10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC  20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020

or

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File Number: 1-9819

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia				52-1549373
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)				(IRS Employer Identification No.)
4991 Lake Brook Drive, Suite 100
Glen Allen,	Virginia			23060-9245
(Address of principal executive offices)				(Zip Code)
		(804)	217-5800
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DX	New York Stock Exchange
7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DXPRB	New York Stock Exchange
6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share	DXPRC	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes          ☒         No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes           ☒             No           ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes           ☐           No            ☒

On October 30, 2020, the registrant had 23,144,606 shares outstanding of common stock, $0.01 par value, which is the registrant’s only class of common stock.

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

FORM 10-Q

INDEX

			Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Financial Statements
		Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and December 31, 2019	1
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	2
		Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	3
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 (unaudited) and September 30, 2019 (unaudited)	5
		Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	6
	Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
	Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
	Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	51
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
	Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	52
	Item 1A.	Risk Factors	52
	Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	52
	Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	53
	Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	53
	Item 5.	Other Information	53
	Item 6.	Exhibits	54
SIGNATURES			55

i

PART I.    FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
ASSETS	(unaudited)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	158,897	$	62,582
Restricted cash	26,006		71,648
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $2,766,132 and $5,024,625, respectively), at fair value	2,995,660		5,188,163
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes $6,921 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	6,921		9,405
Receivable for securities sold	1,145		—
Derivative assets	4,266		4,290
Accrued interest receivable	15,340		26,209
Other assets, net	6,804		8,307
Total assets	$	3,215,039	$	5,370,604
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	$	2,594,683	$	4,752,348
Payable for unsettled securities	190		6,180
Non-recourse collateralized financing	645		2,733
Derivative liabilities	5,164		974
Accrued interest payable	1,059		15,585
Accrued dividends payable	5,755		6,280
Other liabilities	3,990		3,516
Total liabilities	$	2,611,486	$	4,787,616
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 7,248,330 and 6,788,330 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($181,208 and $169,708 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	$	174,709	$	162,807
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 90,000,000 shares authorized; 23,145,238 and 22,945,993 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	231		229
Additional paid-in capital	859,089		858,347
Accumulated other comprehensive income	88,729		173,806
Accumulated deficit	(519,205)		(612,201)
Total shareholders’ equity	603,553		582,988
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,215,039	$	5,370,604

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

1

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(unaudited)

 (amounts in thousands except per share data)

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest income	$	20,088	$	44,502	$	79,764	$	128,207
Interest expense	3,375		31,256		30,327		88,345
Net interest income	16,713		13,246		49,437		39,862
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	7,974		(50,709)		(196,156)		(229,941)
Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net	20,846		4,605		298,728		(5,755)
Fair value adjustments, net	194		(13)		154		(42)
Other operating (expense) income, net	(207)		25		(852)		50
General and administrative expenses:
Compensation and benefits	(2,402)		(1,786)		(7,301)		(5,430)
Other general and administrative	(2,393)		(1,972)		(6,926)		(6,547)
Net income (loss)	40,725		(36,604)		137,084		(207,803)
Preferred stock dividends	(3,252)		(3,341)		(10,346)		(9,606)
Preferred stock redemption charge	—		—		(3,914)		—
Net income (loss) to common shareholders	$	37,473	$	(39,945)	$	122,824	$	(217,409)
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net	$	27,844	$	59,800	$	213,651	$	247,199
Reclassification adjustment for (gain) loss on sale of investments, net	(20,846)		(4,605)		(298,728)		5,755
Reclassification adjustment for de-designated cash flow hedges	—		—		—		(165)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	6,998		55,195		(85,077)		252,789
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$	44,471	$	15,250	$	37,747	$	35,380
Net income (loss) per common share-basic and diluted	$	1.62	$	(1.65)	$	5.33	$	(9.12)
Weighted average common shares-basic and diluted	23,141		24,174		23,054		23,847

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

2

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(unaudited)

($ in thousands)

	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2019	6,788,330	$	162,807	22,945,993	$	229	$	858,347	$	173,806	$	(612,201)	$	582,988
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle	—	—		—	—		—		—		(548)		(548)
Stock issuance	4,460,000	107,988		—	—		—		—		—		107,988
Redemption of preferred stock	(4,000,000)	(96,086)		—	—		—		—		(3,914)		(100,000)
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		67,511	1		306		—		—		307
Stock repurchase	—	—		(18,782)	—		(206)		—		—		(206)
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(12,744)	—		(235)		—		—		(235)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(9)		—		—		(9)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(98,479)		(98,479)
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,841)		(3,841)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(10,330)		(10,330)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		72,972		—		72,972
Balance as of March 31, 2020	7,248,330	$	174,709	22,981,978	$	230	$	858,203	$	246,778	$	(729,313)	$	550,607
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		172,782	1		422		—		—		423
Stock repurchase	—	—		(14,143)	—		(166)		—		—		(166)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(8)		—		—		(8)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		194,838		194,838
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,253)		(3,253)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(9,925)		(9,925)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—	—		—		(165,047)		—		(165,047)
Balance as of June 30, 2020	7,248,330	$	174,709	23,140,617	$	231	$	858,451	$	81,731	$	(547,653)	$	567,469
Stock issuance	—	—		5,219	—		85		—		—		85
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		—	—		568		—		—		568
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(598)	—		(10)		—		—		(10)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(5)		—		—		(5)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		—		40,725		40,725
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,252)		(3,252)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(9,025)		(9,025)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		6,998		—		6,998
Balance as of September 30, 2020	7,248,330	$	174,709	23,145,238	$	231	$	859,089	$	88,729	$	(519,205)	$	603,553

3

	Preferred Stock			Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit		Total Shareholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2018	5,954,594	$	142,883	20,939,073	$	209	$	818,861	$	(35,779)	$	(399,021)	$	527,153
Stock issuance	213,468	5,015		3,109,047	31		53,841		—		—		58,887
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		50,821	1		297		—		—		298
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	—	—		(16,231)	—		(296)		—		—		(296)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(212)		—		—		(212)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(52,214)		(52,214)
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,059)		(3,059)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(12,350)		(12,350)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		86,467		—		86,467
Balance as of March 31, 2019	6,168,062	$	147,898	24,082,710	$	241	$	872,491	$	50,688	$	(466,644)	$	604,674
Stock issuance	346,068	8,173		547,071	5		9,874		—		—		18,052
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		17,183	—		296		—		—		296
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(28)		—		—		(28)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(118,985)		(118,985)
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,206)		(3,206)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(13,292)		(13,292)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		111,127		—		111,127
Balance as of June 30, 2019	6,514,130	156,071		24,646,964	246		882,633		161,815		(602,127)		598,638
Stock issuance	274,200	6,736		8,300	—		137		—		—		6,873
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	—	—		—	—		306		—		—		306
Stock repurchase	—	—		(1,709,271)	(17)		(25,017)		—		—		(25,034)
Stock issuance costs	—	—		—	—		(9)		—		—		(9)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		—		(36,604)		(36,604)
Dividends on preferred stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(3,341)		(3,341)
Dividends on common stock	—	—		—	—		—		—		(11,577)		(11,577)
Other comprehensive income	—	—		—	—		—		55,195		—		55,195
Balance as of September 30, 2019	6,788,330	$	162,807	22,945,993	$	229	$	858,050	$	217,010	$	(653,649)	$	584,447

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

4

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(unaudited)

($ in thousands)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020		2019
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	137,084	$	(207,803)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities:
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable	10,869		(3,075)
Decrease in accrued interest payable	(14,526)		(3,122)
Loss on derivative instruments, net	196,156		229,941
(Gain) loss on sale of investments, net	(298,728)		5,755
Fair value adjustments, net	(154)		42
Amortization of investment premiums, net	96,018		98,327
Other amortization and depreciation, net	1,428		1,186
Stock-based compensation expense	1,299		899
Change in other assets and liabilities, net	530		(6)
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities	129,976		122,144
Investing activities:
Purchase of investments	(2,436,953)		(2,833,348)
Principal payments received on investments	344,055		347,565
Proceeds from sales of investments	4,401,909		1,033,066
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment	2,170		1,677
Net payments on derivatives, including terminations	(197,932)		(229,001)
Other investing activities	—		(183)
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) investing activities	2,113,249		(1,680,224)
Financing activities:
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	28,304,165		93,107,875
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings	(30,461,830)		(91,502,990)
Principal payments on non-recourse collateralized financing	(2,107)		(517)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock	107,988		19,924
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	—		63,889
Cash paid for redemption of preferred stock	(100,000)		—
Cash paid for stock issuance costs	—		(185)
Cash paid for common stock repurchases	(372)		(25,034)
Payments related to tax withholding for stock-based compensation	(245)		(296)
Dividends paid	(40,151)		(54,355)
Net cash and cash equivalents (used in) provided by financing activities	(2,192,552)		1,608,311
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	50,673		50,231
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	134,230		88,704
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	184,903	$	138,935
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity:
Cash paid for interest	$	44,216	$	91,624

See notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

5

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of commercial MBS (“CMBS”), residential MBS (“RMBS”), and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency MBS, which consist mainly of CMBS IO. Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal payment by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from U.S. Treasury. Non-Agency MBS are issued by non-governmental enterprises and do not have a guaranty of principal payment. The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).

