10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC  20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 001-09819

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia				52-1549373
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)				(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
4991 Lake Brook Drive, Suite 100
Glen Allen,	Virginia			23060-9245
(Address of principal executive offices)				(Zip Code)
		(804)	217-5800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DX	New York Stock Exchange
6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DXPRC	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes          ☒         No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes           ☒             No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

    

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes           ☐           No            ☒

On April 24, 2025, the registrant had 105,331,440 shares outstanding of common stock, $0.01 par value, which is the registrant’s only class of common stock.

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

			Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Financial Statements
		Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 (unaudited) and December 31, 2024	1
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (unaudited) and March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	2
		Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (unaudited) and March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	3
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 (unaudited) and March 31, 2024 (unaudited)	4
		Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	30
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sale of Equity and Use of Proceeds	34
	Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	34
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	34
	Item 5.	Other Information	34
	Item 6.	Exhibits	35
SIGNATURES			36

i

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

($s in thousands except per share data)

	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	327,447	$	377,099
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563		244,440
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $7,620,616 and $6,893,629, respectively), at fair value	8,399,925		7,512,087
Due from counterparties	2,645		10,445
Derivative assets	6,791		133
Accrued interest receivable	36,686		32,841
Other assets	10,779		7,534
Total assets	$	9,044,836	$	8,184,579
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	7,234,723	$	6,563,120
Due to counterparties	332,676		341,924
Derivative liabilities	3,810		22,814
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	4,798		—
Accrued interest payable	46,861		44,672
Accrued dividends payable	20,707		16,501
Other liabilities	5,346		10,612
Total liabilities	7,648,921		6,999,643
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 4,460,000 and 4,460,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($111,500 and $111,500 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	107,843		107,843
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 180,000,000 shares authorized; 102,226,355 and 84,491,800 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	1,022		845
Additional paid-in capital	1,982,781		1,742,471
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(153,099)		(172,489)
Accumulated deficit	(542,632)		(493,734)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,395,915		1,184,936
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	9,044,836	$	8,184,579

See notes to the consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

1

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(UNAUDITED)

($s in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025		2024
INTEREST INCOME (EXPENSE)
Interest income	$	95,059	$	71,525
Interest expense	(77,926)		(74,717)
Net interest income (expense)	17,133		(3,192)
OTHER GAINS (LOSSES)
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	109,997		(70,024)
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	(118,088)		124,635
Total other (loss) gains, net	(8,091)		54,611
EXPENSES
Compensation and benefits	(7,919)		(7,177)
Other general and administrative	(3,845)		(3,703)
Other operating expenses	(354)		(421)
Total operating expenses	(12,118)		(11,301)
Net (loss) income	(3,076)		40,118
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)		(1,923)
Net (loss) income to common shareholders	$	(4,999)	$	38,195
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments, net	$	19,390	$	(17,268)
Reclassification of realized gain on available-for-sale investments, net	—		—
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	19,390		(17,268)
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$	14,391	$	20,927
Weighted average common shares-basic	90,492,327		59,003,218
Weighted average common shares-diluted	90,492,327		59,712,234
Net (loss) income per common share-basic	$	(0.06)	$	0.65
Net (loss) income per common share-diluted	$	(0.06)	$	0.64

See notes to the consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

2

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

($s in thousands)

	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss		Accumulated Deficit		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2024	4,460,000	$	107,843	84,491,800	$	845	$	1,742,471	$	(172,489)	$	(493,734)	$	1,184,936
Stock issuance	—	—		17,604,999	176		239,482		—		—		239,658
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		—	—		190		—		—		190
Other share-based compensation, net of amortization	—	—		188,702	2		1,837		—		—		1,839
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(59,146)	(1)		(1,180)		—		—		(1,181)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(19)		—		—		(19)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,076)		(3,076)
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(1,923)		(1,923)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(43,899)		(43,899)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		19,390		—		19,390
Balance as of March 31, 2025	4,460,000	$	107,843	102,226,355	$	1,022	$	1,982,781	$	(153,099)	$	(542,632)	$	1,395,915
Balance as of December 31, 2023	4,460,000	$	107,843	57,038,247	$	570	$	1,404,431	$	(158,502)	$	(483,607)	$	870,735
Stock issuance	—	—		7,007,448	70		86,736		—		—		86,806
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		46,544	—		510		—		—		510
Other share-based compensation, net of amortization	—	—		111,245	1		3,759		—		—		3,760
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(42,553)	—		(527)		—		—		(527)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(16)		—		—		(16)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		40,118		40,118
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(1,923)		(1,923)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(23,663)		(23,663)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		(17,268)		—		(17,268)
Balance as of March 31, 2024	4,460,000	$	107,843	64,160,931	$	641	$	1,494,893	$	(175,770)	$	(469,075)	$	958,532

See notes to the consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

3

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

($s in thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025		2024
Operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$	(3,076)	$	40,118
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities:
Unrealized (gain) loss on investments, net	(109,997)		70,024
Loss (gain) on derivative instruments, net	118,088		(124,635)
Amortization of investment premiums, net	7,961		14,059
Other amortization and depreciation	496		501
Share-based compensation expense	2,029		4,270
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable	(3,845)		828
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable	2,189		(17,522)
Change in other assets and liabilities, net	(7,482)		(4,747)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	6,363		(17,104)
Investing activities:
Purchases of investments	(957,078)		—
Principal payments received on trading securities	120,906		78,131
Principal payments received on available-for-sale investments	59,986		18,874
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment	67		307
Net (payments) receipts on derivative instruments	(137,035)		172,784
Increase (decrease) in cash collateral posted by counterparties	4,798		(37,494)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(908,356)		232,602
Financing activities:
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	22,760,699		12,273,321
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings	(22,089,096)		(12,369,717)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	239,658		86,806
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(1,181)		(527)
Dividends paid	(41,616)		(24,916)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	868,464		(35,033)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, including cash posted to counterparties	(33,529)		180,465
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at beginning of period	621,539		237,864
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at end of period	$	588,010	$	418,329
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity:
Cash paid for interest	$	75,738	$	92,239

See notes to the consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

4

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in Agency mortgage-backed securities (“Agency MBS”) and in to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”). Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal and interest payments by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from the U.S. Treasury. As of March 31, 2025, the majority of the Company’s Agency MBS are secured by residential real property (“Agency RMBS”). The remainder of the Company’s investments are in Agency commercial MBS (“Agency CMBS”) and in both Agency and non-Agency CMBS interest-only (“CMBS IO”). Non-Agency MBS do not have a GSE guaranty of principal or interest payments.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim period have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2025. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC. 

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, the fair value measurements of its investments, including TBA securities accounted for as derivative instruments, which is discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements included herein are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of March 31, 2025.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance; and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria to be deemed the primary beneficiary. The maximum exposure to loss for these VIEs is the carrying value of the MBS.

5

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Tax Code”) and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain asset, income, ownership, and distribution tests. To meet these requirements, the Company’s main source of income is interest earned from obligations secured by mortgages on real property, and the Company must distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders. The Company’s income will generally not be subject to federal income tax to the extent its income is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Please see Note 2 for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

The Company currently has unvested restricted stock, service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) issued and outstanding. Restricted stock awards are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method because holders of unvested shares of restricted stock issued under the 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Holders of RSUs and PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalent rights over the period outstanding, receiving dividend payments only upon the settlement date if the requisite service-based and performance-based conditions have been achieved, as applicable. As such, RSUs and PSUs are excluded from the computation of basic net income per common share but are included in the computation of diluted net income per common share unless the effect is to reduce a net loss or increase the net income per common share (also known as “anti-dilutive”). Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, RSU, and PSU, and each such share or unit becomes one unrestricted share of common stock and is included in the computation of basic net income per common share.

Because the Company’s 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) is redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and convertible into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the effect of those shares and their related dividends are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, the Company believes the risk of loss is mitigated by the financial position, creditworthiness, and strength of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

The Company regularly pledges and receives amounts to cover margin requirements related to the Company’s financing and derivative instruments. If the amount pledged to a counterparty exceeds the amount received from a counterparty, the net amount is recorded as an asset within “cash collateral posted to counterparties,” and if the amount received from a counterparty exceeds the amount pledged to a counterparty, the net amount is recorded as a liability within “cash collateral posted by counterparties” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

6

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheets presented herein that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	327,447
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	588,010

Mortgage-Backed Securities 

The Company’s MBS are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in fair value of MBS purchased prior to January 1, 2021 are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as an unrealized gain (loss) until the security is sold or matures. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company elected the fair value option (“FVO”) for all MBS purchased on or after that date with changes in fair value reported in net income as “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” until the security is sold or matures. Management elected the fair value option so that net income will reflect the changes in fair value for its future purchases of MBS in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the changes in fair value of its derivative instruments. Upon the sale of an MBS, any unrealized gain or loss within OCI or net income is reclassified to “realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” within net income using the specific identification method.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of IO securities) and the contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective interest method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments received. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flows and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from an independent third-party pricing service. These prices are assessed for reasonableness using broker quotes and other third-party pricing services. Please refer to Note 6 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS designated as AFS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses related to its MBS recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Interest accrued between payment dates on MBS is presented separately from the Company’s investment portfolio as “accrued interest receivable” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company does not estimate an allowance for credit loss for its accrued interest receivable because the interest is generally received within 30 days and amounts not received when due are written off against interest income.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements are used to finance its purchases of MBS and are accounted for as secured borrowings. The interest rates the Company pays for these borrowings are based on a spread added to the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”), The Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral, which is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated

7

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

balance sheets. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement borrowing, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender, or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. The repurchase facilities available to the Company are uncommitted with no guarantee of renewal.

Derivative Instruments

Derivatives are carried at fair value, and all periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in the fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement, are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

The Company’s short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts are valued based on exchange pricing with daily variation margin settlements, which are treated as legal settlements of the exposure under the related futures contracts. The effect of these legal settlements reduces what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the futures contracts, generally to $0. The margin requirement varies based on the market value of the open positions and the equity retained in the account. Any margin excess or deficit outstanding is recorded as a receivable or payable as of the date of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of the futures contract.

The Company’s options on U.S. Treasury futures provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to buy or sell U.S. Treasury futures at a predetermined notional amount and stated term in the future and are valued based on exchange pricing. The Company records the premium paid for the option contract as a derivative asset on its consolidated balance sheet and adjusts the balance for changes in fair value through “gain (loss) on derivative instruments” until the option is exercised or the contract expires. If the option contract expires unexercised, the realized loss is limited to the premium paid. If exercised, the realized gain or loss on the options is equal to the difference between the fair value of the underlying U.S. Treasury future and the premium paid for the option contract.

The Company’s interest rate swaps are pay-fixed, which involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts based on SOFR from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The net periodic interest benefit (cost) is recorded in the period earned (incurred) in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments”, but the net receipt (payment) of cash is exchanged annually, typically on the anniversary of each agreement’s effective date. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), which requires the Company to post initial margin as determined by the CME, and additional variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps. Similar to the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures, the exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. As such, these legal settlements reduce what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the interest rate swaps, generally to $0. Accordingly, any margin excess or deficit outstanding is recorded as a receivable or payable within “due from/to counterparty” as of the date of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Net periodic interest benefit/cost and changes in the fair value of these instruments is recorded in “gain(loss) on derivative instruments” until termination or expiration.

The Company’s interest rate swaptions are SOFR-based and provide the Company the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a predetermined notional amount with a stated term and pay and receive rates in the future. The accounting for interest rate swaptions is similar to options on U.S. Treasury futures.

The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its exposure to Agency RMBS. A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement

8

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 6 for information on how the fair value of these instruments is calculated.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and performance-based cash awards (collectively, “awards”). As of March 31, 2025, there were no common shares remaining available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The Company has submitted a proposal for its 2025 Stock and Incentive Plan (“the 2025 Plan”) to its common shareholders for approval at the Company’s Annual Meeting on May 20, 2025.

The Company has issued restricted stock and RSUs, which are treated as equity awards and recorded at their fair value using the closing stock price on the grant date. Compensation expense is generally recognized over a service period specified within each award with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity using the straight-line method until the vesting date specified within each award or until the employee becomes eligible for retirement, if earlier than the vesting date. Compensation expense is recognized immediately upon the grant date for equity awards granted to an employee who is retirement eligible.

The Company also has PSUs issued and outstanding which contain Company performance-based and market performance-based conditions. PSUs subject to Company performance-based conditions are initially recognized as equity at their fair value which is measured using the closing stock price on the grant date multiplied by the number of units expected to vest based on an assessment of the probability of achievement of the Company performance-based conditions as of the grant date. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense using the straight-line method until the earlier of the vesting date specified within each award or the date the employee becomes eligible for retirement. Adjustments are made, if necessary, based on any change in probability of achievement which is re-assessed as of each reporting date and on at least a quarterly basis. PSUs subject to market performance-based conditions are recognized as equity at their grant date fair value determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the common stock TSR of the group of peer companies specified in the award agreement. Awards subject to market performance-based conditions are not assessed for probability of achievement and are not remeasured subsequent to issuance. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense using the straight-line method until the earlier of the vesting date specified within each award or the date the employee becomes eligible for retirement, even if the market performance-based conditions are not achieved.

The Company does not estimate forfeitures for any of its share-based compensation awards but adjusts for actual forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Because RSUs and PSUs have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights, which are paid in cash only upon settlement, any accrued dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) on forfeited units are reversed with a corresponding credit to “Compensation and benefits” expense.

Please see Note 7 for additional information about the Company’s share-based compensation awards.

Contingencies

The Company did not have any pending lawsuits, claims, or other contingencies as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended

9

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

March 31, 2025, that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

NOTE 2 – NET INCOME (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE

Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the Company’s treatment of its preferred stock and stock awards in the calculation of its basic and diluted net income or loss per common share and to Note 7 for information regarding the Company’s stock award activity for the periods presented. The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income or loss per common share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
($s in thousands)	2025		2024
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic	90,492,327		59,003,218
Incremental common shares-unvested RSUs	—		379,880
Incremental common shares-unvested PSUs	—		329,136
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	90,492,327		59,712,234
Net (loss) income to common shareholders	$	(4,999)	$	38,195
Net (loss) income per common share-basic	$	(0.06)	$	0.65
Net (loss) income per common share-diluted	$	(0.06)	$	0.64

The calculation of diluted net loss per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 excludes unvested RSUs and PSUs of 547,845, which would have been anti-dilutive for the period.

NOTE 3 – MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES

The following tables provide details on the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	8,490,912	$	8,452,828	$	8,185,832	$	7,717,764	$	7,695,409	$	7,302,238
Agency CMBS	108,704		109,578		106,429		99,636		99,848		95,463
CMBS IO (1)	n/a		108,911		107,664		n/a		117,591		114,386
Total	$	8,599,616	$	8,671,317	$	8,399,925	$	7,817,400	$	7,912,848	$	7,512,087
(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $5,779,969 and $2,050,104, respectively, as of March 31, 2025, and $6,196,778 and $2,450,398, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	811,622	$	—	$	(150,332)	$	661,290
Agency CMBS	55,000		12		(3,271)		51,741
CMBS IO	74,394		3,274		(2,783)		74,885
Total	$	941,016	$	3,286	$	(156,386)	$	787,916

10

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	7,641,206	$	41,660	$	(158,323)	$	7,524,543
Agency CMBS	54,578		110		—		54,688
CMBS IO	34,517		3		(1,742)		32,778
Total	$	7,730,301	$	41,773	$	(160,065)	$	7,612,009
	December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	827,314	$	—	$	(167,248)	$	660,066
Agency CMBS	99,848		3		(4,388)		95,463
CMBS IO	81,854		3,280		(4,137)		80,997
Total	$	1,009,016	$	3,283	$	(175,773)	$	836,526
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	6,868,095	$	11,081	$	(237,004)	$	6,642,172
Agency CMBS	—		—		—		—
CMBS IO	35,737		—		(2,348)		33,389
Total	$	6,903,832	$	11,081	$	(239,352)	$	6,675,561

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are disclosed in Note 4. Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, scheduled payments and unscheduled prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities.

The following table presents information regarding unrealized gains and losses on investments reported within net income (loss) on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
($s in thousands)	2025		2024
Agency RMBS	$	109,260	$	(69,676)
Agency CMBS	110		(190)
CMBS IO	609		(194)
Other investments	18		36
Total unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	$	109,997	$	(70,024)

The Company did not sell any securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or March 31, 2024.

11

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

The following table presents certain information for MBS designated as AFS that were in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	1,447	$	(6)	2	$	920	$	(3)	3
Non-Agency MBS	735		(56)		3	823		(73)		2
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	768,613	$	(156,190)	59	$	814,443	$	(175,497)	65
Non-Agency MBS	4,896		(133)		8	6,097		(200)		10

The unrealized loss positions on the Company’s MBS designated as AFS as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were the result of higher interest rates and wider spreads to U.S. Treasuries versus at the time of purchase. The unrealized loss positions are not credit related; therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024. The Company has the ability and intent to hold any MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. In addition, for its non-Agency MBS, the Company reviews the credit ratings, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses.

NOTE 4 – REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized in the following tables:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Collateral Type	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
($s in thousands)
Agency RMBS	$	7,076,257	4.45	%	$	7,454,039	$	6,368,457	4.79	%	$	6,689,336
Agency CMBS	64,065		4.45	%	63,351		90,717		4.78	%	95,071
Agency CMBS IO	88,686		4.78	%	97,212		96,146		5.18	%	101,165
Non-Agency CMBS IO	5,715		5.14	%	6,014		7,800		5.52	%	8,057
Total	$	7,234,723	4.46	%	$	7,620,616	$	6,563,120	4.80	%	$	6,893,629

The Company had borrowings outstanding under 27 different repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2025, and its equity at risk did not exceed 10% with any counterparty as of that date. The Company also had $332.7 million payable to counterparties for transactions pending settlement as of March 31, 2025 and $341.9 million as of December 31, 2024.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

12

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

	March 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
($s in thousands)
Less than 30 days	$	3,932,031	4.47	%	67	$	1,742,440	4.83	%	68
30 to 90 days	2,997,548		4.45	%	96	4,820,680		4.78	%	83
91 to 180 days	305,144		4.40	%	152	—		—	%	—
Total	$	7,234,723	4.46	%	83	$	6,563,120	4.80	%	79

The Company’s accrued interest payable related to its repurchase agreement borrowings increased to $46.9 million as of March 31, 2025 from $44.7 million as of December 31, 2024.

The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company believes it was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of set off in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following table presents information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2025:
Repurchase agreements	$	7,234,723	$	—	$	7,234,723	$	(7,234,723)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2024:
Repurchase agreements	$	6,563,120	$	—	$	6,563,120	$	(6,563,120)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral, which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

Please see Note 5 for information related to the Company’s derivatives, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

13

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 5 – DERIVATIVES

Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives. The Company frequently changes the type of derivative instruments it uses to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on its repurchase agreement financing costs and the fair value of its investments. Please refer to Note 1 for descriptions of these instruments and how the Company accounts for them.

