196,420)	(2,750,570)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	(47,718)	(156,791)
Net cash used in investing activities	(47,718)	(156,791)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from sale of common stock and warrants	9,408,920	11,158,496
Net proceeds from warrant exercises	3,404,156	2,500
Net proceeds from sale of preferred stock	0	300,000
Net proceeds from issuance of note payable	0	170,200
Net proceeds from bridge financing	0	888,500
Repurchase of preferred stock	(1,000)	0
Principal repayment of note payable	(27,864)	(11,880)
Net cash provided by financing activities	12,784,212	12,507,816
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	1,540,074	9,600,455
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	9,883,796	283,341
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$ 11,423,870	$ 9,883,796

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Parentheticals) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Shares issued (in shares)		716,790
Common stock issued for cancellation of accrued compensation (in shares)		300,001
Deferred compensation		$ 1,500,000
Paycheck Protection Program CARES Act [Member]
Extinguishment of debt	$ 172,056
Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Shares issued upon conversion (in shares)		177,626
Convertible debentures		$ 1,200,000
Related accrued interest		$ 14,667
Stock Purchase Warrants First Issuance [Member]
Common stock issued (in shares)	149,705	36,902
Unit Warrants [Member]
Warrant issued (in shares)		300,001
Unit Warrants [Member] | Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Pre-funded stock purchase warrants (in shares)		303,668
Pre-Funded Warrants [Member] | Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Pre-funded stock purchase warrants (in shares)		126,042

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Note 1 - Description of Business and Recent Developments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Nature of Operations [Text Block]

1. Description of Business and Recent Developments

GeoVax Labs, Inc. (“GeoVax” or the “Company”), is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancers using novel vector vaccine platforms. GeoVax’s product pipeline includes ongoing human clinical trials in COVID-19 and head and neck cancer. Additional research and development programs include preventive vaccines against Zika Virus, hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, and Lassa) and malaria, as well as immunotherapies for solid tumors. Certain of our vaccine development activities have been, and continue to be, financially supported by the U.S. Government. This support has been both in the form of research grants and contracts awarded directly to us, as well as indirect support for the conduct of preclinical animal studies and human clinical trials.

GEO-CM04S1 License -- In November 2021, GeoVax entered into a license agreement with City of Hope (the “COH License”), granting GeoVax exclusive rights to further develop and commercialize GEO-CM04S1 (formerly referred to as COH04S1). GEO-CM04S1, a synthetic, attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (sMVA) vector expressing Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was initially developed at COH for immunocompromised patients.

GEO-CM04S1 is being studied in an ongoing Phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity, compared to the Pfizer mRNA-based vaccine, in patients who have previously received either an allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, an autologous hematopoietic cell transplant or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. GEO-CM04S1 is the only COVID-19 vaccine that includes both SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins to advance to a Phase 2 trial in cancer patients. Such vaccines also tend to produce an immune response quickly – in less than 14 days – with only mild side effects. The trial is also the first to compare an investigational multi-antigenic COVID-19 vaccine to the current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNTech in people who are immunocompromised. Such patients have often shown a weak antibody response after receiving currently available COVID-19 vaccines.

In December 2021, patient enrollment began for the Phase 2 portion of a Phase 1/2 trial of GEO-CM04S1, to study its use as a universal booster vaccine to current FDA-approved vaccines. GeoVax believes that the GEO-CM04S1 vaccine, when administered as a heterologous booster, will provide additional recognition elements to the immune system over a homologous boost from mRNA vaccines such as those developed by Moderna or Pfizer, which are directed only toward SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. The COH04S1 vaccine’s MVA backbone may be more effective at inducing COVID-19 immunity since MVA strongly induces T cell responses even in a background of immunosuppression. In addition, GEO-CM04S1 targeting of both Spike and Nucleocapsid antigens, may offer greater protection against the significant sequence variation observed with the Spike antigen.

Gedeptin® License -- In September 2021, GeoVax entered into an Assignment and License Agreement with PNP Therapeutics, Inc. (the “PNP License), whereby GeoVax expanded its immuno-oncology pipeline and added a new technology platform through the acquisition of exclusive rights to Gedeptin®, a novel patented product for the treatment of solid tumors through a gene therapy strategy known as GDEPT (Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy). In GDEPT, a vector is used to selectively transduce tumor cells with a nonhuman gene, which expresses an enzyme that can convert a nontoxic prodrug into a potent antitumor compound. A Phase 1/2 clinical trial is currently enrolling to evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat cycles of Gedeptin therapy in patients with recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with tumors accessible for injection and no curable treatment options. The FDA has granted Gedeptin Orphan Drug status for the treatment of HNSCC and the initial stage of the ongoing clinical trial is being funded by the FDA pursuant to its Orphan Products Clinical Trials Grants Program. GeoVax’s license to Gedeptin includes rights to expand its use to all human diseases and/or conditions including, but not limited to, cancers.

GeoVax is incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware and our principal offices are located in the metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia area.

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Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block]

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GeoVax Labs, Inc. together with those of our wholly-owned subsidiary, GeoVax, Inc. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Presentation

On January 21, 2020, we effected a 1-for-2000 reverse split of our common stock and on September 25, 2020, we effected a 1-for-20 reverse split of our common stock. Unless otherwise noted, the accompanying consolidated financial statements, and all share and per share information contained herein, have been retroactively restated to reflect the reverse stock splits.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business for the twelve-month period following the issue date of these consolidated financial statements. We are devoting substantially all of our present efforts to research and development of our vaccine and immunotherapy candidates. We expect to incur future net losses and require substantial funds as we continue our research and development activities. Our transition to profitability will be dependent upon, among other things, the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. We may never achieve profitability or positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise additional funding.

