Revenue and Contract Balances

12 Months Ended

Oct. 01, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue and Contract Balances

Revenue and Contract Balances

We recognize revenue over time as the related performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of a promised good or service to our customers. Progress toward complete satisfaction of the performance obligation is primarily measured using a cost-to-cost measure of progress method. The cost input is based primarily on contract cost incurred to date compared to total estimated contract cost. This measure includes forecasts based on the best information available and reflects our judgement to faithfully depict the value of the services transferred to the customer. For certain on-call engineering or consulting and similar contracts, we recognize revenue in the amount which we have the right to invoice the customer if that amount corresponds directly with the value of our performance completed to date.

Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation will be revised in the near term. For those performance obligations for which revenue is recognized using a cost-to-cost measure of progress method, changes in total estimated costs, and related progress towards complete satisfaction of the performance obligation, are recognized on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period in which the revisions to the estimates are made. When the current estimate of total costs indicates a loss, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the contract is made in the period in which the loss becomes evident.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We disaggregate revenue by client sector and contract type, as we believe it best depicts how the nature, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The following tables present revenue disaggregated by client sector and contract type (in thousands):

	Fiscal Year Ended
	October 1, 2023		October 2, 2022		October 3, 2021
Client Sector:
U.S. federal government (1)	$	1,387,101	$	1,064,347	$	1,081,608
U.S. state and local government	607,074		603,286		536,309
U.S. commercial	869,460		748,953		638,169
International (2)	1,658,915		1,087,462		957,427
Total	$	4,522,550	$	3,504,048	$	3,213,513
Contract Type:
Fixed-price	$	1,643,849	$	1,317,993	$	1,191,244
Time-and-materials	2,166,671		1,637,019		1,492,813
Cost-plus	712,030		549,036		529,456
Total	$	4,522,550	$	3,504,048	$	3,213,513

(1) Includes revenue generated under U.S. federal government contracts performed outside the United States.

(2) Includes revenue generated from non-U.S. clients, primarily in Canada, Australia, Europe and the United Kingdom.

Other than the U.S. federal government, no single client accounted for more than 10% of our revenue for fiscal 2023 and 2022.

Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities

We invoice customers based on the contractual terms of each contract. However, the timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoice issuance.

Contract assets represent revenue recognized in excess of the amounts for which we have the contractual right to bill our customers. Such amounts are recoverable from customers based upon various measures of performance, including achievement of certain milestones or completion of a contract. In addition, many of our time and materials arrangements are billed in arrears pursuant to contract terms that are standard within the industry, resulting in contract assets and/or unbilled receivables being recorded, as revenue is recognized in advance of billings. Contract retentions, included in contract assets, represent amounts withheld by clients until certain conditions are met or the project is completed, which may extend beyond one year.

Contract liabilities consist of billings in excess of revenue recognized. Contract liabilities decrease as we recognize revenue from the satisfaction of the related performance obligation and increase as billings in advance of revenue recognition occur. Contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. There were no substantial non-current contract assets or liabilities for the periods presented. Net contract assets/liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Balance at
	October 1, 2023		October 2, 2022
Contract assets (1)	$	113,939	$	92,405
Contract liabilities	335,044		241,340
Net contract liabilities	$	(221,105)	$	(148,935)

(1) Includes $6.8 million and $23.3 million of contract retentions at fiscal 2023 and 2022 year-ends, respectively.

In fiscal 2023, we recognized revenue of approximately $164 million from amounts included in the contract liability balance at the end of fiscal 2022, compared to approximately $125 million in fiscal 2022.

We recognize revenue primarily using the cost-to-cost measure of progress method to estimate progress towards completion. Changes in those estimates could result in the recognition of cumulative catch-up adjustments to the contract’s inception-to-date revenue, costs and profit in the period in which such changes are made. As a result, in fiscal 2023, we recognized net favorable revenue and operating income adjustments of $11.0 million. The corresponding net revenue and operating income adjustments were immaterial for fiscal 2022.

Changes in revenue and cost estimates could also result in a projected loss, determined at the contract level, which would be recorded immediately in earnings. As of October 1, 2023 and October 2, 2022, our consolidated balance sheets included liabilities for anticipated losses of $8.5 million and $10.0 million, respectively. The estimated cost to complete these related contracts at the end of fiscal 2023 and 2022 was approximately $68 million and $80 million, respectively.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Net accounts receivable consisted of the following (in thousands):

	Balance at
	October 1, 2023		October 2, 2022
Billed	$	672,712	$	491,700
Unbilled	306,788		267,161
Total accounts receivable	979,500		758,861
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(4,965)		(3,749)
Total accounts receivable, net	$	974,535	$	755,112

Billed accounts receivable represent amounts billed to clients that have not been collected. Unbilled accounts receivable, which represent an unconditional right to payment subject only to the passage of time, include unbilled amounts typically resulting from revenue recognized but not yet billed pursuant to contract terms or billed after the period end date. Substantially all of our unbilled receivables at fiscal 2023 year-end are expected to be billed and collected within 12 months. The allowance for doubtful accounts represents amounts that are expected to become uncollectible or unrealizable in the future. We determine an estimated allowance for uncollectible accounts based on management's consideration of trends in the actual and forecasted credit quality of our clients, including delinquency and payment history; type of client, such as a government agency or a commercial sector client; and general economic and industry conditions, which may affect our clients' ability to pay.

Other than the U.S. federal government, no single client accounted for more than 10% of our accounts receivable at fiscal 2023 and 2022 year-ends.

Remaining Unsatisfied Performance Obligations (“RUPOs”)

Our RUPOs represent a measure of the total dollar value of work to be performed on contracts awarded and in progress. We had $4.8 billion of RUPOs as of October 1, 2023. RUPOs increase with awards from new contracts or additions to existing contracts and decrease as work is performed and revenue is recognized on existing contracts. RUPOs may also decrease when projects are canceled or modified in scope. We include a contract within our RUPOs when the contract is awarded and an agreement on contract terms has been reached.

We expect to satisfy our RUPOs as of fiscal 2023 year-end over the following periods (in thousands):

	Amount
Within 12 months	$	3,103,466
Beyond	1,651,611
Total	$	4,755,077

Although RUPOs reflect business that is considered to be firm, cancellations, deferrals or scope adjustments may occur. RUPOs are adjusted to reflect any known project cancellations, revisions to project scope and cost, foreign currency exchange fluctuations and project deferrals, as appropriate. Our operations and maintenance contracts can generally be terminated by the clients without a substantive financial penalty. Therefore, the remaining performance obligations on such contracts are limited to the notice period required for the termination (usually 30, 60 or 90 days).