Impact of COVID-19

As a result of the economic, health and market turmoil brought about by the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, fixed income and equity markets experienced severe disruption which began in mid-March of 2020. The disruption resulted in a substantial rally in interest rates and a decline in fair value of MBS, which led to significant demands on liquidity from margin calls from derivative and repurchase agreement counterparties. During this time, the Company met all margin calls and was not forced to sell any assets. Since early in the second quarter of 2020, fixed income markets, equity markets and Agency MBS prices have stabilized with the Federal Reserve announcing multiple programs to support economic activity and to support the smooth functioning of markets. In addition, the U.S. Congress passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act to provide economic relief, which included certain assistance to homeowners and renters. Though these supportive actions have helped cushion the economic damage from the disruption of the pandemic to date, the Company is not able to predict the impact these policies may have on its investments over the longer term, particularly if a resurgence in cases of COVID-19 causes further damage to the economy.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included; however, uncertainty over the continuing impact that COVID-19 will have on the global economy and on the Company’s business makes any estimates and assumptions as of September 30, 2020 inherently less certain than they would be absent the current and potential impacts of COVID-19. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2020. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial

6

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.

The Company consolidates a securitization trust, which has residential mortgage loans included in “mortgage loans held for investment” on its consolidated balance sheet, of which a portion is pledged as collateral for one remaining bond recorded as “non-recourse collateralized financing” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company owns the subordinate class in the trust and has been deemed the primary beneficiary.

Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria necessary to be deemed a primary beneficiary.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts and fair value measurements of its investments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income per common share by dividing net income to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019.

Holders of unvested shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding restricted common stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. As such, these unvested shares are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method. Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, and each such share of restricted stock represents one unrestricted share of common stock.

Because the Company’s 7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and its 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (collectively, the “Preferred Stock”) are redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and may convert into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIB and Article IIIC of the Company’s Articles of Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation (the “Restated

7

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

Articles of Incorporation, as amended”), the effect of those shares and their related dividends is excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as well as unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Company insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash the Company has pledged to cover initial and variation margin with its financing and certain derivative counterparties.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	September 30, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	158,897
Restricted cash	26,006
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	184,903

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company’s MBS are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in unrealized gain (loss) on the Company’s MBS are reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) until the investment is sold or matures. Although the Company generally intends to hold its AFS securities until maturity, it may sell any of these securities as part of the overall management of its business. Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) into net income as a realized “gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method.

The fair value of the Company’s MBS pledged as collateral against repurchase agreements is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO” securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS rated ‘AA’ and higher are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input and analysis received from external sources and internal models and include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

The Company does not currently hold any non-Agency MBS that were purchased at a discount with credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ or not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies at the time of purchase.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from third-party pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest

8

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Please refer to Note 5 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. The Company recently adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of MBS, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.

Derivative Instruments

The Company’s derivative instruments generally include interest rate swaps, futures, options, and forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS on a non-specified pool basis, commonly referred to as to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities. Derivative instruments are reported at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as derivative assets if in a gain position or as derivative liabilities if in a loss position, at the end of the period reported. All periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

Generally, the Company enters into pay-fixed interest rate swaps, which involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”). The Company’s CME cleared swaps require that the Company post initial margin as collateral, and in addition, variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the CME cleared swaps. The exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. Accordingly, the Company accounts for the daily exchange of variation margin associated with its CME cleared interest rate swaps as a direct increase or decrease to the carrying value of the related derivative asset or liability. Since December 31, 2019, the Company has significantly reduced its volume of interest rate swaps due to management’s expectations of historically low financing costs for the near term and the increase in margin requirements from counterparties since the onset of the pandemic.

The Company enters into long and short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts, which are valued based on exchange pricing with daily margin settlements. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of

9

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

the futures contract. Unlike interest rate swaps, the Company does not treat the daily margin exchanges for its U.S. Treasury futures as legal settlement of the instrument.

The Company currently holds put options on U.S. Treasury futures which provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to buy U.S. Treasury futures at a predetermined notional amount and stated term in the future. Put options on U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on exchange pricing without daily exchanges of margin amounts. The Company records the premium paid for the option contract as a derivative asset on its consolidated balance sheet and adjusts the balance for changes in fair value through “gain (loss) on derivative instruments” until the option is exercised or the contract expires. The Company may also purchase options for interest rate swaps (“interest rate swaptions”) and defer the premium payment until the effective date. The premium payable and underlying swaption are accounted for as a single unit of account.

A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 4 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 5 for information on how the fair value of these instruments are calculated.

Share-Based Compensation

Pursuant to the Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), the Company may grant share-based compensation to eligible employees, non-employee directors or consultants or advisors to the Company, including restricted stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units, restricted stock units, and performance cash awards. The Company’s restricted stock currently issued and outstanding may be settled only in shares of its common stock, and therefore are treated as equity awards with their fair value measured at the grant date and recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity. The requisite service period is the period during which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for an award, which is equivalent to the vesting period specified in the terms of the time-based restricted stock award. None of the Company’s restricted stock awards have performance-based conditions. The Company does not currently have any share-based compensation issued or outstanding other than restricted stock issued to its employees, officers, and directors.

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.

As previously disclosed in the 2019 Form 10-K, the receiver (the “Receiver”) for one of the plaintiffs awarded damages in a judgment (the "DCI Judgment") against Dynex Commercial, Inc. ("DCI"), a subsidiary of a former affiliate of the Company, filed a separate claim in May 2018 against the Company seeking payment of the damages awarded in connection with the DCI Judgment, alleging that the Company breached a litigation cost sharing agreement, as amended (the "Agreement"), that was initially entered into by the Company and DCI in December 2000. On November 21, 2019, the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas ("Northern District Court") granted in part and denied in part summary judgment on the Receiver’s claim and the Company’s claim for offset and recoupment. The Northern District Court found that the

10

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

Company breached the Agreement and therefore must pay damages to the Receiver. The Northern District Court simultaneously granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment finding that DCI also breached the Agreement and that the Company can recover amounts due to it from DCI under the Agreement. The Receiver subsequently filed a claim for damages with the Northern District Court of approximately $12,600, while the Company filed claims for damages ranging from $13,300 to $30,600, including interest. The Receiver filed objections (the "Objections") with the Northern District Court to, among other things, the Company recovering amounts incurred prior to entry into the Agreement and amounts incurred under the Agreement after January 31, 2006, including interest, which is the date that DCI’s corporate existence ceased under Virginia law. The Company has disputed the Receiver’s Objections, arguing, among other things, that the Receiver's Objections are not supportable under Virginia law and has further refined its damages claim to range from $13,300 based on simple interest to $17,800 based on a combination of simple and compound interest, which the Company believes is supportable under Virginia law. There have been no material developments in this matter during the three months ended September 30, 2020. After consultation with litigation counsel, the Company believes, based upon information currently available and its evaluation of Virginia law, that the likelihood of loss is not probable, and given the range of potential claims for damages by the Company to offset the Receiver's claims, the amount of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated, and therefore, no contingent liability has been recorded.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

As of January 1, 2020, the Company elected the fair value option for its mortgage loans held for investment pursuant to the provisions of ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief, which was issued in May of 2019. Management chose to elect the fair value option for its mortgage loans because the majority of the Company’s investments are represented on its consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The election of the fair value option resulted in a cumulative adjustment of $(548) to retained earnings on its consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2020. The election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP requirements for modifications on debt instruments, leases, derivatives, and other contracts, related to the expected market transition from LIBOR, and certain other floating rate benchmark indices to alternative reference rates. ASU 2020-04 generally considers contract modifications related to reference rate reform to be an event that does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date nor a reassessment of a previous accounting determination. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time, through December 31, 2022, as reference rate reform activities occur. The Company does not believe this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

11

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

NOTE 2 – MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements. The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type (including securities pending settlement) as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020
	Par		Net Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	2,159,813	$	65,064	$	2,224,877	$	56,928	$	—	$	2,281,805
Agency CMBS	271,764		3,445		275,209		23,495		—		298,704
CMBS IO (1)	—		405,736		405,736		9,497		(1,480)		413,753
Non-Agency other	1,630		(517)		1,113		333		(48)		1,398
Total MBS:	$	2,433,207	$	473,728	$	2,906,935	$	90,253	$	(1,528)	$	2,995,660

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $12,344,492 and $9,485,281 respectively, as of September 30, 2020.

	December 31, 2019
	Par		Net Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	2,563,684	$	55,770	$	2,619,454	$	69,082	$	(462)	$	2,688,074
Agency CMBS	1,890,186		15,414		1,905,600		93,763		(6)		1,999,357
CMBS IO (1)	—		488,145		488,145		11,760		(863)		499,042
Non-Agency other	1,938		(780)		1,158		552		(20)		1,690
Total MBS:	$	4,455,808	$	558,549	$	5,014,357	$	175,157	$	(1,351)	$	5,188,163

(1) The notional balance for the Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $13,404,824 and $9,799,629, respectively, as of December 31, 2019.

Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, periodic payments of principal, prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities.

