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INVESTMENTS
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2011
INVESTMENTS  
INVESTMENTS

11.    INVESTMENTS

Overview

In millions of dollars   June 30,
2011
  December 31,
2010
 

Securities available-for-sale

  $ 278,297   $ 274,572  

Debt securities held-to-maturity(1)

    14,910     29,107  

Non-marketable equity securities carried at fair value(2)

    8,345     6,602  

Non-marketable equity securities carried at cost(3)

    8,022     7,883  
           

Total investments

  $ 309,574   $ 318,164  
           

(1)
Recorded at amortized cost less impairment on securities that have credit-related impairment.

(2)
Unrealized gains and losses for non-marketable equity securities carried at fair value are recognized in earnings.

(3)
Non-marketable equity securities carried at cost primarily consist of shares issued by the Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Home Loan Banks, foreign central banks and various clearing houses of which Citigroup is a member.

Securities Available-for-Sale

        The amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale (AFS) at June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010 were as follows:

 
  June 30, 2011   December 31, 2010  
In millions of dollars   Amortized
cost
  Gross
unrealized
gains
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Amortized
cost
  Gross
unrealized
gains
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
 

Debt securities AFS

                                                 

Mortgage-backed securities(1)

                                                 
 

U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed

  $ 35,708   $ 621   $ 123   $ 36,206   $ 23,433   $ 425   $ 235   $ 23,623  
 

Prime

    186     2     4     184     1,985     18     177     1,826  
 

Alt-A

    23     1     13     11     46     2         48  
 

Subprime

                    119     1     1     119  
 

Non-U.S. residential

    1,637     6         1,643     315     1         316  
 

Commercial

    510     19     7     522     592     21     39     574  
                                   

Total mortgage-backed securities(1)

  $ 38,064   $ 649   $ 147   $ 38,566   $ 26,490   $ 468   $ 452   $ 26,506  

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities

                                                 
 

U.S. Treasury

    42,668     743     31     43,380     58,069     435     56     58,448  
 

Agency obligations

    46,465     509     4     46,970     43,294     375     55     43,614  
                                   

Total U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities

  $ 89,133   $ 1,252   $ 35   $ 90,350   $ 101,363   $ 810   $ 111   $ 102,062  

State and municipal

    15,527     69     2,265     13,331     15,660     75     2,500     13,235  

Foreign government

    101,723     784     424     102,083     99,110     984     415     99,679  

Corporate

    16,350     355     38     16,667     15,910     319     59     16,170  

Asset-backed securities(1)

    9,646     47     39     9,654     9,085     31     68     9,048  

Other debt securities

    2,218     22     55     2,185     1,948     24     60     1,912  
                                   

Total debt securities AFS

  $ 272,661   $ 3,178   $ 3,003   $ 272,836   $ 269,566   $ 2,711   $ 3,665   $ 268,612  
                                   

Marketable equity securities AFS

  $ 3,570   $ 2,099   $ 208   $ 5,461   $ 3,791   $ 2,380   $ 211   $ 5,960  
                                   

Total securities AFS

  $ 276,231   $ 5,277   $ 3,211   $ 278,297   $ 273,357   $ 5,091   $ 3,876   $ 274,572  
                                   

(1)
The Company invests in mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. These securitizations are generally considered VIEs. The Company's maximum exposure to loss from these VIEs is equal to the carrying amount of the securities, which is reflected in the table above. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securitizations in which the Company has other involvement, information is provided in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

        As discussed in more detail below, the Company conducts and documents periodic reviews of all securities with unrealized losses to evaluate whether the impairment is other than temporary. Any credit-related impairment related to debt securities the Company does not plan to sell and is not likely to be required to sell is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income, with the non-credit-related impairment recognized in AOCI. For other impaired debt securities, the entire impairment is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income.

