26. FAIR VALUE ELECTIONS

The Company may elect to report most financial instruments and certain other items at fair value on an instrument-by-instrument basis with changes in fair value reported in earnings. The election is made upon the acquisition of an eligible financial asset, financial liability or firm commitment or when certain specified reconsideration events occur. The fair value election may not be revoked once an election is made. The changes in fair value are recorded in current earnings. Additional discussion regarding the applicable areas in which fair value elections were made is presented in Note 25 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

All servicing rights are recognized initially at fair value. The Company has elected fair value accounting for its mortgage servicing rights. See Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussions regarding the accounting and reporting of MSRs.

The following table presents, as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the changes in fair value gains and losses for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 associated with those items for which the fair value option was elected:

	Changes in fair value gains (losses) for the years ended December 31,
In millions of dollars	2013			2012
Assets
Federal funds sold and securities borrowed or purchased under agreements to resell
Selected portfolios of securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities borrowed	$	(628	)	$	(409	)
Trading account assets	(190		)	836
Investments	(39		)	(50		)
Loans
Certain Corporate loans(1)	72			77
Certain Consumer loans(1)	(155		)	(104		)
Total loans	$	(83	)	$	(27	)
Other assets
MSRs	$	553		$	(427	)
Certain mortgage loans held for sale(2)	951			2,514
Certain equity method investments	(9		)	3
Total other assets	$	1,495		$	2,090
Total assets	$	555		$	2,440
Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits	$	166		$	(218	)
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase
Selected portfolios of securities sold under agreements to repurchase and securities loaned	110			66
Trading account liabilities	30			(143		)
Short-term borrowings	76			145
Long-term debt	113			(2,008		)
Total liabilities	$	495		$	(2,158	)

(1) Includes mortgage loans held by mortgage loan securitization VIEs consolidated upon the adoption of ASC 810 Consolidation (SFAS 167) on January 1, 2010.

(2) Includes gains (losses) associated with interest rate lock-commitments for those loans that have been originated and elected under the fair value option.

Own Debt Valuation Adjustments

Own debt valuation adjustments are recognized on Citi’s liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected using Citi’s credit spreads observed in the bond market. The fair value of liabilities for which the fair value option is elected (other than non-recourse and similar liabilities) is impacted by the narrowing or widening of the Company’s credit spreads. The estimated change in the fair value of these liabilities due to such changes in the Company’s own credit risk (or instrument-specific credit risk) was a loss of $410 million and $2,009 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. Changes in fair value resulting from changes in instrument-specific credit risk were estimated by incorporating the Company’s current credit spreads observable in the bond market into the relevant valuation technique used to value each liability as described above.

The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Selected portfolios of securities purchased under agreements to resell, securities borrowed, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, securities loaned and certain non-collateralized short-term borrowings

The Company elected the fair value option for certain portfolios of fixed-income securities purchased under agreements to resell and fixed-income securities sold under agreements to repurchase, securities borrowed, securities loaned, and certain non-collateralized short-term borrowings on broker-dealer entities in the United States, United Kingdom and Japan. In each case, the election was made because the related interest-rate risk is managed on a portfolio basis, primarily with derivative instruments that are accounted for at fair value through earnings. The balance of related assets and liabilities subject to fair value election declined between December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2013, primarily due to the prospective exclusion of overnight transactions from the fair value election beginning in the fourth quarter.

Changes in fair value for transactions in these portfolios are recorded in Principal transactions. The related interest revenue and interest expense are measured based on the contractual rates specified in the transactions and are reported as interest revenue and expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Certain loans and other credit products

Citigroup has elected the fair value option for certain originated and purchased loans, including certain unfunded loan products, such as guarantees and letters of credit, executed by Citigroup’s lending and trading businesses. None of these credit products are highly leveraged financing commitments. Significant groups of transactions include loans and unfunded loan products that are expected to be either sold or securitized in the near term, or transactions where the economic risks are hedged with derivative instruments such as purchased credit default swaps or total return swaps where the Company pays the total return on the underlying loans to a third party. Citigroup has elected the fair value option to mitigate accounting mismatches in cases where hedge accounting is complex and to achieve operational simplifications. Fair value was not elected for most lending transactions across the Company.