We have funded our activities to date from sales of our equity securities, government grants and clinical trial assistance, and corporate and academic collaborations. We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to continue our planned operations into the second quarter of 2023. We intend to fund future operations through additional private and/or public offerings of debt or equity securities.  In addition, we may seek additional capital through arrangements with strategic partners or from other sources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional funds or achieve or sustain profitability or positive cash flows from operations. 

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of bank deposits and money market accounts. The recorded values approximate fair market values due to the short maturities.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, which are maintained by a high credit quality financial institution. The carrying values reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents approximate fair values.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred, while additions and improvements are capitalized. We calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to five years. We amortize leasehold improvements using the straight-line method over the term of the related lease.

We recognize leases in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (ASU 2016-02), which requires lessees to classify leases as either financing or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. In the case of our facility lease agreement which has an effective term of less than 12 months, we made an accounting policy election to not recognize lease assets and liabilities and record lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the future net cash flows expected to be generated by such assets. If we consider such assets to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the expected future net cash flows from the assets.

Accrued Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we estimate expenses that we believe we have incurred, but have not yet been billed by our third-party vendors. This process involves identifying services and activities that have been performed by such vendors on our behalf and estimating the level to which they have been performed and the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted loss per common share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Common share equivalents consist of common shares issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock, and upon exercise of stock options and stock purchase warrants. All common share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share since the effect would be anti-dilutive. The weighted average number of common share equivalents which were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share, calculated using the treasury stock method, totaled 213,831 and 1,001,948 shares at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09), which created a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606. The standard is principle-based and provides a five-step model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Grant revenue – We receive payments from government entities under non-refundable grants in support of our vaccine development programs. We record revenue associated with these grants when the reimbursable costs are incurred and we have complied with all conditions necessary to receive the grant funds.

Research collaborations – From time to time, we may enter into collaborative research and development agreements for specific vaccine development approaches and/or disease indications whereby we receive third-party funding for preclinical research under certain of these arrangements. Each agreement is evaluated in accordance with the process defined by ASU 2014-09 and revenue is recognized accordingly.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development (R&D) expense primarily consists of costs incurred in the discovery, development, testing and manufacturing of our product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of (i) salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation for personnel, (ii) laboratory supplies and facility-related expenses to conduct development, (iii) fees paid to third-party service providers to perform, monitor and accumulate data related to our preclinical studies and clinical trials, (iv) costs related to sponsored research agreements, and (v) costs to procure and manufacture materials used in clinical trials. These costs are charged to expense as incurred. During 2021, we also recorded $10,513,825 of R&D expense for upfront license fees and warrant expense associated with the COH License and the PNP License.

Patent Costs

Our expenditures relating to obtaining and protecting patents are charged to expense when incurred and are included in general and administrative expense.

Period-to-Period Comparisons

Our operating results are expected to fluctuate for the foreseeable future. Therefore, period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as predictive of the results for future periods.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates in effect for the year in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance unless, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based transactions in which the Company receives services from employees, directors or others in exchange for equity instruments based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. Stock-based compensation cost for awards of common stock is estimated based on the price of the underlying common stock on the date of issuance. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options or warrants is estimated at the grant date based on each instrument’s fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We recognize stock-based compensation cost as expense ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. See Note 7 for additional stock-based compensation information.

Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Except as discussed above, there have been no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements which we expect to have a material impact on our financial statements, nor do we believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards if currently adopted would have a material effect on our financial statements.

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Note 3 - Property and Equipment

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Property, Plant and Equipment Disclosure [Text Block]

3. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment as shown on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is composed of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021			2020
Equipment and furnishings	$	591,554		$	543,836
Leasehold improvements		115,605			115,605
Total property and equipment		707,159			659,441
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(550,221	)		(511,700	)
Property and equipment, net	$	156,938		$	147,741

Depreciation expense was $38,521 and $19,656 during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

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Note 4 - Accrued Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities Disclosure [Text Block]

4. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses as shown on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets is composed of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021		2020
Accrued license fees – current	$	3,000,000	$	-
Accrued license fees – noncurrent		2,000,000		-
Accrued payroll		269,000		279,696
Other accrued expenses		108,826		79,585
Total accrued expenses	$	5,377,826	$	359,281

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Note 5 - Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Debt Disclosure [Text Block]

5. Debt

GRA Note – On February 28, 2018, we entered into a Senior Note Purchase Agreement with Georgia Research Alliance, Inc. (GRA) pursuant to which we issued a five-year Senior Promissory Note (the “GRA Note”) to GRA in exchange for $50,000. The GRA Note bore an annual interest rate of 5%. During May 2021, we repaid the remaining principal balance of $22,737 and retired the GRA Note.

CARES Act Paycheck Protection Program Loan – On April 17, 2020, we received a $170,200 bank loan backed by the United States Small Business Administration (SBA) pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) provisions of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. The loan bore an annual interest rate of one percent. During May 2021, upon receiving payment from the SBA, the lender forgave the full principal balance of $170,200 together with $1,856 of accrued interest, and we recorded a $172,056 gain on debt extinguishment.

Convertible Debentures – On June 26 2020, we issued convertible debentures in the aggregate principal amount of $1,200,000 and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 120,000 shares of our common stock for gross proceeds of $1,050,000. As discussed in Note 7, in September 2020, the convertible debentures and accrued interest were fully converted into our equity securities and were retired.