        The table below shows the fair value of AFS securities that have been in an unrealized loss position for less than 12 months or for 12 months or longer as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010:

 
  Less than 12 months   12 months or longer   Total  
In millions of dollars   Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrealized
losses
 

June 30, 2011

                                     

Securities AFS

                                     

Mortgage-backed securities

                                     
 

U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed

  $ 8,721   $ 114   $ 419   $ 9   $ 9,140   $ 123  
 

Prime

    26         66     4     92     4  
 

Alt-A

    1         10     13     11     13  
 

Subprime

                         
 

Non-U.S. residential

            240         240      
 

Commercial

    59         35     7     94     7  
                           

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 8,807   $ 114   $ 770   $ 33   $ 9,577   $ 147  

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities

                                     
 

U.S. Treasury

    3,195     8     558     23     3,753     31  
 

Agency obligations

    4,161     4             4,161     4  
                           

Total U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities

  $ 7,356   $ 12   $ 558   $ 23   $ 7,914   $ 35  

State and municipal

    17     1     11,995     2,264     12,012     2,265  

Foreign government

    34,850     232     8,022     192     42,872     424  

Corporate

    665     12     724     26     1,389     38  

Asset-backed securities

    2,190     31     184     8     2,374     39  

Other debt securities

            536     55     536     55  

Marketable equity securities AFS

    57     7     1,615     201     1,672     208  
                           

Total securities AFS

  $ 53,942   $ 409   $ 24,404   $ 2,802   $ 78,346   $ 3,211  
                           

December 31, 2010

                                     

Securities AFS

                                     

Mortgage-backed securities

                                     
 

U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed

  $ 8,321   $ 214   $ 38   $ 21   $ 8,359   $ 235  
 

Prime

    89     3     1,506     174     1,595     177  
 

Alt-A

    10                 10      
 

Subprime

    118     1             118     1  
 

Non-U.S. residential

            135         135      
 

Commercial

    81     9     53     30     134     39  
                           

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 8,619   $ 227   $ 1,732   $ 225   $ 10,351   $ 452  

U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities

                                     
 

U.S. Treasury

    9,229     21     725     35     9,954     56  
 

Agency obligations

    9,680     55             9,680     55  
                           

Total U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities

  $ 18,909   $ 76   $ 725   $ 35   $ 19,634   $ 111  

State and municipal

    626     60     11,322     2,440     11,948     2,500  

Foreign government

    32,731     271     6,609     144     39,340     415  

Corporate

    1,128     30     860     29     1,988     59  

Asset-backed securities

    2,533     64     14     4     2,547     68  

Other debt securities

            559     60     559     60  

Marketable equity securities AFS

    68     3     2,039     208     2,107     211  
                           

Total securities AFS

  $ 64,614   $ 731   $ 23,860   $ 3,145   $ 88,474   $ 3,876  
                           

        The following table presents the amortized cost and fair value of AFS debt securities by contractual maturity dates as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010:

 
  June 30, 2011   December 31, 2010  
In millions of dollars   Amortized
Cost
  Fair
value
  Amortized
cost
  Fair
value
 

Mortgage-backed securities(1)

                         

Due within 1 year

  $   $   $   $  

After 1 but within 5 years

    313     321     403     375  

After 5 but within 10 years

    1,341     1,355     402     419  

After 10 years(2)

    36,410     36,890     25,685     25,712  
                   

Total

  $ 38,064   $ 38,566   $ 26,490   $ 26,506  
                   

U.S. Treasury and federal agencies

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 5,569   $ 5,575   $ 36,411   $ 36,443  

After 1 but within 5 years

    73,818     74,849     52,558     53,118  

After 5 but within 10 years

    8,863     9,009     10,604     10,647  

After 10 years(2)

    883     917     1,790     1,854  
                   

Total

  $ 89,133   $ 90,350   $ 101,363   $ 102,062  
                   

State and municipal

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 88   $ 88   $ 9   $ 9  

After 1 but within 5 years

    178     179     145     149  

After 5 but within 10 years

    210     211     230     235  

After 10 years(2)

