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RETIREMENT BENEFITS (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Components of net (benefit) expense The following table summarizes the components of net (benefit) expense recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the Company’s pension and postretirement plans for Significant Plans and All Other Plans:
 Pension plansPostretirement benefit plans
 U.S. plansNon-U.S. plansU.S. plansNon-U.S. plans
In millions of dollars202020192018202020192018202020192018202020192018
Benefits earned during the year$ $$$147 $146 $146 $ $— $— $7 $$
Interest cost on benefit obligation378 469 514 246 287 292 17 24 26 93 104 102 
Expected return on assets(824)(821)(844)(245)(281)(291)(17)(18)(14)(77)(84)(88)
Amortization of unrecognized:            
Prior service cost (benefit) 2 5 (4)(4)(2)— — (9)(10)(10)
Net actuarial loss 233 200 165 70 61 53  — (1)20 23 29 
Curtailment loss (gain)(1)
 (8)(6)(1) — —  — — 
Settlement (gain) loss(1)
 — — (1) — —  — — 
Total net (benefit) expense$(211)$(148)$(161)$214 $209 $202 $(2)$$11 $34 $41 $42 
(1)Curtailment and settlement relate to repositioning and divestiture actions.
The following table summarizes the net expense (benefit) recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Income for the Company’s U.S. post employment plans:
In millions of dollars202020192018
Net expense (benefit)$9 $$(18)
Summary of entity's contributions The following table summarizes the Company’s actual contributions for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, as well as expected Company contributions for 2021. Expected contributions are subject to change, since contribution decisions are affected by various factors, such as market performance, tax considerations and regulatory requirements.
Pension plans(1)
Postretirement benefit plans(1)
U.S. plans(2)
Non-U.S. plansU.S. plansNon-U.S. plans
In millions of dollars202120202019202120202019202120202019202120202019
Contributions made by the Company$— $ $425 $97 $115 $111 $— $ $— $$4 $221 
Benefits paid directly by (reimbursements to) the Company57 56 56 58 43 39 (15)5 

(1)    Amounts reported for 2021 are expected amounts.     
(2)     The U.S. pension plans include benefits paid directly by the Company for the nonqualified pension plans.
Summary of the funded status and amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet for the Company's U.S. qualified, non-qualified plans, plans outside the U.S. and postemployment plans
The following table summarizes the funded status and amounts recognized on the Consolidated Balance Sheet for the Company’s Significant Plans:
 Pension plansPostretirement benefit plans
U.S. plansNon-U.S. plansU.S. plansNon-U.S. plans
In millions of dollars20202019202020192020201920202019
Change in projected benefit obligation        
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year$13,453 $12,655 $8,105 $7,149 $692 $662 $1,384 $1,159 
Benefits earned during the year 147 146  — 7 
Interest cost on benefit obligation378 469 246 287 17 24 93 104 
Plan amendments(1)
 — (4)(104)—  — 
Actuarial loss (gain)(2)
950 1,263 518 861 (18)46 30 140 
Benefits paid, net of participants’ contributions and government subsidy(3)
(966)(936)(298)(304)(28)(40)(64)(72)
Settlement gain(4)
 — (110)(84) —  — 
Curtailment loss (gain)(4)
 (14)(4) —  — 
Foreign exchange impact and other — 39 47  — (60)45 
Projected benefit obligation at year end$13,815 $13,453 $8,629 $8,105 $559 $692 $1,390 $1,384 
Change in plan assets        
Plan assets at fair value at beginning of year$12,717 $11,490 $7,556 $6,699 $345 $345 $1,127 $1,036 
Actual return on assets(2)
1,502 1,682 584 781 29 36 129 138 
Company contributions (reimbursements)56 481 158 150 (15)9 225 
Benefits paid, net of participants’ contributions and government subsidy(3)
(966)(936)(298)(304)(28)(40)(64)(72)
Settlement gain(4)
 — (110)(84) —  — 
Foreign exchange impact and other — (59)314  — (55)(200)
Plan assets at fair value at year end
$13,309 $12,717 $7,831 $7,556 $331 $345 $1,146 $1,127 
Funded status of the plans
Qualified plans(5)
$230 $(23)$(798)$(549)$(228)$(347)$(244)$(257)
Nonqualified plans(6)
(736)(713) —  —  — 
Funded status of the plans at year end
$(506)$(736)$(798)$(549)$(228)$(347)$(244)$(257)
Net amount recognized        
Qualified plans
Benefit asset$230 $— $741 $808 $ $— $25 $57 
Benefit liability (23)(1,539)(1,357)(228)(347)(269)(314)
Qualified plans$230 $(23)$(798)$(549)$(228)$(347)$(244)$(257)
Nonqualified plans(736)(713) —  —  — 
Net amount recognized on the balance sheet
$(506)$(736)$(798)$(549)$(228)$(347)$(244)$(257)
Amounts recognized in AOCI
    