The following table presents information regarding the "gain (loss) on sale of investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30,								September 30,
	2020				2019				2020				2019
	Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)
Agency RMBS (1)	$	—	$	1	$	591,206	$	4,458	$	2,187,956	$	75,824	$	796,699	$	506
Agency CMBS	403,095		20,845		—		—		2,215,098		222,904		213,199		(6,493)
Agency CMBS IO	—		—		9,308		147		—		—		23,168		232
	$	403,095	$	20,846	$	600,514	$	4,605	$	4,403,054	$	298,728	$	1,033,066	$	(5,755)

(1) Additional realized gain for Agency RMBS relates to change in effective rate due to paydown that occurred between trade date of sale in second quarter of 2020 and settlement date in third quarter.

12

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	36,664	$	(503)	16	$	215,792	$	(1,139)	27
Non-Agency MBS	46,835		(897)		30	13,607		(146)		7
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	689	$	(107)	3	$	75,745	$	(35)	2
Non-Agency MBS	100		(21)		4	1,099		(31)		5

The unrealized losses on the Company’s MBS are the result of declines in market prices and are not credit related, therefore the Company’s allowance for credit losses was $0 as of September 30, 2020. The principal related to Agency MBS is guaranteed by the government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Although the unrealized losses are not credit related, the Company assesses its ability and intent to hold any MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value in accordance with GAAP. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. In addition, for its non-Agency MBS the Company reviews the credit ratings, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses.

NOTE 3 – REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized in the following tables:

	September 30, 2020						December 31, 2019
Collateral Type	Balance (1)		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS	$	1,975,736	0.24	%	$	2,069,035	$	2,594,645	1.96	%	$	2,647,638
Agency CMBS	275,473		0.23	%	296,572		1,735,848		1.98	%	1,901,452
Agency CMBS IO	221,013		1.04	%	254,886		255,912		2.30	%	282,522
Non-Agency CMBS IO	122,461		1.26	%	145,639		165,943		2.67	%	193,013
Total repurchase agreements	$	2,594,683	0.36	%	$	2,766,132	$	4,752,348	2.01	%	$	5,024,625

The Company also had $190 and $6,180 payable to counterparties as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, for transactions pending settlement as of those respective dates.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

13

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days	$	2,048,541	0.37	%	64	$	2,078,185	2.12	%	34
30 to 90 days	496,755		0.27	%	95	2,674,163		1.93	%	52
91 to 180 days	49,387		0.93	%	121	—		—	%	—
Total	$	2,594,683	0.36	%	71	$	4,752,348	2.01	%	45

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had repurchase agreement amounts outstanding with 19 of its 37 available repurchase agreement counterparties. The Company had $475,231 outstanding and $31,917, or approximately 5%, of equity at risk with JP Morgan Chase at a weighted average borrowing rate of 0.35%. The Company did not have more than 5% of its equity at risk with any of its other counterparties as of September 30, 2020. The Company has a committed repurchase facility with Wells Fargo that has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $250,000, of which it had $129,747 outstanding at a weighted average borrowing rate of 1.01% as of September 30, 2020. The facility is available to the Company until its maturity date of June 11, 2021.

The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth and earnings, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company believes it was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of September 30, 2020.

The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following tables present information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
September 30, 2020
Repurchase agreements	$	2,594,683	$	—	$	2,594,683	$	(2,594,683)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2019
Repurchase agreements	$	4,752,348	$	—	$	4,752,348	$	(4,752,348)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s derivatives, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

14

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

NOTE 4 – DERIVATIVES

Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives. The Company is currently using short positions in U.S. Treasury futures, put options on U.S. Treasury futures, and interest rate swaptions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on its book value. The Company has substantially reduced its notional balance of interest rate swaps since first quarter of 2020 due to the significant reduction of its MBS portfolio and management’s expectation that financing costs will remain low for the near term.

TBA Transactions. The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its book value exposure to Agency RMBS as well as earnings exposure from rising financing costs. The Company holds long and short positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions, commonly referred to as “dollar roll” transactions, which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase (or sale) of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long (or short) position with a later settlement date. TBA securities purchased (or sold) for a forward settlement date are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities settling in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. The Company accounts for all TBAs (whether net long or net short positions, or collectively “TBA dollar roll positions”) as derivative instruments because it cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest period possible.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

	Three Months				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest rate swaps	$	911	$	(52,908)	$	(182,941)	$	(248,886)
Interest rate swaptions	411		(4,329)		(162)		(4,329)
Futures	(6,517)		1,712		(25,140)		1,501
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	(5,655)		—		(23,815)		—
TBA securities - long positions	18,824		4,652		45,943		21,609
TBA securities - short positions	—		164		(10,041)		164
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	$	7,974	$	(50,709)	$	(196,156)	$	(229,941)

The table below summarizes information about the carrying value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	386	$	2,883
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	411		573
TBA securities - long positions	Derivative assets	Investing	3,469		834
Total derivatives assets			$	4,266	$	4,290
U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	$	(5,164)	$	—
TBA securities - short positions	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	—		(974)
Total derivatives liabilities			$	(5,164)	$	(974)

15

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

The following table summarizes certain characteristics of our derivative instruments outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Interest Rate Swaptions:	Option					Underlying Payer Swap
As of:	Cost Basis		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount		Average Fixed Pay Rate		Average Term in Years
September 30, 2020	$	4,150	$	411	6 months	$	500,000	1.01%		10
December 31, 2019	6,180		573		1 month	750,000		2.07%		10
	As of September 30, 2020:					As of December 31, 2019:
	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	$	1,225,000	$	386	1 month	$	1,350,000	$	2,883	2 months
U.S. Treasury futures - short positions	(1,025,000)		(5,164)		3 months	—		—		—

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had one interest rate swap outstanding with a pay-fixed rate of 1.35% and a notional amount of $50,000 for which it had $(297) posted in variation margin. This instrument matured in October 2020.

The following table summarizes information about the Company's TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
TBA securities	Long Positions		Short Positions		Long Positions		Short Positions
Implied market value (1)	$	1,164,000	$	—	$	442,161	$	(520,117)
Implied cost basis (2)	1,160,531		—		441,327		(519,143)
Net carrying value (3)	$	3,469	$	—	$	834	$	(974)

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(3) Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets (liabilities)” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA security as of the date indicated.

16

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

Volume of Activity

The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the period indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Notional Amount as of December 31, 2019		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Notional Amount as of September 30, 2020
Interest rate swaps	$	4,225,000	$	2,915,000	$	(7,090,000)	$	50,000
Interest rate swaptions	750,000		500,000		(750,000)		500,000
U.S. Treasury futures - short positions	—		3,637,600		(4,662,600)		(1,025,000)
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	1,350,000		4,650,000		(4,775,000)		1,225,000
TBA - long positions	435,000		9,936,000		(9,246,000)		1,125,000
TBA - short positions	500,000		3,017,000		(3,517,000)		—

Offsetting

The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

	Offsetting of Assets
	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
September 30, 2020
Interest rate swaption	$	411	$	—	$	411	$	—	$	—	$	411
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		—		386		—		—		386
TBA - long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		—		3,469
Derivative assets	$	4,266	$	—	$	4,266	$	—	$	—	$	4,266
December 31, 2019
Interest rate swaptions	$	573	$	—	$	573	$	—	$	—	$	573
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	2,883		—		2,883		—		—		2,883
TBA - long positions	834		—		834		(380)		—		454
Derivative assets	$	4,290	$	—	$	4,290	$	(380)	$	—	$	3,910

17

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	Offsetting of Liabilities
	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
September 30, 2020
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(5,164)	—		$	(5,164)	$	—	$	—	$	(5,164)
Derivative liabilities	$	(5,164)	$	—	$	(5,164)	$	—	$	—	$	(5,164)
December 31, 2019
TBA - short positions	$	(974)	—		$	(974)	$	380	—		$	(594)
Derivative liabilities	$	(974)	$	—	$	(974)	$	380	$	—	$	(594)

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total cash posted as collateral, which is recorded as "restricted cash," and the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically.

Please see Note 3 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

NOTE 5 – FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

18

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	2,995,660	$	—	$	2,994,262	$	1,398	$	5,188,163	$	—	$	5,186,473	$	1,690
Mortgage loans held for investment (1)	6,921		—		—		6,921		8,857		—		—		8,857
Derivative assets:
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		386		—		—		2,883		2,883		—		—
Interest rate swaptions	411		—		411		—		573		—		573		—
TBA securities-long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		834		—		834		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,006,847	$	386	$	2,998,142	$	8,319	$	5,201,310	$	2,883	$	5,187,880	$	10,547
Liabilities carried at fair value:
TBA-short positions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—
U.S. Treasury futures	5,164		5,164		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	5,164	$	5,164	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—

(1) Mortgage loans held for investment were carried at amortized cost of $9,405 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

The fair value measurements for the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 when there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets. The Company determines the fair value of its Level 2 securities based on prices received from the Company's primary pricing service as well as other pricing services and brokers. The Company evaluates the third-party prices it receives to assess their reasonableness. Although the Company does not adjust third-party prices, they may be excluded from use in the determination of a security's fair value if they are significantly different from other observable market data. In valuing a security, the primary pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company also reviews the assumptions and inputs utilized in the valuation techniques of its primary pricing service. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.

The Company owns MBS and mortgage loans that are considered Level 3 assets because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 7.0% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of September 30, 2020. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.