    15,051     12,853     15,276     12,842  
                   

Total

  $ 15,527   $ 13,331   $ 15,660   $ 13,235  
                   

Foreign government

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 41,061   $ 40,951   $ 41,856   $ 41,387  

After 1 but within 5 years

    53,142     53,404     49,983     50,739  

After 5 but within 10 years

    6,879     6,936     6,143     6,264  

After 10 years(2)

    641     792     1,128     1,289  
                   

Total

  $ 101,723   $ 102,083   $ 99,110   $ 99,679  
                   

All other(3)

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 9,745   $ 9,720   $ 2,162   $ 2,164  

After 1 but within 5 years

    9,650     9,808     17,838     17,947  

After 5 but within 10 years

    4,103     4,245     2,610     2,714  

After 10 years(2)

    4,716     4,733     4,333     4,305  
                   

Total

  $ 28,214   $ 28,506   $ 26,943   $ 27,130  
                   

Total debt securities AFS

  $ 272,661   $ 272,836   $ 269,566   $ 268,612  
                   

(1)
Includes mortgage-backed securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies.

(2)
Investments with no stated maturities are included as contractual maturities of greater than 10 years. Actual maturities may differ due to call or prepayment rights.

(3)
Includes corporate, asset-backed and other debt securities.

        The following table presents interest and dividends on all investments for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2011 and 2010:

 
  Three months ended   Six months ended  
In millions of dollars   June 30,
2011
  June 30,
2010
  June 30,
2011
  June 30,
2010
 

Taxable interest

  $ 1,881   $ 2,675   $ 4,057   $ 5,543  

Interest exempt from U.S. federal income tax

    127     135     293     239  

Dividends

    117     114     186     182  
                   

Total interest and dividends

  $ 2,125   $ 2,924   $ 4,536   $ 5,964  
                   

        The following table presents realized gains and losses on all investments for the three- and six-month periods ended June 30, 2011 and 2010. The gross realized investment losses exclude losses from other-than-temporary impairment:

 
  Three months ended   Six months ended  
In millions of dollars   June 30,
2011
  June 30,
2010
  June 30,
2011
  June 30,
2010
 

Gross realized investment gains

  $ 624   $ 554   $ 1,304   $ 1,147  

Gross realized investment losses(1)

    (41 )   (31 )   (141 )   (86 )
                   

Net realized gains

  $ 583   $ 523   $ 1,163   $ 1,061  
                   

(1)
During the first quarter of 2010, the Company sold four corporate debt securities that were classified as held-to-maturity. These sales were in response to a significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of the issuers. The securities sold had a carrying value of $413 million, and the Company recorded a realized loss of $49 million. During the second quarter of 2011, the Company sold several mortgage-backed securities that were classified as held-to-maturity. These sales were in response to a significant deterioration in the creditworthiness of the mortgage-backed securities. The securities sold had a carrying value of $82 million and the Company recorded a realized loss of $15 million.

Debt Securities Held-to-Maturity

        The carrying value and fair value of securities held-to-maturity (HTM) at June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010 were as follows:

In millions of dollars   Amortized
cost(1)
  Net unrealized
loss
recognized in
AOCI
  Carrying
value(2)
  Gross
unrealized
gains
  Gross
unrealized
losses
  Fair
value
 

June 30, 2011

                                     

Debt securities held-to-maturity

                                     

Mortgage-backed securities(3)

                                     
 

Prime

  $ 1,098   $ 210   $ 888   $ 28   $ 3   $ 913  
 

Alt-A

    5,641     1,697     3,944     19     175     3,788  
 

Subprime

    445     48     397         60     337  
 

Non-U.S. residential

    4,758     725     4,033     215     93     4,155  
 

Commercial

    744     2     742     1     53     690  
                           
 

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 12,686   $ 2,682   $ 10,004   $ 263   $ 384   $ 9,883  

State and municipal

    1,547     96     1,451     128     199     1,380  

Corporate

    2,269     8     2,261     7     142     2,126  

Asset-backed securities(3)