Interest expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2019 was as follows:

	2021		2020
GRA Note	$	633	$	1,727
PPP Loan		653		1,203
Insurance premium financing costs		-		1,743
Convertible debentures (including $124,185 of debt discount amortization)		-		138,851
Total interest expense	$	1,286	$	143,524

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Note 6 - Commitments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Commitments Disclosure [Text Block]

6. Commitments

Operating Lease

We lease approximately 8,400 square feet of office and laboratory space pursuant to an operating lease which expires on December 31, 2022. Rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $166,242 and $166,577, respectively. Future minimum lease payments total $176,356 in 2022, although the lease may be terminated at any time by either party with ninety days written notice.

License Agreements

We have entered into license agreements with City of Hope, PNP Therapeutics, Inc., University of Alabama at Birmingham, Southern Research Institute, Emory University, and with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), as represented by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), an institute of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), for various technologies and patent rights associated with our product development activities. These agreements may contain provisions for upfront payments, milestone fees due upon the achievement of selected development and regulatory events, minimum annual royalties or other fees, and royalties based on future net sales. Aggregate unrecorded future minimum payments under these agreements (excluding milestone and royalty payments due upon contingent future events, and assuming neither party terminates the agreements) are approximately $174,000 in 2022, $128,000 in 2023, $128,000 in 2024, $28,000 in 2025 and $28,000 in 2026.

Other Commitments

In the normal course of business, we enter into various firm purchase commitments related to production and testing of our vaccine, conduct of research studies, and other activities. As of December 31, 2021, there were approximately $407,000 of unrecorded outstanding purchase commitments to our vendors and subcontractors, which we expect will be due in 2022.

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Note 7 - Stockholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Preferred Stock [Text Block]

7. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

In June 2021, we repurchased the remaining 100 shares of our Series B convertible preferred stock for a total price of $1,000. As of December 31, 2021, there are no shares of our preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock

2020 Public Offering – On September 29, 2020, we closed an underwritten public offering (the “2020 Offering”) of an aggregate of 2,560,000 units of our equity securities (the “Units”) with gross proceeds to us of approximately $12.8 million. Net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses were approximately $11.2 million. Each Unit sold in the offering consisted of one share of our common stock (or a pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock, all of which were fully exercised during 2020), and a warrant to purchase one share of common stock (“Unit Warrant”), exercisable at an exercise price of $5.00 per share and with a five-year expiration date.

From 2016 through August 2020, to help conserve the Company’s cash resources, our executive officers and non-employee directors agreed to defer receipt of all or a portion of their respective cash compensation. Upon consummation of the 2020 Offering, $1,500,000 of accumulated deferrals were converted at the $5.00 offering price, resulting in the issuance of 300,001 units substantially similar to the units sold in the public offering, with each unit consisting of one share of our common stock and one warrant substantially similar to a Unit Warrant.

Upon consummation of the 2020 Offering, we issued an aggregate of 177,626 shares of our common stock, 126,042 pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock, and 303,668 warrants substantially similar to a Unit Warrant upon the mandatory conversion of $1,214,667 of convertible debentures and accrued interest.

2021 Public Offering – On February 11, 2021, we closed an underwritten public offering of 1,644,000 shares of our common stock, with gross proceeds to us of approximately $10.3 million. Net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses were approximately $9.4 million.

Warrant exercises – During 2021, 740,034 Unit Warrants were exercised for cash, resulting in gross proceeds to us of approximately $3.7 million; net proceeds after deducting commissions owed to the underwriter of the 2020 Offering were approximately $3.4 million. During 2021, an aggregate of 215,672 warrants were exercised using the cashless exercise feature of the warrants, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 149,705 shares of our common stock. During 2020, 54,557 warrants were exercised using the cashless exercise feature of the warrants, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 36,902 shares of our common stock

Other Common Stock Transactions – During 2021 and 2020 we issued 13,707 and 26,581 shares, respectively, of our common stock pursuant to consulting agreements. During 2020 we issued an aggregate of 716,790 shares of our common stock, pursuant to the conversion of Series H and Series I convertible preferred stock.

Stock Option Plan

We have a stock-based incentive plan (the “2020 Plan”) pursuant to which our Board of Directors may grant stock options to our employees. A total of 1,500,000 shares of our common stock are reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2020 Plan. The exercise price for any option granted may not be less than fair value (110% of fair value for ISO’s granted to certain employees). Options have a maximum ten-year term.

We use the Black-Scholes model for determining the grant date fair value of our stock option grants. This model utilizes certain information, such as the interest rate on a risk-free security with a term generally equivalent to the expected life of the option being valued and requires certain other assumptions, such as the expected amount of time an option will be outstanding until it is exercised or expired, to calculate the fair value of stock options granted. The significant assumptions we used in our fair value calculations were as follows:

	2021			2020
Weighted average risk-free interest rates		1.43	%		0.69	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%
Expected life of option (in years)		7.0			7.0
Expected volatility		84.80	%		38.16	%

A summary of stock option activity under the 2020 Plan as of December 31, 2021, and changes during the year then ended is presented below.

	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (yrs)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020		602,000	$	2.79
Granted		360,300		3.82
Exercised		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-		-
Outstanding at December 31, 2021		962,300	$	3.18		9.31	$	499,660
Exercisable at December 31, 2021		200,661	$	2.79		8.93	$	166,549

The weighted-average grant date fair values of options granted during 2021 and 2020 were $2.87 and $1.12, respectively. Total stock option compensation expense recognized in the consolidated statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $269,427 and $18,730, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, there is $1,420,144 of unrecognized compensation expense that will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.