19

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020				September 30, 2020
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans		Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	1,490	$	7,366	$	1,690	$	9,405
Change in fair value (1)	(72)		213		(246)		(288)
Principal payments	(102)		(651)		(308)		(2,170)
Accretion (amortization)	82		(7)		262		(26)
Balance as of end of period	$	1,398	$	6,921	$	1,398	$	6,921

(1) Change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income”. Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “fair value adjustments, net“ and the amount shown for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 is net of cumulative adjustment of $(548) made to the amortized cost as of December 31, 2019 as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans effective January 1, 2020.

The fair value of interest rate swaps is measured using the income approach with the primary input being the forward interest rate swap curve, which is considered an observable input, and thus their fair values are considered Level 2 measurements. All of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the CME. Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the exchange of variation margin being legally considered as settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral. U.S. Treasury futures and options on U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. Unlike its interest rate swaps, the Company does not treat the exchange of variation margin for its U.S. Treasury futures as legal settlement of the instrument. The fair value of interest rate swaptions is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.

NOTE 6 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Preferred Stock. The Company's articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 6,600,000 shares for issuance as 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, and the Company sold 4,460,000 of such shares during the first quarter of 2020 through a public offering for which it received proceeds of $107,988, net of $3,512 in broker commissions and other expenses. The Company used the proceeds to redeem all 2,300,000 outstanding shares of its 8.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $25.35 per share, which included accumulated and unpaid dividends declared as of the redemption date March 14, 2020. The Company also used the proceeds to partially redeem 1,700,000 shares of its 7.625% Series B Preferred Stock at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $25.32 per share, which included accumulated and unpaid dividends declared as of the redemption date March 16, 2020. The excess of the $25.00 liquidation price per share over the carrying value of the preferred stock redeemed resulted in a charge of $(3,914) to net income to common shareholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed or otherwise repurchased or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Stock. The Company had 2,788,330 shares of its Series B Preferred Stock remaining as of September 30, 2020, which may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Except under certain limited circumstances described

20

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, the Company may not redeem the Series C Preferred Stock prior to April 15, 2025. On or after that date, the Series C Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Series B Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year. The Series C Preferred stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025 upon which date and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to an annual floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.461%. The Company paid its regular quarterly dividend of $0.4765625 per share of Series B Preferred Stock and $0.43125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock on October 15, 2020 to shareholders of record as of October 1, 2020.

Common Stock. The following table summarizes information regarding monthly dividend declarations on the Company’s common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020
Declaration Date	Amount Declared		Record Date	Payment Date
January 13, 2020	$	0.15	January 24, 2020	February 3, 2020
February 14, 2020	0.15		February 24, 2020	March 2, 2020
March 10, 2020	0.15		March 23, 2020	April 1, 2020
April 8, 2020	0.15		April 22, 2020	May 1, 2020
May 12, 2020	0.15		May 22, 2020	June 1, 2020
June 10. 2020	0.13		June 22, 2020	July 1, 2020
July 13, 2020	0.13		July 23, 2020	August 4, 2020
August 10, 2020	0.13		August 21, 2020	September 1, 2020
September 14, 2020	0.13		September 24, 2020	October 1, 2020

Stock and Incentive Plans. The Company’s Board adopted the 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Company’s shareholders on June 9, 2020. The 2020 Plan, which replaced the Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and performance cash awards. Awards previously granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan will remain outstanding and valid in accordance with their terms, but no new awards will be granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan. Total stock-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $568 and $1,299, respectively, compared to $306 and $899 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The following table presents a rollforward of the restricted stock activity for the periods indicated:

21

NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.

(amounts in thousands except share data)

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020			2019
	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted stock outstanding as of beginning of period	119,213	$	18.56	113,904	$	19.19
Restricted stock granted	240,293	13.88		67,997	18.09
Restricted stock vested	(71,431)	18.25		(62,688)	19.20
Restricted stock outstanding as of end of period	288,075	$	14.74	119,213	$	18.56

As of September 30, 2020, the grant date fair value of the Company’s remaining nonvested restricted stock is $3,295 which will be amortized into compensation expense over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.

22

ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part I, Item 1. “Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our audited financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Part II, Item 8 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”). References herein to “Dynex,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Dynex Capital, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. In addition to current and historical information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements relate to our future business, financial condition or results of operations. For a description of certain factors that may have a significant impact on our future business, financial condition or results of operations, see “Forward-Looking Statements” at the end of this discussion and analysis.

    For more information about our business including our operating policies, investment philosophy and strategy, financing and hedging strategies, and other important information, please refer to Part I, Item 1 of our 2019 Form 10-K.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

Dynex Capital, Inc. is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily invests in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) on a leveraged basis. We finance our investments principally with borrowings under repurchase agreements. Our objective is to provide attractive risk-adjusted returns to our shareholders over the long term that are reflective of a leveraged, high quality fixed income portfolio with a focus on capital preservation. We seek to provide returns to our shareholders primarily through the payment of regular dividends and also potentially through capital appreciation of our investments.

Market Conditions and Recent Activity

Markets continued to stabilize in the third quarter of 2020 as central bank liquidity injections, in particular the Federal Reserve, supported the improving valuations of risk assets. As credit spreads on risk assets have rallied over the last two quarters, U.S. Treasury interest rates have settled into a tighter range and ended the third quarter virtually unchanged from June 30, 2020. Funding markets have continued to stabilize with borrowing rates moving lower for both repurchase agreements and TBA dollar roll transactions. U.S. GDP for the third quarter of 2020 increased 33.1%, partially recovering its first and second quarter declines of 5% and 31.4%, respectively. Markets continue to expect liquidity support by the Federal Reserve and potentially additional fiscal support from the U.S. Congress. The direct impact from COVID-19 has been limited on our results and our operations. However, the impact on the U.S. and the global economy from COVID-19 continues to have the potential to materially disrupt cash flows on U.S. real estate, and in particular rents on multifamily and commercial real estate which could impact our Agency CMBS and Agency and non-Agency CMBS IO securities. To date, there has not been a material impact.

Against this backdrop, we sold an additional $382.3 million of Agency CMBS late in the third quarter, realizing a gain of $20.8 million. We sold the Agency CMBS as in our view asset prices are not reflecting potential cash flow disruptions that may occur over time. For the quarter we had higher leverage and a larger investment portfolio including TBA securities than in the second quarter as market conditions stabilized. With the sales of the Agency CMBS, we ended the third quarter of 2020 with investments including TBA securities of $4.2 billion and leverage at 6.2x shareholders' equity, lower than at the end of the second quarter, but on balance our average interest earning assets were higher for the quarter than the second quarter. We also adjusted our hedging strategy by shifting options on 10-Year U.S. Treasury futures to longer dated tenors and adding 6-month interest rate swaptions. We terminated a notional of $425.0 million in interest rate swaps and do not hold any of these instruments as of October 6, 2020.

The charts below show the highest and lowest U.S. Treasury and swap rates during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 as well as the rates as of September 30, 2020 and June 30, 2020:    

Third Quarter 2020 Results

Our book value per common share increased $1.56 during the third quarter of 2020 primarily because of continued spread tightening across all MBS types. Our increase in book value and dividends declared for the third quarter and year-to-date have resulted in total economic return to our common shareholders of 11.7% and 8.4%, respectively, as a percentage of the respective period’s book value. The resulting increase in fair value of our MBS was the primary component of comprehensive income to common shareholders of $44.5 million for the third quarter of 2020. As discussed above, we chose to monetize a portion of these gains on certain CMBS for which we believed risks of continued investment outweighed

potential for increased returns. Though net interest spread remained flat at 1.96% for the third quarter versus prior quarter, net interest income increased quarter over quarter due primarily to lower financing costs while a larger average balance of interest earning assets contributed to a modest increase in interest income. The Company's results for the third quarter of 2020 also include a net gain on derivative instruments of $8.0 million, the majority of which is comprised of realized gains from increased investment in TBA securities. Core net operating income to common shareholders, a non-GAAP measure, was $14.2 million for the third quarter of 2020, which includes $6.1 million in TBA drop income. An increase in TBA drop income, together with lower repo funding costs and a larger average interest earning asset basis as noted above, were the primary drivers of the Company's core net operating income, which increased $5.8 million, or $0.25 per common share, to $0.61 per common share, compared to the second quarter of 2020.

Current Outlook

Our macroeconomic opinion for the long-term has not materially changed from last quarter. We believe the global economy remains fragile and vulnerable to sudden exogenous shocks. The global economy is largely supported by central banks and global debt continues to increase excessively. Our current short-term view, however, has been impacted by the health crisis, the resulting economic crisis, and a host of new policy risks that have been introduced in order to support the global economy. Though the Federal Reserve has taken action to support the financial markets, and Congress and the U.S. Treasury have passed the CARES Act, the efficacy and outcome of these actions are unknown, and the risk for policy mistakes remains high. Measures of market volatility currently are low, however, notwithstanding the COVID-19 health crisis and its impact on economic activity. We believe risk factors are increasing in complexity and number, further exacerbated by the pandemic.

Because the risk of an exogenous event such as the onset of the pandemic in March remains high, we continue to focus on maintaining a highly liquid position and to invest in Agency MBS where the Federal Reserve is providing material support. The low funding rate environment, including negative TBA dollar roll funding costs, is resulting in attractive returns on Agency RMBS relative to the risk of owning these securities in today’s environment. Our leverage targets, including TBA securities, remain between 6-9 times shareholders’ equity, and we will actively increase or decrease leverage based on the risk environment. We have not yet increased leverage in the fourth quarter of 2020 as we remain cautious ahead of the 2020 U.S. Presidential election. Longer term, we maintain our belief that the demographics behind the housing sector continue to support our investment thesis of investing in high quality, highly liquid U.S.-based housing assets. We intend to continue taking a balanced and measured approach to our business strategy, so that our company has the capacity to perform favorably under a variety of scenarios.