    1,245     51     1,194     24     15     1,203  
                           

Total debt securities held-to-maturity

  $ 17,747   $ 2,837   $ 14,910   $ 422   $ 740   $ 14,592  
                           

December 31, 2010

                                     

Debt securities held-to-maturity

                                     

Mortgage-backed securities(3)

                                     
 

Prime

  $ 4,748   $ 794   $ 3,954   $ 379   $ 11   $ 4,322  
 

Alt-A

    11,816     3,008     8,808     536     166     9,178  
 

Subprime

    708     75     633     9     72     570  
 

Non-U.S. residential

    5,010     793     4,217     259     72     4,404  
 

Commercial

    908     21     887     18     96     809  
                           
 

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 23,190   $ 4,691   $ 18,499   $ 1,201   $ 417   $ 19,283  

State and municipal

    2,523     127     2,396     11     104     2,303  

Corporate

    6,569     145     6,424     447     267     6,604  

Asset-backed securities(3)

    1,855     67     1,788     57     54     1,791  
                           

Total debt securities held-to-maturity

  $ 34,137   $ 5,030   $ 29,107   $ 1,716   $ 842   $ 29,981  
                           

(1)
For securities transferred to HTM from Trading account assets in 2008, amortized cost is defined as the fair value of the securities at the date of transfer plus any accretion income and less any impairments recognized in earnings subsequent to transfer. For securities transferred to HTM from AFS in 2008, amortized cost is defined as the original purchase cost, plus or minus any accretion or amortization of a purchase discount or premium, less any impairment recognized in earnings.

(2)
HTM securities are carried on the Consolidated Balance Sheet at amortized cost less any unrealized gains and losses recognized in AOCI. The changes in the values of these securities are not reported in the financial statements, except for other-than-temporary impairments. For HTM securities, only the credit loss component of the impairment is recognized in earnings, while the remainder of the impairment is recognized in AOCI.

(3)
The Company invests in mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. These securitizations are generally considered VIEs. The Company's maximum exposure to loss from these VIEs is equal to the carrying amount of the securities, which is reflected in the table above. For mortgage-backed and asset-backed securitizations in which the Company has other involvement, information is provided in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

        The Company has the positive intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity absent any unforeseen further significant changes in circumstances, including deterioration in credit or with regard to regulatory capital requirements.

        The net unrealized losses classified in AOCI relate to debt securities reclassified from AFS investments to HTM investments in a prior year. Additionally, for HTM securities that have suffered credit impairment, declines in fair value for reasons other than credit losses are recorded in AOCI. The AOCI balance was $2.8 billion as of June 30, 2011, compared to $5.0 billion as of December 31, 2010. The AOCI balance for HTM securities is amortized over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same debt securities. This will have no impact on the Company's net income because the amortization of the unrealized holding loss reported in equity will offset the effect on interest income of the accretion of the discount on these securities.

        Any credit-related impairment on HTM securities is recognized in earnings.

        The table below shows the fair value of investments in HTM that have been in an unrecognized loss position for less than 12 months or for 12 months or longer as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010:

 
  Less than 12 months   12 months or longer   Total  
In millions of dollars   Fair
value
  Gross
unrecognized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrecognized
losses
  Fair
value
  Gross
unrecognized
losses
 

June 30, 2011

                                     

Debt securities held-to-maturity

                                     

Mortgage-backed securities

  $   $   $ 7,061   $ 384   $ 7,061   $ 384  

State and municipal

            805     199     805     199  

Corporate

            2,074     142     2,074     142  

Asset-backed securities

            523     15     523     15  
                           

Total debt securities held-to-maturity

  $   $   $ 10,463   $ 740   $ 10,463   $ 740  
                           

December 31, 2010

                                     

Debt securities held-to-maturity

                                     