TBA Transactions. The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its exposure to Agency RMBS. The Company holds long or short positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions, commonly referred to as “dollar roll” transactions, which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase (or sale) of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long (or short) position with a later settlement date. TBA securities purchased (or sold) for a forward settlement date are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities settling in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. The Company accounts for all TBAs (whether net long or net short positions, or collectively “TBA dollar roll positions”) as derivative instruments because it cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or that the individual TBA transaction will settle in the shortest period possible.

The table below provides detail of the Company’s gain and losses by type of derivative instrument for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2025		2024
($s in thousands)
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(44,347)	$	139,810
Interest rate swaps	(116,726)		—
Interest rate swaptions	811		—
TBA securities	42,174		(15,175)
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	$	(118,088)	$	124,635

The table below provides the carrying amount by type of derivative instrument comprising the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	811	$	—
TBA securities	Derivative assets	Investing	5,980		133
Total derivatives assets			$	6,791	$	133
TBA securities	Derivative liabilities	Investing	$	3,810	$	22,814
Total derivatives liabilities			$	3,810	$	22,814

The table below presents information regarding the long positions in SOFR-based interest rate swaptions held by the Company as of March 31, 2025. The Company did not hold any interest rate swaptions as of December 31, 2024.

14

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

	March 31, 2025
	Option						Underlying Receiver Swap
	Cost Basis		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Notional Amount		Average Fixed Receive Rate		Average Term (Years)
($s in thousands)
1-2 year interest rate swaption	$	7,975	$	8,786	$	811	$	500,000	3.25	%	5 years

Because the daily margin exchanged for the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaps are considered legal settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral, these instruments have a carrying value of $0 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s U.S. Treasury futures were in a net liability position of $(17.4) million as of March 31, 2025 and a net asset position of $1.2 million as of December 31, 2024, and its interest rate swaps were in net asset positions of $36.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and $152.8 million as of December 31, 2024. The amount of cash posted by the Company to cover required initial margin for these instruments was $258.7 million as of March 31, 2025 and $219.2 million as of December 31, 2024, which was recorded within “cash collateral posted to counterparties.” The Company had a margin payable of $4.1 million as of March 31, 2025, which was recorded within “due to counterparties”, and a margin receivable of $10.4 million as of December 31, 2024, which was recorded within “due from counterparties.”

The table below presents information regarding the short positions in SOFR-based interest rate swaps the Company held as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Interest Rate Swaps - Years to Maturity	Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate		Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate
($s in thousands)
4-5 years fixed pay swap	$	(1,275,000)	3.42	%	$	(1,275,000)	3.42	%
6-7 years fixed pay swap	(3,510,000)		3.66	%	(3,085,000)		3.61	%
9-10 years fixed pay swap	(1,350,000)		3.92	%	(1,025,000)		3.83	%
10-15 years fixed pay swap	(200,000)		3.93	%	—		—	%
	$	(6,335,000)	3.68	%	$	(5,385,000)	3.61	%

The table below presents information regarding the short positions in U.S. Treasury futures held by the Company as of the dates indicated:

U.S. Treasury Futures	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)
30-year U.S. Treasury futures	$	(766,500)	$	(516,500)
10-year U.S. Treasury futures	(795,000)		(735,000)
	$	(1,561,500)	$	(1,251,500)

15

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Implied market value (1)	$	2,730,302	$	2,318,392
Implied cost basis (2)	2,728,132		2,341,073
Net carrying value (3)	$	2,170	$	(22,681)

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

(3) Net carrying value represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the Company’s TBA securities as of the dates indicated. The total shown is the net amount included on the consolidated balance sheets of $5,980 within “derivative assets” and $3,810 within “derivative liabilities.”

Volume of Activity

The table below summarizes changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Beginning Notional Amount-Long (Short)		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Ending Notional Amount-Long (Short)
($s in thousands)
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(1,251,500)	$	(2,751,500)	$	2,441,500	$	(1,561,500)
Interest rate swaps	(5,385,000)		(950,000)		—		(6,335,000)
Interest rate swaptions	—		500,000		—		500,000
TBA securities	2,419,000		9,124,000		(8,694,000)		2,849,000

Offsetting

The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of set off in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	Offsetting of Assets
($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
March 31, 2025
Interest rate swaptions	$	811	$	—	$	811	$	—	$	—	$	811
TBA securities	5,980		—		5,980		(3,492)		(2,298)		190
Derivative assets	$	6,791	$	—	$	6,791	$	(3,492)	$	(2,298)	$	1,001
December 31, 2024
TBA securities	$	133	$	—	$	133	$	(133)	$	—	$	—
Derivative assets	$	133	$	—	$	133	$	(133)	$	—	$	—

16

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

	Offsetting of Liabilities
($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2025
TBA securities	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	(3,492)	$	(136)	$	182
Derivative liabilities	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	(3,492)	$	(136)	$	182
December 31, 2024
TBA securities	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	(133)	$	(21,308)	$	1,373
Derivative liabilities	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	(133)	$	(21,308)	$	1,373

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

NOTE 6 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS 

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

17

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
MBS	$	8,399,925	$	—	$	8,399,925	$	—	$	7,512,087	$	—	$	7,512,087	$	—
TBA securities (1)	5,980		—		5,980		—		133		—		133		—
Interest rate swaptions	811		—		811		—		—		—		—		—
Mortgage loans (2)	1,079		—		—		1,079		1,130		—		—		1,130
Total assets carried at fair value	$	8,407,795	$	—	$	8,406,716	$	1,079	$	7,513,350	$	—	$	7,512,220	$	1,130
Liabilities:
TBA securities (1)	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	—	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	—	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	—

(1)TBA securities are reflected on consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” at their implied fair value, net of implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 5 for additional information.

(2)Mortgage loans are included within “other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

As of March 31, 2025, the fair value measurements for the Company’s TBA securities and its MBS are considered Level 2 because there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets. Fair value is based on prices received from an independent third-party pricing service. In valuing a security, the pricing service primarily uses a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, but may use an income approach, which uses valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow modeling. Examples of the observable inputs and assumptions used in the valuation techniques include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things. The Company reviews the prices it receives from the pricing service for reasonableness using broker quotes as well as other third-party pricing services.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company's mortgage loans held for investment are single-family mortgage loans, which were originated or purchased by the Company prior to 2000, and for which the Company has elected the fair value option. The fair value measurements for these mortgage loans are considered Level 3 because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using certain inputs such as the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, and expected credit losses as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 10% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2025 and as of December 31, 2024.

The Company’s short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts are valued based on exchange pricing and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. Interest rate swaps are valued using the daily settlement price, or fair value, determined by the clearing exchange based on a pricing model that references observable market inputs, including current benchmark rates and the forward yield curve, and thus their fair values are considered Level 2 measurements. The carrying value of the U.S. Treasury futures contracts and interest rate swaps on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is $0 because the instruments require daily margin exchanges, which are considered by the settlement agent to represent legal settlement of the contracts on a daily basis. Please see Note 1

18

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

and Note 5 for additional information regarding the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments.

The fair value of interest rate swaptions is considered Level 2 because it is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration or sale.

NOTE 7 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Preferred Stock. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 6,600,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock for issuance as Series C Preferred Stock, of which the Company has 4,460,000 of such shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed, repurchased, or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock. Except under certain limited circumstances described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the Company may not redeem the Series C Preferred Stock prior to April 15, 2025. On or after that date, the Series C Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Series C Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Series C Preferred Stock paid a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025. Due to the cessation of 3-month LIBOR, the original terms of the Series C Preferred Stock have been revised to state that upon April 15, 2025 and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to 3-month term SOFR plus the statutorily prescribed tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% in addition to the original spread pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock of 5.461% for a total spread of 5.723%. The Company paid its regular quarterly dividend of $0.43125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock on April 15, 2025 to shareholders of record as of April 1, 2025.

Common Stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued 17,604,999 shares of its common stock through its at-the-market (“ATM”) program at an aggregate value of $239.7 million, net of broker commissions and fees. The Company declared monthly dividends on its common stock totaling $0.47 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Company’s timing, frequency, and amount of dividends declared on its common stock are determined by its Board of Directors. When declaring dividends, the Board of Directors considers the Company’s taxable income, management’s view on long-term returns, the REIT distribution requirements of the Tax Code, and maintaining compliance with dividend requirements of the Series C Preferred Stock, along with other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time.

19

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Share-Based Compensation. The following table presents a rollforward of share-based awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025			2024
Type of Award	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  Per Share
Restricted stock:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	93,595	$	12.78	104,282	$	12.61
Granted	—	—		46,544	12.50
Vested	(28,792)	13.42		(76,865)	12.76
Awards outstanding, end of period	64,803	$	12.50	73,961	$	12.39
Target RSUs: (1)
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	463,070	$	12.64	394,497	$	13.06
Granted	152,870	14.06		214,755	12.50
Vested	(125,948)	12.77		(68,896)	14.42
Awards outstanding, end of period	489,992	$	13.05	540,356	$	12.66
Target PSUs: (2)
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	482,409	$	12.32	276,866	$	13.17
Granted	—	—		322,132	12.50
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	482,409	$	12.32	598,998	$	12.81

(1)The number of RSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% if the recipient’s service-based vesting condition is not met to 100% if the service-based vesting condition is met.

(2)The number of PSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% to 200% based on the achievement of the performance goals defined in each grant award.

The restricted stock awards outstanding as of March 31, 2025 were all granted to employees except for 38,068 granted to the Company’s non-employee members of its Board of Directors, which will vest May 17, 2025. Restricted stock granted to employees generally vests in equal installments over a period of 3 years.

RSU and PSU awards are granted only to executive officers of the Company. RSUs vest in equal installments over a period of 3 years. PSUs vest based on performance results measured over a period of 3 years. The Company expects 102% of the remaining target PSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2025 will be settled on their vesting dates.

The Company has DERs accrued for RSUs and PSUs of $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2025 compared to $0.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, which is included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet within “accrued dividends payable.”

Total share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.0 million compared to $4.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The following table

20

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

discloses the Company’s remaining compensation expense related to stock awards it has granted as of March 31, 2025, which will be amortized over the period disclosed:

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Remaining Compensation Cost		WAVG Period of Recognition
Restricted stock	$	373	1.4 years
RSUs	3,601		2.0 years
PSUs	1,617		1.6 years
Total	$	5,591	1.8 years

NOTE 8 - SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company’s operations consist of one reportable segment which involves investing in MBS and funding these investments with repurchase agreements and equity. Because the Company’s investment portfolio and financings are subject to market risks, primarily interest rate risk, management seeks to offset a portion of its market value exposure and financing costs through its interest rate derivative instruments (“hedging portfolio”). The Company’s investment and hedging portfolios are managed together.

The Company’s revenue is derived from its investment portfolio, which currently consists of primarily Agency RMBS. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Co-CEO and President. Segment performance is measured by and resource allocation decisions are based on “comprehensive income (loss) to common shareholders” as presented on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). The segment’s significant expense categories as shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) are regularly provided to the CODM for review and are also used to make resource allocation decisions. Segment assets are total assets as shown on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

21

ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

From year end 2024 to March 31, 2025, interest rates across the U.S. Treasury curve were mostly lower, spreads on Agency RMBS were slightly tighter while spreads on Agency and non-agency CMBS were wider. Real estate equities broadly performed well, experienced stock market price appreciation and strong trading volumes. Dynex was active in the ATM program raising $239.7 million of new capital to deploy into the Agency market and also to provide liquidity and flexibility to face the markets going forward in 2025. For Dynex, positive carry, based on our interest income less interest expense and the periodic interest component of our interest rate swaps, improved in the first quarter of 2025 compared to the fourth quarter of 2024 as higher yielding assets have been added to the portfolio and financing costs continued to trend down. The second quarter of 2025 has been dominated by tariff news, the immediate reactions and ongoing discussion on how negotiations may unfold. We continue to operate our business at the intersection of the global capital markets and the U.S. housing finance system and take seriously our responsibility of being stewards of shareholder capital. The Dynex team will continue to manage risk and invest to deliver compelling shareholder returns over the long term.

Market Data

The charts below show the range of U.S. Treasury and SOFR-based swap rates for the first quarter of 2025 and information regarding market spreads as of and for the periods indicated:

22

	Market Spreads as of:		Change in Spreads YTD
Investment Type: (1)	March 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Agency RMBS:
2.0% coupon	85	89	(4)
2.5% coupon	90	93	(3)
4.0% coupon	65	69	(4)
4.5% coupon	65	68	(3)
5.0% coupon	66	69	(3)
5.5% coupon	69	72	(3)
6.0% coupon	66	74	(8)
Agency DUS (Agency CMBS)(2)	94	96	(2)
Freddie K AAA IO (Agency CMBS IO)(2)	130	120	10
AAA CMBS IO (Non-Agency CMBS IO)(2)	155	119	36

(1)Option adjusted spreads (“OAS”) are based on Company estimates using third-party models and market data. OAS shown for prior periods may differ from previous disclosures because the Company regularly updates the third-party model used.

(2)Data represents the spread to swap rate on newly issued securities and is sourced from J.P. Morgan.

Summary of Results

Our total economic return for the first quarter of 2025 was $0.33 per common share, or 2.6% of beginning book value. Our net interest income continues to grow as a result of our newer investments of MBS with more attractive yields and our financing costs continue to decline. We also continue to benefit from the net periodic interest we are earning from interest rate swaps. Despite another quarter of volatile interest rates, the mark-to-market impact of our investments compared to our hedges was close to neutral. We were also able to raise $239.7 million in capital through our ATM program at an average price of $13.61 per share.

23

The following table summarizes the changes in the Company's financial position during the first quarter of 2025:

($s in thousands except per share data)	Net Change in Fair Value		Components of Comprehensive Income		Common Book Value Rollforward		Per Common Share
Balance as of December 31, 2024 (1)					$	1,073,436	$	12.70
Net interest income			$	17,133
Periodic interest from interest rate swaps			10,851
G & A and other operating expenses			(12,118)
Preferred stock dividends			(1,923)
Changes in fair value:
MBS and loans	$	129,387
TBAs	42,174
U.S. Treasury futures	(44,347)
Interest rate swaps	(127,577)
Interest rate swaptions	811
Total net change in fair value			448
Comprehensive income to common shareholders					14,391
Capital transactions:
Net proceeds from stock issuance (2)					240,487
Common dividends declared					(43,899)
Balance as of March 31, 2025 (1)					$	1,284,415	$	12.56

(1)Amounts represent total shareholders' equity less the aggregate liquidation preference of the Company's preferred stock of $111.5 million, in thousands and on a per common share basis.

(2)Net proceeds from stock issuance include $0.8 million from amortization of share-based compensation, net of grants, and adjustments for payroll tax withholding on share-based compensation vesting during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Current Outlook

Tariffs continue to dominate the news cycle in April, and markets continue to adjust. Markets are experiencing volatility in response to announcements and uncertainty about the economic impacts. While the broader market movements have impacted the valuation of mortgage securities, the current market turmoil is not a real estate or mortgage event. We expect volatility to continue and remain focused on maintaining a portfolio of high-quality liquid securities and maintaining liquidity. We are also focused on our hedging strategy and believe options will be part of our hedge portfolio going forward. We continue to monitor the prepayment risk of our portfolio. Consolidation in the mortgage finance sector that combine strong mortgage origination, underwriting, servicing, and technology platforms into a single company are likely to expedite refinancing, resulting in an increase in prepayment risk.

The future structure of the GSEs is uncertain, and we remain engaged with policymakers to monitor these developments. The current policy and economic environment remain dynamic. We continue to monitor global macroeconomic conditions and large investment flows.

We are active in our ATM Program, raising $239.7 million in the first quarter and an additional $38.7 million in the second quarter through April 24, 2025. We have invested some of the proceeds, but have maintained flexibility by keeping some of the new capital as dry powder to invest going forward. While we expect volatility to continue, mortgage spreads to swaps and U.S. Treasuries remain close to historic wides and offer attractive returns, while financing markets continue to be liquid and supportive of leveraged mortgage investing.

24

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Investment Portfolio

Our investment portfolio (including TBAs) as of March 31, 2025, increased approximately 13% compared to December 31, 2024 while the composition of our assets remained relatively unchanged with 74% in Agency RMBS, 24% in TBA securities, and 2% in Agency CMBS and CMBS IO. We purchased approximately $895.1 million of Agency RMBS during the three months ended March 31, 2025, of which $325.4 million were pending settlement as of March 31, 2025. We also increased our TBA positions by a notional of $430.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and purchased $54.6 million of Agency CMBS. The Agency CMBS purchases have a different convexity profile compared to our Agency RMBS, bringing a diversification benefit to the portfolio.

The following tables compare our fixed-rate Agency RMBS investments, including TBA dollar roll positions, as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025
30-year Fixed-rate Agency RMBS by Coupon	Par/Notional		Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3)		Fair Value (2)(3)		Weighted Average
							Loan Age (in months)(4)	3 Month CPR (4)(5)		Estimated Duration (6)	Market Yield (7)
($s in thousands)
2.0%	$	643,738	$	654,189	$	518,108	54	4.3	%	7.47	4.92	%
2.5%	552,105		572,705		465,278		55	4.2	%	7.06	4.93	%
4.0%	317,616		318,061		299,052		48	6.3	%	6.02	4.97	%
4.5%	1,640,950		1,593,059		1,576,921		26	5.6	%	5.68	5.12	%
5.0%	2,405,465		2,364,405		2,370,615		21	5.4	%	4.92	5.23	%
5.5%	2,634,702		2,650,442		2,651,860		14	4.0	%	4.04	5.39	%
6.0%	296,335		299,966		303,998		16	8.0	%	2.94	5.47	%
TBA 4.0%	1,282,000		1,194,627		1,193,191		n/a	n/a		6.70	4.99	%
TBA 4.5%	387,000		365,420		369,887		n/a	n/a		6.23	5.10	%
TBA 5.0%	549,000		537,463		537,505		n/a	n/a		5.08	5.30	%
TBA 5.5%	631,000		630,622		629,718		n/a	n/a		4.05	5.54	%
Total	$	11,339,911	$	11,180,959	$	10,916,133	24	5.0	%	5.20	5.21	%

	December 31, 2024
30-year Fixed-rate Agency RMBS by Coupon	Par/Notional		Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3)		Fair Value (2)(3)		Weighted Average
							Loan Age (in months)(4)	3 Month CPR (4)(5)		Estimated Duration (6)	Market Yield (7)
($s in thousands)
2.0%	$	655,356	$	666,107	$	516,541	51	5.0	%	6.49	5.42	%
2.5%	561,625		582,776		463,402		52	4.3	%	6.37	5.33	%
4.0%	324,615		325,091		299,774		45	6.4	%	5.92	5.25	%
4.5%	1,323,371		1,291,410		1,252,219		27	7.4	%	5.79	5.33	%
5.0%	2,356,262		2,315,518		2,284,613		18	5.7	%	5.19	5.47	%
5.5%	2,193,064		2,207,296		2,178,180		13	5.3	%	4.53	5.61	%
6.0%	303,470		307,211		307,509		13	13.2	%	3.60	5.74	%
TBA 4.0%	462,000		424,917		421,796		n/a	n/a		6.62	5.20	%
TBA 4.5%	383,000		361,610		359,837		n/a	n/a		5.95	5.35	%
TBA 5.0%	710,000		693,938		684,706		n/a	n/a		5.20	5.51	%
TBA 5.5%	864,000		860,609		852,053		n/a	n/a		4.21	5.73	%
Total	$	10,136,763	$	10,036,483	$	9,620,630	23	6.1	%	5.22	5.49	%

(1)Implied cost basis of TBAs represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS.

