COMMISSIONS AND FEES

The primary components of Commissions and fees revenue are investment banking fees, trading-related fees, fees related to trade and securities services in ICG and credit card and bank card fees.

Investment banking fees are substantially composed of underwriting and advisory revenues and are recognized when Citigroup’s performance under the terms of a contractual arrangement is completed, which is typically at the closing of a transaction. Underwriting revenue is recorded in Commissions and fees, net of both reimbursable and non-reimbursable expenses, consistent with the AICPA Accounting Guide for Brokers and Dealers in Securities (codified in ASC 940-605-05-1). Expenses associated with advisory transactions are recorded in Other operating expenses, net of client reimbursements. Out-of-pocket expenses are deferred and recognized at the time the related revenue is recognized. In general, expenses incurred related to investment banking transactions that fail to close (are not consummated) are recorded gross in Other operating expenses.

Trading-related fees primarily include commissions and fees from the following: executing transactions for clients on exchanges and over-the-counter markets; sales of mutual funds, insurance and other annuity products; and assisting clients in clearing transactions, providing brokerage services and other such activities. Trading-related fees are recognized when earned in Commissions and fees. Gains or losses, if any, on these transactions are included in Principal transactions (see Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Credit card and bank card fees are primarily composed of interchange revenue and certain card fees, including annual fees, reduced by reward program costs and certain partner payments. Interchange revenue and fees are recognized when earned. Annual card fees are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over a 12-month period. Reward costs are recognized when points are earned by the customers.

The following table presents Commissions and fees revenue:



In millions of dollars	2016		2015		2014
Investment banking	$	2,847	$	3,423	$	3,687
Trading-related	2,219		2,345		2,503
Trade and securities services	1,564		1,735		1,871
Credit cards and bank cards	1,324		1,786		2,227
Other consumer⁽¹⁾	659		685		885
Corporate finance⁽²⁾	686		493		531
Checking-related	467		497		531
Loan servicing	325		404		380
Other	430		480		417
Total commissions and fees	$	10,521	$	11,848	$	13,032


(1)	Primarily consists of fees for investment fund administration and management, third-party collections, commercial demand deposit accounts and certain credit card services.


(2)	Consists primarily of fees earned from structuring and underwriting loan syndications.