Other Factors Impacting Our Financial Condition and Results of Operations

In recent filings, we have discussed the potential for the upcoming cessation of LIBOR as a “benchmark” rate by the end of 2021 to impact our business and results of operations. Please refer to Part II, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as well as Item 1, “Business” in our 2019 Form 10-K for more detailed information. Though our significant reduction of interest rate swaps in our hedging portfolio has reduced the potential impact of the transition to alternative reference rates, we are continuing to develop a plan to facilitate an orderly transition to alternative reference rates for our remaining interest rate swaps and other financial instruments. Our transition plan includes steps to evaluate exposure, review contracts, assess impact to our business, processes and technology and define a communication strategy with shareholders, regulators and other stakeholders. We will also be assessing how our financial instruments may be indirectly impacted as a result of modifications made by third parties to LIBOR-based loans underlying our MBS and other investments.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to the Company's operating results presented in accordance with GAAP, the information presented within Item 2, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains the following non-GAAP financial measures: core net operating income to common shareholders (including per common share), adjusted net interest income and the related metric adjusted net interest spread. Because these measures are used in the Company's internal analysis of financial and operating performance, management

believes that they provide greater transparency to our investors of management's view of our economic performance. Management also believes the presentation of these measures, when analyzed in conjunction with the Company's GAAP operating results, allows investors to more effectively evaluate and compare the performance of the Company to that of its peers, although the Company's presentation of its non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures of other companies. Reconciliations of core net operating income to common shareholders and adjusted net interest income to the related GAAP financial measures are provided below and within “Results of Operations”.

Management views core net operating income to common shareholders as an estimate of the Company’s financial performance based on the effective yield of its investments, net of financing costs and other normal recurring operating income/expense, net. In addition to the non-GAAP reconciliation set forth below, which derives core net operating income to common shareholders from GAAP comprehensive income (loss) to common shareholders, core net operating income to common shareholders can also be determined by adjusting net interest income to include interest rate swap periodic interest benefit/cost, drop income on TBA securities, general and administrative expenses, and preferred dividends. Drop income generated by TBA dollar roll positions, which is included in "gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net" on the Company's consolidated statements of comprehensive income, is included in core net operating income and in adjusted net interest income because management views drop income as the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. Management also includes interest rate swap periodic interest benefit/cost, which is also included in "gain (loss) on derivatives instruments, net", in adjusted net interest income because interest rate swaps are used by the Company to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on its borrowing costs from repurchase agreements, and therefore represent a cost of financing in addition to GAAP interest expense. However, these non-GAAP measures do not provide a full perspective on our results of operations, and therefore, their usefulness is limited. For example, these non-GAAP measures do not include gains or losses from available-for-sale investments, changes in fair value of and costs of terminating interest rate swaps, as well as realized and unrealized gains or losses from other instruments used by management to economically hedge the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value of its portfolio and book value per common share. As a result, these non-GAAP measures should be considered as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for, the Company's GAAP results as reported on its consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	September 30, 2020		June 30, 2020
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$	44,471	$	26,538
Less:
Change in fair value of available for sale investments	(27,844)		(28,052)
Change in fair value of derivative instruments, net (1)	(2,258)		10,252
Fair value adjustments, net	(194)		(332)
Core net operating income to common shareholders	$	14,175	$	8,406
Weighted average common shares	23,141,270		23,056,812
Comprehensive income per common share	$	1.92	$	1.15
Core net operating income per common share	$	0.61	$	0.36

(1) Amount includes unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives and realized gains and losses on terminated derivatives and excludes net periodic interest benefit on effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the period.

26

	Three Months Ended
($ in thousands)	September 30, 2020		June 30, 2020
Net interest income	$	16,713	$	15,003
Add: TBA drop income (1)	6,087		1,796
Add: net periodic interest cost (2)	(371)		(107)
Adjusted net interest income	$	22,429	$	16,692
Other operating expense, net	(207)		(222)
General and administrative expenses	(4,795)		(4,811)
Preferred stock dividends	(3,252)		(3,253)
Core net operating income to common shareholders	$	14,175	$	8,406

(1) TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates. The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

(2) Amount represents net periodic interest benefit/cost of effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the period and excludes realized and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives.

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Investment Portfolio

Our investment portfolio as of September 30, 2020 was $4.2 billion including TBA securities compared to $5.1 billion including TBA securities as of December 31, 2019. As of September 30, 2020, our portfolio is predominantly comprised of Agency RMBS which have offered better liquidity and returns in 2020. The following chart compares the composition of our MBS portfolio including TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

(1) Includes TBA positions at their implied market value as if settled which are accounted for as “derivative assets (liabilities)” on our consolidated balance sheet.

27

RMBS. Our Agency RMBS pass-through securities are collateralized primarily by pools of fixed-rate single-family mortgage loans. Monthly payments of principal and interest made by the individual borrowers on the mortgage loans underlying the pools are "passed through" to the security holders, after deducting GSE or U.S. Government agency guarantee and servicer fees. In general, mortgage pass-through certificates distribute cash flows from the underlying collateral on a pro-rata basis among the security holders. Security holders also receive guarantor advances of principal and interest for delinquent loans in the mortgage pools.

As of September 30, 2020, we are invested in lower coupon investments to mitigate the risk of loss of premiums due to early prepayment given the lower interest rate environment in 2020 while keeping a modest allocation to specified pools of 4.0% coupon as protection in case interest rates rise. Our lower coupon investments also have lower premiums relative to higher coupon assets which further protects our earnings when prepayments occur. Additionally, since December 31, 2019, we have increased our investment in TBA securities, including 15-year fixed-rate TBA, as implied financing rates for dollar roll transactions have been lower than the financing rates for repurchase agreement borrowings we typically use to finance specified pools, and these transactions allow more flexibility should we decide or find it necessary to reduce leverage.

The following tables compare our fixed-rate Agency RMBS investments including TBA dollar roll positions as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020
	Par		Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3)		Fair Value (2)(3)		Weighted Average
Coupon							Loan Age (in months) (4)	3 Month CPR (4)(5)		Estimated Duration (6)
30-year fixed-rate:	($ in thousands)
2.0%	$	778,329	$	796,439	$	809,817	5	3.8	%	4.98
2.5%	981,588		1,017,624		1,037,864		7	6.0	%	3.40
4.0%	399,896		410,814		434,124		29	38.1	%	2.29
TBA 2.0%	625,000		641,736		644,434		n/a	n/a		4.10
15-year fixed-rate:
TBA 2.0%	500,000		518,795		519,566		n/a	n/a		2.75
Total	$	3,284,813	$	3,385,408	$	3,445,805	10	11.3	%	3.66
	December 31, 2019
	Par		Amortized Cost/ Implied Cost Basis (1)(3)		Fair Value (2)(3)		Weighted Average
Coupon							Loan Age (in months) (4)	3 Month CPR (4)(5)		Estimated Duration (6)
30-year fixed-rate:	($ in thousands)
2.5%	$	110,610	$	109,341	$	109,409	3	—	%	5.15
3.0%	307,380		310,486		314,159		25	9.4	%	4.04
3.5%	538,551		549,735		562,921		11	10.9	%	2.64
4.0%	1,352,730		1,384,913		1,429,547		20	23.5	%	2.28
4.5%	254,413		264,979		272,037		13	29.9	%	1.55
TBA 2.5%	135,000		133,059		133,513		n/a	n/a		5.10
TBA 3.0%	300,000		308,268		308,648		n/a	n/a		1.90
TBA 4.0%	(500,000)		(519,143)		(520,117)		n/a	n/a		1.28
Total 30-year fixed-rate	$	2,498,684	$	2,541,638	$	2,610,117	17	18.9	%	2.91

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(1) Implied cost basis of TBAs represents the forward price to be paid (received) for the underlying Agency MBS.

(2) Fair value of TBAs is the implied market value of the underlying Agency security as of the end of the period.

(3) TBAs are included on the consolidated balance sheet within “derivative assets/liabilities” at their net carrying value which is the difference between their implied market value and implied cost basis. Please refer to Note 4 of the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

(4) TBAs are excluded from this calculation as they do not have a defined weighted-average loan balance or age until mortgages have been assigned to the pool.

(5) Constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) represents the 3-month CPR of Agency RMBS held as of date indicated. Securities with no prepayment history are excluded from this calculation.

(6) Duration measures the sensitivity of a security's price to the change in interest rates and represents the percent change in price of a security for a 100-basis point increase in interest rates. We calculate duration using third-party financial models and empirical data. Different models and methodologies can produce different estimates of duration for the same securities.

CMBS. The majority of our Agency CMBS are backed by multifamily housing loans. Loans underlying CMBS are generally fixed-rate with scheduled principal payments generally assuming a 30-year amortization period, but typically requiring balloon payments on average approximately 10 years from origination. These loans typically have some form of prepayment protection provisions, such as yield maintenance or defeasance provisions, which provide us compensation if underlying loans prepay prior to us earning our expected return on our investment. Yield maintenance and prepayment penalty requirements are intended to create an economic disincentive for the loans to prepay, which makes the fair value of CMBS less costly to hedge relative to RMBS.