The following table provides information about certain credit products carried at fair value at December 31, 2013 and 2012:

	December 31, 2013					December 31, 2012
In millions of dollars	Trading assets		Loans			Trading assets			Loans
Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	$	9,262	$	4,058		$	11,658		$	3,893
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of (less than) fair value	4		(94		)	(18		)	(132		)
Balance of non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due	97		—			104			—
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of fair value for non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due	41		—			85			—

In addition to the amounts reported above, $2,308 million and $1,891 million of unfunded loan commitments related to certain credit products selected for fair value accounting were outstanding as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

Changes in fair value of funded and unfunded credit products are classified in Principal transactions in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. Related interest revenue is measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as Interest revenue on Trading account assets or loan interest depending on the balance sheet classifications of the credit products. The changes in fair value for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 due to instrument-specific credit risk totaled to a gain of $4 million and $68 million, respectively.

Certain investments in unallocated precious metals

Citigroup invests in unallocated precious metals accounts (gold, silver, platinum and palladium) as part of its commodity and foreign currency trading activities or to economically hedge certain exposures from issuing structured liabilities. Under ASC 815, the investment is bifurcated into a debt host contract and a commodity forward derivative instrument. Citigroup elects the fair value option for the debt host contract, and reports the debt host contract within Trading account assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The total carrying amount of debt host contracts across unallocated precious metals accounts was approximately $1.3 billion at December 31, 2013 and approximately $5.5 billion at December 31, 2012. The amounts are expected to fluctuate based on trading activity in future periods.

As part of its commodity and foreign currency trading activities, Citi sells (buys) unallocated precious metals investments and executes forward purchase (sale) derivative contracts with trading counterparties. When Citi sells an unallocated precious metals investment, Citi’s receivable from its depository bank is repaid and Citi derecognizes its investment in the unallocated precious metal. The forward purchase (sale) contract with the trading counterparty indexed to unallocated precious metals is accounted for as a derivative, at fair value through earnings. As of December 31, 2013, there were approximately $13.7 billion and $5.9 billion notional amounts of such forward purchase and forward sale derivative contracts outstanding, respectively.

Certain investments in private equity and real estate ventures and certain equity method and other investments

Citigroup invests in private equity and real estate ventures for the purpose of earning investment returns and for capital appreciation. The Company has elected the fair value option for certain of these ventures, because such investments are considered similar to many private equity or hedge fund activities in Citi’s investment companies, which are reported at fair value. The fair value option brings consistency in the accounting and evaluation of these investments. All investments (debt and equity) in such private equity and real estate entities are accounted for at fair value. These investments are classified as Investments on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Citigroup also holds various non-strategic investments in leveraged buyout funds and other hedge funds for which the Company elected fair value accounting to reduce operational and accounting complexity. Since the funds account for all of their underlying assets at fair value, the impact of applying the equity method to Citigroup’s investment in these funds was equivalent to fair value accounting. These investments are classified as Other assets on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Changes in the fair values of these investments are classified in Other revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income.

Citigroup also elects the fair value option for certain non-marketable equity securities whose risk is managed with derivative instruments that are accounted for at fair value through earnings. These securities are classified as Trading Assets on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Changes in the fair value of these securities and the related derivative instruments are recorded in Principal transactions.

Certain mortgage loans (HFS)

Citigroup has elected the fair value option for certain purchased and originated prime fixed-rate and conforming adjustable-rate first mortgage loans HFS. These loans are intended for sale or securitization and are hedged with derivative instruments. The Company has elected the fair value option to mitigate accounting mismatches in cases where hedge accounting is complex and to achieve operational simplifications.

The following table provides information about certain mortgage loans HFS carried at fair value at December 31, 2013 and 2012:

In millions of dollars	December 31, 2013		December 31, 2012
Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	$	2,089	$	6,879
Aggregate fair value in excess of unpaid principal balance	48		390
Balance of non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due	—		—
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of fair value for non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due	—		—

The changes in fair values of these mortgage loans are reported in Other revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. There was no net change in fair value during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 due to instrument-specific credit risk. Related interest income continues to be measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as Interest revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

Certain consolidated VIEs

The Company has elected the fair value option for all qualified assets and liabilities of certain VIEs that were consolidated upon the adoption of SFAS 167 on January 1, 2010, including certain private label mortgage securitizations, mutual fund deferred sales commissions and collateralized loan obligation VIEs. The Company elected the fair value option for these VIEs, as the Company believes this method better reflects the economic risks, since substantially all of the Company’s retained interests in these entities are carried at fair value.