Stock Purchase Warrants

Summary of Warrants Outstanding – The table below presents summary information about our warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2021. Additional information concerning the warrants follows the table.

Warrant Description	Number of Shares		Exercise Price		Expiration
2020 Warrants		120,000		5.00	Jun 2025
2020 Unit Warrants		2,396,631		5.00	Sep 2025
2020 Representative Warrants		128,000		5.50	Mar 2024
2021 Representative Warrants		72,000		6.875	Aug 2024
2021 Warrants		100,000		13.00	Sep 2026
Total Warrants Outstanding at December 31, 2021		2,816,631
Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$	5.35
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years)		3.7

2020 Warrants – In June 2020, in connection with the issuance of convertible debentures, we issued warrants to purchase 120,000 shares of common stock, with a five-year term and an exercise price of $10.00. As a result of the 2020 Public Offering, in September 2020 the exercise price was reduced to $5.00.

2020 Unit Warrants – In September 2020, in connection with the 2020 Public Offering, we issued 303,668 warrants upon the conversion of convertible debentures, 300,001 warrants upon the conversion of amounts owed to current and former executive officers and directors, and 2,560,000 warrants to other investors in the 2020 Public Offering, with each of the warrants having a five-year term and an exercise price of $5.00. During 2021, 740,034 of these warrants were exercised for cash and 27,004 were exercised using the cashless exercise feature of the warrant.

2020 Representative Warrants – In September 2020, we issued 128,000 warrants to the underwriter of the 2020 Public Offering, with a 42-month term and an exercise price of $5.50.

2021 Representative Warrants – In February 2021, we issued 72,000 warrants to the underwriter of the 2021 Public Offering, with a 42-month term and an exercise price of $6.875.

2021 Warrants – In September 2021, in connection with a technology licensing agreement, we issued 100,000 warrants, with a five-year term and an exercise price of $13.00.

Additional Stock-Based Compensation Expense

In addition to stock-based compensation expense related to the 2020 Plan (see Stock Options above), during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $100,560 and $45,733, respectively, of expense related to the issuance of our common stock pursuant to consulting and investment banking agreements. As of December 31, 2021, there is $19,947 recorded as a prepaid expense for these arrangements, which will be recognized as expense during 2022 over the term of the related agreement.

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Note 8 - Retirement Plan

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Retirement Benefits [Text Block]

8. Retirement Plan

We participate in a multi-employer defined contribution retirement plan (the “401k Plan”) administered by a third-party service provider, and the Company contributes to the 401k Plan on behalf of its employees based upon a matching formula. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 our contributions to the 401k Plan were $36,980 and $27,511, respectively.

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Note 9 - Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]

9. Income Taxes

At December 31, 2021, we have a consolidated federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately $75.2 million available to offset against future taxable income of which approximately $48.9 million expires in varying amounts in 2022 through 2037. Additionally, we have approximately $1.6 million in research and development (“R&D”) tax credits that expire in 2022 through 2041 unless utilized earlier. No income taxes have been paid to date. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that may limit our utilization of our NOL and R&D tax credit carryforwards in any given year as a result of significant changes in ownership interests that have occurred in past periods or may occur in future periods.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities included the following at December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	2021			2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	18,449,694		$	14,737,240
Research and development tax credit carryforward		1,566,293			1,189,110
Stock-based compensation expense		129,475			4,870
Accrued salaries		69,940			72,721
Total deferred tax assets		20,215,402			16,003,941
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation		30,945			28,274
Net deferred tax assets		20,184,457			15,975,667
Valuation allowance		(20,184,457	)		(15,975,667	)
Net deferred tax asset after reduction for valuation allowance	$	-0-		$	-0-

We have established a full valuation allowance equal to the amount of our net deferred tax assets due to uncertainties with respect to our ability to generate sufficient taxable income to realize these assets in the future. A reconciliation of the income tax benefit on losses at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the reported income tax expense is as follows:

	2021			2020
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss	$	(3,899,767	)	$	(621,194	)
Permanent differences		-			65
Research and development credits		(377,183	)		(66,574	)
Change in valuation allowance, net of expired items and other adjustments		4,276,950			687,703
Reported income tax expense	$	-0-		$	-0-

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Note 10 - Grants and Collaboration Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Government Grants and Contracts [Text Block]

10. Grants and Collaboration Revenue

We receive payments from government entities under our grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and from the U.S. Department of Defense in support of our vaccine research and development efforts. We record revenue associated with government grants as the reimbursable costs are incurred. During 2021 and 2020, we recorded $385,501 and $1,438,465, respectively, of revenue associated with these grants. As of December 31, 2021, there is an aggregate of $81,526 in remaining grant funds available for use during 2022. During 2020, we recorded $385,193 of revenues associated with a research collaboration agreement.

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Note 11 - Subsequent Events

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

Subsequent Events [Text Block]

11. Subsequent Events

On January 19, 2022, we closed a private placement of 707,484 shares of common stock, 2,360,000 pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock, and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 3,067,484 shares of common stock. The warrants are exercisable immediately at an exercise price of $3.26 per share and will expire five years from the date of issuance. Net proceeds after deducting placement agent commissions and other offering expenses were approximately $9.2 million.

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes to Financial Statements

SEC Schedule, 12-09, Schedule of Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Disclosure [Text Block]

GEOVAX LABS, INC.