During the second and third quarters of 2020, we sold a substantial portion of our Agency CMBS, realizing gains on investments on which credit spreads had tightened and for which we believed risks of continued investment outweighed potential returns. These sales have materially reduced the size of the investment portfolio and shifted the overall composition to more seasoned investments with a higher probability of appreciation in the underlying collateral versus newer issue bonds. The following table which presents information about our CMBS investments by year of origination as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020							December 31, 2019
($ in thousands)	Par Value		Amortized Cost		Months to Estimated Maturity (1)	WAC (2)		Par Value		Amortized Cost		Months to Estimated Maturity (1)	WAC (2)
Year of Origination:
Prior to 2009	$	12,724	$	12,516	24	5.60	%	$	13,441	$	13,080	30	5.74	%
2009 to 2012	12,587		13,295		47	5.49	%	28,141		29,153		34	4.99	%
2013 to 2014	11,127		11,322		50	3.65	%	11,294		11,528		59	3.65	%
2015	156,130		157,557		73	2.85	%	175,219		177,023		87	2.86	%
2016	—		—		—	—	%	19,910		19,742		109	2.62	%
2017	50,758		51,178		91	3.08	%	340,638		342,158		101	3.07	%
2018	—		—		—	—	%	330,180		329,984		127	3.68	%
2019	29,502		29,889		146	3.05	%	972,646		983,435		134	3.27	%
	$	272,828	$	275,757	80	3.20	%	$	1,891,469	$	1,906,103	120	3.30	%

(1) Months to estimated maturity is an average weighted by the amortized cost of the investment.

(2) The weighted average coupon (“WAC”) is the gross interest rate of the security weighted by the outstanding principal balance.

CMBS IO. We invest in Agency-issued and non-Agency issued CMBS IO which are interest-only securities issued as part of a CMBS securitization and represent the right to receive a portion of the monthly interest payments (but not principal cash flows) on the unpaid principal balance of the underlying pool of commercial mortgage loans, commonly referred to as the notional amount. The weighted average interest rate for our CMBS IO was 0.64% as of September 30, 2020

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and 0.65% as of December 31, 2019. The loans collateralizing Agency-issued CMBS IO pools are similar in composition to the pools of loans that collateralize CMBS as discussed above. Non-Agency issued CMBS IO are backed by loans secured by a number of different property types which are shown in the table below as of September 30, 2020:

	September 30, 2020
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Percentage of Portfolio
Property Type:
Retail	$	42,871	27.7	%
Office	33,154		21.4	%
Multifamily	27,909		18.0	%
Hotel	20,543		13.3	%
Mixed use	10,172		6.6	%
Other (1)	20,023		13.0	%
Total non-Agency CMBS IO	$	154,672	100.0	%

(1) Other property types collateralizing non-Agency CMBS IO do not comprise more than 5% individually.

Yields on CMBS IO securities are dependent upon the performance of the underlying loans. Our return on these investments may be negatively impacted if the loans default, resulting in foreclosures, or liquidations of the loan collateral. Since the economic impacts of COVID-19 began in March, servicers are reporting an increase in delinquencies on loans underlying our non-Agency CMBS IO and have taken loss mitigation actions including loan forbearance or allowing the borrower to make loan payments using replacement reserve or similar property related funds. Most of the increases in delinquencies thus far have been in the retail and hotel sectors and have nominally impacted cash flows and yields on the securities.

We have generally invested in senior tranches of these securities where we have evaluated the credit profile of the underlying loan pool and can monitor credit performance in order to mitigate our exposure to losses. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, approximately 62% of our CMBS IO are Agency-issued securities which generally contain higher credit quality loans that are expected to have a lower risk of default than non-Agency CMBS IO. In addition, the majority of our non-Agency CMBS IO investments are investment grade-rated with the majority rated ‘AAA’ by at least one of the nationally recognized statistical rating organizations. All of our non-Agency CMBS IO were originated prior to 2017, the majority of which we believe have had underlying property value appreciation, and the weighted average life of contractual cash flows currently remaining on our non-Agency CMBS IO is 24 months. Considering these characteristics of our non-Agency CMBS IO and the actions taken by servicers so far to work with borrowers through various relief measures, we have not seen evidence of and do not currently expect a material adverse effect on our future cash flows for non-Agency CMBS IO. However, the ultimate impact of COVID-19 on the global economy and on the loans underlying any of our securities remains uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time.

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The following table presents our CMBS IO investments by year of origination as of the periods indicated:

	September 30, 2020
	Agency					Non-Agency
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)
Year of Origination:
2010-2012	$	15,289	$	15,390	9	$	4,303	$	4,393	8
2013	25,622		26,484		13	12,231		12,227		14
2014	27,052		28,102		21	55,188		55,336		20
2015	34,195		35,614		26	56,416		56,898		27
2016	24,274		25,438		31	17,559		17,600		16
2017	27,439		28,539		42	8,100		8,218		34
2018	3,868		4,047		62	—		—		—
2019	90,910		92,164		60	—		—		—
2020	3,290		3,301		53	—		—		—
	$	251,939	$	259,079	38	$	153,797	$	154,672	24

	December 31, 2019
	Agency					Non-Agency
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Remaining WAL (1)
Year of Origination:
2010-2012	$	27,610	$	27,609	12	$	7,710	$	7,869	11
2013	35,794		37,047		16	16,401		16,629		19
2014	34,077		35,027		25	68,811		69,886		24
2015	41,549		42,987		29	66,954		69,062		30
2016	27,956		28,891		35	20,065		20,442		36
2017	30,409		31,633		46	9,304		9,529		38
2018	4,117		4,287		66	—		—		—
2019	97,388		98,144		64	—		—		—
	$	298,900	$	305,625	40	$	189,245	$	193,417	27

(1) Remaining weighted average life (“WAL”) represents an estimate of the number of months of contractual cash flows remaining for the investments by year of origination.

Repurchase Agreements

We use leverage to enhance the returns on our invested capital by pledging our investments as collateral for borrowings primarily through the use of uncommitted repurchase agreements with major financial institutions and broker-dealers. Repurchase agreements generally have original terms to maturity of overnight to six months, though in some instances we may enter into longer-dated maturities depending on market conditions. We pay interest on our repurchase agreement borrowings at a rate usually based on a spread to a short-term interest rate such as LIBOR and fixed for the term of the borrowing.

Please refer to Note 3 of the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” contained within this Item 7 for additional information relating to our repurchase agreement borrowings.

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Derivative Assets and Liabilities

We use derivative instruments to economically hedge our exposure to adverse changes in interest rates resulting from our ownership of primarily fixed-rate investments financed with short-term repurchase agreements. Changes in interest rates can impact net interest income, the market value of our investments, and book value per common share. We regularly monitor and frequently adjust our hedging portfolio in response to many factors including, but not limited to, changes in our investment portfolio as well as our expectation of future interest rates, including the absolute level of rates and the slope of the yield curve versus market expectations. Please refer to “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Part I, Item 3 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more information.

We have primarily used interest rate swaps to hedge a portion of our earnings and book value exposure to interest rate risk. As rates rallied in 2020 and we sold assets, and due to changes in margin requirements on interest rate swaps, we terminated the majority of our interest rate swaps in the first half of 2020. As we re-invested our capital over the balance of the year, we shifted to using interest rate swaptions, U.S. Treasury futures, and options on U.S. Treasury futures, which have better liquidity and more favorable margin requirements than interest rate swaps. In addition, management believes U.S. Treasury futures are a better hedge of interest rate risk profile of Agency RMBS versus interest rate swaps given our view of the potential interest rate environment over the balance of 2020. Options on U.S. Treasury futures also protect book value from rising interest rates but minimize risk of liquidity loss if interest rates fall versus interest rate swaps. Please refer to Note 4 of the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for details on our interest rate derivative instruments as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion below includes both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures that management utilizes in its internal analysis of financial and operating performance. Please read the section “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” at the end of “Executive Overview” contained in Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional important information about these measures.

Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

Net interest income increased for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019 because the decline in interest expense exceeded the decline in interest income. The decline in interest income was due primarily to a smaller average balance of lower yielding investments held during the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year. The decline in interest expense was due to a smaller average balance of borrowings at a lower financing rate for the third quarter of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019.

The following table presents certain information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019:

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	Three Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020						2019
($ in thousands)	Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)		Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	11,839	$	2,282,897	2.07	%	$	23,687	$	2,942,466	3.22	%
Agency CMBS	3,397		562,718		2.31	%	14,818		1,763,116		3.22	%
CMBS IO (5)	4,648		421,086		3.74	%	5,260		479,057		3.90	%
Non-Agency MBS and other investments (6)	204		8,668		7.43	%	737		11,270		7.94	%
Total:	$	20,088	$	3,275,369	2.34	%	$	44,502	$	5,195,909	3.29	%
Interest-bearing liabilities: (7)	3,375		$	2,985,914	0.38	%	$	31,256	$	4,958,857	2.47	%
Net interest income/net interest spread	$	16,713			1.96	%	$	13,246			0.82	%

(1) Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes unrealized gains and losses as well as securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2) Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3) Effective yield is calculated by dividing the sum of gross interest income and scheduled premium amortization/discount accretion (both of which are annualized for any reporting period less than 12 months) and prepayment compensation and premium amortization/discount accretion adjustments (collectively, "prepayment adjustments"), which are not annualized, by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period.