(2)Fair value of TBAs is the implied market value of the underlying Agency security as of the end of the period.

(3)TBAs are included on the consolidated balance sheet within “derivative assets/liabilities” at their net carrying value which is the difference between their implied market value and implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(4)TBAs are excluded from this calculation as they do not have a defined weighted-average loan balance or age until mortgages have been assigned to the pool.

(5)Constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) represents the 3-month CPR of Agency RMBS held as of date indicated.

(6)Duration measures the sensitivity of a security's price to the change in interest rates and represents the percent change in price of a security for a 100-basis point increase in interest rates. We calculate duration using third-party financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different estimates of duration for the same securities.

(7)Represents the weighted average market yield projected using cash flows generated from the forward curve based on market prices as of the date indicated and assuming zero volatility.

Our Agency CMBS and Agency CMBS IO are backed by loans collateralized by multifamily properties, which have performed well given the demand for housing in the United States. Our Agency CMBS IO are from Freddie Mac Series K deals from which interest continues to be advanced even in the event of an underlying default up until liquidation. According to Freddie Mac, 99.6% of the loans in K-deals are current as of February 2025.

Our non-Agency CMBS IO were all originated prior to 2018 and are backed by loans collateralized by a number of different property types, such as multifamily, office, retail, hotels, industrial, storage, and others. Our non-Agency CMBS IO investments are nearing maturity and have very little amortized cost remaining; any changes in actual payments may result in large swings in yield as shown below.

The following table provides certain information regarding our CMBS and CMBS IO as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		WAVG Life Remaining (1)	WAVG Market Yield (2)
Agency CMBS	$	109,578	$	106,429	4.7	4.47	%
Agency CMBS IO	102,898		99,267		5.6	7.43	%
Non-Agency CMBS IO	6,013		8,397		1.2	33.74	%
Total	$	218,489	$	214,093
	December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		WAVG Life Remaining (1)	WAVG Market Yield (2)
Agency CMBS	$	99,848	$	95,463	2.6	4.76	%
Agency CMBS IO	109,335		103,606		5.7	7.21	%
Non-Agency CMBS IO	8,256		10,780		1.3	26.42	%
Total	$	217,439	$	209,849
(1) Represents the weighted average life remaining in years based on contractual cash flows as of the dates indicated.
(2) Represents the weighted average market yield projected using cash flows generated off the forward curve based on market prices as of the dates indicated and assuming zero volatility.

Repurchase Agreements

Our repurchase agreement borrowings increased to $7.2 billion as of March 31, 2025 from $6.6 billion as of December 31, 2024 as we used these funds to partially finance our purchases of Agency RMBS during the year. We have not experienced any difficulty in securing financing with any of our counterparties, and our repurchase agreement counterparties have not indicated any concerns regarding leverage or credit. Please refer to Note 4 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” contained within this Item 2 for additional information relating to our repurchase agreement borrowings.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities

Please refer to Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for details on our interest rate hedging instruments as well as “Liquidity and Capital Resources” within Item 2 and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

25

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table summarizes the results of operations for the periods discussed in this section:

	Three Months Ended
$s in thousands	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024		March 31, 2024
Net interest income (expense)	$	17,133	$	6,887	$	(3,192)
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	109,997		(223,225)		(70,024)
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	(118,088)		276,670		124,635
Operating expenses, net	(12,118)		(9,246)		(11,301)
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)		(1,923)		(1,923)
Net (loss) income to common shareholders	(4,999)		49,163		38,195
Other comprehensive income (loss)	19,390		(36,601)		(17,268)
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$	14,391	$	12,562	$	20,927

Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to the Three Months Ended December 31, 2024

Net interest income and net interest spread improved for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended December 31, 2024 due to having a larger portfolio of Agency RMBS with higher yields. In addition, our financing costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 declined approximately 41 basis points compared to the three months ended December 31, 2024 as the first quarter of 2025 received the full benefit of the 0.25% reduction in the targeted Federal Funds rate implemented by the FOMC in both November and December of 2024.

The following table presents information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Financing Cost (3)(4)		Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Financing Cost (3)(4)
Agency RMBS	$	90,075	$	7,726,081	4.66	%	$	82,490	$	7,181,923	4.59	%
Agency CMBS	735		86,880		3.38	%	760		100,308		2.96	%
CMBS IO (5)	2,332		113,263		8.74	%	2,605		122,097		8.00	%
Mortgage loans	14		999		4.96	%	19		1,082		6.23	%
MBS and loans	93,156		$	7,927,223	4.71	%	85,874		7,405,410		4.63	%
Cash equivalents	1,903						2,622
Total interest income	$	95,059					$	88,496
Repurchase agreement financing	(77,926)		6,842,485		(4.56)	%	(81,609)		6,431,743		(4.97)	%
Net interest income/spread	$	17,133			0.15	%	$	6,887			(0.34)	%
Net periodic interest (6)	10,851				0.64	%	11,926				0.75	%
Economic net interest income/spread (6)	$	27,984			0.79	%	$	18,813			0.41	%

(1)Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2)Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3)Effective yield is calculated by dividing annualized interest income by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period. Unscheduled adjustments to premium/discount amortization/accretion, such as for prepayment compensation, are not annualized in this calculation.

(4)Financing cost is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5)Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6)Net periodic interest is the difference between the fixed interest rate we pay and the variable interest rate we receive on our interest rate swaps. It is a component of economic net interest income (expense), a non-GAAP measure. Please refer to the section below “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.

The following table presents information regarding the performance of our TBA dollar roll transactions for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Implied Net Interest Income (1)		Average Balance		Implied Net Spread		Implied Net Interest Income (1)		Average Balance		Implied Net Spread
TBAs	$	4,785	$	2,400,084	0.80	%	$	460	$	2,193,888	0.08	%

(1)Implied net interest income (expense) is also referred to as “drop income (loss)” and represents a portion of the total realized gain (loss) from our TBA dollar roll transactions recorded within “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net.”

Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

Net interest income and net interest spread improved for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to the purchases of higher yielding Agency RMBS over the past year. In addition, our financing costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025 declined approximately 95 basis points compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, due primarily to the interest rate cuts implemented by the FOMC since March 31, 2024.

The following table presents information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025						2024
($s in thousands)	Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Financing Cost (3)(4)		Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Financing Cost (3)(4)
Agency RMBS	$	90,075	$	7,726,081	4.66	%	$	64,281	$	5,938,131	4.33	%
Agency CMBS	735		86,880		3.38	%	925		119,286		3.04	%
CMBS IO (5)	2,332		113,263		8.74	%	2,654		160,261		6.28	%
Mortgage loans	14		999		4.96	%	22		1,773		4.86	%
MBS and loans	$	93,156	$	7,927,223	4.71	%	$	67,882	$	6,219,451	4.36	%
Cash equivalents	1,903						3,643
Total interest income	$	95,059					$	71,525
Repurchase agreement financing	(77,926)		6,842,485		(4.56)	%	(74,717)		5,365,575		(5.51)	%
Net interest income (expense)/spread	$	17,133			0.15	%	$	(3,192)			(1.15)	%
Net periodic interest (6)	10,851				0.64	%	—				—	%
Economic net interest income (expense)/spread (6)	$	27,984			0.79	%	$	(3,192)			(1.15)	%

(1)Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2)Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3)Effective yield is calculated by dividing interest income by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period. Unscheduled adjustments to premium/discount amortization/accretion, such as for prepayment compensation, are not annualized in this calculation.

(4)Financing cost is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5)Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6)Net periodic interest is the difference between the fixed interest rate we pay and the variable interest rate we receive on our interest rate swaps. It is a component of economic net interest income (expense), a non-GAAP measure. Please refer to the section below “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information.

The following table presents information regarding the performance of our TBA dollar roll transactions for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025						2024
($s in thousands)	Implied Net Interest Income (1)		Average Balance		Implied Net Spread		Implied Net Interest Expense(1)		Average Balance		Implied Net Spread
TBAs	$	4,785	$	2,400,084	0.80	%	$	(1,268)	$	1,422,899	(0.35)	%

(1)Implied net interest income (expense) is also referred to as “drop income (loss)” and represents a portion of the total realized gain (loss) from our TBA dollar roll transactions recorded within “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net.”

Gains (Losses) on Investments and Derivative Instruments

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the fair value of our investment portfolio increased $171.6 million primarily due to a decline of 36 basis points in the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate. These gains were mostly offset by net losses on our hedging portfolio of $(171.1) million (excluding $10.9 million of net periodic interest we earned from our interest rate swaps), as a result of the decline in 10-year and 30-year U.S. Treasury rates as well as SOFR rates across the curve.

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, longer-term U.S. Treasury rates and the SOFR swap curve rose higher, resulting in hedge gains on our U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaps totaling $337.3 million (excluding $11.9 million of net periodic interest we earned from our interest rate swaps). These gains were partially offset by net declines in the fair value of our investments of $(332.4) million due to an increase of 79 basis points in the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate and wider mortgage spreads.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, the 10-year U.S. Treasury rate increased approximately 32 basis points which resulted in net gains of $139.8 million for our hedging portfolio. Though the increase in 32 basis point increase negatively impacted the fair value of our investment portfolio, these losses were partially buffered by modest spread tightening on some of our assets during the first quarter of 2024.

The following tables provide details on realized and unrealized gains and losses within our investment and interest rate hedging portfolios for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Realized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income		Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income		Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI		Total Change in Fair Value
Investment portfolio:
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	109,260	$	16,916	$	126,176
Agency CMBS	—		110		1,126		1,236
CMBS IO	—		609		1,348		1,957
Mortgage loans	—		18		—		18
Subtotal	—		109,997		19,390		129,387
TBA securities (1)	17,323		24,851		—		42,174
Net gain on investments	$	17,323	$	134,848	$	19,390	$	171,561
Interest rate hedging portfolio:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(25,801)	$	(18,546)	$	—	$	(44,347)
Interest rate swaps (2)	10,851		(127,577)		—		(116,726)
Interest rate swaptions	—		811		—		811
Net loss on interest rate hedges	$	(14,950)	$	(145,312)	$	—	$	(160,262)
Total net gain (loss)	$	2,373	$	(10,464)	$	19,390	$	11,299

	Three Months Ended
	December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Realized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income		Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income		Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI		Total Change in Fair Value
Investment portfolio:
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	(222,544)	$	(35,849)	$	(258,393)
Agency CMBS	—		—		(1,242)		(1,242)
CMBS IO	—		(692)		490		(202)
Mortgage loans	—		11		—		11
Subtotal	—		(223,225)		(36,601)		(259,826)
TBA securities (1)	(49,385)		(23,158)		—		(72,543)
Net loss on investments	$	(49,385)	$	(246,383)	$	(36,601)	$	(332,369)
Interest rate hedging portfolio:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	190,739	$	(4,462)	$	—	$	186,277
Interest rate swaps (2)	11,926		151,010		—		162,936
Net gain on interest rate hedges	$	202,665	$	146,548	$	—	$	349,213
Total net gain (loss)	$	153,280	$	(99,835)	$	(36,601)	$	16,844

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Realized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income		Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Income		Unrealized Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI		Total Change in Fair Value
Investment portfolio:
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	(69,676)	$	(17,377)	$	(87,053)
Agency CMBS	—		(190)		(316)		(506)
CMBS IO	—		(194)		378		184
Mortgage loans	—		36		47		83
Subtotal	—		(70,024)		(17,268)		(87,292)
TBA securities (1)	32,114		(47,289)		—		(15,175)
Net gain (loss) on investments	$	32,114	$	(117,313)	$	(17,268)	$	(102,467)
Interest rate hedging portfolio:
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(25,658)	$	165,468	$	—	$	139,810
Net (loss) gain on interest rate hedges	$	(25,658)	$	165,468	$	—	$	139,810
Total net gain (loss)	$	6,456	$	48,155	$	(17,268)	$	37,343

1)Realized and unrealized gains (losses) on TBA securities are recorded within “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

2)Realized gain (loss) for interest rate swaps consists of net periodic interest benefit of $10.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and $11.9 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024. We did not hold any interest rate swap agreements during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025, increased $2.9 million compared to the three months ended December 31, 2024 due to an increase in our accrual for bonus expense and higher stock-based compensation expense due to the immediate expensing of RSUs granted to a retirement eligible employee. Operating expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $0.8 million compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024 due to an increase in our accrual for bonus expense and higher legal fees.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In evaluating the Company’s financial and operating performance, management considers book value per common share, total economic return (loss) to common shareholders, and other operating results presented in accordance with GAAP as well as certain non-GAAP financial measures, which include earnings available for distribution (“EAD”) to common shareholders (including per common share) and economic net interest income and the related metric economic net interest spread. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures may be useful to investors because they are viewed by management as a measure of the investment portfolio’s return based on the effective yield of its investments, net of financing costs and, with respect to EAD, net of other normal recurring operating income/expenses.

Drop income generated by TBA dollar roll positions, which is included in "gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net" on the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive income, is included in EAD because management views drop income as the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. However, drop income/loss does not represent the total realized gain/loss from the Company’s investments in TBA securities.

Management also includes net periodic interest from its interest rate swaps, which is included in "gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net," in EAD and economic net interest income because interest rate swaps are used by the Company to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on its borrowing costs from repurchase agreements, and including net periodic interest from interest rate swaps is a helpful indicator of the Company’s total financing cost in addition to GAAP interest expense.

Non-GAAP financial measures are not a substitute for GAAP earnings and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other REITs because they may not be calculated in the same manner. Furthermore, though EAD is one of several factors our management considers in determining the appropriate level of distributions to common shareholders, it should not be utilized in isolation, and it is not an accurate indication of the Company’s REIT taxable income, its distribution requirements in accordance with the Tax Code or total economic return.

Reconciliations of each non-GAAP measure to certain GAAP financial measures are provided below.

	Three Months Ended
Reconciliations of GAAP to Non-GAAP Financial Measures:	March 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
($s in thousands except per share data)
Comprehensive income to common shareholders (GAAP)	$	14,391		$	12,562
Less:
Change in fair value of investments (1)	(129,387)			259,826
Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net (2)	133,724			(264,285)
EAD to common shareholders (non-GAAP)	$	18,728		$	8,103
Average common shares outstanding	90,492,327			81,145,733
EAD per common share (non-GAAP)	$	0.21		$	0.10
Net interest income (GAAP)	$	17,133		$	6,887
Net periodic interest income earned from interest rate swaps	10,851			11,926
Economic net interest income (non-GAAP)	27,984			18,813
TBA drop income (3)	4,785			459
Total operating expenses	(12,118)			(9,246)
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)			(1,923)
EAD to common shareholders (non-GAAP)	$	18,728		$	8,103
Net interest spread (GAAP)	0.15		%	(0.34)		%
Net periodic interest from interest rate swaps as a percentage of average repurchase borrowings	0.64		%	0.75		%
Economic net interest spread (non-GAAP)	0.79		%	0.41		%

(1)Amount includes realized and unrealized gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of the Company’s MBS.

(2)The following table reconciles “change in fair value of derivative instruments, net” to the “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” shown on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

	Three Months Ended
($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	$	(118,088)	$	276,670
Less:
TBA drop income	(4,785)		(459)
Net periodic interest income earned from interest rate swaps	(10,851)		(11,926)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net	$	(133,724)	$	264,285

(3)TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 Our primary sources of liquidity include borrowings under repurchase arrangements and monthly principal and interest payments we receive on our investments. Additional sources may include proceeds from the sale of investments, equity offerings, and net payments received from counterparties for derivative instruments. We use our liquidity to purchase investments, to pay amounts due on our repurchase agreement borrowings, and to pay our operating expenses and dividends on our common and preferred stock. We also use our liquidity to meet margin requirements for our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions, including TBA contracts, under the terms of the related agreements. We may also periodically use liquidity to repurchase shares of the Company’s stock.

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we issued 17,604,999 shares of common stock through our ATM program, resulting in proceeds of $239.7 million, net of broker commissions and fees. We partially deployed these proceeds into Agency RMBS and to post initial margin requirements related to a larger hedge portfolio including interest rate swaps, swaptions, and U.S. Treasury futures.

Our liquidity fluctuates based on our investment activities, leverage, capital raising activities, and changes in the fair value of our investments and derivative instruments. Our measurement of liquidity includes unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and unencumbered Agency MBS, which are recognized as assets on our consolidated balance sheet. In our measure of liquidity, we also include the fair value of noncash collateral pledged to us by our counterparties, which we typically receive when the fair value of our pledged collateral exceeds our current margin requirement. Our liquidity as of March 31, 2025, was $789.9 million, which consisted of unrestricted cash of $327.4 million, unencumbered Agency MBS with a fair value of $450.3 million, and noncash collateral pledged by our counterparties of $12.2 million. Our liquidity as of December 31, 2024, was $658.3 million.

We continuously monitor our liquidity, especially with potential risk events on the horizon, such as tariff changes, potential GSE transition, uncertainty regarding Federal Reserve policy decisions, the size of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet, quantitative tightening or easing measures, the frequent potential for a government shutdown, and the impact on global markets stemming from global central bank policies. We are also monitoring the wars and conflicts around the globe. We continuously assess the adequacy of our liquidity under various scenarios based on changes in the fair value of our investments and derivative instruments due to market factors such as changes in the absolute level of interest rates and the shape of the yield curve, credit spreads, lender haircuts, and prepayment speeds, which in turn have an impact on margin requirements. In performing these analyses, we will also consider the current state of the fixed-income markets and the repurchase agreement markets to determine if market forces such as supply-demand imbalances or structural changes to these markets could change the liquidity of MBS or the availability of financing. We have not experienced any material changes in the terms of our repurchase agreements with our counterparties, and they have not indicated to us any concerns regarding access to liquidity.

Our perception of the liquidity of our investments and market conditions significantly influences our targeted leverage. In general, our leverage will increase if we view the risk-reward opportunity of higher leverage on our capital outweighs the risk to our liquidity and book value. Our leverage, which we calculate using total liabilities plus the cost basis of TBA long positions, was 7.4 times shareholders’ equity as of March 31, 2025. We include 100% of the cost basis of our TBA securities in evaluating our leverage because it is possible under certain market conditions that it may be uneconomical for us to roll a TBA long position into future months, which may result in us having to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and use cash or other financing sources to fund our total purchase commitment.

Repurchase Agreements

Leverage based solely on repurchase agreement amounts outstanding was 5.2 times shareholders’ equity as of March 31, 2025. Our repurchase agreement borrowings are uncommitted with terms renewable at the discretion of our lenders and generally have original terms to maturity of overnight to six months, though in some instances, we may enter into longer-dated maturities depending on market conditions. We seek to maintain unused capacity under our existing repurchase agreement credit lines with multiple counterparties, which helps protect us in the event of a counterparty's failure to renew existing repurchase agreements. As part of our continuous evaluation of counterparty risk, we maintain our highest counterparty exposures with broker-dealer subsidiaries of regulated financial institutions or primary dealers.