SCHEDULE II – VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

			Additions (Reductions)
Description	Balance at Beginning Of Period		Charged to Costs and Expenses			Charged to Other Accounts		Deductions		Balance at End Of Period
Reserve Deducted in the Balance Sheet From the Asset to Which it Applies:
Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets
Year ended December 31, 2021	$	15,975,667	$	4,208,790		$	-0-	$	-0-	$	20,184,457
Year ended December 31, 2020	$	18,787,230	$	(2,811,563	)	$	-0-	$	-0-	$	15,975,667

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Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Consolidation, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GeoVax Labs, Inc. together with those of our wholly-owned subsidiary, GeoVax, Inc. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Basis of Accounting, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Basis of Presentation

On January 21, 2020, we effected a 1-for-2000 reverse split of our common stock and on September 25, 2020, we effected a 1-for-20 reverse split of our common stock. Unless otherwise noted, the accompanying consolidated financial statements, and all share and per share information contained herein, have been retroactively restated to reflect the reverse stock splits.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business for the twelve-month period following the issue date of these consolidated financial statements. We are devoting substantially all of our present efforts to research and development of our vaccine and immunotherapy candidates. We expect to incur future net losses and require substantial funds as we continue our research and development activities. Our transition to profitability will be dependent upon, among other things, the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. We may never achieve profitability or positive cash flows, and unless and until we do, we will continue to need to raise additional funding.

We have funded our activities to date from sales of our equity securities, government grants and clinical trial assistance, and corporate and academic collaborations. We believe that our existing cash will be sufficient to continue our planned operations into the second quarter of 2023. We intend to fund future operations through additional private and/or public offerings of debt or equity securities.  In addition, we may seek additional capital through arrangements with strategic partners or from other sources. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional funds or achieve or sustain profitability or positive cash flows from operations. 

Use of Estimates, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents consist primarily of bank deposits and money market accounts. The recorded values approximate fair market values due to the short maturities.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that subject us to concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, which are maintained by a high credit quality financial institution. The carrying values reported in the balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents approximate fair values.

Property, Plant and Equipment, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred, while additions and improvements are capitalized. We calculate depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets which range from three to five years. We amortize leasehold improvements using the straight-line method over the term of the related lease.

We recognize leases in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (ASU 2016-02), which requires lessees to classify leases as either financing or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. This classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. In the case of our facility lease agreement which has an effective term of less than 12 months, we made an accounting policy election to not recognize lease assets and liabilities and record lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the assets to the future net cash flows expected to be generated by such assets. If we consider such assets to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the expected future net cash flows from the assets.

Accrued Liabilities [Policy Text Block]

Accrued Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we estimate expenses that we believe we have incurred, but have not yet been billed by our third-party vendors. This process involves identifying services and activities that have been performed by such vendors on our behalf and estimating the level to which they have been performed and the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date.

Earnings Per Share, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Net Loss Per Share

Basic and diluted loss per common share are computed based on the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Common share equivalents consist of common shares issuable upon conversion of convertible preferred stock, and upon exercise of stock options and stock purchase warrants. All common share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share since the effect would be anti-dilutive. The weighted average number of common share equivalents which were excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share, calculated using the treasury stock method, totaled 213,831 and 1,001,948 shares at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Policy Text Block]

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2014-09), which created a new Topic, Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606. The standard is principle-based and provides a five-step model to determine when and how revenue is recognized. The core principle is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Grant revenue – We receive payments from government entities under non-refundable grants in support of our vaccine development programs. We record revenue associated with these grants when the reimbursable costs are incurred and we have complied with all conditions necessary to receive the grant funds.

Research collaborations – From time to time, we may enter into collaborative research and development agreements for specific vaccine development approaches and/or disease indications whereby we receive third-party funding for preclinical research under certain of these arrangements. Each agreement is evaluated in accordance with the process defined by ASU 2014-09 and revenue is recognized accordingly.

Research and Development Expense, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Research and Development Expense

Research and development (R&D) expense primarily consists of costs incurred in the discovery, development, testing and manufacturing of our product candidates. These expenses consist primarily of (i) salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation for personnel, (ii) laboratory supplies and facility-related expenses to conduct development, (iii) fees paid to third-party service providers to perform, monitor and accumulate data related to our preclinical studies and clinical trials, (iv) costs related to sponsored research agreements, and (v) costs to procure and manufacture materials used in clinical trials. These costs are charged to expense as incurred. During 2021, we also recorded $10,513,825 of R&D expense for upfront license fees and warrant expense associated with the COH License and the PNP License.

Intangible Assets, Finite-Lived, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Patent Costs

Our expenditures relating to obtaining and protecting patents are charged to expense when incurred and are included in general and administrative expense.

Reclassification, Comparability Adjustment [Policy Text Block]

Period-to-Period Comparisons

Our operating results are expected to fluctuate for the foreseeable future. Therefore, period-to-period comparisons should not be relied upon as predictive of the results for future periods.

Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates in effect for the year in which temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance unless, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized.

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Policy Text Block]

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based transactions in which the Company receives services from employees, directors or others in exchange for equity instruments based on the fair value of the award at the grant date. Stock-based compensation cost for awards of common stock is estimated based on the price of the underlying common stock on the date of issuance. Stock-based compensation cost for stock options or warrants is estimated at the grant date based on each instrument’s fair value as calculated by the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We recognize stock-based compensation cost as expense ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the award. See Note 7 for additional stock-based compensation information.

New Accounting Pronouncements, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Except as discussed above, there have been no recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements which we expect to have a material impact on our financial statements, nor do we believe that any recently issued, but not yet effective, accounting standards if currently adopted would have a material effect on our financial statements.

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Note 3 - Property and Equipment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes Tables

Property, Plant and Equipment [Table Text Block]

	2021			2020
Equipment and furnishings	$	591,554		$	543,836
Leasehold improvements		115,605			115,605
Total property and equipment		707,159			659,441
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(550,221	)		(511,700	)
Property and equipment, net	$	156,938		$	147,741

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Note 4 - Accrued Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes Tables

Schedule of Accrued Liabilities [Table Text Block]

	2021		2020
Accrued license fees – current	$	3,000,000	$	-
Accrued license fees – noncurrent		2,000,000		-
Accrued payroll		269,000		279,696
Other accrued expenses		108,826		79,585
Total accrued expenses	$	5,377,826	$	359,281

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Note 5 - Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes Tables

Interest Expense Disclosure [Table Text Block]

	2021		2020
GRA Note	$	633	$	1,727
PPP Loan		653		1,203
Insurance premium financing costs		-		1,743
Convertible debentures (including $124,185 of debt discount amortization)		-		138,851
Total interest expense	$	1,286	$	143,524

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Note 7 - Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes Tables

Schedule of Share-based Payment Award, Stock Options, Valuation Assumptions [Table Text Block]

	2021			2020
Weighted average risk-free interest rates		1.43	%		0.69	%
Expected dividend yield		0.0	%		0.0	%
Expected life of option (in years)		7.0			7.0
Expected volatility		84.80	%		38.16	%

Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option, Activity [Table Text Block]

	Number of Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (yrs)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2020		602,000	$	2.79
Granted		360,300		3.82
Exercised		-		-
Forfeited or expired		-		-
Outstanding at December 31, 2021		962,300	$	3.18		9.31	$	499,660
Exercisable at December 31, 2021		200,661	$	2.79		8.93	$	166,549

Schedule of Stockholders' Equity Note, Warrants or Rights [Table Text Block]

Warrant Description	Number of Shares		Exercise Price		Expiration
2020 Warrants		120,000		5.00	Jun 2025
2020 Unit Warrants		2,396,631		5.00	Sep 2025
2020 Representative Warrants		128,000		5.50	Mar 2024
2021 Representative Warrants		72,000		6.875	Aug 2024
2021 Warrants		100,000		13.00	Sep 2026
Total Warrants Outstanding at December 31, 2021		2,816,631
Weighted-Average Exercise Price	$	5.35
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years)		3.7

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Note 9 - Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes Tables

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities [Table Text Block]

	2021			2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	18,449,694		$	14,737,240
Research and development tax credit carryforward		1,566,293			1,189,110
Stock-based compensation expense		129,475			4,870
Accrued salaries		69,940			72,721
Total deferred tax assets		20,215,402			16,003,941
Deferred tax liabilities
Depreciation		30,945			28,274
Net deferred tax assets		20,184,457			15,975,667
Valuation allowance		(20,184,457	)		(15,975,667	)
Net deferred tax asset after reduction for valuation allowance	$	-0-		$	-0-

Schedule of Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation [Table Text Block]

	2021			2020
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss	$	(3,899,767	)	$	(621,194	)
Permanent differences		-			65
Research and development credits		(377,183	)		(66,574	)
Change in valuation allowance, net of expired items and other adjustments		4,276,950			687,703
Reported income tax expense	$	-0-		$	-0-

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Notes Tables

Summary of Valuation Allowance [Table Text Block]

			Additions (Reductions)
Description	Balance at Beginning Of Period		Charged to Costs and Expenses			Charged to Other Accounts		Deductions		Balance at End Of Period
Reserve Deducted in the Balance Sheet From the Asset to Which it Applies:
Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets
Year ended December 31, 2021	$	15,975,667	$	4,208,790		$	-0-	$	-0-	$	20,184,457
Year ended December 31, 2020	$	18,787,230	$	(2,811,563	)	$	-0-	$	-0-	$	15,975,667

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Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details Textual)			12 Months Ended
	Sep. 25, 2020	Jan. 21, 2020	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) shares	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($) shares
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share, Amount (in shares) | shares			213,831	1,001,948
Research and Development Expense, Total			$ 15,554,171	$ 2,444,459
Upfront Fees for COH and PNP License[Member]
Research and Development Expense, Total			$ 10,513,825
Minimum [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life (Year)			3 years
Maximum [Member]
Property, Plant and Equipment, Useful Life (Year)			5 years
Reverse Stock Split [Member]
Stockholders' Equity Note, Stock Split, Conversion Ratio	20	2,000

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Note 3 - Property and Equipment (Details Textual) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization, Nonproduction, Total	$ 38,521	$ 19,656

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Note 3 - Property and Equipment - Schedule of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Property and equipment, gross	$ 707,159	$ 659,441
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(550,221)	(511,700)
Property and equipment, net	156,938	147,741
Equipment and Furnishings [Member]
Property and equipment, gross	591,554	543,836
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 115,605	$ 115,605

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Note 4 - Accrued Expenses - Schedule of Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accrued license fees – current	$ 3,000,000	$ 0
Accrued license fees – noncurrent	2,000,000	0
Accrued payroll	269,000	279,696
Other accrued expenses	108,826	79,585
Total accrued expenses	$ 5,377,826	$ 359,281

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Note 5 - Debt (Details Textual) - USD ($)					1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	May 01, 2021	Jun. 26, 2020	Apr. 17, 2020	Feb. 28, 2018	May 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Proceeds from Notes Payable, Total				$ 50,000		$ 0	$ 170,200
Repayments of Notes Payable						27,864	11,880
Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt, Total						$ 172,056	$ 0
Convertible Debentures [Member]
Debt Instrument, Face Amount		$ 1,200,000
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)		120,000
Proceeds from Convertible Debt, Gross		$ 1,050,000
Paycheck Protection Program CARES Act [Member]
Proceeds from Notes Payable, Total			$ 170,200
Extinguishment of Debt, Amount					$ 170,200
Gain (Loss) from Interest Forgiven					1,856
Gain (Loss) on Extinguishment of Debt, Total	$ 172,056
Senior Notes [Member]
Debt Instrument, Term (Year)				5 years
Debt Instrument, Interest Rate, Stated Percentage				5.00%
Repayments of Notes Payable					$ 22,737

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Note 5 - Debt - Interest Expense (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
GRA Note	$ 1,286	$ 143,524
Senior Notes [Member]
GRA Note	633	1,727
Paycheck Protection Program CARES Act [Member]
GRA Note	653	1,203
Insurance Premium Financing Costs[Member]
GRA Note	0	1,743
Convertible Debt [Member]
GRA Note	$ 0	$ 138,851

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Note 5 - Debt - Interest Expense (Details) (Parentheticals) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt discount amortization	$ 0	$ 124,185

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Note 6 - Commitments (Details Textual)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2021 ft²
Licensing Agreement, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, Current	$ 174,000
Licensing Agreement, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Two Years	128,000
Licensing Agreement, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Three Years	128,000
Licensing Agreement, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Four Years	28,000
Licensing Agreement, Future Minimum Payments Receivable, in Five Years	28,000
Unrecorded Unconditional Purchase Obligation, Total	407,000
Office and Laboratory Lease Agreement [Member]
Area of Real Estate Property (Square Foot) | ft²			8,400
Operating Lease, Expense	166,242	$ 166,577
Lessee, Operating Lease, Liability, to be Paid, Year One	$ 176,356

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Note 7 - Stockholders' Equity (Details Textual) - USD ($)			12 Months Ended
	Feb. 11, 2021	Sep. 29, 2020	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2021	Sep. 28, 2021	Jun. 01, 2021	Sep. 24, 2020	Jun. 26, 2020
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Proceeds from Issuance or Sale of Equity, Gross		$ 12,800,000
Proceeds from Issuance or Sale of Equity, Total		$ 11,200,000
Number of Common Stock Securities Called by Each Unit (in shares)		1
Deferred Compensation Liability Conversion to Equity, Amount		$ 1,500,000		$ 1,500,000
Deferred Compensation Liability Conversion to Equity, Conversion Price (in dollars per share)		$ 5.00
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Cancellation of Accrued Compensation (in shares)		300,001		300,001
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Conversion of Convertible Securities (in shares)		177,626
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues (in shares)	1,644,000
Stock Issued During Period, Value, New Issues	$ 10,300,000		$ 9,408,920	$ 11,158,496
Proceeds from Issuance of Common Stock	$ 9,400,000
Proceeds from Warrant Exercises			$ 3,404,156	$ 2,500
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Issued for Services (in shares)			13,707	26,581
Conversion of Stock, Shares Issued (in shares)				716,790
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Purchase Price of Common Stock, Percent				110.00%
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Expiration Period (Year)				10 years
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Options, Grants in Period, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (in dollars per share)			$ 2.87	$ 1.12
Prepaid Expense, Value of Stock Issued for Services During Period			$ 19,947
Expense Related To Consulting And Investment Banking Agreements [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expense			100,560	$ 45,733
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Option [Member]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Expense			269,427	$ 18,730
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount, Total			$ 1,420,144
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition (Year)			2 years 2 months 12 days
Stock Incentive Plan 2020 [Member]
Common Stock, Capital Shares Reserved for Future Issuance (in shares)					1,500,000
Conversion of Series H, Series I, and Series J Preferred Stock into Common Stock [Member]
Conversion of Stock, Shares Issued (in shares)				716,790
Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Principal and Interest, Amount		$ 1,214,667
Conversion Warrants [Member]
Class Of Warrant Or Right, Issued During Period (in shares)		2,560,000
Conversion Warrants [Member] | Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Warrants or Options Issued (in shares)		303,668
Unit Warrant [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right (in shares)		1
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)		$ 5.00	$ 5.00
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)		5 years
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercised During Period (in shares)			740,034
Proceeds from Warrant Exercises, Gross			$ 3,700,000
Proceeds from Warrant Exercises			$ 3,400,000
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Warrants Exercised (in shares)			27,004
Pre-Funded Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Each Warrant or Right (in shares)		1
Pre-Funded Warrants [Member] | Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Warrants or Options Issued (in shares)		126,042		126,042
Management Warrant [Member]
Number of Warrants Called by Each Unit (in shares)		1
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)		300,001
Stock Purchase Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercised During Period (in shares)			215,672	54,557
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, Warrants Exercised (in shares)			149,705	36,902
June 2020 Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)		$ 5.00							$ 10.00
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)									5 years
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)									120,000
Conversion of Convertible Debenture [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)		303,668
Unit Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)		2,560,000
Unit Warrants [Member] | Conversion from Convertible Debentures to Conversion Units [Member]
Debt Conversion, Converted Instrument, Warrants or Options Issued (in shares)				303,668
Representative Warrants 2020 [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)			$ 5.50					$ 5.50
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)		42 months
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)		128,000
Representative Warrants 2021 [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)	$ 6.875		6.875
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)	42 months
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)	72,000
Warrants 2021 [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)			$ 13.00			$ 13.00
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)						5 years
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)						100,000
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock [Member]
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding, Ending Balance (in shares)			0	100			100
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share (in dollars per share)			$ 1,000	$ 1,000
Capital Units Tranche One [Member] | Capital Units [Member]
Number of Common Stock Securities Called by Each Unit (in shares)		1