(4) Cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5) Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6) Interest income for non-Agency and other investments for the three months ended September 30, 2019 includes $0.5 million of interest income from cash and cash equivalents. Average balance and yield excludes cash and cash equivalents.

(7) Interest-bearing liabilities consist primarily of repurchase agreement borrowings.

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Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the estimated impact on our net interest income due to changes in rate (effective yield/cost of funds) and changes in volume (average balance) of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2020 Compared to September 30, 2019
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In						Total Change in Interest Income/Expense
($ in thousands)	Rate		Volume		Prepayment Adjustments (1)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	(6,527)	$	(5,321)	$	—	$	(11,848)
Agency CMBS	(1,295)		(9,792)		(334)		(11,421)
CMBS IO (2)	(232)		(538)		158		(612)
Non-Agency MBS and other investments	(40)		(476)		(17)		(533)
Change in interest income	$	(8,094)	$	(16,127)	$	(193)	$	(24,414)
Change in interest expense	(15,444)		(12,437)		—		(27,881)
Total net change in net interest income	$	7,350	$	(3,690)	$	(193)	$	3,467

(1) Prepayment adjustments represent effective interest amortization adjustments related to changes in actual prepayment speeds and prepayment compensation, net of amortization adjustments for CMBS and CMBS IO and are not annualized in the calculation of effective yield.

(2) Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

Net Interest Income for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Net interest income increased for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 because the decline in interest expense exceeded the decline in interest income. The decline in interest income is due primarily to a smaller average balance of lower yielding investments held during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year. The decline in interest expense was due to a smaller average balance of borrowings at a lower financing rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019.

The following table presents certain information about our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and their performance for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019:

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	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020						2019
($ in thousands)	Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)		Interest Income/Expense		Average Balance (1)(2)		Effective Yield/ Cost of Funds (3)(4)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	40,734	$	2,143,728	2.53	%	$	72,776	$	2,844,044	3.41	%
Agency CMBS	23,319		1,058,847		2.89	%	35,614		1,477,749		3.17	%
CMBS IO (5)	14,616		448,254		4.18	%	16,542		496,271		4.27	%
Non-Agency MBS and other investments (6)	1,095		9,516		8.25	%	3,275		12,133		16.10	%
Total:	$	79,764	$	3,660,345	2.85	%	$	128,207	$	4,830,197	3.46	%
Interest-bearing liabilities: (7)	$	30,327	$	3,422,287	1.16	%	$	88,345	$	4,490,334	2.59	%
Net interest income/net interest spread	$	49,437			1.69	%	$	39,862			0.87	%

(1) Average balance for assets is calculated as a simple average of the daily amortized cost and excludes unrealized gains and losses as well as securities pending settlement if applicable.

(2) Average balance for liabilities is calculated as a simple average of the daily borrowings outstanding during the period.

(3) Effective yield is calculated by dividing the sum of gross interest income and scheduled premium amortization/discount accretion (both of which are annualized for any reporting period less than 12 months) and prepayment compensation and premium amortization/discount accretion adjustments (collectively, "prepayment adjustments"), which are not annualized, by the average balance of asset type outstanding during the reporting period.

(4) Cost of funds is calculated by dividing annualized interest expense by the total average balance of borrowings outstanding during the period with an assumption of 360 days in a year.

(5) Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

(6) Interest income for non-Agency and other investments for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019 includes $0.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of interest income from cash and cash equivalents. Average balance and yields excludes cash and cash equivalents.

(7) Interest-bearing liabilities consist primarily of repurchase agreement borrowings.

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Rate/Volume Analysis. The following table presents the estimated impact on our net interest income due to changes in rate (effective yield/cost of funds) and changes in volume (average balance) of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities for the periods indicated:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020 Compared to September 30, 2019
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Change In						Total Change in Interest Income/Expense
($ in thousands)	Rate		Volume		Prepayment Adjustments (1)
Interest-earning assets:
Agency RMBS	$	(14,147)	$	(17,975)	$	80	$	(32,042)
Agency CMBS	(2,147)		(9,966)		(182)		(12,295)
CMBS IO (2)	(1,332)		(209)		(385)		(1,926)
Non-Agency MBS and other investments	(1,246)		(87)		(847)		(2,180)
Change in interest income	$	(18,872)	$	(28,237)	$	(1,334)	$	(48,443)
Change in interest expense	(37,073)		(20,945)		—		(58,018)
Total net change in net interest income	$	18,201	$	(7,292)	$	(1,334)	$	9,575

(1) Prepayment adjustments represent effective interest amortization adjustments related to changes in actual prepayment speeds and prepayment compensation, net of amortization adjustments for CMBS and CMBS IO and are not annualized in the calculation of effective yield.

(2) Includes Agency and non-Agency issued securities.

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Adjusted Net Interest Income for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

Management includes drop income from TBA dollar roll positions and net periodic interest benefit/cost of interest rate swaps in a non-GAAP financial measure “adjusted net interest income” when evaluating the economic performance of its investments and financings. Please refer to “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” at the end of “Executive Overview” of this Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

	Three Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020				2019
($ in thousands)	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Net interest income	$	16,713	1.96	%	$	13,246	0.82	%
Add: TBA drop income (1) (2)	6,087		0.09	%	1,404		—	%
Add: net periodic interest (cost) benefit (3)	(371)		(0.05)	%	3,966		0.32	%
Adjusted net interest income	$	22,429	2.00	%	$	18,616	1.14	%
	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020				2019
	Amount		Rate		Amount		Rate
Net interest income	$	49,437	1.69	%	$	39,862	0.87	%
Add: TBA drop income (1) (2)	8,622		0.02	%	4,649		(0.03)	%
Add: net periodic interest benefit (3)	1,586		0.06	%	11,416		0.33	%
De-designated cash flow hedge accretion (4)	—		—	%	(165)		—	%
Adjusted net interest income	$	59,645	1.77	%	$	55,762	1.17	%

(1) TBA drop income is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

(2) The impact of TBA drop income on adjusted net interest spread includes the implied average funding cost of TBA dollar roll transactions during the periods indicated.

(3) Amount represents net periodic interest cost/benefit of effective interest rate swaps outstanding during the period and excludes realized and unrealized gains and losses from changes in fair value of derivatives.

(4) Amount recorded as a portion of "interest expense" in accordance with GAAP related to the accretion of the balance remaining in accumulated other comprehensive loss as a result of the Company's discontinuation of cash flow hedge accounting effective June 30, 2013.

Adjusted net interest income increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in 2019 due primarily to an increase in TBA drop income. We increased our investment in TBA securities because the financing costs imputed in TBA dollar roll transactions for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 were lower than the average repurchase agreement financing rate, which is commonly referred to in the industry as TBA dollar rolls “trading special” or “dollar roll specialness”. Dollar roll specialness happens primarily as a result of supply/demand imbalances or volatility in market prepayment expectations, and in our view, the pace of bank and Federal Reserve

37

purchases was the most significant contributor during the third quarter of 2020, resulting in an implied negative financing cost. The table summarizes information related to our TBA net spreads for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
TBA implied asset yield (1)	1.73	%	3.44	%	1.85	%	3.53	%
TBA implied funding cost (2)	(0.48)	%	2.36	%	0.04	%	2.56	%
TBA net yield (3)	2.21	%	1.08	%	1.81	%	0.97	%

(1)    Asset yield for TBA securities is extrapolated by adding average cost (see footnote 2) to the net yield (see footnote 3).

(2)    TBA implied funding cost for dollar roll transactions is determined using the “price drop” between the near settling TBA contract and the price for the same contract with a later settlement date and market-based assumptions regarding the “cheapest-to-deliver” collateral that can satisfy the TBA contract, such as the security’s coupon, maturity, and projected prepayment rate anticipated for the collateral.

(3)    TBA net yield is calculated by dividing total drop income from TBA dollar roll positions by the average TBA long position outstanding during the period.

Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments, Net

Investments are sold in the ordinary course of business as we manage our risk, capital and liquidity profiles, and as we reallocate capital to various investments. When interest rates rallied early to mid-March of 2020 as the markets initially responded to the COVID-19 pandemic, we chose to realize gains on our Agency RMBS as asset prices began to fall and we de-levered our balance sheet. We used a portion of those proceeds to re-invest in Agency CMBS, the majority of which we have sold in subsequent quarters in order to realize gains as asset premiums increased due to spread tightening and to shift our portfolio allocation back to predominantly Agency RMBS. None of our investment sales during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019 were made under duress. The following tables provide information related to our realized gains (losses) on sales of investments for the periods indicated (1):

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	Three Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020				2019
($ in thousands)	Amortized cost basis sold		Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net		Amortized cost basis sold		Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net
Agency RMBS	$	—	$	1	$	586,748	$	4,458
Agency CMBS	382,250		20,845		—		—
Agency CMBS IO	—		—		9,161		147
	$	382,250	$	20,846	$	595,909	$	4,605
	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020				2019
($ in thousands)	Amortized cost basis sold		Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net		Amortized cost basis sold		Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net
Agency RMBS	$	2,112,132	$	75,824	$	796,194	$	506
Agency CMBS	1,992,194		222,904		219,692		(6,493)
Agency CMBS IO	—		—		22,936		232
	$	4,104,326	$	298,728	$	1,038,822	$	(5,755)

(1) Information regarding unrealized gains (losses) on investments during the periods indicated are included under "Results

of Operations-Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)" within this Item 2.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net

Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments and net periodic interest benefits/costs are impacted by changing market interest rates and adjustments that we may make to our hedging positions in any given period. Because of the changes made to our derivatives portfolio from one reporting period to the next, results of any given reporting period are generally not comparable to results of another.