Mortgage-backed securities

  $ 339   $ 30   $ 14,410   $ 387   $ 14,749   $ 417  

State and municipal

    24         1,273     104     1,297     104  

Corporate

    1,584     143     1,579     124     3,163     267  

Asset-backed securities

    159     11     494     43     653     54  
                           

Total debt securities held-to-maturity

  $ 2,106   $ 184   $ 17,756   $ 658   $ 19,862   $ 842  
                           

        Excluded from the gross unrecognized losses presented in the above table are the $2.8 billion and $5.0 billion of gross unrealized losses recorded in AOCI as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively, mainly related to the HTM securities that were reclassified from AFS investments. Virtually all of these unrealized losses relate to securities that have been in a loss position for 12 months or longer at both June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010.

        The following table presents the carrying value and fair value of HTM debt securities by contractual maturity dates as of June 30, 2011 and December 31, 2010:

 
  June 30, 2011   December 31, 2010  
In millions of dollars   Carrying value   Fair value   Carrying value   Fair value  

Mortgage-backed securities

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 89   $ 81   $ 21   $ 23  

After 1 but within 5 years

    249     231     321     309  

After 5 but within 10 years

    428     401     493     434  

After 10 years(1)

    9,238     9,170     17,664     18,517  
                   

Total

  $ 10,004   $ 9,883   $ 18,499   $ 19,283  
                   

State and municipal

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 3   $ 3   $ 12   $ 12  

After 1 but within 5 years

    41     42     55     55  

After 5 but within 10 years

    32     32     86     85  

After 10 years(1)

    1,375     1,303     2,243     2,151  
                   

Total

  $ 1,451   $ 1,380   $ 2,396   $ 2,303  
                   

All other(2)

                         

Due within 1 year

  $ 51   $ 53   $ 351   $ 357  

After 1 but within 5 years

    357     346     1,344     1,621  

After 5 but within 10 years

    2,039     1,916     4,885     4,765  

After 10 years(1)

    1,008     1,014     1,632     1,652  
                   

Total

  $ 3,455   $ 3,329   $ 8,212   $ 8,395  
                   

Total debt securities held-to-maturity

  $ 14,910   $ 14,592   $ 29,107   $ 29,981  
                   

(1)
Investments with no stated maturities are included as contractual maturities of greater than 10 years. Actual maturities may differ due to call or prepayment rights.

(2)
Includes corporate and asset-backed securities.

Evaluating Investments for Other-Than-Temporary Impairments

        The Company conducts and documents periodic reviews of all securities with unrealized losses to evaluate whether the impairment is other than temporary.

        Under the guidance for debt securities, other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) is recognized in earnings for debt securities that the Company has an intent to sell or that the Company believes it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. For those securities that the Company does not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell, credit-related impairment is recognized in earnings, with the non-credit-related impairment recorded in AOCI.

        An unrealized loss exists when the current fair value of an individual security is less than its amortized cost basis. Unrealized losses that are determined to be temporary in nature are recorded, net of tax, in AOCI for AFS securities, while such losses related to HTM securities are not recorded, as these investments are carried at their amortized cost. For securities transferred to HTM from Trading account assets, amortized cost is defined as the fair value of the securities at the date of transfer, plus any accretion income and less any impairment recognized in earnings subsequent to transfer. For securities transferred to HTM from AFS, amortized cost is defined as the original purchase cost, plus or minus any accretion or amortization of a purchase discount or premium, less any impairment recognized in earnings.

        Regardless of the classification of the securities as AFS or HTM, the Company has assessed each position with an unrealized loss for other-than-temporary impairment.

        Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include:

  • the length of time and the extent to which fair value has been below cost;

    the severity of the impairment;

    the cause of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer;

    activity in the market of the issuer that may indicate adverse credit conditions; and

    the Company's ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery.

        The Company's review for impairment generally entails:

  • identification and evaluation of investments that have indications of possible impairment;

    analysis of individual investments that have fair values less than amortized cost, including consideration of the length of time the investment has been in an unrealized loss position and the expected recovery period;

    discussion of evidential matter, including an evaluation of factors or triggers that could cause individual investments to qualify as having other-than-temporary impairment and those that would not support other-than-temporary impairment; and

    documentation of the results of these analyses, as required under business policies.