The amount outstanding for our repurchase agreement borrowings will typically fluctuate in any given period as it is dependent upon several factors, but particularly the extent to which we are active in buying and selling securities, including the volume of activity in TBA dollar roll transactions versus buying specified pools. The following table presents information regarding the balances of our repurchase agreement borrowings as of and for the periods indicated:

	Repurchase Agreements
($s in thousands)	Balance Outstanding As of Quarter End		Average Balance Outstanding For the Quarter Ended		Maximum Balance Outstanding During the Quarter Ended
March 31, 2025	$	7,234,723	$	6,842,485	$	7,234,723
December 31, 2024	6,563,120		6,431,743		6,568,805
September 30, 2024	6,423,890		5,943,805		6,461,475
June 30, 2024	5,494,428		5,410,282		5,529,856
March 31, 2024	5,284,708		5,365,575		5,469,434
December 31, 2023	5,381,104		5,168,821		5,381,354
September 30, 2023	5,002,230		4,773,435		5,037,440
June 30, 2023	4,201,901		3,447,406		4,203,788
March 31, 2023	2,937,124		2,713,481		2,959,263

For our repurchase agreement borrowings, we are required to post and maintain margin to the lender (i.e., collateral in excess of the repurchase agreement borrowing) in order to support the amount of the financing. This excess collateral is often referred to as a “haircut” and is intended to provide the lender protection against fluctuations in the fair value of the collateral and/or the failure by us to repay the borrowing at maturity. Lenders have the right to change haircut requirements at maturity of the repurchase agreement and may change their haircuts based on market conditions and the perceived riskiness of the collateral pledged. If the fair value of the collateral falls below the amount required by the lender, the lender has the right to demand additional margin or collateral. These demands are referred to as “margin calls,” and if we fail to meet any margin call, our lenders have the right to terminate the repurchase agreement and sell any collateral pledged. The weighted average haircut for our borrowings as of March 31, 2025, was consistent with prior periods, typically averaging less than 5% for borrowings collateralized with Agency RMBS and CMBS and between 10-14% for borrowings collateralized with CMBS IO.

The collateral we post in excess of our repurchase agreement borrowing with any counterparty is also typically referred to by us as “equity at risk,” which represents the potential loss to the Company if the counterparty is unable or unwilling to return collateral securing the repurchase agreement borrowing at its maturity. The counterparties with whom we have the greatest amounts of equity at risk may vary significantly during any given period due to the short-term and uncommitted nature of the repurchase agreement borrowings. As of March 31, 2025, we had amounts outstanding under 27 different repurchase agreements and did not have more than 10% of equity at risk with any counterparty or group of related counterparties.

We have various financial and operating covenants in certain of our repurchase agreements, which we monitor and evaluate on an ongoing basis for compliance as well as for impacts these customary covenants may have on our operating and financing flexibility. We do not believe we are subject to any covenants that materially restrict our financing flexibility. We were in full compliance with our debt covenants as of March 31, 2025, and we are not aware of circumstances that could potentially result in our non-compliance in the near future.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative instruments we enter into may require us to post initial margin at inception and daily variation margin based on subsequent changes in their fair value. Daily variation margin requirements also entitle us to receive collateral from our counterparties if the value of amounts owed to us under the derivative agreement exceeds

the minimum margin requirement. The collateral posted as margin by us is typically in cash. As of March 31, 2025, we had cash collateral posted to our counterparties of $260.6 million under these agreements.

Collateral requirements for interest rate derivative instruments are typically governed by the central clearing exchange and the associated futures commission merchant, which may establish margin requirements in excess of the clearing exchange. Collateral requirements for our TBA contracts are governed by the Mortgage-Backed Securities Division ("MBSD") of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation and, if applicable, by our third-party brokerage agreements, which may establish margin levels in excess of the MBSD. Our TBA contracts, which are subject to master securities forward transaction agreements published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association as well as supplemental terms and conditions with each counterparty, generally provide that valuations for our TBA contracts and any pledged collateral are to be obtained from a generally recognized source agreed to by both parties. However, in certain circumstances, our counterparties have the sole discretion to determine the value of the TBA contract and any pledged collateral. In such instances, our counterparties are required to act in good faith in making determinations of value. In the event of a margin call, we must generally provide additional collateral on the same business day.

The following table provides details on the “net receipts (payments) on derivative instruments” shown on our consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Cash received (paid) by instrument:	2025		2024
	($s in thousands)
Interest rate swaps:
Net variation margin paid	$	(109,360)	$	—
Net periodic interest (1)	—		—
	(109,360)		—
U.S. Treasury futures:
Net variation margin (paid) received	(11,482)		166,781
Paid upon maturity/termination	(25,801)		(25,658)
	(37,283)		141,123
TBA securities:
Received upon settlement	9,608		31,661
Net (payments) receipts on derivative instruments	$	(137,035)	$	172,784

(1)Net periodic interest from our effective interest rate swaps is recognized as income or expense during the period earned or incurred, but the cash is not received or paid until the anniversary of each agreement’s effective date or upon maturity.

Dividends

We set our dividend based on many factors, including our view on long-term returns, yield on comparable investments, liquidity and market risk, and levels of taxable income. Among these factors, we focus on economic returns and taxable income within the context of the distribution requirements. As a REIT, we are required to distribute to our shareholders amounts equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income for each taxable year after certain deductions, including the separate dividend requirements of the Series C Preferred Stock. 

We designate certain derivative instruments as interest rate hedges for tax purposes. Realized gains (losses) resulting from the difference in fair value and the amount of cash received or paid upon termination or maturity of designated derivative instruments are included in GAAP earnings in the same reporting period in which the derivative instrument matures or is terminated by the Company but are generally not recognized in REIT taxable income until future periods. Non-designated derivative instruments are included in GAAP earning and REIT taxable income in the same period the derivative instrument matures or is terminated by the Company. The table below

provides the projected amortization of the Company's net deferred tax hedge gains that may be recognized as taxable income over the periods indicated, given conditions known as of March 31, 2025; however, uncertainty inherent in the forward interest rate curve makes future realized gains and losses difficult to estimate, and as such, these projections are subject to change for any given period.

Period of Recognition for Remaining Hedge Gains, Net	March 31, 2025
	($ in thousands)
Fiscal year 2025	$	100,144
Fiscal year 2026	100,421
Fiscal year 2027	95,831
Fiscal year 2028 and thereafter	422,642
	$	719,038

As of March 31, 2025, we also had $566.3 million in capital loss carryforwards, the majority of which will expire by December 31, 2028. Due to these amounts and other temporary and permanent differences between GAAP net income and REIT taxable income, coupled with the degree of uncertainty about the trajectory of interest rates, we cannot reasonably estimate how much the deferred tax hedge gains to be recognized will impact our dividend declarations during 2025 or in any given year.

We generally fund dividend distributions through portfolio cash flows. If we make dividend distributions in excess of our portfolio cash flows during the period, whether for purposes of meeting our REIT distribution requirements or other reasons, those distributions are generally funded either through our existing cash balances or through the return of principal from our investments (either through repayment or sale). Please refer to "Operating and Regulatory Structure" within Part I, Item 1, "Business," as well as Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K for additional important information regarding dividends declared on our taxable income.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Please refer to Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained within Part II, Item 8 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based in large part upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base these estimates and judgments on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable under current facts and circumstances. Actual results may differ from the estimated amounts we have recorded.

Critical accounting estimates are defined as those that require management's most difficult, subjective, or complex judgments, and which may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Our critical accounting estimates are discussed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2024 Form 10-K under “Critical Accounting Estimates.” There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting estimates during the three months ended March 31, 2025

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain written statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Statements in this report addressing expectations, assumptions, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, future events, developments

27

that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, and future operating results, capital management, and dividend policy are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs, assumptions, and expectations as of the date of this report regarding future events and operating performance, considering all information currently available to us, and are applicable only as of the date of this report. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “intend,” “should,” “could,” or similar expressions. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which are not historical facts and may be based on projections, assumptions, expectations, and anticipated events that do not materialize. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•Our business and investment strategy, including our ability to generate acceptable risk-adjusted returns, our target investment allocations, and our views on the future performance of MBS and other investments;

•Our views on the macroeconomic environment, monetary and fiscal policy, and conditions in the investment, credit, interest rate, and derivatives markets;

•Our views on inflation, market interest rates, and market spreads;

•Our views on the effect of actual or proposed actions of the Federal Reserve or other central banks with respect to monetary policy (including the targeted Fed Funds rate), and the potential impact of these actions on interest rates, borrowing costs, inflation, or unemployment;

•The effect of regulatory initiatives of the Federal Reserve, the Federal Housing Finance Agency, other financial regulators, and other central banks;

•Our financing strategy, including our target leverage ratios, our use of TBA dollar roll transactions, and anticipated trends in financing costs, including TBA dollar roll transaction costs, and our hedging strategy, including changes to the derivative instruments to which we are a party, and changes to government regulation of hedging instruments and our use of these instruments;

•Our investment portfolio composition and target investments;

•Our investment portfolio performance, including the fair value, yields, and forecasted prepayment speeds of our investments;

•Our liquidity and ability to access financing and the anticipated availability and cost of financing;

•Our capital stock activity, including the impact of stock issuances and repurchases;

•The amount, timing, and funding of future dividends;

•Our use of our tax NOL carryforward and other tax loss carryforwards;

•Future competition for and availability of investments, financing, and capital;

•Estimates of future interest expenses, including related to the Company’s repurchase agreements and derivative instruments;

•The status and effect of legislative reforms and regulatory rule-making or review processes, and the status of reform efforts and other business developments in the repurchase agreement financing market;

•Market, industry, and economic trends, and how these trends and related economic data may impact the behavior of market participants and financial regulators;

•The impact of bank failures, potential new regulations, and the potential for other bank failures this year;

•The impact of debt ceiling negotiations on interest rates, spreads, the U.S. Treasury market and the impact more broadly on fixed income and equity markets:

•Uncertainties regarding the war between Russia and Ukraine or Israel and Hamas and the related impacts on macroeconomic conditions, including, among other things, interest rates;

•The financial position and creditworthiness of the depository institutions in which the Company’s MBS and cash deposits are held;

•The impact of applicable tax and accounting requirements on us, including our tax treatment of derivative instruments such as TBAs, interest rate swaps, options, and futures;

•Our future compliance with covenants in our master repurchase agreements, ISDA agreements, and debt covenants in our other contractual agreements;

•Our reliance on a single service provider for our trading, portfolio management, and risk reporting systems;

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•The implementation in a timely and cost-effective manner of our operating platform, which includes trading, portfolio management, risk reporting, and accounting services systems, and the anticipated benefits thereof; and

•Possible future effects of any global health crisis.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Not all these risks and other factors are known to us. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. The projections, assumptions, expectations, or beliefs upon which the forward-looking statements are based can also change as a result of these risks or other factors. If such a risk or other factor materializes in future periods, our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements.

While it is not possible to identify all factors that may cause actual results to differ from historical results or any results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements or that may cause our projections, assumptions, expectations, or beliefs to change, some of those factors include the following:

•the risks and uncertainties referenced in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, especially those incorporated by reference into Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,”

•our ability to find suitable reinvestment opportunities;

•changes in domestic economic conditions;

•geopolitical events, such as terrorism, war, or other military conflict, including increased uncertainty regarding the wars between Russia and Ukraine and between Israel and Hamas, and the related impact on macroeconomic conditions as a result of such conflict;

•tariffs that the U.S. imposes on trading partners or tariffs imposed on the U.S. from trading partners;

•global government policy changes and the ability or inability to react to rapidly changing global economic policies;

•changes in interest rates and credit spreads, including the repricing of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;

•our investment portfolio performance, particularly as it relates to cash flow, prepayment rates, and credit performance;

•the impact on markets and asset prices from changes in the Federal Reserve’s policies regarding the purchases of Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS, and U.S. Treasuries;

•actual or anticipated changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy or the monetary policy of other central banks;

•adverse reactions in U.S. financial markets related to actions of foreign central banks or the economic performance of foreign economies, including in particular China, Japan, the European Union, and the United Kingdom;

•uncertainty concerning the long-term fiscal health and stability of the United States;

•the cost and availability of financing, including the future availability of financing due to changes to regulation of, and capital requirements imposed upon, financial institutions;

•the cost and availability of new equity capital;

•changes in our leverage and use of leverage;

•changes to our investment strategy, operating policies, dividend policy, or asset allocations;

•the quality of performance of third-party service providers, including our sole third-party service provider for our critical operations and trade functions;

•the loss or unavailability of our third-party service provider’s service and technology that supports critical functions of our business related to our trading and borrowing activities due to outages, interruptions, or other failures;

•the level of defaults by borrowers on loans underlying MBS;

•changes in our industry;

•increased competition;

•changes in government regulations affecting our business;

•changes or volatility in the repurchase agreement financing markets and other credit markets;

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•changes to the market for derivative instruments, including changes to margin requirements on derivative instruments;

•uncertainty regarding continued government support of the U.S. financial system and U.S. housing and real estate markets, or to reform the U.S. housing finance system, including the resolution of the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac;

•the composition of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve;

•the political environment in the U.S.;

•systems failures or cybersecurity incidents; and

•exposure to current and future claims and litigation.

Regulation FD Disclosures

We routinely announce material information to investors and the marketplace using filings with the SEC, press releases, public conference calls, presentations, webcasts, and the investor relations page of our website at www.dynexcapital.com/investors and our LinkedIn Page at www.linkedin.com/company/dynex-capital-inc. We use these channels for purposes of compliance with Regulation FD and as routine channels for distribution of important information. While not all of the information that we post to the investor relations page of our website or to our LinkedIn Page is of a material nature, some information could be deemed to be material. Accordingly, investors should monitor these channels, in addition to following our press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The web addresses are included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as textual references only and the information posted on these channels are not incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or in any other report or document we file with the SEC.

ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk is the exposure to losses resulting from changes in market factors. Our business strategy exposes us to a variety of market risks, including interest rate, spread, prepayment, credit, liquidity, and reinvestment risks. These risks can and do cause fluctuations in our liquidity, comprehensive income and book value as discussed below.

Interest Rate Risk

Investing in interest-rate sensitive investments such as MBS and TBA securities subjects us to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk results from investing in securities with a fixed coupon or a floating coupon that may not immediately adjust for changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk also results from the mismatch between the duration of our assets versus the duration of our liabilities and hedges. The amount of the impact will depend on the composition of our portfolio, our hedging strategy, the effectiveness of our hedging instruments and the magnitude and duration of the change in interest rates.

We manage interest rate risk within tolerances set by our Board of Directors. We use interest rate hedging instruments to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on the market value of our assets and on our interest expense from repurchase agreements used to finance our investments. Our hedging methods are based on many factors, including, but not limited to, our estimates regarding future interest rates and expected levels of prepayments of our assets. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the maturity of our investments will also differ from our expectations, which could reduce the effectiveness of our hedging strategies and may cause losses that adversely affect our cash flow. Estimates of prepayment speeds can vary significantly by investor for the same security, and therefore, estimates of security and portfolio duration can vary considerably between market participants.

We continuously monitor market conditions, economic conditions, interest rates, and other market activity and adjust the composition of our investments and hedges throughout any given period. As such, the projections for changes in market value provided below are limited in usefulness because the modeling assumes no changes to the composition of our investment portfolio or hedging instruments as of the dates indicated. Changes in the types of our investments, the returns earned on these investments, future interest rates, credit spreads, the shape of the yield curve, the availability of financing, and/or the mix of our investments and financings, including derivative instruments, may cause actual results to differ significantly from the modeled results shown in the tables below. 

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Therefore, the modeled results shown in the tables below and all related disclosures constitute forward-looking statements.

Management evaluates changes in interest rate curves to manage portfolio interest rate risk and the market value of its investments and common equity. Because interest rates do not typically move in a parallel fashion from period to period (as can be seen by the graph for U.S. Treasury rates in Item 2, “Executive Overview”), the tables below show the projected sensitivity of our financial instruments and equity to both parallel and non-parallel shifts in market interest rates.

	March 31, 2025
	Parallel Decrease in Interest Rates of								Parallel Increase in Interest Rates of
	100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1)	% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity
RMBS	3.2	%	27.5	%	1.8	%	15.2	%	(2.0)	%	(17.0)	%	(4.1)	%	(35.1)	%
CMBS/ CMBS IO	0.1	%	0.8	%	—	%	0.4	%	—	%	(0.4)	%	(0.1)	%	(0.8)	%
TBAs	1.2	%	10.5	%	0.7	%	5.8	%	(0.7)	%	(6.4)	%	(1.5)	%	(13.1)	%
Interest rate hedges	(5.4)	%	(46.4)	%	(2.6)	%	(22.8)	%	2.5	%	21.6	%	4.9	%	42.8	%
Total	(0.9)	%	(7.7)	%	(0.2)	%	(1.5)	%	(0.3)	%	(2.2)	%	(0.7)	%	(6.1)	%
	December 31, 2024
	Parallel Decrease in Interest Rates of								Parallel Increase in Interest Rates of
	100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1)	% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity
RMBS	3.6	%	33.0	%	1.9	%	17.4	%	(2.0)	%	(18.3)	%	(4.1)	%	(37.1)	%
CMBS/ CMBS IO	0.1	%	0.8	%	—	%	0.3	%	—	%	(0.3)	%	(0.1)	%	(0.8)	%
TBAs	1.0	%	9.6	%	0.6	%	5.3	%	(0.7)	%	(6.0)	%	(1.3)	%	(12.2)	%
Interest rate hedges	(5.0)	%	(46.2)	%	(2.5)	%	(22.6)	%	2.3	%	21.2	%	4.6	%	41.9	%
Total	(0.3)	%	(2.8)	%	—	%	0.4	%	(0.4)	%	(3.4)	%	(0.9)	%	(8.2)	%

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				March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Non-Parallel Shifts		Basis Point Change in 2-year UST	Basis Point Change in 10-year UST	% of Market Value (1)		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value (1)		% of Common Equity
Bearish	Steepening	+25	+50	(0.2)	%	(1.6)	%	(0.3)	%	(2.5)	%
		+50	+100	(0.6)	%	(5.1)	%	(0.7)	%	(6.6)	%
	Flattening	+50	+25	(0.2)	%	(1.6)	%	(0.3)	%	(2.5)	%
		+100	+50	(0.4)	%	(3.2)	%	(0.5)	%	(4.9)	%
Bullish	Steepening	-25	+0	0.1	%	0.9	%	0.1	%	1.4	%
		-50	-10	0.2	%	1.5	%	0.3	%	2.6	%
		-75	-25	0.2	%	1.7	%	0.4	%	3.6	%
	Flattening	+0	-25	(0.1)	%	(1.0)	%	—	%	(0.4)	%
		-10	-50	(0.3)	%	(2.5)	%	(0.1)	%	(1.1)	%
		-25	-75	(0.6)	%	(5.5)	%	(0.3)	%	(3.0)	%

(1)Includes changes in market value of our investments and derivative instruments, including TBA securities, but excludes changes in market value of our financings which are not carried at fair value on our balance sheet due to their short-term maturities. The projections for market value do not assume any change in credit spreads.