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The following table provides information on our financial instruments accounted for as derivative instruments for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
($ in thousands)	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest rate derivatives:
Interest rate swaps:
Net periodic interest (cost) benefit	$	(371)	$	3,966	$	1,586	$	11,416
Change in fair value (1)	1,282		(56,874)		(184,527)		(260,302)
Total interest rate swap gain (loss), net	911		(52,908)		(182,941)		(248,886)
Interest rate swaptions:
Change in fair value (1)	411		(4,329)		(162)		(4,329)
Futures:
Change in fair value (1)	(6,517)		1,712		(25,140)		1,501
Total interest rate derivative loss, net	(5,195)		(55,525)		(208,243)		(251,714)
TBA dollar roll positions:
Change in fair value (2)	12,737		3,412		27,280		17,124
TBA drop income (3)	6,087		1,404		8,622		4,649
Total TBA dollar roll gain, net	18,824		4,816		35,902		21,773
Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Change in fair value (1)	(5,655)		—		(23,815)		—
Total gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	$	7,974	$	(50,709)	$	(196,156)	$	(229,941)

(1) Changes in fair value for interest rate derivatives and options include unrealized gains (losses) from current and forward starting derivative instruments and realized gains (losses) from terminated derivative instruments.

(2) Changes in fair value for TBA dollar roll positions include unrealized gains (losses) from open TBA contracts and realized gains (losses) on paired off or terminated positions.

(3) TBA drop income represents a portion of the change in fair value and is calculated by multiplying the notional amount of the net TBA dollar roll positions by the difference in price between two TBA securities with the same terms but different settlement dates.

Gain on derivative instruments, net for the quarter ended September 30, 2020 was driven by favorable TBA dollar roll conditions as discussed above and increased TBA investing in 2020 versus 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the bulk of the loss on derivative instruments was incurred in the first quarter as a result of the rapid decline in interest rates during that period. As a result of terminations of interest rate swaps over 2020, our net periodic interest (cost) benefit from interest rate swaps for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 decreased to a net cost of $(0.4) million and net benefit of $1.6 million, respectively, compared to net benefits of $4.0 million and $11.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The table below shows our interest rate swap hedge position as a percentage of our average repurchase agreement borrowings and long TBAs outstanding and details about our net receive rates for the periods indicated:

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	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
($ in thousands)	2020			2019			2020			2019
Average repurchase agreement borrowings outstanding	$	2,984,946		$	4,955,825		$	3,420,489		$	4,487,137
Average TBA long positions outstanding - at cost (1)	1,075,352			508,329			625,209			635,243
Average borrowings and TBA long positions outstanding	4,060,298			5,464,154			4,045,698			5,122,380
Average notional amount of interest rate swaps outstanding	357,989			3,096,957			1,200,109			4,001,777
Ratio of average interest rate swaps to average borrowings and TBA long positions outstanding (1)	0.1			0.6			0.3			0.8
Average interest rate swap pay-fixed rate	(0.78)		%	(1.83)		%	(1.41)		%	(2.21)		%
Average interest rate swap receive-floating rate	0.35		%	2.30		%	1.57		%	2.57		%
Average interest rate swap net (pay) receive rate	(0.43)		%	0.47		%	0.16		%	0.36		%

(1) TBA long positions are included in this ratio because we use interest rate swaps to hedge a portion of the impact of changing interest rates on the fair value and implied financing cost of our TBA long positions and our repurchase agreement financing costs.

Changes in fair value of our derivative instruments consist of unrealized gains (losses) on instruments held as of the end of the period and realized gains (losses) from instruments terminated or paired off during the period. The following tables provide information regarding realized gains (losses) on derivative instruments for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
($ in thousands)	Realized Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)		Realized Gain (Loss)
Interest rate swaps	$	(2,212)	$	(63,764)	$	(185,985)	$	(212,510)
Interest rate swaptions	—		(4,246)		(1,934)		(4,246)
U.S. Treasury futures	(5,562)		682		(19,976)		(645)
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	(5,736)		—		(19,724)		—
TBA long positions	20,113		2,822		43,309		25,781
TBA short positions	—		604		(11,016)		604
Total	$	6,603	$	(63,902)	$	(195,326)	$	(191,016)

Please refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for information regarding recognition of deferred tax hedge losses for terminated derivative instruments.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased $1.0 million and $2.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 due primarily to an increase in the accrual for incentive compensation related to changes to the executive compensation plan and an increase in the expected achievement of goals on which bonuses are based.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

 Our primary sources of liquidity include borrowings under repurchase arrangements and monthly principal and interest payments we receive on our investments. Additional sources may also include proceeds from the sale of investments, equity offerings, and payments received from counterparties for derivative instruments. We use our liquidity to purchase investments and to pay our operating expenses and dividends on our common and preferred stock. We also use our liquidity to meet margin requirements for our repurchase agreements and derivative transactions, including TBA contracts, under the terms of the related agreements. We may also periodically use liquidity to repurchase shares of the Company’s stock.

Our liquidity fluctuates based on our investment activities, our financing and capital raising activities, and changes in the fair value of our investments and derivative instruments. Our most liquid assets include unrestricted cash and cash equivalents and unencumbered Agency RMBS, CMBS, and CMBS IO which were $378.0 million as of September 30, 2020 compared to $224.0 million as of December 31, 2019.

We perform sensitivity analysis on our liquidity based on changes in the fair value of our investments due to, among other things, changes in the absolute level of interest rates and the shape of the yield curve, credit spreads, lender haircuts, and prepayment speeds as well as changes in the fair value of our derivative instruments due to changes in the absolute level of interest rates and the shape of the yield curve. In performing this analysis, we will also consider the current state of the fixed income markets and the repurchase agreement markets in order to determine if market forces such as supply-demand imbalances or structural changes to these markets could change the liquidity of MBS or the availability of financing. The objective of our analysis is to assess the adequacy of our liquidity to withstand potential adverse events, such as the current pandemic. We may change our leverage targets based on market conditions and our perceptions of the liquidity of our investments. Due to our recent sales of Agency CMBS which resulted in payoff of related repurchase agreement financing late in the third quarter, our leverage including TBA positions was 6.2x shareholders’ equity as of September 30, 2020. Management expects leverage to increase in the near term as we continue to increase our investment in TBA securities due to the flexibility it offers in terms of liquidity and as long as its implied financing cost remains low.

Our weighted average haircut for borrowings collateralized with CMBS IO increased to 15.6% as of September 30, 2020 compared to 12.8% as of December 31, 2019 as certain repurchase agreement counterparties have increased their required haircut for CMBS IO between 5% and 10% since the onset of the pandemic. Our weighted average haircut for borrowings collateralized with Agency CMBS or RMBS was 4.7% as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

 Our repurchase agreement borrowings are principally uncommitted with terms renewable at the discretion of our lenders and have short-term maturities. As such, we attempt to maintain unused capacity under our existing repurchase agreement credit lines with multiple counterparties, which helps protect us in the event of a counterparty's failure to renew existing repurchase agreements. We have been able to renew repurchase agreement borrowings with our counterparties without exception throughout the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In addition, and as part of our continuous evaluation of counterparty risk, we reduced our exposure to favor broker dealer subsidiaries of regulated financial institutions whom we believe are better capitalized entities.

The following table presents information regarding the balances of our repurchase agreement borrowings for the periods indicated:

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	Repurchase Agreements
($ in thousands)	Balance Outstanding As of Quarter End		Average Balance Outstanding For the Quarter Ended		Maximum Balance Outstanding During the Quarter Ended
September 30, 2020	$	2,594,683	$	2,984,946	$	3,314,991
June 30, 2020	3,314,991		2,580,296		4,408,106
March 31, 2020	4,408,106		4,701,010		4,917,731
December 31, 2019	4,752,348		4,806,826		4,891,341
September 30, 2019	4,872,869		4,955,825		5,191,378

The counterparties with whom we have the greatest amounts of equity at risk may vary significantly during any given period due to the short-term and generally uncommitted nature of the repurchase agreement borrowings. Equity at risk represents the potential loss to the Company if the counterparty is unable or unwilling to return collateral securing the repurchase agreement borrowing at its maturity. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had repurchase agreement amounts outstanding with 19 of its 37 available repurchase agreement counterparties. Please refer to Note 3 of the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding counterparties with whom we have the greatest amount of equity at risk as of September 30, 2020.

We have various financial and operating covenants in certain of our repurchase agreements including, among other things, requirements that we maintain minimum shareholders' equity (usually a set minimum, or a percentage of the highest amount of shareholders' equity since the date of the agreement), limits on maximum decline in shareholders' equity (expressed as a percentage decline in any given period), limits on maximum leverage (as a multiple of shareholders' equity), and requirements to maintain our status as a REIT and to maintain our listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Violations of one or more of these covenants could result in the lender declaring an event of default which would result in the termination of the repurchase agreement and immediate acceleration of amounts due thereunder. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. