Note 9 - Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Notes to Financial Statements

Income Tax Disclosure [Text Block]

9

.     Income Taxes

At

December 31, 2019,

we have a consolidated federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of approximately

$65.7

million available to offset against future taxable income of which approximately

$62.6

million expires in varying amounts in

2020

through

2037.

Additionally, we have approximately

$1.1

million in research and development (“R&D”) tax credits that expire in

2022

through

2039

unless utilized earlier.

No

income taxes have been paid to date. Section

382

of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that

may

limit our utilization of our NOL and R&D tax credit carryforwards in any given year as a result of significant changes in ownership interests that have occurred in past periods or

may

occur in future periods.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities included the following at

December 31, 2019

and

2018:

	2019			2018
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforward	$	15,328,336		$	16,681,908
Research and development tax credit carryforward		1,122,536			1,063,877
Stock-based compensation expense		1,877,284			1,808,509
Accrued salaries and directors’ fees		450,503			315,246
Depreciation		8,571			8,414
Total deferred tax assets		18,787,230			19,879,954
Deferred tax liabilities		-			-
Net deferred tax assets		18,787,230			19,879,954
Valuation allowance		(18,787,230	)		(19,879,954	)
Net deferred tax asset after reduction for valuation allowance	$	-0-		$	-0-

We have established a full valuation allowance equal to the amount of our net deferred tax assets due to uncertainties with respect to our ability to generate sufficient taxable income to realize these assets in the future. A reconciliation of the income tax benefit on losses at the U.S. federal statutory rate to the reported income tax expense is as follows:

	2019			2018
U.S. federal statutory rate applied to pretax loss	$	(497,833	)	$	(537,620	)
Permanent differences		278			549
Research and development credits		(47,053	)		(53,884	)
Change in valuation allowance		544,308			590,955
Reported income tax expense	$	-0-		$	-0-