        For equity securities, management considers the various factors described above, including its intent and ability to hold the equity security for a period of time sufficient for recovery to cost. Where management lacks that intent or ability, the security's decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary and is recorded in earnings. AFS equity securities deemed other-than-temporarily impaired are written down to fair value, with the full difference between fair value and cost recognized in earnings.

        For debt securities that are not deemed to be credit impaired, management assesses whether it intends to sell or whether it is more-likely-than-not that it would be required to sell the investment before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis. In most cases, management has asserted that it has no intent to sell and that it believes it is not likely to be required to sell the investment before recovery of its amortized cost basis. Where such an assertion has not been made, the security's decline in fair value is deemed to be other than temporary and is recorded in earnings.

        For debt securities, a critical component of the evaluation for OTTI is the identification of credit impaired securities, where management does not expect to receive cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. For securities purchased and classified as AFS with the expectation of receiving full principal and interest cash flows as of the date of purchase, this analysis considers the likelihood of receiving all contractual principal and interest. For securities reclassified out of the trading category in the fourth quarter of 2008, the analysis considers the likelihood of receiving the expected principal and interest cash flows anticipated as of the date of reclassification in the fourth quarter of 2008. The extent of the Company's analysis regarding credit quality and the stress on assumptions used in the analysis have been refined for securities where the current fair value or other characteristics of the security warrant. The paragraphs below describe the Company's process for identifying credit impairment in security types with the most significant unrealized losses as of June 30, 2011.

Mortgage-backed securities

        For U.S. mortgage-backed securities (and in particular for Alt-A and other mortgage-backed securities that have significant unrealized losses as a percentage of amortized cost), credit impairment is assessed using a cash flow model that estimates the cash flows on the underlying mortgages, using the security-specific collateral and transaction structure. The model estimates cash flows from the underlying mortgage loans and distributes those cash flows to various tranches of securities, considering the transaction structure and any subordination and credit enhancements that exist in that structure. The cash flow model incorporates actual cash flows on the mortgage-backed securities through the current period and then projects the remaining cash flows using a number of assumptions, including default rates, prepayment rates and recovery rates (on foreclosed properties).

        Management develops specific assumptions using as much market data as possible and includes internal estimates as well as estimates published by rating agencies and other third-party sources. Default rates are projected by considering current underlying mortgage loan performance, generally assuming the default of (1) 10% of current loans, (2) 25% of 30-59 day delinquent loans, (3) 70% of 60-90 day delinquent loans and (4) 100% of 91+ day delinquent loans. These estimates are extrapolated along a default timing curve to estimate the total lifetime pool default rate. Other assumptions used contemplate the actual collateral attributes, including geographic concentrations, rating agency loss projections, rating actions and current market prices.

        The key assumptions for mortgage-backed securities as of June 30, 2011 are in the table below:

 
  June 30, 2011  

Prepayment rate(1)

    3%-8% CRR  

Loss severity(2)

    45%-85%  
       

(1)
Conditional Repayment Rate (CRR) represents the annualized expected rate of voluntary prepayment of principal for mortgage-backed securities over a certain period of time.

(2)
Loss severity rates are estimated considering collateral characteristics and generally range from 45%-60% for prime bonds, 50%-85% for Alt-A bonds and 65%-85% for subprime bonds.

        The valuation as of June 30, 2011 assumes that U.S. housing prices will decrease 4% in 2011, 1% in 2012, remain flat in 2013 and increase 3% per year from 2014 onwards, while unemployment decreases to 8.5% by the end of the fourth quarter of 2011.

        In addition, cash flow projections are developed using more stressful parameters. Management assesses the results of those stress tests (including the severity of any cash shortfall indicated and the likelihood of the stress scenarios actually occurring based on the underlying pool's characteristics and performance) to assess whether management expects to recover the amortized cost basis of the security. If cash flow projections indicate that the Company does not expect to recover its amortized cost basis, the Company recognizes the estimated credit loss in earnings.

State and municipal securities

        Citigroup's AFS state and municipal bonds consist mainly of bonds that are financed through Tender Option Bond programs or were previously financed in this program. The process for identifying credit impairment for these bonds is largely based on third-party credit ratings. Individual bond positions were required to meet minimum ratings requirements, which vary based on the sector of the bond issuer.

        Citigroup monitors the bond issuer and insurer ratings on a daily basis. The average portfolio rating, ignoring any insurance, is Aa3/AA-. In the event of a downgrade of the bond below Aa3/AA-, the subject bond is specifically reviewed for potential shortfall in contractual principal and interest. Citigroup has not recorded any credit impairments on bonds held as part of the Tender Option Bond program or on bonds that were previously held as part of the Tender Option Bond program.

        The remainder of Citigroup's AFS and HTM state and municipal bonds are specifically reviewed for credit impairment based on instrument-specific estimates of cash flows, probability of default and loss given default.

        Because Citigroup does not intend to sell the AFS state and municipal bond securities or expect to be required to sell them prior to recovery, the unrealized losses associated with the AFS state and municipal bond portfolio (other than credit-related losses) remain classified in Accumulated other comprehensive income and are not reclassified into earnings as other-than-temporary impairment.

Recognition and Measurement of OTTI

        The following table presents the total OTTI recognized in earnings during the three and six months ended June 30, 2011:

OTTI on Investments   Three months ended
June 30, 2011
  Six months ended
June 30, 2011
 
In millions of dollars   AFS   HTM   Total   AFS   HTM   Total  

Impairment losses related to securities that the Company does not intend to sell nor will likely be required to sell:

                                     
 

Total OTTI losses recognized during the periods ended June 30, 2011

  $ 23   $ 122   $ 145   $ 68   $ 240   $ 308  
 

Less: portion of OTTI loss recognized in AOCI (before taxes)

    19         19     45         45  
                           

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings for securities that the Company does not intend to sell nor will likely be required to sell

  $ 4   $ 122   $ 126   $ 23   $ 240   $ 263  

OTTI losses recognized in earnings for securities that the Company intends to sell or more-likely-than-not will be required to sell before recovery

    45         45     228     1,387     1,615  
                           

Total impairment losses recognized in earnings

  $ 49   $ 122   $ 171   $ 251   $ 1,627   $ 1,878  
                           

        The following is a three month roll-forward of the credit-related impairments recognized in earnings for AFS and HTM debt securities held as of June 30, 2011 that the Company does not intend to sell nor likely will be required to sell:

 
  Cumulative OTTI Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings  
In millions of dollars   March 31, 2011
balance
  Credit impairments
recognized in
earnings on
securities not
previously impaired
  Credit impairments
recognized in
earnings on
securities that have
been previously
impaired
  Reductions due to
credit impaired
securities sold, transferred
or matured
  June 30, 2011
balance
 

AFS debt securities

                               

Mortgage-backed securities

                               
 

Prime

  $ 292   $   $   $   $ 292  
 

Alt-A

    2                 2  
 

Commercial real estate

    2                 2  
                       
 

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 296   $   $   $   $ 296  

State and municipal

    3                 3  

U.S. Treasury

    66                 66  

Foreign government

    159         4         163  

Corporate

    155                 155  

Asset-backed securities

    10                 10  

Other debt securities

    52                 52  
                       

Total OTTI credit losses recognized for AFS debt securities

  $ 741   $   $ 4   $   $ 745  
                       

HTM debt securities

                               

Mortgage-backed securities

                               
 

Prime

  $ 84   $   $   $   $ 84  
 

Alt-A

    1,845     15     105     (13 )   1,952  
 

Subprime

    250     1     1         252  
 

Non-U.S. residential

    96                 96  
 

Commercial real estate

    10                 10  
                       
 

Total mortgage-backed Securities

  $ 2,285   $ 16   $ 106   $ (13 ) $ 2,394  

State and municipal

    9                 9  

Corporate

    351                 351  

Asset-backed securities

    113                 113  

Other debt securities

    5                 5  
                       

Total OTTI credit losses recognized for HTM debt securities

  $ 2,763   $ 16   $ 106   $ (13 ) $ 2,872  
                       

        The following is a six month roll-forward of the credit-related impairments recognized in earnings for AFS and HTM debt securities held as of June 30, 2011 that the Company does not intend to sell nor likely will be required to sell:

 
  Cumulative OTTI Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings  
In millions of dollars   December 31, 2010
balance
  Credit impairments
recognized in
earnings on
securities not
previously impaired
  Credit impairments
recognized in
earnings on
securities that have
been previously
impaired
  Reductions due to
credit impaired
securities sold, transferred
or matured
  June 30, 2011
balance
 

AFS debt securities

                               

Mortgage-backed securities

                               
 

Prime

  $ 292   $   $   $   $ 292  
 

Alt-A

    2                 2  
 

Commercial real estate

    2                 2  
                       
 

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 296   $   $   $   $ 296  

State and municipal

    3                 3  

U.S. Treasury

    48     18             66  

Foreign government

    159         4         163  

Corporate

    154     1             155  

Asset-backed securities

    10                 10  

Other debt securities

    52                 52  
                       

Total OTTI credit losses recognized for AFS debt securities

  $ 722   $ 19   $ 4   $   $ 745  
                       

HTM debt securities

                               

Mortgage-backed securities

                               
 

Prime

  $ 308   $   $ 2   $ (226 ) $ 84  
 

Alt-A

    3,149     18     194     (1,409 )   1,952  
 

Subprime

    232     2     22     (4 )   252  
 

Non-U.S. residential

    96                 96  
 

Commercial real estate

    10                 10  
                       
 

Total mortgage-backed securities

  $ 3,795   $ 20   $ 218   $ (1,639 ) $ 2,394  

State and municipal

    7     2             9  

Corporate

    351                 351  

Asset-backed securities

    113                 113  

Other debt securities

    5                 5  
                       

Total OTTI credit losses recognized for HTM debt securities

  $ 4,271   $ 22   $ 218   $ (1,639 ) $ 2,872  
                       

Investments in Alternative Investment Funds that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share

        The Company holds investments in certain alternative investment funds that calculate net asset value (NAV) per share, including hedge funds, private equity funds, fund of funds and real estate funds. The Company's investments include co-investments in funds that are managed by the Company and investments in funds that are managed by third parties. Investments in funds are generally classified as non-marketable equity securities carried at fair value.

        The fair values of these investments are estimated using the NAV per share of the Company's ownership interest in the funds, where it is not probable that the Company will sell an investment at a price other than NAV.

In millions of dollars at June 30, 2011   Fair
value
  Unfunded commitments   Redemption frequency
(if currently eligible)
  Redemption notice
period
 

Hedge funds

  $ 989   $ 9     Monthly, quarterly, annually     10-95 days  

Private equity funds(1)(2)

    2,767     2,376          

Real estate funds(3)

    386     163          
                   

Total

  $ 4,142 (4) $ 2,548          
                   

(1)
Includes investments in private equity funds carried at cost with a carrying value of $250 million.

(2)
Private equity funds include funds that invest in infrastructure, leveraged buyout transactions, emerging markets and venture capital.

(3)
This category includes several real estate funds that invest primarily in commercial real estate in the U.S., Europe and Asia. These investments can never be redeemed with the funds. Distributions from each fund will be received as the underlying assets of the funds are liquidated. It is estimated that the underlying assets of the fund will be liquidated over a period of several years as market conditions allow.

(4)
Included in the total fair values of investments above is $0.8 billion of fund assets that are valued using NAVs provided by third-party asset managers.