With respect to the consolidated mortgage VIEs, the Company determined the fair value for the mortgage loans and long-term debt utilizing internal valuation techniques. The fair value of the long-term debt measured using internal valuation techniques is verified, where possible, to prices obtained from independent vendors. Vendors compile prices from various sources and may apply matrix pricing for similar securities when no price is observable. Security pricing associated with long-term debt that is valued using observable inputs is classified as Level 2, and debt that is valued using one or more significant unobservable inputs is classified as Level 3. The fair value of mortgage loans in each VIE is derived from the security pricing. When substantially all of the long-term debt of a VIE is valued using Level 2 inputs, the corresponding mortgage loans are classified as Level 2. Otherwise, the mortgage loans of a VIE are classified as Level 3.

With respect to the consolidated mortgage VIEs for which the fair value option was elected, the mortgage loans are classified as Loans on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The changes in fair value of the loans are reported as Other revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. Related interest revenue is measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as Interest revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. Information about these mortgage loans is included in the table below. The change in fair value of these loans due to instrument-specific credit risk was a loss of $156 and $107 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

The debt issued by these consolidated VIEs is classified as long-term debt on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The changes in fair value for the majority of these liabilities are reported in Other revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. Related interest expense is measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as Interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The aggregate unpaid principal balance of long-term debt of these consolidated VIEs exceeded the aggregate fair value by $223 million and $869 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

The following table provides information about Corporate and Consumer loans of consolidated VIEs carried at fair value at December 31, 2013 and 2012:

	December 31, 2013				December 31, 2012
In millions of dollars	Corporate loans		Consumer loans		Corporate loans		Consumer loans
Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	$	14	$	910	$	157	$	1,191
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of fair value	7		212		347		293
Balance of non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due	—		81		34		123
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of fair value for non-accrual loans or loans more than 90 days past due	—		106		36		111

Certain structured liabilities

The Company has elected the fair value option for certain structured liabilities whose performance is linked to structured interest rates, inflation, currency, equity, referenced credit or commodity risks (structured liabilities). The Company elected the fair value option, because these exposures are considered to be trading-related positions and, therefore, are managed on a fair value basis. These positions will continue to be classified as debt, deposits or derivatives (Trading account liabilities) on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet according to their legal form.

The following table provides information about the carrying value of structured notes, disaggregated by type of embedded derivative instrument at December 31, 2013 and 2012:

In billions of dollars	December 31, 2013		December 31, 2012
Interest rate linked	$	9.8	$	9.9
Foreign exchange linked	0.5		0.9
Equity linked	7.0		7.3
Commodity linked	1.8		1.0
Credit linked	3.5		4.7
Total	$	22.6	$	23.8

The change in fair value for these structured liabilities is reported in Principal transactions in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. Changes in fair value for these structured liabilities include an economic component for accrued interest, which is included in the change in fair value reported in Principal transactions.

Certain non-structured liabilities

The Company has elected the fair value option for certain non-structured liabilities with fixed and floating interest rates (non-structured liabilities). The Company has elected the fair value option where the interest-rate risk of such liabilities is economically hedged with derivative contracts or the proceeds are used to purchase financial assets that will also be accounted for at fair value through earnings. The election has been made to mitigate accounting mismatches and to achieve operational simplifications. These positions are reported in Short-term borrowings and Long-term debt on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The change in fair value for these non-structured liabilities is reported in Principal transactions in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. Related interest expense on non-structured liabilities is measured based on the contractual interest rates and reported as Interest expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

The following table provides information about long-term debt carried at fair value, excluding debt issued by consolidated VIEs, at December 31, 2013 and 2012:

In millions of dollars	December 31, 2013			December 31, 2012
Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	$	25,968		$	28,434
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of (less than) fair value	(866		)	(807		)

The following table provides information about short-term borrowings carried at fair value at December 31, 2013 and 2012:

In millions of dollars	December 31, 2013			December 31, 2012
Carrying amount reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet	$	3,692		$	818
Aggregate unpaid principal balance in excess of (less than) fair value	(38		)	(232		)