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Note 7 - Stockholders' Equity - Significant Assumption Used in Fair Value Calculation (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Weighted average risk-free interest rates	1.43%	0.69%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Expected life of option (in years) (Year)	7 years	7 years
Expected volatility	84.80%	38.16%

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Note 7 - Stockholders' Equity- Stock Option Activity (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares
Outstanding (in shares)	602,000
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.79
Granted (in shares)	360,300
Granted, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.82
Exercised (in shares)	0
Exercised, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 0
Forfeited or expired (in shares)	0
Outstanding (in shares)	962,300
Outstanding, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 3.18
Outstanding, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)	9 years 3 months 21 days
Outstanding, aggregate intrinsic value | $	$ 499,660
Exercisable (in shares)	200,661
Exercisable, weighted average exercise price (in dollars per share) | $ / shares	$ 2.79
Exercisable, weighted average remaining contractual term (Year)	8 years 11 months 4 days
Exercisable, aggregate intrinsic value | $	$ 166,549

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Note 7 - Stockholders' Equity - Summary of Warrants Outstanding (Details) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2021	Sep. 28, 2021	Feb. 11, 2021	Sep. 29, 2020	Sep. 24, 2020
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,816,631
Weighted Average [Member]
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.35
Warrants 2020 [Member]
Number of warrants (in shares)	120,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.00
Unit Warrant [Member]
Number of warrants (in shares)	2,396,631
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.00			$ 5.00
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years) (Year)				5 years
Representative Warrants 2020 [Member]
Number of warrants (in shares)	128,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 5.50				$ 5.50
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years) (Year)				42 months
Representative Warrants 2021 [Member]
Number of warrants (in shares)	72,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 6.875		$ 6.875
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years) (Year)			42 months
Warrants 2021 [Member]
Number of warrants (in shares)	100,000
Exercise price (in dollars per share)	$ 13.00	$ 13.00
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years) (Year)		5 years
Remaining Life on Warrants Outstanding[Member] | Weighted Average [Member]
Weighted-Average Remaining Life (in years) (Year)	3 years 8 months 12 days

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Note 8 - Retirement Plan (Details Textual) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Defined Contribution Plan, Employer Discretionary Contribution Amount	$ 36,980	$ 27,511

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Note 9 - Income Taxes (Details Textual) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Income Taxes Paid	$ 0
Research Tax Credit Carryforward [Member]
Tax Credit Carryforward, Amount	1,600
Domestic Tax Authority [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Total	75,200
Operating Loss Carryforwards, Subject to Expiration	$ 48,900

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Note 9 - Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Net operating loss carryforward	$ 18,449,694	$ 14,737,240
Research and development tax credit carryforward	1,566,293	1,189,110
Stock-based compensation expense	129,475	4,870
Accrued salaries	69,940	72,721
Total deferred tax assets	20,215,402	16,003,941
Depreciation	30,945	28,274
Net deferred tax assets	20,184,457	15,975,667
Valuation allowance	(20,184,457)	(15,975,667)
Net deferred tax asset after reduction for valuation allowance	$ (0)	$ (0)

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Note 9 - Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Income Tax Benefit (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss	$ (3,899,767)	$ (621,194)
Permanent differences	0	65
Research and development credits	(377,183)	(66,574)
Change in valuation allowance, net of expired items and other adjustments	4,276,950	687,703
Reported income tax expense	$ (0)	$ (0)

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Note 10 - Grants and Collaboration Revenue (Details Textual) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax	$ 385,501	$ 1,823,658
Unused Grant Funds	81,526
NIH Grants [Member]
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax	$ 385,501	1,438,465
Research Agreements [Member]
Revenue from Contract with Customer, Including Assessed Tax		$ 385,193

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Note 11 - Subsequent Events (Details Textual) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	Jan. 19, 2022	Feb. 11, 2021	Sep. 29, 2020
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues (in shares)		1,644,000
Proceeds from Issuance or Sale of Equity, Total			$ 11.2
Subsequent Event [Member] | Pre-Funded Warrants [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)	2,360,000
Subsequent Event [Member] | Warrants Issued in Private Placement [Member]
Class of Warrant or Right, Number of Securities Called by Warrants or Rights (in shares)	3,067,484
Class of Warrant or Right, Exercise Price of Warrants or Rights (in dollars per share)	$ 3.26
Warrants and Rights Outstanding, Term (Year)	5 years
Subsequent Event [Member] | Private Placement [Member]
Stock Issued During Period, Shares, New Issues (in shares)	707,484
Proceeds from Issuance or Sale of Equity, Total	$ 9.2

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Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts (Details) - SEC Schedule, 12-09, Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset [Member] - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Balance at Beginning Of Period	$ 15,975,667	$ 18,787,230
Additions Charged to Costs and Expenses	4,208,790	(2,811,563)
Additions Charged to Other Accounts	(0)	(0)
Deductions	0	0
Balance at End Of Period	$ 20,184,457	$ 15,975,667