Spread Risk

Spread risk is the risk of loss from an increase in the market spread between the yield on an investment versus its benchmark index. Changes in market spreads represent the market's valuation of the perceived riskiness of an asset relative to risk-free rates. Widening spreads reduce the market value of our investments as market participants require additional yield to hold riskier assets. Market spreads could change based on macroeconomic or systemic factors as well as the factors specific to a particular security, such as prepayment performance or credit performance. Other factors that could impact credit spreads include technical issues, such as supply and demand for a particular type of security or Federal Reserve monetary policy. We do not hedge spread risk given the cost and complexity of hedging credit spreads and, in our opinion, the lack of liquid instruments available to use as hedges.

Fluctuations in spreads typically vary based on the type of investment. Sensitivity to changes in market spreads is derived from models that are dependent on various assumptions, and actual changes in market value in response to changes in market spreads could differ materially from the projected sensitivity if actual conditions differ from these assumptions.

The table below shows the projected sensitivity of the market value of our investments given the indicated change in market spreads as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
	Percentage Change in				Percentage Change in
Basis Point Change in Market Spreads	Market Value of Investments (1)		% of Common Equity		Market Value of Investments (1)		% of Common Equity
+20/+50 (2)	(1.1)	%	(9.5)	%	(1.1)	%	(10.4)	%
+10	(0.6)	%	(4.8)	%	(0.6)	%	(5.2)	%
-10	0.6	%	4.8	%	0.6	%	5.2	%
-20/-50 (2)	1.1	%	9.5	%	1.1	%	10.4	%

(1) Includes changes in market value of our MBS investments, including TBA securities.

(2) Assumes a 20-basis point shift in Agency and non-Agency RMBS and CMBS and a 50-basis point shift in Agency

and non-Agency CMBS IO.

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Other Market Risks

In addition to the risks discussed above, we are also subject to prepayment risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, and reinvestment risk. We have not experienced any material changes in these risks during the first quarter of 2025. Please refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks,” in our 2024 Form 10-K for further discussion.

ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management evaluated, with the participation of our co-principal executive officers and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our co-principal executive officers and principal financial officer concluded that, as of March 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our co-principal executive officers and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended March 31, 2025 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II.    OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

To the Company’s knowledge, there are no pending or threatened legal proceedings, which, in management’s opinion, individually or in total, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes from the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our 2024 Form 10-K. Risks and uncertainties identified in our forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q together with those previously disclosed in the 2024 Form 10-K or those that are presently unforeseen could result in significant adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Forward-Looking Statements” contained in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Form 10-K.

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ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALE OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The Company’s Board of Directors has authorized a share repurchase program (the “Program”) of up to $100 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock and up to $50 million of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock through open market transactions, privately negotiated transactions, trading plans adopted in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act, block transactions or otherwise. The Program permits the Company to repurchase shares of common stock or Series C Preferred Stock at any time or from time-to-time at management’s discretion. The actual means and timing of any shares purchased under the Program will depend on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the market prices of the common stock and the Series C Preferred Stock, as applicable, general market and economic conditions, and applicable legal and regulatory requirements. The Program does not obligate the Company to purchase any shares, and any open market repurchases under the Program will be made in accordance with Exchange Act Rule 10b-18, which sets certain restrictions on the method, timing, price, and volume of open market stock repurchases. The Program is authorized through April 30, 2026, although it may be modified or terminated by the Board of Directors at any time.

The Company did not repurchase any shares of its common stock or Series C Preferred Stock during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Employees forfeited 59,146 common shares to cover payroll tax withholding on share-based compensation that vested during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

        None.

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or Section 16 officers adopted or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements” or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements” (in each case, as defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

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ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective May 14, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Dynex's Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2021).
3.1.1	Articles of Amendment of the Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective May 18, 2023 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1.1 to Dynex’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2023).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of May 11, 2021 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 12, 2021).
4.1	Specimen of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Dynex's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).
4.2	Specimen of 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form 8-A12B filed February 18, 2020).
4.3	Description of the Registrant's Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Dynex’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024).
31.1	Certification of co-principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.2	Certification of co-principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.3	Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.1	Certification of co-principal executive officers and principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
101	The following materials from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2025, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language), filed herewith: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	The cover page from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2025, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) (included with Exhibit 101).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Co-Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
		(Co-Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Smriti L. Popenoe
		Smriti L. Popenoe
		Co-Chief Executive Officer and President
		(Co-Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Robert S. Colligan
		Robert S. Colligan
		Chief Financial Officer, Chief Operating Officer, and Secretary
		(Principal Financial Officer)

36

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Byron L. Boston, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Co-Principal Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Smriti L. Popenoe, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Smriti L. Popenoe
		Smriti L. Popenoe
		Co-Principal Executive Officer

EX-31.3

Exhibit 31.3

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Robert S. Colligan, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Robert S. Colligan
		Robert S. Colligan
		Principal Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) for the three months ended March 31, 2025, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, as the Principal Executive Officers of the Company and the Principal Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, certify, pursuant to and for purposes of 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to their knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Co-Principal Executive Officer
Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Smriti L. Popenoe
		Smriti L. Popenoe
		Co-Principal Executive Officer
Date:	April 30, 2025	/s/ Robert S. Colligan
		Robert S. Colligan
		Principal Financial Officer

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Document and Entity Information Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Apr. 24, 2025
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2025
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-09819
Entity Registrant Name	DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	VA
Entity Tax Identification Number	52-1549373
Entity Address, Address Line One	4991 Lake Brook Drive
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 100
Entity Address, City or Town	Glen Allen,
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	23060-9245
City Area Code	(804)
Local Phone Number	217-5800
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Central Index Key	0000826675
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2025
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		105,331,440
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DX
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Series C Preferred Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DXPRC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Assets [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 327,447	$ 377,099
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563	244,440
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $7,620,616 and $6,893,629, respectively), at fair value	8,399,925	7,512,087
Due from counterparties	2,645	10,445
Derivative assets	6,791	133
Accrued interest receivable	36,686	32,841
Other assets	10,779	7,534
Total assets	9,044,836	8,184,579
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	7,234,723	6,563,120
Due to counterparties	332,676	341,924
Derivative liabilities	3,810	22,814
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	4,798	0
Accrued interest payable	46,861	44,672
Accrued dividends payable	20,707	16,501
Other liabilities	5,346	10,612
Total liabilities	7,648,921	6,999,643
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference, Value	111,500	111,500
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 4,460,000 and 4,460,000 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($111,500 and $111,500 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	107,843	107,843
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 180,000,000 shares authorized; 102,226,355 and 84,491,800 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	1,022	845
Additional paid-in capital	1,982,781	1,742,471
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(153,099)	(172,489)
Accumulated deficit	(542,632)	(493,734)
Total shareholders’ equity	1,395,915	1,184,936
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 9,044,836	$ 8,184,579

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $7,620,616 and $6,893,629, respectively), at fair value	$ 8,399,925	$ 7,512,087
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, Shares Authorized (in shares)	50,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding (in shares)	4,460,000	4,460,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	4,460,000	4,460,000
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference, Value	$ 111,500	$ 111,500
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	180,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued	102,226,355	84,491,800
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	102,226,355	84,491,800
Asset Pledged as Collateral with Right
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $7,620,616 and $6,893,629, respectively), at fair value	$ 7,620,616	$ 6,893,629

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Interest income	$ 95,059	$ 71,525
Interest Expense, Operating	77,926	74,717
Net interest income (expense)	17,133	(3,192)
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	109,997	(70,024)
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	(118,088)	124,635
Total other (loss) gains, net	(8,091)	54,611
Noninterest Expense [Abstract]
Compensation and benefits	(7,919)	(7,177)
Other general and administrative	(3,845)	(3,703)
Other operating expenses	(354)	(421)
Total operating expenses	(12,118)	(11,301)
Net (loss) income	(3,076)	40,118
Preferred stock dividends	(1,923)	(1,923)
Net (loss) income to common shareholders	(4,999)	38,195
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale investments, net	19,390	(17,268)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	19,390	(17,268)
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$ 14,391	$ 20,927
Weighted average common shares-basic (in shares)	90,492,327	59,003,218
Weighted average common shares-diluted (in shares)	90,492,327	59,712,234
Net income (loss) per common share-basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ 0.65
Net income (loss) per common share-diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ 0.64
Reclassification of realized gain on available-for-sale investments, net	$ 0	$ 0

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Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity Statement - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Including Additional Paid in Capital	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2023				57,038,247
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2024		4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2024				64,160,931
Balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 870,735		$ 107,843	$ 570	$ 1,404,431	$ (158,502)	$ (483,607)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares				7,007,448
Stock issuance, value	86,806			$ 70	86,736
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization, shares				46,544
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization, value	510			$ 0	510
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-Based Payment Arrangement, before Forfeiture				111,245
Other share-based compensation, net of amortization, value	3,760			$ 1	3,759
Adjustments for tax withholding on share based compensation (in shares)				(42,553)
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(527)			$ 0	(527)
Stock issuance costs	(16)				(16)
Net Income (Loss)	40,118						40,118
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,923)						(1,923)
Dividends on common stock	(23,663)						(23,663)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(17,268)					(17,268)
Balance at Mar. 31, 2024	$ 958,532		107,843	$ 641	1,494,893	(175,770)	(469,075)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024	4,460,000	4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2024	84,491,800			84,491,800
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2025	4,460,000	4,460,000
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2025	102,226,355			102,226,355
Balance at Dec. 31, 2024	$ 1,184,936		107,843	$ 845	1,742,471	(172,489)	(493,734)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares				17,604,999
Stock issuance, value	239,658			$ 176	239,482
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization, shares				0
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization, value	190			$ 0	190
Shares Issued, Shares, Share-Based Payment Arrangement, before Forfeiture				188,702
Other share-based compensation, net of amortization, value	1,839			$ 2	1,837
Adjustments for tax withholding on share based compensation (in shares)				(59,146)
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(1,181)			$ 1	(1,180)
Stock issuance costs	(19)				(19)
Net Income (Loss)	(3,076)						(3,076)
Dividends on preferred stock	(1,923)						(1,923)
Dividends on common stock	(43,899)						(43,899)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	19,390					19,390
Balance at Mar. 31, 2025	$ 1,395,915		$ 107,843	$ 1,022	$ 1,982,781	$ (153,099)	$ (542,632)

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Operating activities:
Net (loss) income	$ (3,076)	$ 40,118
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities:
Unrealized (gain) loss on investments, net	(109,997)	70,024
Loss (gain) on derivative instruments, net	118,088	(124,635)
Amortization of investment premiums, net	7,961	14,059
Other amortization and depreciation	496	501
Share-based compensation expense	2,029	4,270
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable	(3,845)	828
Increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable	2,189	(17,522)
Change in other assets and liabilities, net	(7,482)	(4,747)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	6,363	(17,104)
Investing activities:
Purchases of investments	(957,078)	0
Principal payments received on trading securities	120,906	78,131
Principal payments received on available-for-sale investments	59,986	18,874
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment	67	307
Net (payments) receipts on derivative instruments	(137,035)	172,784
Increase (decrease) in cash collateral posted by counterparties	4,798	(37,494)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(908,356)	232,602
Financing activities:
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	22,760,699	12,273,321
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings	(22,089,096)	(12,369,717)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	239,658	86,806
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(1,181)	(527)
Dividends paid	(41,616)	(24,916)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	868,464	(35,033)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, including cash posted to counterparties	(33,529)	180,465
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at beginning of period	621,539	237,864
Cash including cash posted to counterparties at end of period	588,010	418,329
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity:
Cash paid for interest	$ 75,738	$ 92,239

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Notes)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in Agency mortgage-backed securities (“Agency MBS”) and in to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”). Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal and interest payments by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from the U.S. Treasury. As of March 31, 2025, the majority of the Company’s Agency MBS are secured by residential real property (“Agency RMBS”). The remainder of the Company’s investments are in Agency commercial MBS (“Agency CMBS”) and in both Agency and non-Agency CMBS interest-only (“CMBS IO”). Non-Agency MBS do not have a GSE guaranty of principal or interest payments.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim period have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2025. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC. 

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, the fair value measurements of its investments, including TBA securities accounted for as derivative instruments, which is discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements included herein are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of March 31, 2025.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance; and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria to be deemed the primary beneficiary. The maximum exposure to loss for these VIEs is the carrying value of the MBS.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Tax Code”) and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain asset, income, ownership, and distribution tests. To meet these requirements, the Company’s main source of income is interest earned from obligations secured by mortgages on real property, and the Company must distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders. The Company’s income will generally not be subject to federal income tax to the extent its income is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Please see Note 2 for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

The Company currently has unvested restricted stock, service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) issued and outstanding. Restricted stock awards are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method because holders of unvested shares of restricted stock issued under the 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Holders of RSUs and PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalent rights over the period outstanding, receiving dividend payments only upon the settlement date if the requisite service-based and performance-based conditions have been achieved, as applicable. As such, RSUs and PSUs are excluded from the computation of basic net income per common share but are included in the computation of diluted net income per common share unless the effect is to reduce a net loss or increase the net income per common share (also known as “anti-dilutive”). Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, RSU, and PSU, and each such share or unit becomes one unrestricted share of common stock and is included in the computation of basic net income per common share.

Because the Company’s 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) is redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and convertible into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the effect of those shares and their related dividends are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, the Company believes the risk of loss is mitigated by the financial position, creditworthiness, and strength of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

The Company regularly pledges and receives amounts to cover margin requirements related to the Company’s financing and derivative instruments. If the amount pledged to a counterparty exceeds the amount received from a counterparty, the net amount is recorded as an asset within “cash collateral posted to counterparties,” and if the amount received from a counterparty exceeds the amount pledged to a counterparty, the net amount is recorded as a liability within “cash collateral posted by counterparties” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheets presented herein that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	327,447
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	588,010

Mortgage-Backed Securities 

The Company’s MBS are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in fair value of MBS purchased prior to January 1, 2021 are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as an unrealized gain (loss) until the security is sold or matures. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company elected the fair value option (“FVO”) for all MBS purchased on or after that date with changes in fair value reported in net income as “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” until the security is sold or matures. Management elected the fair value option so that net income will reflect the changes in fair value for its future purchases of MBS in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the changes in fair value of its derivative instruments. Upon the sale of an MBS, any unrealized gain or loss within OCI or net income is reclassified to “realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” within net income using the specific identification method.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of IO securities) and the contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective interest method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments received. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flows and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from an independent third-party pricing service. These prices are assessed for reasonableness using broker quotes and other third-party pricing services. Please refer to Note 6 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS designated as AFS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses related to its MBS recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Interest accrued between payment dates on MBS is presented separately from the Company’s investment portfolio as “accrued interest receivable” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company does not estimate an allowance for credit loss for its accrued interest receivable because the interest is generally received within 30 days and amounts not received when due are written off against interest income.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements are used to finance its purchases of MBS and are accounted for as secured borrowings. The interest rates the Company pays for these borrowings are based on a spread added to the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”), The Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral, which is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated

balance sheets. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement borrowing, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender, or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. The repurchase facilities available to the Company are uncommitted with no guarantee of renewal.

Derivative Instruments

Derivatives are carried at fair value, and all periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in the fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement, are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

The Company’s short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts are valued based on exchange pricing with daily variation margin settlements, which are treated as legal settlements of the exposure under the related futures contracts. The effect of these legal settlements reduces what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the futures contracts, generally to $0. The margin requirement varies based on the market value of the open positions and the equity retained in the account. Any margin excess or deficit outstanding is recorded as a receivable or payable as of the date of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of the futures contract.

The Company’s options on U.S. Treasury futures provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to buy or sell U.S. Treasury futures at a predetermined notional amount and stated term in the future and are valued based on exchange pricing. The Company records the premium paid for the option contract as a derivative asset on its consolidated balance sheet and adjusts the balance for changes in fair value through “gain (loss) on derivative instruments” until the option is exercised or the contract expires. If the option contract expires unexercised, the realized loss is limited to the premium paid. If exercised, the realized gain or loss on the options is equal to the difference between the fair value of the underlying U.S. Treasury future and the premium paid for the option contract.

The Company’s interest rate swaps are pay-fixed, which involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts based on SOFR from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The net periodic interest benefit (cost) is recorded in the period earned (incurred) in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments”, but the net receipt (payment) of cash is exchanged annually, typically on the anniversary of each agreement’s effective date. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), which requires the Company to post initial margin as determined by the CME, and additional variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps. Similar to the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures, the exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. As such, these legal settlements reduce what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the interest rate swaps, generally to $0. Accordingly, any margin excess or deficit outstanding is recorded as a receivable or payable within “due from/to counterparty” as of the date of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Net periodic interest benefit/cost and changes in the fair value of these instruments is recorded in “gain(loss) on derivative instruments” until termination or expiration.

The Company’s interest rate swaptions are SOFR-based and provide the Company the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a predetermined notional amount with a stated term and pay and receive rates in the future. The accounting for interest rate swaptions is similar to options on U.S. Treasury futures.

The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its exposure to Agency RMBS. A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement

date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 6 for information on how the fair value of these instruments is calculated.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and performance-based cash awards (collectively, “awards”). As of March 31, 2025, there were no common shares remaining available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The Company has submitted a proposal for its 2025 Stock and Incentive Plan (“the 2025 Plan”) to its common shareholders for approval at the Company’s Annual Meeting on May 20, 2025.

The Company has issued restricted stock and RSUs, which are treated as equity awards and recorded at their fair value using the closing stock price on the grant date. Compensation expense is generally recognized over a service period specified within each award with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity using the straight-line method until the vesting date specified within each award or until the employee becomes eligible for retirement, if earlier than the vesting date. Compensation expense is recognized immediately upon the grant date for equity awards granted to an employee who is retirement eligible.

The Company also has PSUs issued and outstanding which contain Company performance-based and market performance-based conditions. PSUs subject to Company performance-based conditions are initially recognized as equity at their fair value which is measured using the closing stock price on the grant date multiplied by the number of units expected to vest based on an assessment of the probability of achievement of the Company performance-based conditions as of the grant date. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense using the straight-line method until the earlier of the vesting date specified within each award or the date the employee becomes eligible for retirement. Adjustments are made, if necessary, based on any change in probability of achievement which is re-assessed as of each reporting date and on at least a quarterly basis. PSUs subject to market performance-based conditions are recognized as equity at their grant date fair value determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the common stock TSR of the group of peer companies specified in the award agreement. Awards subject to market performance-based conditions are not assessed for probability of achievement and are not remeasured subsequent to issuance. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense using the straight-line method until the earlier of the vesting date specified within each award or the date the employee becomes eligible for retirement, even if the market performance-based conditions are not achieved.