Net transition obligation$ $— $ $— $ $— $ $— 
Prior service (cost) benefit (10)(12)12 101 — 63 76 
Net actuarial (loss) gain(7,132)(7,092)(1,863)(1,735)56 24 (348)(416)
Net amount recognized in equity (pretax)
$(7,142)$(7,104)$(1,851)$(1,734)$157 $24 $(285)$(340)
Accumulated benefit obligation at year end$13,812 $13,447 $8,116 $7,618 $559 $692 $1,390 $1,384 

(1)U.S. postretirement benefit plan was amended in 2020 to move grandfathered Medicare-eligible retirees to the Medicare individual marketplace.
(2)During 2020 and 2019, the actuarial loss is primarily due to the decline in global discount rates offset by actual return on assets due to favorable asset returns.
(3)U.S. postretirement benefit plans were net of Employer Group Waiver Plan subsidy of $40 million and $22 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively.
(4)Curtailment and settlement (gains) losses relate to repositioning and divestiture activities.
(5)The U.S. qualified pension plan is fully funded under specified Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) funding rules as of January 1, 2021 and no minimum required funding is expected for 2021.
(6)The nonqualified plans of the Company are unfunded.
The following table summarizes the funded status and amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet:
In millions of dollars20202019
Funded status of the plan at year end$(40)$(38)
Net amount recognized in AOCI (pretax)
$(17)$(15)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
The following table shows the change in AOCI related to the Company’s pension, postretirement and post employment plans:
In millions of dollars202020192018
Beginning of year balance, net of tax(1)(2)
$(6,809)$(6,257)$(6,183)
Actuarial assumptions changes and plan experience(1,464)(2,300)1,288 
Net asset gain (loss) due to difference between actual and expected returns1,076 1,427 (1,732)
Net amortization318 274 214 
Prior service credit (cost)108 (7)(7)
Curtailment/settlement gain(3)
(8)
Foreign exchange impact and other(108)(66)136 
Change in deferred taxes, net23 119 20 
Change, net of tax$(55)$(552)$(74)
End of year balance, net of tax(1)(2)
$(6,864)$(6,809)$(6,257)
(1)See Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of net AOCI balance.
(2)Includes net-of-tax amounts for certain profit-sharing plans outside the U.S.
(3)Curtailment and settlement relate to repositioning and divestiture activities.
Aggregate projected benefit obligation (PBO), accumulated benefit obligation (ABO), and fair value of plan assets for pension plans with a PBO or ABO that exceeds the fair value of plan assets
At December 31, 2020 and 2019, the aggregate projected benefit obligation (PBO), the aggregate accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) and the aggregate fair value of plan assets are presented for all defined benefit pension plans with a PBO in excess of plan assets and for all defined benefit pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets as follows:
 PBO exceeds fair value of plan assetsABO exceeds fair value of plan assets
 
U.S. plans(1)
Non-U.S. plans
U.S. plans(1)
Non-U.S. plans
In millions of dollars20202019202020192020201920202019
Projected benefit obligation$736 $13,453 $4,849 $4,445 $736 $13,453 $4,723 $2,748 
Accumulated benefit obligation734 13,447 4,400 4,041 734 13,447 4,329 2,435 
Fair value of plan assets 12,717 3,310 3,089  12,717 3,212 1,429 
(1)As of December 31, 2020, only the nonqualified plans’ PBO and ABO exceeded plan assets; As of December 31, 2019, both the qualified and nonqualified plans’ PBO and ABO exceeded plan assets.
Assumptions used in determining benefit obligations and net benefit expense Other significant assumptions for the awards are as follows:
Valuation assumptions202020192018
Expected volatility22.26 %25.33 %24.93 %
Expected dividend yield2.82 2.67 1.75 
Certain assumptions used in determining pension and postretirement benefit obligations and net benefit expense for the Company’s plans are shown in the following table:
At year end20202019
Discount rate  
U.S. plans   
Qualified pension2.45%3.25%
Nonqualified pension2.353.25
Postretirement2.203.15
Non-U.S. pension plans
Range(1)
 -0.25 to 11.15-0.10 to 11.30
Weighted average3.143.65
Non-U.S. postretirement plans
Range
0.80 to 8.55
0.90 to 9.10
Weighted average7.427.76
Future compensation increase rate(2)
Non-U.S. pension plans
Range
1.20 to 11.25
1.50 to 11.50
Weighted average3.103.17
Expected return on assets
U.S. plans
Qualified pension5.806.70
Postretirement(3)
5.80/1.50
6.70/3.00
Non-U.S. pension plans
Range
0.00 to 11.50
0.00 to 11.50
Weighted average3.393.95
Non-U.S. postretirement plans
Range
5.95 to 8.00
6.20 to 8.00
Weighted average7.997.99

(1)    Due to substantial downward movement in yields, there were negative discount rates for plans with relatively short duration in major markets, such as the Eurozone and Switzerland.
(2)    Not material for U.S. plans.
(3)    For the year ended 2020 and 2019, the expected return on assets for the VEBA Trust was 1.50% and 3.00% respectively.


During the year202020192018
Discount rate  
U.S. plans   
Qualified pension
3.25%/3.20%/ 2.60%/2.55%
4.25%/3.85%/ 3.45%/3.10%
3.60%/3.95%/ 4.25%/4.30%
Nonqualified pension
3.25/3.25/ 2.55/2.50
4.25/3.90/ 3.50/3.10
3.60/3.95/ 4.25/4.30
Postretirement
3.15/3.20/ 2.45/2.35
4.20/3.80/ 3.35/3.00
3.50/3.90/ 4.20/4.20
Non-U.S. pension plans(1)
Range(2)
-0.10 to 11.30-0.05 to 12.00
0.00 to 10.75
Weighted average 3.654.474.17
Non-U.S. postretirement plans(1)
Range
0.90 to 9.75
1.75 to 10.75
1.75 to 10.10
Weighted average 7.769.058.10
Future compensation increase rate(3)
Non-U.S. pension plans(1)
Range
1.50 to 11.50
1.30 to 13.67
1.17 to 13.67
Weighted average 3.173.163.08
Expected return on assets
U.S. plans
Qualified pension(4)
6.706.70
6.80/6.70
Postretirement(4)
6.70/3.00
6.70/3.00
6.80/6.70/3.00
Non-U.S. pension plans(1)
Range
0.00 to 11.50
1.00 to 11.50
0.00 to 11.60
Weighted average 3.954.304.52
Non-U.S. postretirement plans(1)
Range
6.20 to 8.00
8.00 to 9.20
8.00 to 9.80
Weighted average 7.998.018.01

(1)    Reflects rates utilized to determine the quarterly expense for Significant non-U.S. pension and postretirement plans.
(2)    Due to substantial downward movement in yields, there were negative discount rates for plans with relatively short duration in major markets, such as the Eurozone and Switzerland.
(3)    Not material for U.S. plans.
(4)    The expected return on assets for the U.S. pension and postretirement plans was lowered from 6.70% to 5.80% effective January 1, 2021 to reflect the lower interest rate environment and a change in target asset allocation.


Citigroup’s pension and postretirement plans’ asset allocations for the U.S. plans and the target allocations by asset category based on asset fair values, are as follows:
 Target asset
allocation
U.S. pension assets
at December 31,
U.S. postretirement assets
at December 31,
Asset category(1)
20212020201920202019
Equity securities(2)
0–26%
16 %17 %16 %17 %
Debt securities(3)
35–82
59 58 59 58 
Real estate
0–7
4 4 
Private equity
0–10
3 3 
Other investments
0–30
18 18 18 18 
Total 100 %100 %100 %100 %
(1)Asset allocations for the U.S. plans are set by investment strategy, not by investment product. For example, private equities with an underlying investment in real estate are classified in the real estate asset category, not private equity.
(2)Equity securities in the U.S. pension and postretirement plans do not include any Citigroup common stock at the end of 2020 and 2019.
(3)The VEBA Trust for postretirement benefits is primarily invested in cash equivalents and debt securities in 2020 and 2019 and is not reflected in the table above.
Citigroup’s pension and postretirement plans’ weighted-average asset allocations for the non-U.S. plans and the actual ranges, and the weighted-average target allocations by asset category based on asset fair values, are as follows:
 Non-U.S. pension plans
 Target asset
allocation
Actual range
at December 31,
Weighted-average
at December 31,
Asset category(1)
20212020201920202019
Equity securities
0–100%
0–100%
0–100%
15 %13 %
Debt securities
0–100
0–100
0–100
77 80 
Real estate
0–15
0–12
0–15
1 
Other investments
0–100
0–100
0–100
7 
Total100 %100 %

(1)Similar to the U.S. plans, asset allocations for certain non-U.S. plans are set by investment strategy, not by investment product.
 Non-U.S. postretirement plans
 Target asset
allocation
Actual range
at December 31,
Weighted-average
at December 31,
Asset category(1)
20212020201920202019
Equity securities
0–38%
0–38%
0–31%
38 %27 %
Debt securities
56–100
56–100
66–100
56 71 
Other investments
0–6
0–6
0–3
6 
Total100 %100 %
(1)Similar to the U.S. plans, asset allocations for certain non-U.S. plans are set by investment strategy, not by investment product.
Schedule of expected long term rates of return on assets
The following table shows the expected return on assets used in determining the Company’s pension expense compared to the actual return on assets during 2020, 2019 and 2018 for the U.S. pension and postretirement plans:
U.S. plans
(During the year)
202020192018
Expected return on assets
U.S. pension and postretirement trust6.70%6.70%
6.80%/6.70%
VEBA trust3.003.003.00
Actual return on assets(1)
U.S. pension and postretirement trust12.8415.20-3.40
VEBA trust2.11
1.91 to 2.76
0.43 to 1.41
(1)Actual return on assets is presented net of fees.
Effect of one-percentage-point change in the discount rates on pension expense
The following tables summarize the effect on pension expense:
Discount rate
 One-percentage-point increase
In millions of dollars202020192018
U.S. plans$34 $28 $25 
Non-U.S. plans(16)(19)(22)
 One-percentage-point decrease
In millions of dollars202020192018
U.S. plans$(52)$(44)$(37)
Non-U.S. plans25 32 32 
Schedule of effect of one percentage point change in expected rates of return
The following tables summarize the effect on pension expense:
Expected return on assets
 One-percentage-point increase
In millions of dollars202020192018
U.S. plans$(123)$(123)$(126)
Non-U.S. plans(66)(64)(64)
 One-percentage-point decrease
In millions of dollars202020192018
U.S. plans$123 $123 $126 
Non-U.S. plans66 64 64 
Schedule of health care cost trend rates
Assumed health care cost trend rates were as follows:
 20202019
Health care cost increase rate for 
U.S. plans
  
Following year6.50%6.75%
Ultimate rate to which cost increase is assumed to decline5.005.00
Year in which the ultimate rate is
reached
20272027
Health care cost increase rate for 
non-U.S. plans (weighted average)
  
Following year6.85%6.85%
Ultimate rate to which cost increase is
assumed to decline
6.856.85
Year in which the ultimate rate
is reached
20212020
Schedule of interest crediting rate for cash balance and other plans
Weighted average interest crediting rate
At year end202020192018
U.S. plans1.45%2.25%3.25%
Non-U.S. plans1.601.611.68
Schedule of fair value of plan assets by measurement levels Plan assets by detailed asset categories and the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
U.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans(1)
In millions of dollarsFair value measurement at December 31, 2020
Asset categoriesLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. equities$813 $ $ $813 
Non-U.S. equities725   725 
Mutual funds and other registered investment companies447   447 
Commingled funds 1,074  1,074 
Debt securities1,275 4,429  5,704 
Annuity contracts  1 1 
Derivatives8 6  14 
Other investments16  57 73 
Total investments$3,284 $5,509 $58 $8,851 
Cash and short-term investments$72 $1,035 $ $1,107 
Other investment liabilities(2)(10) (12)
Net investments at fair value$3,354 $6,534 $58 $9,946 
Other investment receivables redeemed at NAV$99 
Securities valued at NAV3,595 
Total net assets$13,640 
(1)The investments of the U.S. pension and postretirement plans are commingled in one trust. At December 31, 2020, the allocable interests of the U.S. pension and postretirement plans were 98.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The investments of the VEBA Trust for postretirement benefits are reflected in the above table.
U.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans(1)
In millions of dollarsFair value measurement at December 31, 2019
Asset categoriesLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. equities$739 $— $— $739 
Non-U.S. equities553 — — 553 
Mutual funds and other registered investment companies280 — — 280 
Commingled funds— 1,410 — 1,410 
Debt securities1,534 4,046 — 5,580 
Annuity contracts— — 
Derivatives10 — 17 
Other investments— — 75 75 
Total investments$3,116 $5,463 $76 $8,655 
Cash and short-term investments$93 $1,080 $— $1,173 
Other investment liabilities(87)(11)— (98)
Net investments at fair value$3,122 $6,532 $76 $9,730 
Other investment receivables redeemed at NAV$22 
Securities valued at NAV 3,310 
Total net assets$13,062 
(1)The investments of the U.S. pension and postretirement plans are commingled in one trust. At December 31, 2019, the allocable interests of the U.S. pension and postretirement plans were 98.0% and 2.0%, respectively. The investments of the VEBA Trust for postretirement benefits are reflected in the above table.
Non-U.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans
In millions of dollarsFair value measurement at December 31, 2020
Asset categoriesLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. equities$5 $16 $ $21 
Non-U.S. equities105 670  775 
Mutual funds and other registered investment companies3,137 73  3,210 
Commingled funds24   24 
Debt securities6,705 1,420  8,125 
Real estate 2 2 4 
Annuity contracts  5 5 
Derivatives 1,005  1,005 
Other investments  312 312 
Total investments$9,976 $3,186 $319 $13,481 
Cash and short-term investments$129 $3 $ $132 
Other investment liabilities (4,650) (4,650)
Net investments at fair value$10,105 $(1,461)$319 $8,963 
Securities valued at NAV $14 
Total net assets$8,977 
 
Non-U.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans
In millions of dollarsFair value measurement at December 31, 2019
Asset categoriesLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
U.S. equities$$12 $— $16 
Non-U.S. equities127 262 — 389 
Mutual funds and other registered investment companies3,223 63 — 3,286 
Commingled funds23 — — 23 
Debt securities4,307 1,615 10 5,932 
Real estate— 
Annuity contracts— — 
Derivatives— 1,590 — 1,590 
Other investments— 274 275 
Total investments$7,685 $3,545 $290 $11,520 
Cash and short-term investments$86 $$— $89 
Other investment liabilities(3)(2,938)— (2,941)
Net investments at fair value$7,768 $610 $290 $8,668 
Securities valued at NAV $15 
Total net assets$8,683 
Schedule of effect of significant unobservable inputs, changes in plan assets
The reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances during the year for Level 3 assets are as follows:
In millions of dollarsU.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans
Asset categoriesBeginning Level 3 fair value at
Dec. 31, 2019
Realized (losses)Unrealized gains Purchases, sales and issuancesTransfers in and/or out of Level 3Ending Level 3 fair value at
Dec. 31, 2020
Annuity contracts$$— $— $— $— $1 
Other investments75 (3)(18)— 57 
Total investments$76 $(3)$$(18)$— $58 
 
In millions of dollarsU.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans
Asset categoriesBeginning Level 3 fair value at
Dec. 31, 2018
Realized (losses)Unrealized (losses)Purchases, sales and issuancesTransfers in and/or out of Level 3Ending Level 3 fair value at
Dec. 31, 2019
Annuity contracts$$— $— $— $— $
Other investments127 (7)12 (57)— 75 
Total investments$128 $(7)$12 $(57)$— $76 

 In millions of dollarsNon-U.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans
Asset categoriesBeginning Level 3 fair value at
Dec. 31, 2019
Unrealized gains Purchases, sales and issuancesTransfers in and/or out of Level 3Ending Level 3
fair value at
Dec. 31, 2020
Debt securities$10 $— $(10)$— $ 
Real estate— — 2 
Annuity contracts— — — 5 
Other investments274 23 15 — 312 
Total investments$290 $24 $$— $319 

 In millions of dollarsNon-U.S. pension and postretirement benefit plans
Asset categoriesBeginning Level 3 fair value at
Dec. 31, 2018
Unrealized (losses)Purchases, sales and issuancesTransfers in and/or out of Level 3Ending Level 3
fair value at
Dec. 31, 2019
Debt securities$$$— $— $10 
Real estate— — — 
Annuity contracts10 — (5)— 
Other investments210 57 — 274 
Total investments$230 $$52 $— $290 
Schedule of expected benefit payments
The Company expects to pay the following estimated benefit payments in future years:
 Pension plansPostretirement benefit plans
In millions of dollarsU.S. plansNon-U.S. plansU.S. plansNon-U.S. plans
2021$820 $566 $58 $76 
2022832 504 55 80 
2023847 507 52 85 
2024852 521 49 90 
2025857 527 45 96 
2026–20304,101 2,698 181 550 
Defined contribution plans The following tables summarize the Company contributions for the defined contribution plans:
 U.S. plans
In millions of dollars202020192018
Company contributions$414 $404 $396 
 Non-U.S. plans
In millions of dollars202020192018
Company contributions$304 $281 $283