DERIVATIVES ACTIVITIES

In the ordinary course of business, Citigroup enters into various types of derivative transactions. For additional information regarding Citi’s use of and accounting for derivatives, see Note 22 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Citi’s 2016 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Information pertaining to Citigroup’s derivative activities, based on notional amounts is presented in the table below. Derivative notional amounts, are reference amounts from which contractual payments are derived and do not represent a complete and accurate measure of Citi’s exposure to derivative transactions. Rather, Citi’s derivative exposure arises primarily from market fluctuations (i.e., market risk), counterparty failure (i.e., credit risk) and/or periods of high volatility or financial stress (i.e., liquidity risk), as well as any market valuation adjustments that may be required on the transactions. Moreover, notional amounts do not reflect the netting of offsetting trades. For example, if Citi enters into a receive-fixed interest rate swap with $100 million notional, and offsets this risk with an identical but opposite pay-fixed position with a different counterparty, $200 million in derivative notionals is reported, although these offsetting positions may result in de minimis overall market risk. Aggregate derivative notional amounts can fluctuate from period to period in the normal course of business based on Citi’s market share, levels of client activity and other factors.

Derivative Notionals



	Hedging instruments under ASC 815⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾				Other derivative instruments
					Trading derivatives				Management hedges⁽³⁾
In millions of dollars	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016		June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Interest rate contracts
Swaps	$	185,341	$	151,331	$	22,079,797	$	19,145,250	$	53,242	$	47,324
Futures and forwards	15		97		8,025,915		6,864,276		14,447		30,834
Written options	—				3,433,889		2,921,070		1,822		4,759
Purchased options	—		—		3,329,915		2,768,528		2,330		7,320
Total interest rate contract notionals	$	185,356	$	151,428	$	36,869,516	$	31,699,124	$	71,841	$	90,237
Foreign exchange contracts
Swaps	$	37,395	$	19,042	$	6,407,798	$	5,492,145	$	26,221	$	22,676
Futures, forwards and spot	35,815		56,964		4,302,684		3,251,132		5,730		3,419
Written options	1,447		—		1,375,250		1,194,325		—		—
Purchased options	6,672		—		1,383,864		1,215,961		—		—
Total foreign exchange contract notionals	$	81,329	$	76,006	$	13,469,596	$	11,153,563	$	31,951	$	26,095
Equity contracts
Swaps	$	—	$	—	$	197,046	$	192,366	$	—	$	—
Futures and forwards	—		—		46,582		37,557		—		—
Written options	—		—		370,016		304,579		—		—
Purchased options	—		—		324,314		266,070		—		—
Total equity contract notionals	$	—	$	—	$	937,958	$	800,572	$	—	$	—
Commodity and other contracts
Swaps	$	—	$	—	$	68,690	$	70,774	$	—	$	—
Futures and forwards	156		182		153,554		142,530		—		—
Written options	—		—		69,294		74,627		—		—
Purchased options	—		—		68,098		69,629		—		—
Total commodity and other contract notionals	$	156	$	182	$	359,636	$	357,560	$	—	$	—
Credit derivatives⁽⁴⁾
Protection sold	$	—	$	—	$	845,028	$	859,420	$	64	$	—
Protection purchased	—		—		856,947		883,003		14,103		19,470
Total credit derivatives	$	—	$	—	$	1,701,975	$	1,742,423	$	14,167	$	19,470
Total derivative notionals	$	266,841	$	227,616	$	53,338,681	$	45,753,242	$	117,959	$	135,802


(1)	The notional amounts presented in this table do not include hedge accounting relationships under ASC 815 where Citigroup is hedging the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation by issuing a foreign-currency-denominated debt instrument. The notional amount of such debt was $1,297 million and $1,825 million at June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.


(2)	Derivatives in hedge accounting relationships accounted for under ASC 815 are recorded in either Other assets/Other liabilities or Trading account assets/Trading account liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.


(3)	Management hedges represent derivative instruments used to mitigate certain economic risks, but for which hedge accounting is not applied. These derivatives are recorded in either Other assets/Other liabilities or Trading account assets/Trading account liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheet.

(4)

Credit derivatives are arrangements designed to allow one party (protection buyer) to transfer the credit risk of a “reference asset” to another party (protection seller). These arrangements allow a protection seller to assume the credit risk associated with the reference asset without directly purchasing that asset. The Company enters into credit derivative positions for purposes such as risk management, yield enhancement, reduction of credit concentrations and diversification of overall risk.

The following tables present the gross and net fair values of the Company’s derivative transactions and the related offsetting amounts as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016. Gross positive fair values are offset against gross negative fair values by counterparty pursuant to enforceable master netting agreements. Under ASC 815-10-45, payables and receivables in respect of cash collateral received from or paid to a given counterparty pursuant to a credit support annex are included in the offsetting amount if a legal opinion supporting the enforceability of netting and collateral rights has been obtained. GAAP does not permit similar offsetting for security collateral.

The tables also present amounts that are not permitted to be offset, such as security collateral or cash collateral posted at third-party custodians, but which would be eligible for offsetting to the extent an event of default occurred and a legal opinion supporting enforceability of the netting and collateral rights has been obtained.

Derivative Mark-to-Market (MTM) Receivables/Payables



In millions of dollars at June 30, 2017	Derivatives classified in Trading account assets / liabilities^(1)(2)(3)						Derivatives classified in Other assets / liabilities⁽²⁾⁽³⁾
Derivatives instruments designated as ASC 815 hedges	Assets			Liabilities			Assets			Liabilities
Over-the-counter	$	4,089		$	271		$	1,270		$	20
Cleared	330			1,757			34			73
Interest rate contracts	$	4,419		$	2,028		$	1,304		$	93
Over-the-counter	$	1,058		$	795		$	411		$	384
Foreign exchange contracts	$	1,058		$	795		$	411		$	384
Total derivatives instruments designated as ASC 815 hedges	$	5,477		$	2,823		$	1,715		$	477
Derivatives instruments not designated as ASC 815 hedges
Over-the-counter	$	212,052		$	193,609		$	38		$	1
Cleared	88,092			94,441			101			138
Exchange traded	137			116			—			—
Interest rate contracts	$	300,281		$	288,166		$	139		$	139
Over-the-counter	$	142,009		$	143,455		$	—		$	—
Cleared	2,667			2,611			—			—
Exchange traded	81			76			—			—
Foreign exchange contracts	$	144,757		$	146,142		$	—		$	—
Over-the-counter	$	16,262		$	20,994		$	—		$	—
Cleared	21			12			—			—
Exchange traded	7,885			7,998			—			—
Equity contracts	$	24,168		$	29,004		$	—		$	—
Over-the-counter	$	9,506		$	11,894		$	—		$	—
Exchange traded	642			647			—			—
Commodity and other contracts	$	10,148		$	12,541		$	—		$	—
Over-the-counter	$	16,325		$	17,190		$	49		$	58
Cleared	7,575			7,906			32			292
Credit derivatives⁽⁴⁾	$	23,900		$	25,096		$	81		$	350
Total derivatives instruments not designated as ASC 815 hedges	$	503,254		$	500,949		$	220		$	489
Total derivatives	$	508,731		$	503,772		$	1,935		$	966
Cash collateral paid/received⁽⁵⁾⁽⁶⁾	$	12,540		$	14,227		$	—		$	43
Less: Netting agreements⁽⁷⁾	(424,492		)	(424,492		)	—			—
Less: Netting cash collateral received/paid⁽⁸⁾	(38,743		)	(42,570		)	(993		)	(56		)
Net receivables/payables included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet⁽⁹⁾	$	58,036		$	50,937		$	942		$	953
Additional amounts subject to an enforceable master netting agreement, but not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Less: Cash collateral received/paid	$	(657	)	$	(55	)	$	—		$	—
Less: Non-cash collateral received/paid	(11,359		)	(8,039		)	(295		)	—
Total net receivables/payables⁽⁹⁾	$	46,020		$	42,843		$	647		$	953


(1)	The trading derivatives fair values are presented in Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


(2)	Derivative mark-to-market receivables/payables related to management hedges are recorded in either Other assets/Other liabilities or Trading account assets/Trading account liabilities.

(3)

Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives are derivatives executed and settled bilaterally with counterparties without the use of an organized exchange or central clearing house. Cleared derivatives include derivatives executed bilaterally with a counterparty in the OTC market, but then novated to a central clearing house, whereby the central clearing house becomes the counterparty to both of the original counterparties. Exchange traded derivatives include derivatives executed directly on an organized exchange that provides pre-trade price transparency.


(4)	The credit derivatives trading assets comprise $5,801 million related to protection purchased and $18,099 million related to protection sold as of June 30, 2017. The credit derivatives trading liabilities comprise $19,400 million related to protection purchased and $5,696 million related to protection sold as of June 30, 2017.


(5)	For the trading account assets/liabilities, reflects the net amount of the $55,110 million and $52,970 million of gross cash collateral paid and received, respectively. Of the gross cash collateral paid, $42,570 million was used to offset trading derivative liabilities and, of the gross cash collateral received, $38,743 million was used to offset trading derivative assets.

(6)

For cash collateral paid with respect to non-trading derivative assets, reflects the net amount of $56 million of gross cash collateral paid, of which $56 million is netted against non-trading derivative positions within Other liabilities. For cash collateral received with respect to non-trading derivative liabilities, reflects the net amount of $1,036 million of gross cash collateral received, of which $993 million is netted against non-trading derivative positions within Other assets.


(7)	Represents the netting of derivative receivable and payable balances with the same counterparty under enforceable netting agreements. Approximately $321 billion, $95 billion and $8 billion of the netting against trading account asset/liability balances is attributable to each of the OTC, cleared and exchange-traded derivatives, respectively.


(8)	Represents the netting of cash collateral paid and received by counterparty under enforceable credit support agreements. Substantially all cash collateral received and paid is netted against OTC derivative assets and liabilities, respectively.


(9)	The net receivables/payables include approximately $4 billion of derivative asset and $7 billion of derivative liability fair values not subject to enforceable master netting agreements, respectively.



In millions of dollars at December 31, 2016	Derivatives classified in Trading account assets / liabilities^(1)(2)(3)						Derivatives classified in Other assets / liabilities⁽²⁾⁽³⁾
Derivatives instruments designated as ASC 815 hedges	Assets			Liabilities			Assets			Liabilities
Over-the-counter	$	716		$	171		$	1,927		$	22
Cleared	3,530			2,154			47			82
Interest rate contracts	$	4,246		$	2,325		$	1,974		$	104
Over-the-counter	$	2,494		$	393		$	747		$	645
Foreign exchange contracts	$	2,494		$	393		$	747		$	645
Total derivatives instruments designated as ASC 815 hedges	$	6,740		$	2,718		$	2,721		$	749
Derivatives instruments not designated as ASC 815 hedges
Over-the-counter	$	244,072		$	221,534		$	225		$	5
Cleared	120,920			130,855			240			349
Exchange traded	87			47			—			—
Interest rate contracts	$	365,079		$	352,436		$	465		$	354
Over-the-counter	$	182,659		$	186,867		$	—		$	60
Cleared	482			470			—			—
Exchange traded	27			31			—			—
Foreign exchange contracts	$	183,168		$	187,368		$	—		$	60
Over-the-counter	$	15,625		$	19,119		$	—		$	—
Cleared	1			21			—			—
Exchange traded	8,484			7,376			—			—
Equity contracts	$	24,110		$	26,516		$	—		$	—
Over-the-counter	$	13,046		$	14,234		$	—		$	—
Exchange traded	719			798			—			—
Commodity and other contracts	$	13,765		$	15,032		$	—		$	—
Over-the-counter	$	19,033		$	19,563		$	159		$	78
Cleared	5,582			5,874			47			310
Credit derivatives⁽⁴⁾	$	24,615		$	25,437		$	206		$	388
Total derivatives instruments not designated as ASC 815 hedges	$	610,737		$	606,789		$	671		$	802
Total derivatives	$	617,477		$	609,507		$	3,392		$	1,551
Cash collateral paid/received⁽⁵⁾⁽⁶⁾	$	11,188		$	15,731		$	8		$	1
Less: Netting agreements⁽⁷⁾	(519,000		)	(519,000		)	—			—
Less: Netting cash collateral received/paid⁽⁸⁾	(45,912		)	(49,811		)	(1,345		)	(53		)
Net receivables/payables included on the Consolidated Balance Sheet⁽⁹⁾	$	63,753		$	56,427		$	2,055		$	1,499
Additional amounts subject to an enforceable master netting agreement, but not offset on the Consolidated Balance Sheet
Less: Cash collateral received/paid	$	(819	)	$	(19	)	$	—		$	—
Less: Non-cash collateral received/paid	(11,767		)	(5,883		)	(530		)	—
Total net receivables/payables⁽⁹⁾	$	51,167		$	50,525		$	1,525		$	1,499


(1)	The trading derivatives fair values are presented in Note 20 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.


(2)	Derivative mark-to-market receivables/payables related to management hedges are recorded in either Other assets/Other liabilities or Trading account assets/Trading account liabilities.

(3)


(4)	The credit derivatives trading assets comprise $8,871 million related to protection purchased and $15,744 million related to protection sold as of December 31, 2016. The credit derivatives trading liabilities comprise $16,722 million related to protection purchased and $8,715 million related to protection sold as of December 31, 2016.


(5)	For the trading account assets/liabilities, reflects the net amount of the $60,999 million and $61,643 million of gross cash collateral paid and received, respectively. Of the gross cash collateral paid, $49,811 million was used to offset trading derivative liabilities and, of the gross cash collateral received, $45,912 million was used to offset trading derivative assets.

(6)

For cash collateral paid with respect to non-trading derivative assets, reflects the net amount of $61 million of gross cash collateral paid, of which $53 million is netted against non-trading derivative positions within Other liabilities. For cash collateral received with respect to non-trading derivative liabilities, reflects the net amount of $1,346 million of gross cash collateral received, of which $1,345 million is netted against OTC non-trading derivative positions within Other assets.


(7)	Represents the netting of derivative receivable and payable balances with the same counterparty under enforceable netting agreements. Approximately $383 billion, $128 billion and $8 billion of the netting against trading account asset/liability balances is attributable to each of the OTC, cleared and exchange-traded derivatives, respectively.


(8)	Represents the netting of cash collateral paid and received by counterparty under enforceable credit support agreements. Substantially all cash collateral received and paid is netted against OTC derivative assets and liabilities, respectively.


(9)	The net receivables/payables include approximately $7 billion of derivative asset and $9 billion of derivative liability fair values not subject to enforceable master netting agreements, respectively.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, the amounts recognized in Principal transactions in the Consolidated Statement of Income related to derivatives not designated in a qualifying hedging relationship, as well as the underlying non-derivative instruments, are presented in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Citigroup presents this disclosure by business classification, showing derivative gains and losses related to its trading activities together with gains and losses related to non-derivative instruments within the same trading portfolios, as this represents how these portfolios are risk managed.

The amounts recognized in Other revenue in the Consolidated Statement of Income related to derivatives not designated in a qualifying hedging relationship are shown below. The table below does not include any offsetting gains/losses on the economically hedged items to the extent such amounts are also recorded in Other revenue.



	Gains (losses) included in Other revenue
	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions of dollars	2017			2016			2017			2016
Interest rate contracts	$	11		$	11		$	(34	)	$	26
Foreign exchange	23			11			26			15
Credit derivatives	(80		)	(348		)	(343		)	(562		)
Total Citigroup	$	(46	)	$	(326	)	$	(351	)	$	(521	)

The following table summarizes the gains (losses) on the Company’s fair value hedges:



	Gains (losses) on fair value hedges⁽¹⁾
	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions of dollars	2017			2016			2017			2016
Gain (loss) on the derivatives in designated and qualifying fair value hedges
Interest rate contracts	$	(71	)	$	1,082		$	(376	)	$	3,197
Foreign exchange contracts	(555		)	(397		)	(637		)	(1,758		)
Commodity contracts	(11		)	89			(9		)	438
Total gain (loss) on the derivatives in designated and qualifying fair value hedges	$	(637	)	$	774		$	(1,022	)	$	1,877
Gain (loss) on the hedged item in designated and qualifying fair value hedges
Interest rate hedges	$	47		$	(1,053	)	$	343		$	(3,143	)
Foreign exchange hedges	570			454			766			1,761
Commodity hedges	11			(89		)	10			(433		)
Total gain (loss) on the hedged item in designated and qualifying fair value hedges	$	628		$	(688	)	$	1,119		$	(1,815	)
Hedge ineffectiveness recognized in earnings on designated and qualifying fair value hedges
Interest rate hedges	$	(16	)	$	32		$	(26	)	$	59
Foreign exchange hedges	(13		)	25			49			(50		)
Total hedge ineffectiveness recognized in earnings on designated and qualifying fair value hedges	$	(29	)	$	57		$	23		$	9
Net gain (loss) excluded from assessment of the effectiveness of fair value hedges
Interest rate contracts	$	(8	)	$	(3	)	$	(7	)	$	(5	)
Foreign exchange contracts⁽²⁾	28			32			80			53
Commodity hedges	—			—			1			5
Total net gain (loss) excluded from assessment of the effectiveness of fair value hedges	$	20		$	29		$	74		$	53


(1)	Amounts are included in Other revenue on the Consolidated Statement of Income. The accrued interest income on fair value hedges is recorded in Net interest revenue and is excluded from this table.


(2)	Amounts relate to the premium associated with forward contracts (differential between spot and contractual forward rates). These amounts are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are reflected directly in earnings.

Cash Flow Hedges

The amount of hedge ineffectiveness on the cash flow hedges recognized in earnings for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 is not significant. The pretax change in AOCI from cash flow hedges is presented below:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
In millions of dollars	2017			2016			2017			2016
Effective portion of cash flow hedges included in AOCI
Interest rate contracts	$	97		$	220		$	139		$	635
Foreign exchange contracts	—			(21		)	—			3
Total effective portion of cash flow hedges included in AOCI	$	97		$	199		$	139		$	638
Effective portion of cash flow hedges reclassified from AOCI to earnings
Interest rate contracts	$	(90	)	$	(41	)	$	(46	)	$	(57	)
Foreign exchange contracts	2			(17		)	(1		)	(43		)
Total effective portion of cash flow hedges reclassified from AOCI to earnings⁽¹⁾	$	(88	)	$	(58	)	$	(47	)	$	(100	)


(1)	Included primarily in Other revenue and Net interest revenue on the Consolidated Income Statement.

For cash flow hedges, the changes in the fair value of the hedging derivative remain in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and will be included in the earnings of future periods to offset the variability of the hedged cash flows when such cash flows affect earnings. The net gain (loss) associated with cash flow hedges expected to be reclassified from AOCI within 12 months of June 30, 2017 is approximately $(199) million. The maximum length of time over which forecasted cash flows are hedged is 10 years.

The after-tax impact of cash flow hedges on AOCI is shown in Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Net Investment Hedges

The pretax gain (loss) recorded in the Foreign currency translation adjustment account within AOCI, related to the effective portion of the net investment hedges, is $(32) million and $(1,748) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 and $(47) million and $(1,420) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively.

The following tables summarize the key characteristics of Citi’s credit derivatives portfolio by counterparty and derivative form:



	Fair values				Notionals
In millions of dollars at June 30, 2017	Receivable⁽¹⁾		Payable⁽²⁾		Protection purchased		Protection sold
By industry/counterparty
Banks	$	10,015	$	9,077	$	336,802	$	352,533
Broker-dealers	3,030		3,252		91,096		100,526
Non-financial	68		78		3,798		1,561
Insurance and other financial institutions	10,868		13,039		439,354		390,472
Total by industry/counterparty	$	23,981	$	25,446	$	871,050	$	845,092
By instrument
Credit default swaps and options	$	23,582	$	23,970	$	844,661	$	835,627
Total return swaps and other	399		1,476		26,389		9,465
Total by instrument	$	23,981	$	25,446	$	871,050	$	845,092
By rating
Investment grade	$	10,740	$	10,839	$	654,355	$	642,096
Non-investment grade	13,241		14,607		216,695		202,996
Total by rating	$	23,981	$	25,446	$	871,050	$	845,092
By maturity
Within 1 year	$	3,234	$	4,172	$	282,692	$	281,166
From 1 to 5 years	18,284		18,452		539,944		522,198
After 5 years	2,463		2,822		48,414		41,728
Total by maturity	$	23,981	$	25,446	$	871,050	$	845,092


(1)	The fair value amount receivable is composed of $5,882 million under protection purchased and $18,099 million under protection sold.


(2)	The fair value amount payable is composed of $19,750 million under protection purchased and $5,696 million under protection sold.



	Fair values				Notionals
In millions of dollars at December 31, 2016	Receivable⁽¹⁾		Payable⁽²⁾		Protection purchased		Protection sold
By industry/counterparty
Banks	$	11,895	$	10,930	$	407,992	$	414,720
Broker-dealers	3,536		3,952		115,013		119,810
Non-financial	82		99		4,014		2,061
Insurance and other financial institutions	9,308		10,844		375,454		322,829
Total by industry/counterparty	$	24,821	$	25,825	$	902,473	$	859,420
By instrument
Credit default swaps and options	$	24,502	$	24,631	$	883,719	$	852,900
Total return swaps and other	319		1,194		18,754		6,520
Total by instrument	$	24,821	$	25,825	$	902,473	$	859,420
By rating
Investment grade	$	9,605	$	9,995	$	675,138	$	648,247
Non-investment grade	15,216		15,830		227,335		211,173
Total by rating	$	24,821	$	25,825	$	902,473	$	859,420
By maturity
Within 1 year	$	4,113	$	4,841	$	293,059	$	287,262
From 1 to 5 years	17,735		17,986		551,155		523,371
After 5 years	2,973		2,998		58,259		48,787
Total by maturity	$	24,821	$	25,825	$	902,473	$	859,420


(1)	The fair value amount receivable is composed of $9,077 million under protection purchased and $15,744 million under protection sold.


(2)	The fair value amount payable is composed of $17,110 million under protection purchased and $8,715 million under protection sold.

Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features in Derivatives

Certain derivative instruments contain provisions that require the Company to either post additional collateral or immediately settle any outstanding liability balances upon the occurrence of a specified event related to the credit risk of the Company. These events, which are defined by the existing derivative contracts, are primarily downgrades in the credit ratings of the Company and its affiliates. The fair value (excluding CVA) of all derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that were in a net liability position at both June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 was $32 billion and $26 billion, respectively. The Company posted $28 billion and $26 billion as collateral for this exposure in the normal course of business as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.

A downgrade could trigger additional collateral or cash settlement requirements for the Company and certain affiliates. In the event that Citigroup and Citibank were downgraded a single notch by all three major rating agencies as of June 30, 2017, the Company could be required to post an additional $0.7 billion as either collateral or settlement of the derivative transactions. Additionally, the Company could be required to segregate with third-party custodians collateral previously received from existing derivative counterparties in the amount of $0.3 billion upon the single notch downgrade, resulting in aggregate cash obligations and collateral requirements of approximately $1.0 billion.

Derivatives Accompanied by Financial Asset Transfers

For transfers of financial assets accounted for as a sale by the Company, where the Company has retained substantially all of the economic exposure to the transferred asset through a total return swap executed in contemplation of the initial sale with the same counterparty and still outstanding as of June 30, 2017, both the asset carrying amounts derecognized and gross cash proceeds received as of the date of derecognition were $2.1 billion. At June 30, 2017, the fair value of these previously derecognized assets was $2.3 billion. The fair value of the total return swaps was $14 million, recorded as gross derivative assets, and $28 million, recorded as gross derivative liabilities. The balances for the total return swaps are on a gross basis, before the application of counterparty and cash collateral netting, and are included primarily as equity derivatives in the tabular disclosures in this Note.