The Company does not estimate forfeitures for any of its share-based compensation awards but adjusts for actual forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Because RSUs and PSUs have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights, which are paid in cash only upon settlement, any accrued dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) on forfeited units are reversed with a corresponding credit to “Compensation and benefits” expense.

Please see Note 7 for additional information about the Company’s share-based compensation awards.

Contingencies

The Company did not have any pending lawsuits, claims, or other contingencies as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended

March 31, 2025, that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

NET INCOME (LOSS) PER COMMON SHARE

Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the Company’s treatment of its preferred stock and stock awards in the calculation of its basic and diluted net income or loss per common share and to Note 7 for information regarding the Company’s stock award activity for the periods presented. The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income or loss per common share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
($s in thousands)	2025		2024
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic	90,492,327		59,003,218
Incremental common shares-unvested RSUs	—		379,880
Incremental common shares-unvested PSUs	—		329,136
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	90,492,327		59,712,234
Net (loss) income to common shareholders	$	(4,999)	$	38,195
Net (loss) income per common share-basic	$	(0.06)	$	0.65
Net (loss) income per common share-diluted	$	(0.06)	$	0.64

The calculation of diluted net loss per common share for the three months ended March 31, 2025 excludes unvested RSUs and PSUs of 547,845, which would have been anti-dilutive for the period.

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Mortgage-Backed Securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Mortgage-Backed Securities

MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES

The following tables provide details on the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	8,490,912	$	8,452,828	$	8,185,832	$	7,717,764	$	7,695,409	$	7,302,238
Agency CMBS	108,704		109,578		106,429		99,636		99,848		95,463
CMBS IO (1)	n/a		108,911		107,664		n/a		117,591		114,386
Total	$	8,599,616	$	8,671,317	$	8,399,925	$	7,817,400	$	7,912,848	$	7,512,087
(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $5,779,969 and $2,050,104, respectively, as of March 31, 2025, and $6,196,778 and $2,450,398, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	811,622	$	—	$	(150,332)	$	661,290
Agency CMBS	55,000		12		(3,271)		51,741
CMBS IO	74,394		3,274		(2,783)		74,885
Total	$	941,016	$	3,286	$	(156,386)	$	787,916

MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	7,641,206	$	41,660	$	(158,323)	$	7,524,543
Agency CMBS	54,578		110		—		54,688
CMBS IO	34,517		3		(1,742)		32,778
Total	$	7,730,301	$	41,773	$	(160,065)	$	7,612,009
	December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	827,314	$	—	$	(167,248)	$	660,066
Agency CMBS	99,848		3		(4,388)		95,463
CMBS IO	81,854		3,280		(4,137)		80,997
Total	$	1,009,016	$	3,283	$	(175,773)	$	836,526
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	6,868,095	$	11,081	$	(237,004)	$	6,642,172
Agency CMBS	—		—		—		—
CMBS IO	35,737		—		(2,348)		33,389
Total	$	6,903,832	$	11,081	$	(239,352)	$	6,675,561

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are disclosed in Note 4. Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, scheduled payments and unscheduled prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities.

The following table presents information regarding unrealized gains and losses on investments reported within net income (loss) on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
($s in thousands)	2025		2024
Agency RMBS	$	109,260	$	(69,676)
Agency CMBS	110		(190)
CMBS IO	609		(194)
Other investments	18		36
Total unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	$	109,997	$	(70,024)

The Company did not sell any securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or March 31, 2024.

The following table presents certain information for MBS designated as AFS that were in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	1,447	$	(6)	2	$	920	$	(3)	3
Non-Agency MBS	735		(56)		3	823		(73)		2
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	768,613	$	(156,190)	59	$	814,443	$	(175,497)	65
Non-Agency MBS	4,896		(133)		8	6,097		(200)		10

The unrealized loss positions on the Company’s MBS designated as AFS as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were the result of higher interest rates and wider spreads to U.S. Treasuries versus at the time of purchase. The unrealized loss positions are not credit related; therefore, the Company did not record an allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024. The Company has the ability and intent to hold any MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. In addition, for its non-Agency MBS, the Company reviews the credit ratings, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses.

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Repurchase Agreements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Repurchase agreements

REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized in the following tables:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Collateral Type	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
($s in thousands)
Agency RMBS	$	7,076,257	4.45	%	$	7,454,039	$	6,368,457	4.79	%	$	6,689,336
Agency CMBS	64,065		4.45	%	63,351		90,717		4.78	%	95,071
Agency CMBS IO	88,686		4.78	%	97,212		96,146		5.18	%	101,165
Non-Agency CMBS IO	5,715		5.14	%	6,014		7,800		5.52	%	8,057
Total	$	7,234,723	4.46	%	$	7,620,616	$	6,563,120	4.80	%	$	6,893,629

The Company had borrowings outstanding under 27 different repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2025, and its equity at risk did not exceed 10% with any counterparty as of that date. The Company also had $332.7 million payable to counterparties for transactions pending settlement as of March 31, 2025 and $341.9 million as of December 31, 2024.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
($s in thousands)
Less than 30 days	$	3,932,031	4.47	%	67	$	1,742,440	4.83	%	68
30 to 90 days	2,997,548		4.45	%	96	4,820,680		4.78	%	83
91 to 180 days	305,144		4.40	%	152	—		—	%	—
Total	$	7,234,723	4.46	%	83	$	6,563,120	4.80	%	79

The Company’s accrued interest payable related to its repurchase agreement borrowings increased to $46.9 million as of March 31, 2025 from $44.7 million as of December 31, 2024.

The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company believes it was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of set off in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following table presents information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2025:
Repurchase agreements	$	7,234,723	$	—	$	7,234,723	$	(7,234,723)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2024:
Repurchase agreements	$	6,563,120	$	—	$	6,563,120	$	(6,563,120)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral, which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

Please see Note 5 for information related to the Company’s derivatives, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

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Derivatives

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivatives

DERIVATIVES

Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives. The Company frequently changes the type of derivative instruments it uses to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on its repurchase agreement financing costs and the fair value of its investments. Please refer to Note 1 for descriptions of these instruments and how the Company accounts for them.

TBA Transactions. The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its exposure to Agency RMBS. The Company holds long or short positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions, commonly referred to as “dollar roll” transactions, which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase (or sale) of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long (or short) position with a later settlement date. TBA securities purchased (or sold) for a forward settlement date are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities settling in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. The Company accounts for all TBAs (whether net long or net short positions, or collectively “TBA dollar roll positions”) as derivative instruments because it cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or that the individual TBA transaction will settle in the shortest period possible.

The table below provides detail of the Company’s gain and losses by type of derivative instrument for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2025		2024
($s in thousands)
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(44,347)	$	139,810
Interest rate swaps	(116,726)		—
Interest rate swaptions	811		—
TBA securities	42,174		(15,175)
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	$	(118,088)	$	124,635

The table below provides the carrying amount by type of derivative instrument comprising the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	811	$	—
TBA securities	Derivative assets	Investing	5,980		133
Total derivatives assets			$	6,791	$	133
TBA securities	Derivative liabilities	Investing	$	3,810	$	22,814
Total derivatives liabilities			$	3,810	$	22,814

The table below presents information regarding the long positions in SOFR-based interest rate swaptions held by the Company as of March 31, 2025. The Company did not hold any interest rate swaptions as of December 31, 2024.

	March 31, 2025
	Option						Underlying Receiver Swap
	Cost Basis		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Notional Amount		Average Fixed Receive Rate		Average Term (Years)
($s in thousands)
1-2 year interest rate swaption	$	7,975	$	8,786	$	811	$	500,000	3.25	%	5 years

Because the daily margin exchanged for the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures and interest rate swaps are considered legal settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral, these instruments have a carrying value of $0 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s U.S. Treasury futures were in a net liability position of $(17.4) million as of March 31, 2025 and a net asset position of $1.2 million as of December 31, 2024, and its interest rate swaps were in net asset positions of $36.1 million as of March 31, 2025 and $152.8 million as of December 31, 2024. The amount of cash posted by the Company to cover required initial margin for these instruments was $258.7 million as of March 31, 2025 and $219.2 million as of December 31, 2024, which was recorded within “cash collateral posted to counterparties.” The Company had a margin payable of $4.1 million as of March 31, 2025, which was recorded within “due to counterparties”, and a margin receivable of $10.4 million as of December 31, 2024, which was recorded within “due from counterparties.”

The table below presents information regarding the short positions in SOFR-based interest rate swaps the Company held as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Interest Rate Swaps - Years to Maturity	Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate		Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate
($s in thousands)
4-5 years fixed pay swap	$	(1,275,000)	3.42	%	$	(1,275,000)	3.42	%
6-7 years fixed pay swap	(3,510,000)		3.66	%	(3,085,000)		3.61	%
9-10 years fixed pay swap	(1,350,000)		3.92	%	(1,025,000)		3.83	%
10-15 years fixed pay swap	(200,000)		3.93	%	—		—	%
	$	(6,335,000)	3.68	%	$	(5,385,000)	3.61	%

The table below presents information regarding the short positions in U.S. Treasury futures held by the Company as of the dates indicated:

U.S. Treasury Futures	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)
30-year U.S. Treasury futures	$	(766,500)	$	(516,500)
10-year U.S. Treasury futures	(795,000)		(735,000)
	$	(1,561,500)	$	(1,251,500)

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Implied market value (1)	$	2,730,302	$	2,318,392
Implied cost basis (2)	2,728,132		2,341,073
Net carrying value (3)	$	2,170	$	(22,681)

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

(3) Net carrying value represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the Company’s TBA securities as of the dates indicated. The total shown is the net amount included on the consolidated balance sheets of $5,980 within “derivative assets” and $3,810 within “derivative liabilities.”

Volume of Activity

The table below summarizes changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Beginning Notional Amount-Long (Short)		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Ending Notional Amount-Long (Short)
($s in thousands)
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(1,251,500)	$	(2,751,500)	$	2,441,500	$	(1,561,500)
Interest rate swaps	(5,385,000)		(950,000)		—		(6,335,000)
Interest rate swaptions	—		500,000		—		500,000
TBA securities	2,419,000		9,124,000		(8,694,000)		2,849,000

Offsetting

The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of set off in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	Offsetting of Assets
($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
March 31, 2025
Interest rate swaptions	$	811	$	—	$	811	$	—	$	—	$	811
TBA securities	5,980		—		5,980		(3,492)		(2,298)		190
Derivative assets	$	6,791	$	—	$	6,791	$	(3,492)	$	(2,298)	$	1,001
December 31, 2024
TBA securities	$	133	$	—	$	133	$	(133)	$	—	$	—
Derivative assets	$	133	$	—	$	133	$	(133)	$	—	$	—

	Offsetting of Liabilities
($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2025
TBA securities	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	(3,492)	$	(136)	$	182
Derivative liabilities	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	(3,492)	$	(136)	$	182
December 31, 2024
TBA securities	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	(133)	$	(21,308)	$	1,373
Derivative liabilities	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	(133)	$	(21,308)	$	1,373

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS 

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
MBS	$	8,399,925	$	—	$	8,399,925	$	—	$	7,512,087	$	—	$	7,512,087	$	—
TBA securities (1)	5,980		—		5,980		—		133		—		133		—
Interest rate swaptions	811		—		811		—		—		—		—		—
Mortgage loans (2)	1,079		—		—		1,079		1,130		—		—		1,130
Total assets carried at fair value	$	8,407,795	$	—	$	8,406,716	$	1,079	$	7,513,350	$	—	$	7,512,220	$	1,130
Liabilities:
TBA securities (1)	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	—	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	—	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	—

(1)TBA securities are reflected on consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” at their implied fair value, net of implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 5 for additional information.

(2)Mortgage loans are included within “other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

As of March 31, 2025, the fair value measurements for the Company’s TBA securities and its MBS are considered Level 2 because there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets. Fair value is based on prices received from an independent third-party pricing service. In valuing a security, the pricing service primarily uses a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, but may use an income approach, which uses valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow modeling. Examples of the observable inputs and assumptions used in the valuation techniques include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things. The Company reviews the prices it receives from the pricing service for reasonableness using broker quotes as well as other third-party pricing services.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company's mortgage loans held for investment are single-family mortgage loans, which were originated or purchased by the Company prior to 2000, and for which the Company has elected the fair value option. The fair value measurements for these mortgage loans are considered Level 3 because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using certain inputs such as the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, and expected credit losses as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 10% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of March 31, 2025 and as of December 31, 2024.

The Company’s short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts are valued based on exchange pricing and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. Interest rate swaps are valued using the daily settlement price, or fair value, determined by the clearing exchange based on a pricing model that references observable market inputs, including current benchmark rates and the forward yield curve, and thus their fair values are considered Level 2 measurements. The carrying value of the U.S. Treasury futures contracts and interest rate swaps on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets is $0 because the instruments require daily margin exchanges, which are considered by the settlement agent to represent legal settlement of the contracts on a daily basis. Please see Note 1

and Note 5 for additional information regarding the fair value of the Company’s derivative instruments.

The fair value of interest rate swaptions is considered Level 2 because it is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration or sale.

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation (Notes)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity and Share-based Compensation

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Preferred Stock. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 6,600,000 shares of the Company’s preferred stock for issuance as Series C Preferred Stock, of which the Company has 4,460,000 of such shares outstanding as of March 31, 2025. The Series C Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed, repurchased, or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock. Except under certain limited circumstances described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the Company may not redeem the Series C Preferred Stock prior to April 15, 2025. On or after that date, the Series C Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Series C Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Series C Preferred Stock paid a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025. Due to the cessation of 3-month LIBOR, the original terms of the Series C Preferred Stock have been revised to state that upon April 15, 2025 and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to 3-month term SOFR plus the statutorily prescribed tenor spread adjustment of 0.26161% in addition to the original spread pursuant to the terms of the Series C Preferred Stock of 5.461% for a total spread of 5.723%. The Company paid its regular quarterly dividend of $0.43125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock on April 15, 2025 to shareholders of record as of April 1, 2025.

Common Stock. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company issued 17,604,999 shares of its common stock through its at-the-market (“ATM”) program at an aggregate value of $239.7 million, net of broker commissions and fees. The Company declared monthly dividends on its common stock totaling $0.47 for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Company’s timing, frequency, and amount of dividends declared on its common stock are determined by its Board of Directors. When declaring dividends, the Board of Directors considers the Company’s taxable income, management’s view on long-term returns, the REIT distribution requirements of the Tax Code, and maintaining compliance with dividend requirements of the Series C Preferred Stock, along with other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time.

Share-Based Compensation. The following table presents a rollforward of share-based awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025			2024
Type of Award	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  Per Share
Restricted stock:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	93,595	$	12.78	104,282	$	12.61
Granted	—	—		46,544	12.50
Vested	(28,792)	13.42		(76,865)	12.76
Awards outstanding, end of period	64,803	$	12.50	73,961	$	12.39
Target RSUs: (1)
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	463,070	$	12.64	394,497	$	13.06
Granted	152,870	14.06		214,755	12.50
Vested	(125,948)	12.77		(68,896)	14.42
Awards outstanding, end of period	489,992	$	13.05	540,356	$	12.66
Target PSUs: (2)
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	482,409	$	12.32	276,866	$	13.17
Granted	—	—		322,132	12.50
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	482,409	$	12.32	598,998	$	12.81

(1)The number of RSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% if the recipient’s service-based vesting condition is not met to 100% if the service-based vesting condition is met.

(2)The number of PSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% to 200% based on the achievement of the performance goals defined in each grant award.

The restricted stock awards outstanding as of March 31, 2025 were all granted to employees except for 38,068 granted to the Company’s non-employee members of its Board of Directors, which will vest May 17, 2025. Restricted stock granted to employees generally vests in equal installments over a period of 3 years.

RSU and PSU awards are granted only to executive officers of the Company. RSUs vest in equal installments over a period of 3 years. PSUs vest based on performance results measured over a period of 3 years. The Company expects 102% of the remaining target PSUs outstanding as of March 31, 2025 will be settled on their vesting dates.

The Company has DERs accrued for RSUs and PSUs of $1.0 million and $1.1 million, respectively, as of March 31, 2025 compared to $0.9 million and $1.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024, which is included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet within “accrued dividends payable.”

Total share-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.0 million compared to $4.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The following table

discloses the Company’s remaining compensation expense related to stock awards it has granted as of March 31, 2025, which will be amortized over the period disclosed:

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Remaining Compensation Cost		WAVG Period of Recognition
Restricted stock	$	373	1.4 years
RSUs	3,601		2.0 years
PSUs	1,617		1.6 years
Total	$	5,591	1.8 years

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Segment Reporting

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

SEGMENT REPORTING

The Company’s operations consist of one reportable segment which involves investing in MBS and funding these investments with repurchase agreements and equity. Because the Company’s investment portfolio and financings are subject to market risks, primarily interest rate risk, management seeks to offset a portion of its market value exposure and financing costs through its interest rate derivative instruments (“hedging portfolio”). The Company’s investment and hedging portfolios are managed together.

The Company’s revenue is derived from its investment portfolio, which currently consists of primarily Agency RMBS. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is its Co-CEO and President. Segment performance is measured by and resource allocation decisions are based on “comprehensive income (loss) to common shareholders” as presented on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). The segment’s significant expense categories as shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss) are regularly provided to the CODM for review and are also used to make resource allocation decisions. Segment assets are total assets as shown on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

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Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net (loss) income	$ (3,076)	$ 40,118

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in Agency mortgage-backed securities (“Agency MBS”) and in to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”). Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal and interest payments by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from the U.S. Treasury. As of March 31, 2025, the majority of the Company’s Agency MBS are secured by residential real property (“Agency RMBS”). The remainder of the Company’s investments are in Agency commercial MBS (“Agency CMBS”) and in both Agency and non-Agency CMBS interest-only (“CMBS IO”). Non-Agency MBS do not have a GSE guaranty of principal or interest payments.

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim period have been included. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2025 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2025. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (the “2024 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, the fair value measurements of its investments, including TBA securities accounted for as derivative instruments, which is discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements. The Company believes the estimates and assumptions underlying the consolidated financial statements included herein are reasonable and supportable based on the information available as of March 31, 2025.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial performance; and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE. Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria to be deemed the primary beneficiary. The maximum exposure to loss for these VIEs is the carrying value of the MBS.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (the “Tax Code”) and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain asset, income, ownership, and distribution tests. To meet these requirements, the Company’s main source of income is interest earned from obligations secured by mortgages on real property, and the Company must distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders. The Company’s income will generally not be subject to federal income tax to the extent its income is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income (loss) per common share by dividing net income (loss) to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. Please see Note 2 for the calculation of the Company’s basic and diluted net income (loss) per common share for the periods indicated.

The Company currently has unvested restricted stock, service-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and performance-based stock units (“PSUs”) issued and outstanding. Restricted stock awards are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method because holders of unvested shares of restricted stock issued under the 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. Holders of RSUs and PSUs accrue forfeitable dividend equivalent rights over the period outstanding, receiving dividend payments only upon the settlement date if the requisite service-based and performance-based conditions have been achieved, as applicable. As such, RSUs and PSUs are excluded from the computation of basic net income per common share but are included in the computation of diluted net income per common share unless the effect is to reduce a net loss or increase the net income per common share (also known as “anti-dilutive”). Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, RSU, and PSU, and each such share or unit becomes one unrestricted share of common stock and is included in the computation of basic net income per common share.

Because the Company’s 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) is redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and convertible into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, the effect of those shares and their related dividends are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share for the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, the Company believes the risk of loss is mitigated by the financial position, creditworthiness, and strength of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

Cash Collateral Posted To/By Counterparties

The Company regularly pledges and receives amounts to cover margin requirements related to the Company’s financing and derivative instruments. If the amount pledged to a counterparty exceeds the amount received from a counterparty, the net amount is recorded as an asset within “cash collateral posted to counterparties,” and if the amount received from a counterparty exceeds the amount pledged to a counterparty, the net amount is recorded as a liability within “cash collateral posted by counterparties” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheets presented herein that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	327,447
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	588,010

Mortgage-Back Securities

Mortgage-Backed Securities 

The Company’s MBS are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in fair value of MBS purchased prior to January 1, 2021 are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) as an unrealized gain (loss) until the security is sold or matures. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company elected the fair value option (“FVO”) for all MBS purchased on or after that date with changes in fair value reported in net income as “unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net” until the security is sold or matures. Management elected the fair value option so that net income will reflect the changes in fair value for its future purchases of MBS in a manner consistent with the presentation and timing of the changes in fair value of its derivative instruments. Upon the sale of an MBS, any unrealized gain or loss within OCI or net income is reclassified to “realized gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” within net income using the specific identification method.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of IO securities) and the contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS are amortized or accreted into interest income over the life of such securities using the effective interest method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments received. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flows and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from an independent third-party pricing service. These prices are assessed for reasonableness using broker quotes and other third-party pricing services. Please refer to Note 6 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS designated as AFS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses related to its MBS recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Interest accrued between payment dates on MBS is presented separately from the Company’s investment portfolio as “accrued interest receivable” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company does not estimate an allowance for credit loss for its accrued interest receivable because the interest is generally received within 30 days and amounts not received when due are written off against interest income.

Repurchase Agreements

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements are used to finance its purchases of MBS and are accounted for as secured borrowings. The interest rates the Company pays for these borrowings are based on a spread added to the Secured Overnight Funding Rate (“SOFR”), The Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral, which is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated

balance sheets. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement borrowing, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender, or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. The repurchase facilities available to the Company are uncommitted with no guarantee of renewal.

Derivative Instruments

Derivative Instruments

Derivatives are carried at fair value, and all periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in the fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement, are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

The Company’s short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts are valued based on exchange pricing with daily variation margin settlements, which are treated as legal settlements of the exposure under the related futures contracts. The effect of these legal settlements reduces what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the futures contracts, generally to $0. The margin requirement varies based on the market value of the open positions and the equity retained in the account. Any margin excess or deficit outstanding is recorded as a receivable or payable as of the date of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of the futures contract.

The Company’s options on U.S. Treasury futures provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to buy or sell U.S. Treasury futures at a predetermined notional amount and stated term in the future and are valued based on exchange pricing. The Company records the premium paid for the option contract as a derivative asset on its consolidated balance sheet and adjusts the balance for changes in fair value through “gain (loss) on derivative instruments” until the option is exercised or the contract expires. If the option contract expires unexercised, the realized loss is limited to the premium paid. If exercised, the realized gain or loss on the options is equal to the difference between the fair value of the underlying U.S. Treasury future and the premium paid for the option contract.

The Company’s interest rate swaps are pay-fixed, which involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts based on SOFR from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The net periodic interest benefit (cost) is recorded in the period earned (incurred) in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments”, but the net receipt (payment) of cash is exchanged annually, typically on the anniversary of each agreement’s effective date. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”), which requires the Company to post initial margin as determined by the CME, and additional variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps. Similar to the Company’s U.S. Treasury futures, the exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. As such, these legal settlements reduce what would have otherwise been reported as the fair value of the interest rate swaps, generally to $0. Accordingly, any margin excess or deficit outstanding is recorded as a receivable or payable within “due from/to counterparty” as of the date of the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Net periodic interest benefit/cost and changes in the fair value of these instruments is recorded in “gain(loss) on derivative instruments” until termination or expiration.

The Company’s interest rate swaptions are SOFR-based and provide the Company the right, but not the obligation, to enter into an interest rate swap at a predetermined notional amount with a stated term and pay and receive rates in the future. The accounting for interest rate swaptions is similar to options on U.S. Treasury futures.

The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its exposure to Agency RMBS. A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement

date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 6 for information on how the fair value of these instruments is calculated.

Share-based Compensation

Share-Based Compensation

The Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock units (“PSUs”), and performance-based cash awards (collectively, “awards”). As of March 31, 2025, there were no common shares remaining available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The Company has submitted a proposal for its 2025 Stock and Incentive Plan (“the 2025 Plan”) to its common shareholders for approval at the Company’s Annual Meeting on May 20, 2025.

The Company has issued restricted stock and RSUs, which are treated as equity awards and recorded at their fair value using the closing stock price on the grant date. Compensation expense is generally recognized over a service period specified within each award with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity using the straight-line method until the vesting date specified within each award or until the employee becomes eligible for retirement, if earlier than the vesting date. Compensation expense is recognized immediately upon the grant date for equity awards granted to an employee who is retirement eligible.

The Company also has PSUs issued and outstanding which contain Company performance-based and market performance-based conditions. PSUs subject to Company performance-based conditions are initially recognized as equity at their fair value which is measured using the closing stock price on the grant date multiplied by the number of units expected to vest based on an assessment of the probability of achievement of the Company performance-based conditions as of the grant date. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense using the straight-line method until the earlier of the vesting date specified within each award or the date the employee becomes eligible for retirement. Adjustments are made, if necessary, based on any change in probability of achievement which is re-assessed as of each reporting date and on at least a quarterly basis. PSUs subject to market performance-based conditions are recognized as equity at their grant date fair value determined through a Monte-Carlo simulation of the Company’s common stock total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the common stock TSR of the group of peer companies specified in the award agreement. Awards subject to market performance-based conditions are not assessed for probability of achievement and are not remeasured subsequent to issuance. The grant date fair value is recognized as expense using the straight-line method until the earlier of the vesting date specified within each award or the date the employee becomes eligible for retirement, even if the market performance-based conditions are not achieved.

The Company does not estimate forfeitures for any of its share-based compensation awards but adjusts for actual forfeitures in the periods in which they occur. Because RSUs and PSUs have forfeitable dividend equivalent rights, which are paid in cash only upon settlement, any accrued dividend equivalent rights (“DERs”) on forfeited units are reversed with a corresponding credit to “Compensation and benefits” expense.

Please see Note 7 for additional information about the Company’s share-based compensation awards.

Contingencies

Contingencies

The Company did not have any pending lawsuits, claims, or other contingencies as of March 31, 2025 or December 31, 2024.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the three months ended

March 31, 2025, that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table provides a reconciliation of “cash” and “cash posted to counterparties” reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheets presented herein that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents	$	327,447
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	588,010

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

The following table presents the computations of basic and diluted net income or loss per common share for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
($s in thousands)	2025		2024
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic	90,492,327		59,003,218
Incremental common shares-unvested RSUs	—		379,880
Incremental common shares-unvested PSUs	—		329,136
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - diluted	90,492,327		59,712,234
Net (loss) income to common shareholders	$	(4,999)	$	38,195
Net (loss) income per common share-basic	$	(0.06)	$	0.65
Net (loss) income per common share-diluted	$	(0.06)	$	0.64

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Mortgage-Backed Securities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Debt Securities, Trading, and Equity Securities, FV-NI

The following tables provide details on the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	8,490,912	$	8,452,828	$	8,185,832	$	7,717,764	$	7,695,409	$	7,302,238
Agency CMBS	108,704		109,578		106,429		99,636		99,848		95,463
CMBS IO (1)	n/a		108,911		107,664		n/a		117,591		114,386
Total	$	8,599,616	$	8,671,317	$	8,399,925	$	7,817,400	$	7,912,848	$	7,512,087
(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $5,779,969 and $2,050,104, respectively, as of March 31, 2025, and $6,196,778 and $2,450,398, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	811,622	$	—	$	(150,332)	$	661,290
Agency CMBS	55,000		12		(3,271)		51,741
CMBS IO	74,394		3,274		(2,783)		74,885
Total	$	941,016	$	3,286	$	(156,386)	$	787,916

MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	7,641,206	$	41,660	$	(158,323)	$	7,524,543
Agency CMBS	54,578		110		—		54,688
CMBS IO	34,517		3		(1,742)		32,778
Total	$	7,730,301	$	41,773	$	(160,065)	$	7,612,009
	December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	827,314	$	—	$	(167,248)	$	660,066
Agency CMBS	99,848		3		(4,388)		95,463
CMBS IO	81,854		3,280		(4,137)		80,997
Total	$	1,009,016	$	3,283	$	(175,773)	$	836,526
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	6,868,095	$	11,081	$	(237,004)	$	6,642,172
Agency CMBS	—		—		—		—
CMBS IO	35,737		—		(2,348)		33,389
Total	$	6,903,832	$	11,081	$	(239,352)	$	6,675,561

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale

The following tables provide details on the Company’s MBS by investment type as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Par Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	8,490,912	$	8,452,828	$	8,185,832	$	7,717,764	$	7,695,409	$	7,302,238
Agency CMBS	108,704		109,578		106,429		99,636		99,848		95,463
CMBS IO (1)	n/a		108,911		107,664		n/a		117,591		114,386
Total	$	8,599,616	$	8,671,317	$	8,399,925	$	7,817,400	$	7,912,848	$	7,512,087
(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $5,779,969 and $2,050,104, respectively, as of March 31, 2025, and $6,196,778 and $2,450,398, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	811,622	$	—	$	(150,332)	$	661,290
Agency CMBS	55,000		12		(3,271)		51,741
CMBS IO	74,394		3,274		(2,783)		74,885
Total	$	941,016	$	3,286	$	(156,386)	$	787,916

MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	7,641,206	$	41,660	$	(158,323)	$	7,524,543
Agency CMBS	54,578		110		—		54,688
CMBS IO	34,517		3		(1,742)		32,778
Total	$	7,730,301	$	41,773	$	(160,065)	$	7,612,009
	December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
MBS measured at fair value through OCI:
Agency RMBS	$	827,314	$	—	$	(167,248)	$	660,066
Agency CMBS	99,848		3		(4,388)		95,463
CMBS IO	81,854		3,280		(4,137)		80,997
Total	$	1,009,016	$	3,283	$	(175,773)	$	836,526
MBS measured at fair value through net income:
Agency RMBS	$	6,868,095	$	11,081	$	(237,004)	$	6,642,172
Agency CMBS	—		—		—		—
CMBS IO	35,737		—		(2,348)		33,389
Total	$	6,903,832	$	11,081	$	(239,352)	$	6,675,561

Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments

The following table presents information regarding unrealized gains and losses on investments reported within net income (loss) on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
($s in thousands)	2025		2024
Agency RMBS	$	109,260	$	(69,676)
Agency CMBS	110		(190)
CMBS IO	609		(194)
Other investments	18		36
Total unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	$	109,997	$	(70,024)

Realized Gain (Loss) on Investments

The Company did not sell any securities during the three months ended March 31, 2025 or March 31, 2024.

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Fair Value

The following table presents certain information for MBS designated as AFS that were in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	1,447	$	(6)	2	$	920	$	(3)	3
Non-Agency MBS	735		(56)		3	823		(73)		2
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	768,613	$	(156,190)	59	$	814,443	$	(175,497)	65
Non-Agency MBS	4,896		(133)		8	6,097		(200)		10

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Repurchase Agreements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Schedule of Underlying Assets of Repurchase Agreements when Amount of Repurchase Agreements Exceeds 10 Percent of Assets

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are summarized in the following tables:

	March 31, 2025						December 31, 2024
Collateral Type	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
($s in thousands)
Agency RMBS	$	7,076,257	4.45	%	$	7,454,039	$	6,368,457	4.79	%	$	6,689,336
Agency CMBS	64,065		4.45	%	63,351		90,717		4.78	%	95,071
Agency CMBS IO	88,686		4.78	%	97,212		96,146		5.18	%	101,165
Non-Agency CMBS IO	5,715		5.14	%	6,014		7,800		5.52	%	8,057
Total	$	7,234,723	4.46	%	$	7,620,616	$	6,563,120	4.80	%	$	6,893,629

The Company had borrowings outstanding under 27 different repurchase agreements as of March 31, 2025, and its equity at risk did not exceed 10% with any counterparty as of that date. The Company also had $332.7 million payable to counterparties for transactions pending settlement as of March 31, 2025 and $341.9 million as of December 31, 2024.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025					December 31, 2024
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
($s in thousands)
Less than 30 days	$	3,932,031	4.47	%	67	$	1,742,440	4.83	%	68
30 to 90 days	2,997,548		4.45	%	96	4,820,680		4.78	%	83
91 to 180 days	305,144		4.40	%	152	—		—	%	—
Total	$	7,234,723	4.46	%	83	$	6,563,120	4.80	%	79

Offsetting Repurchase Agreement Liabilities

The following table presents information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2025:
Repurchase agreements	$	7,234,723	$	—	$	7,234,723	$	(7,234,723)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2024:
Repurchase agreements	$	6,563,120	$	—	$	6,563,120	$	(6,563,120)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral, which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Derivatives (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)

The table below provides detail of the Company’s gain and losses by type of derivative instrument for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2025		2024
($s in thousands)
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(44,347)	$	139,810
Interest rate swaps	(116,726)		—
Interest rate swaptions	811		—
TBA securities	42,174		(15,175)
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	$	(118,088)	$	124,635

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value

The table below provides the carrying amount by type of derivative instrument comprising the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities on its consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	811	$	—
TBA securities	Derivative assets	Investing	5,980		133
Total derivatives assets			$	6,791	$	133
TBA securities	Derivative liabilities	Investing	$	3,810	$	22,814
Total derivatives liabilities			$	3,810	$	22,814

Schedule of Interest Rate Derivatives

The table below presents information regarding the long positions in SOFR-based interest rate swaptions held by the Company as of March 31, 2025. The Company did not hold any interest rate swaptions as of December 31, 2024.

	March 31, 2025
	Option						Underlying Receiver Swap
	Cost Basis		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Notional Amount		Average Fixed Receive Rate		Average Term (Years)
($s in thousands)
1-2 year interest rate swaption	$	7,975	$	8,786	$	811	$	500,000	3.25	%	5 years

The table below presents information regarding the short positions in SOFR-based interest rate swaps the Company held as of the dates indicated:

	March 31, 2025				December 31, 2024
Interest Rate Swaps - Years to Maturity	Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate		Notional Amount		Weighted Average Fixed Pay Rate
($s in thousands)
4-5 years fixed pay swap	$	(1,275,000)	3.42	%	$	(1,275,000)	3.42	%
6-7 years fixed pay swap	(3,510,000)		3.66	%	(3,085,000)		3.61	%
9-10 years fixed pay swap	(1,350,000)		3.92	%	(1,025,000)		3.83	%
10-15 years fixed pay swap	(200,000)		3.93	%	—		—	%
	$	(6,335,000)	3.68	%	$	(5,385,000)	3.61	%

The table below presents information regarding the short positions in U.S. Treasury futures held by the Company as of the dates indicated:

U.S. Treasury Futures	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
($s in thousands)
30-year U.S. Treasury futures	$	(766,500)	$	(516,500)
10-year U.S. Treasury futures	(795,000)		(735,000)
	$	(1,561,500)	$	(1,251,500)

Schedule of Derivative Instruments

The following table summarizes information about the Company's long positions in TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Implied market value (1)	$	2,730,302	$	2,318,392
Implied cost basis (2)	2,728,132		2,341,073
Net carrying value (3)	$	2,170	$	(22,681)

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

(3) Net carrying value represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the Company’s TBA securities as of the dates indicated. The total shown is the net amount included on the consolidated balance sheets of $5,980 within “derivative assets” and $3,810 within “derivative liabilities.”

Schedule of Notional Amounts of Outstanding Derivative Positions

The table below summarizes changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Beginning Notional Amount-Long (Short)		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Ending Notional Amount-Long (Short)
($s in thousands)
U.S. Treasury futures	$	(1,251,500)	$	(2,751,500)	$	2,441,500	$	(1,561,500)
Interest rate swaps	(5,385,000)		(950,000)		—		(6,335,000)
Interest rate swaptions	—		500,000		—		500,000
TBA securities	2,419,000		9,124,000		(8,694,000)		2,849,000

Offsetting Assets

The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

	Offsetting of Assets
($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
March 31, 2025
Interest rate swaptions	$	811	$	—	$	811	$	—	$	—	$	811
TBA securities	5,980		—		5,980		(3,492)		(2,298)		190
Derivative assets	$	6,791	$	—	$	6,791	$	(3,492)	$	(2,298)	$	1,001
December 31, 2024
TBA securities	$	133	$	—	$	133	$	(133)	$	—	$	—
Derivative assets	$	133	$	—	$	133	$	(133)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

Offsetting Liabilities

	Offsetting of Liabilities
($s in thousands)	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
March 31, 2025
TBA securities	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	(3,492)	$	(136)	$	182
Derivative liabilities	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	(3,492)	$	(136)	$	182
December 31, 2024
TBA securities	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	(133)	$	(21,308)	$	1,373
Derivative liabilities	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	(133)	$	(21,308)	$	1,373

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

($s in thousands)	March 31, 2025								December 31, 2024
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
MBS	$	8,399,925	$	—	$	8,399,925	$	—	$	7,512,087	$	—	$	7,512,087	$	—
TBA securities (1)	5,980		—		5,980		—		133		—		133		—
Interest rate swaptions	811		—		811		—		—		—		—		—
Mortgage loans (2)	1,079		—		—		1,079		1,130		—		—		1,130
Total assets carried at fair value	$	8,407,795	$	—	$	8,406,716	$	1,079	$	7,513,350	$	—	$	7,512,220	$	1,130
Liabilities:
TBA securities (1)	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	—	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	3,810	$	—	$	3,810	$	—	$	22,814	$	—	$	22,814	$	—

(1)TBA securities are reflected on consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” at their implied fair value, net of implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 5 for additional information.

(2)Mortgage loans are included within “other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2025

Equity [Abstract]

Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Activity

The following table presents a rollforward of share-based awards for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2025			2024
Type of Award	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value  Per Share
Restricted stock:
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	93,595	$	12.78	104,282	$	12.61
Granted	—	—		46,544	12.50
Vested	(28,792)	13.42		(76,865)	12.76
Awards outstanding, end of period	64,803	$	12.50	73,961	$	12.39
Target RSUs: (1)
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	463,070	$	12.64	394,497	$	13.06
Granted	152,870	14.06		214,755	12.50
Vested	(125,948)	12.77		(68,896)	14.42
Awards outstanding, end of period	489,992	$	13.05	540,356	$	12.66
Target PSUs: (2)
Awards outstanding, beginning of period	482,409	$	12.32	276,866	$	13.17
Granted	—	—		322,132	12.50
Vested	—	—		—	—
Awards outstanding, end of period	482,409	$	12.32	598,998	$	12.81

(1)The number of RSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% if the recipient’s service-based vesting condition is not met to 100% if the service-based vesting condition is met.

(2)The number of PSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% to 200% based on the achievement of the performance goals defined in each grant award.

Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost

The following table

discloses the Company’s remaining compensation expense related to stock awards it has granted as of March 31, 2025, which will be amortized over the period disclosed:

	March 31, 2025
($s in thousands)	Remaining Compensation Cost		WAVG Period of Recognition
Restricted stock	$	373	1.4 years
RSUs	3,601		2.0 years
PSUs	1,617		1.6 years
Total	$	5,591	1.8 years

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 327,447	$ 377,099
Cash collateral posted to counterparties	260,563	244,440
Total cash including cash posted to counterparties shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$ 588,010	$ 621,539	$ 418,329	$ 237,864
Share-based incentive plan, number of shares authorized for issuance	2,300,000
Number of shares available for grant (in shares)	0
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Dividend rate, percent	6.90%

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Weighted average common shares-basic (in shares)	90,492,327	59,003,218
Weighted average common shares-diluted (in shares)	90,492,327	59,712,234
Net (loss) income to common stockholders	$ (4,999)	$ 38,195
Net income (loss) per common share-basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ 0.65
Net income (loss) per common share-diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.06)	$ 0.64
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Incremental Common Shares Attributable to Dilutive Effect of Share-Based Payment Arrangements	0	379,880
Performance Shares [Member]
Earnings Per Share, Diluted, by Common Class, Including Two Class Method [Line Items]
Incremental Common Shares Attributable to Dilutive Effect of Share-Based Payment Arrangements	0	329,136

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Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025 shares
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Antidilutive unvested RSUs and PSUs (in shares)	547,845

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Mortgage-Backed Securities - Investment Type (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Debt Securities, Trading and Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Par Value		$ 8,599,616	$ 7,817,400
Amortized Cost		8,671,317	7,912,848
Non-Agency other, Amortized Cost		941,016	1,009,016
Fair Value		8,399,925	7,512,087
Gross Unrealized Gain		3,286	3,283
Gross Unrealized Loss		(156,386)	(175,773)
Fair Value		787,916	836,526
Amortized Cost		7,730,301	6,903,832
Gross Unrealized Gain		41,773	11,081
Gross Unrealized Loss		(160,065)	(239,352)
Fair Value		7,612,009	6,675,561
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Trading and Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Par Value		8,490,912	7,717,764
Amortized Cost		8,452,828	7,695,409
Non-Agency other, Amortized Cost		811,622	827,314
Fair Value		8,185,832	7,302,238
Gross Unrealized Gain		0	0
Gross Unrealized Loss		(150,332)	(167,248)
Fair Value		661,290	660,066
Amortized Cost		7,641,206	6,868,095
Gross Unrealized Gain		41,660	11,081
Gross Unrealized Loss		(158,323)	(237,004)
Fair Value		7,524,543	6,642,172
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Agency MBS
Debt Securities, Trading and Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Par Value		108,704	99,636
Amortized Cost		109,578	99,848
Non-Agency other, Amortized Cost		55,000	99,848
Fair Value		106,429	95,463
Gross Unrealized Gain		12	3
Gross Unrealized Loss		(3,271)	(4,388)
Fair Value		51,741	95,463
Amortized Cost		54,578	0
Gross Unrealized Gain		110	0
Gross Unrealized Loss		0	0
Fair Value		54,688	0
Interest-Only-Strip [Member]
Debt Securities, Trading and Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Amortized Cost	[1]	108,911	117,591
Non-Agency other, Amortized Cost		74,394	81,854
Fair Value	[1]	107,664	114,386
Gross Unrealized Gain		3,274	3,280
Gross Unrealized Loss		(2,783)	(4,137)
Fair Value		74,885	80,997
Amortized Cost		34,517	35,737
Gross Unrealized Gain		3	0
Gross Unrealized Loss		(1,742)	(2,348)
Fair Value		32,778	33,389
Interest-Only-Strip [Member] | Agency Securities
Debt Securities, Trading and Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Par Value		5,779,969	6,196,778
Interest-Only-Strip, Non-Agency CMBS [Member]
Debt Securities, Trading and Available-for-sale [Abstract]
Par Value		$ 2,050,104	$ 2,450,398

[1] (1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $5,779,969 and $2,050,104, respectively, as of March 31, 2025, and $6,196,778 and $2,450,398, respectively, as of December 31, 2024.

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Mortgage-Backed Securities - Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Investments [Line Items]
Unrealized gain (loss) on investments, net	$ 109,997	$ (70,024)
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Unrealized loss on debt securities	109,260	(69,676)
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Unrealized loss on debt securities	110	(190)
Interest-Only-Strip [Member]
Investments [Line Items]
Unrealized loss on debt securities	609	(194)
Asset-backed Securities, Securitized Loans and Receivables
Investments [Line Items]
Unrealized gain (loss) on other investments	$ 18	$ 36

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Mortgage-Backed Securities - Gross Unrealized Losses (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Investments [Line Items]
Allowance for credit loss	$ 0	$ 0
Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, Less than 12 Months	1,447	920
Gross Unrealized Losses, Less than 12 Month	$ (6)	$ (3)
Number of Securities, Less than 12 Months	2	3
Fair value, 12 Months or Longer	$ 768,613	$ 814,443
Gross Unrealized Losses, 12 Months or Longer	$ (156,190)	$ (175,497)
Number of Securities, 12 Months or Longer	59	65
Non-Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Fair value, Less than 12 Months	$ 735	$ 823
Gross Unrealized Losses, Less than 12 Month	$ (56)	$ (73)
Number of Securities, Less than 12 Months	3	2
Fair value, 12 Months or Longer	$ 4,896	$ 6,097
Gross Unrealized Losses, 12 Months or Longer	$ (133)	$ (200)
Number of Securities, 12 Months or Longer	8	10

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Repurchase Agreements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 7,234,723	$ 6,563,120
Weighted Average Rate	4.46%	4.80%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 7,620,616	$ 6,893,629
Accrued interest payable	46,861	44,672
Residential Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 7,076,257	$ 6,368,457
Weighted Average Rate	4.45%	4.79%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 7,454,039	$ 6,689,336
Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities [Member] | Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 64,065	$ 90,717
Weighted Average Rate	4.45%	4.78%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 63,351	$ 95,071
Interest-Only-Strip [Member] | Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 88,686	$ 96,146
Weighted Average Rate	4.78%	5.18%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 97,212	$ 101,165
Interest-Only-Strip [Member] | Non-Agency MBS
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 5,715	$ 7,800
Weighted Average Rate	5.14%	5.52%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 6,014	$ 8,057

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Repurchase Agreements - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($) counterparty	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]
Number of counterparties | counterparty	27
Due to counterparties | $	$ 332,676	$ 341,924

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Repurchase Agreements - Remaining Term to Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 7,234,723	$ 6,563,120
Weighted Average Rate	4.46%	4.80%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	83	79
Less than 30 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 3,932,031	$ 1,742,440
Weighted Average Rate	4.47%	4.83%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	67	68
30 to 90 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 2,997,548	$ 4,820,680
Weighted Average Rate	4.45%	4.78%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	96	83
Maturity Greater than 90 Days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Repurchase agreements	$ 305,144	$ 0
Weighted Average Rate	4.40%	0.00%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	152	0

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Repurchase Agreements - Offsetting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Offsetting [Abstract]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		$ 7,234,723	$ 6,563,120
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		7,234,723	6,563,120
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral	[1]	(7,234,723)	(6,563,120)
Cash Posted as Collateral		0	0
Net Amount		$ 0	$ 0

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral, which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Purpose for Derivative Use (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]
Purpose for use of TBA securities	The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its exposure to Agency RMBS.
Purpose of Interest Rate Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	The Company frequently changes the type of derivative instruments it uses to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on its repurchase agreement financing costs and the fair value of its investments.

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Derivatives - Gain (loss) on Derivative Instruments , Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024
Derivative [Line Items]
(Loss) gain on derivative instruments, net	$ (118,088)	$ 124,635
Short position | U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) on Interest Rate Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(44,347)	139,810
Short position | Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) on Interest Rate Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	(116,726)	0
Long position | Interest Rate Swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) on Interest Rate Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	811	0
Long position | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments Held for Trading Purposes, Net	$ 42,174	$ (15,175)

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Derivatives - Carrying Values of Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets	$ 6,791	$ 133
Derivative liabilities	3,810	22,814
Interest Rate Swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets		0
Interest Rate Swaption | Long position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets	811
TBA securities | Long position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets	5,980	133
Derivative liabilities	$ 3,810	$ 22,814

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Derivatives Long Positions in SOFR-based Interest Rate Swaptions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative [Line Items]
Carrying Value	$ 6,791	$ 133
Interest Rate Swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Carrying Value		0
Interest Rate Swaption | Long position
Derivative [Line Items]
Cost Basis	7,975
Fair Value	8,786
Carrying Value	811
Interest Rate Swaption | Long position | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional Amount	$ 500,000	$ 0
Average Fixed Receive Rate	3.25%
Term of underlying swap contract	5 years

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Derivatives - Derivative Information about U.S. Treasury Futures (Details) - USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets	$ 6,791,000	$ 133,000
Margin Deposit Assets	258,700,000	219,200,000
Variation Margin Payable, Derivative	4,100,000
Variation Margin Receivable, Derivative		10,400,000
U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets	0
Derivative liabilities	17,400,000
Fair Value		1,200,000
Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets	0
Fair Value	$ 36,100,000	$ 152,800,000

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Derivatives - Schedule of Interest Rate Hedging Instruments (Details) - Short position - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Interest rate swaps | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (6,335,000)	$ (5,385,000)
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	3.68%	3.61%
Interest rate swaps | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Less than 5 years
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (1,275,000)	$ (1,275,000)
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	3.42%	3.42%
Interest rate swaps | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Less than 7 years
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (3,510,000)	$ (3,085,000)
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	3.66%	3.61%
Interest rate swaps | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | 9-10 years
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (1,350,000)	$ (1,025,000)
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	3.92%	3.83%
Interest rate swaps | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | 10-15 years
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (200,000)
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	3.93%
U.S. Treasury futures | 30-year | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (766,500)	$ (516,500)
U.S. Treasury futures | 10-year | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	(795,000)	(735,000)
U.S. Treasury futures | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge
Derivative [Line Items]
Notional balance	$ (1,561,500)	$ (1,251,500)

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Derivatives - Schedule of Long Positions in TBA (Details) - TBA securities - Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading - Long position - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Derivative [Line Items]
Implied market value, TBA	[1]	$ 2,730,302	$ 2,318,392
Implied cost basis, TBA	[2]	2,728,132	2,341,073
Derivative, Fair Value, Net	[3]	$ 2,170	$ (22,681)

[1] Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated

[2] Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the dates indicated.

[3] Net carrying value represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the Company’s TBA securities as of the dates indicated. The total shown is the net amount included on the consolidated balance sheets of $5,980 within “derivative assets” and $3,810 within “derivative liabilities.”

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Derivatives Volume of Activity (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | U.S. Treasury futures | Short position
Derivatives [Roll Forward]
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 1,251,500
Derivative, Notional Amount, Derivative Instruments Added	2,751,500
Derivative, Notional Amount, Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	2,441,500
Derivative, Notional Amount	1,561,500
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest rate swaps | Short position
Derivatives [Roll Forward]
Derivative, Notional Amount	5,385,000
Derivative, Notional Amount, Derivative Instruments Added	950,000
Derivative, Notional Amount	6,335,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest Rate Swaption | Long position
Derivatives [Roll Forward]
Derivative, Notional Amount	0
Derivative, Notional Amount, Derivative Instruments Added	500,000
Derivative, Notional Amount	500,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading | TBA securities | Long position
Derivatives [Roll Forward]
Derivative, Notional Amount	2,419,000
Derivative, Notional Amount, Derivative Instruments Added	9,124,000
Derivative, Notional Amount, Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	8,694,000
Derivative, Notional Amount	$ 2,849,000

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Derivatives Offsetting Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2025	Dec. 31, 2024
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		$ 6,791	$ 133
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0	0
Derivative assets		6,791	133
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral	[1]	(3,492)	(133)
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	[1]	(2,298)	0
Net Amount		1,001	0
Long position | TBA securities
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		5,980	133
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0	0
Derivative assets		5,980	133
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral	[1]	(3,492)	(133)
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	[1]	(2,298)	0
Net Amount		190	$ 0
Long position | Interest Rate Swaption
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		811
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		0
Derivative assets		811
Financial Instruments Received as Collateral	[1]	0
Cash collateral posted by counterparties	[1]	0
Net Amount		$ 811

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Derivatives Offsetting Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2025		Dec. 31, 2024
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	$ 3,810		$ 22,814
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet	0		0
Derivative liabilities	3,810		22,814
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral	(3,492)	[1]	(133)
Cash Posted as Collateral	(136)	[1]	(21,308)
Net Amount	182		1,373
TBA securities | Long position
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities	3,810		22,814
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet	0		0
Derivative liabilities	3,810		22,814
Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral	(3,492)	[1]	(133)
Cash Posted as Collateral	(136)	[1]	(21,308)
Net Amount	$ 182		$ 1,373

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically, and the total cash pledged or received as collateral which is disclosed as “cash collateral posted to/by counterparties.”

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Mar. 31, 2025		Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities		$ 6,791		$ 133
TBA securities		3,810		22,814
Long position | TBA securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities		5,980		133
TBA securities		3,810		22,814
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage loans (2)		1,079		1,130
Total assets carried at fair value		8,407,795		7,513,350
Total liabilities carried at fair value		3,810		22,814
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS		0		0
Mortgage loans (2)		0		0
Total assets carried at fair value		0		0
Total liabilities carried at fair value		0		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS				7,512,087
Mortgage loans (2)		0		0
Total assets carried at fair value		8,406,716		7,512,220
Total liabilities carried at fair value		3,810		22,814
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS		0		0
Mortgage loans (2)		1,079		1,130
Total assets carried at fair value		1,079		1,130
Total liabilities carried at fair value		0		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS		8,399,925		7,512,087
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities	[1]	5,980		133
TBA securities	[1]	3,810		22,814
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 1 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities		0		0
TBA securities		0		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
MBS		8,399,925
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 2 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities	[1]	5,980		133
TBA securities		3,810	[1]	22,814
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 3 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities		0		0
TBA securities		0		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest Rate Swaption | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities	[1]	811		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest Rate Swaption | Level 1 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities		0		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest Rate Swaption | Level 2 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities	[1]	811		0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest Rate Swaption | Level 3 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
TBA securities		$ 0		$ 0

[1] TBA securities are reflected on consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets” and “derivative liabilities” at their implied fair value, net of implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 5 for additional information. (2)Mortgage loans are included within “other assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Narrative (Details)	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Value	$ 6,791,000	$ 133,000
Interest rate swaps
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Carrying Value	$ 0
Measurement Input, Constant Prepayment Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loansheldfor investment, fair value option, measurement input	0.10
Measurement Input, Default Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loansheldfor investment, fair value option, measurement input	0.02
Measurement Input, Loss Severity
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loansheldfor investment, fair value option, measurement input	0.20
Measurement Input, Discount Rate
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Loansheldfor investment, fair value option, measurement input	0.10

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Shareholders' Equity - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	4,460,000		4,460,000
Stock issuance, value	$ 239,658	$ 86,806
Share-based compensation expense	$ 2,029	$ 4,270
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared	$ 0.47
ATM Offering
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Stock issuance, shares	17,604,999
Stock issuance, value	$ 239,700
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	6,600,000
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	4,460,000
Liquidation preference per share (in dollars per share)	$ 25.00
Dividend rate, percent	6.90%
Dividend, payment rate, additional basis spread on variable rate	0.26161%
Dividend, payment rate, original basis spread on variable rate	5.461%
Dividend payment rate, basis spread on variable rate	5.723%
Dividends declared (in dollars per share)	$ 0.43125

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation Share-based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
		Mar. 31, 2025	Mar. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Accrued dividends payable		$ 20,707		$ 16,501
Share-based compensation expense		$ 2,029	$ 4,270
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)		93,595	104,282
Granted (in shares)		0	46,544
Vested (in shares)		(28,792)	(76,865)
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)		64,803	73,961
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)		$ 12.78	$ 12.61
Granted (in dollars per share)		0	12.50
Vested (in dollars per share)		13.42	12.76
Awards outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)		$ 12.50	$ 12.39
Restricted Stock [Member] | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Employee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Award Requisite Service Period		3 years
Restricted Stock [Member] | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Nonemployee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)		38,068
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	[1]	463,070	394,497
Granted (in shares)	[1]	152,870	214,755
Vested (in shares)	[1]	(125,948)	(68,896)
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)	[1]	489,992	540,356
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)		$ 12.64	$ 13.06
Granted (in dollars per share)		14.06	12.50
Vested (in dollars per share)		12.77	14.42
Awards outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)		$ 13.05	$ 12.66
Accrued dividends payable		$ 1,000		900
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Employee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Award Requisite Service Period		3 years
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Nonvested awards expected to settle on their vesting date (percent)		0.00%
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Nonvested awards expected to settle on their vesting date (percent)		100.00%
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in shares)	[2]	482,409	276,866
Granted (in shares)	[2]	0	322,132
Vested (in shares)	[2]	0	0
Awards outstanding, end of period (in shares)	[2]	482,409	598,998
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Awards outstanding, beginning of period (in dollars per share)		$ 12.32	$ 13.17
Granted (in dollars per share)		0	12.50
Vested (in dollars per share)		0	0
Awards outstanding, end of period (in dollars per share)		$ 12.32	$ 12.81
Nonvested awards expected to settle on their vesting date (percent)		102.00%
Accrued dividends payable		$ 1,100		$ 1,300
Performance Shares [Member] | Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Employee
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Award Requisite Service Period		3 years
Performance Shares [Member] | Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Nonvested awards expected to settle on their vesting date (percent)		0.00%
Performance Shares [Member] | Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value [Abstract]
Nonvested awards expected to settle on their vesting date (percent)		200.00%

[1] The number of RSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% if the recipient’s service-based vesting condition is not met to 100% if the service-based vesting condition is met.

[2] The number of PSUs shown represent the target number of awards. Actual number of shares that will potentially settle may range from 0% to 200% based on the achievement of the performance goals defined in each grant award.

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation - Schedule of Remaining Unvested Awards (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025 USD ($)
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 5,591
WAVG Period of Recognition	1 year 9 months 18 days
Restricted Stock [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 373
WAVG Period of Recognition	1 year 4 months 24 days
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 3,601
WAVG Period of Recognition	2 years
Performance Shares [Member]
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Remaining Compensation Cost	$ 1,617
WAVG Period of Recognition	1 year 7 months 6 days

XML

Segment Reporting (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2025 plantiff
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segment Reporting, CODM, Individual Title and Position or Group Name [Extensible Enumeration]
Number of Operating Segments	1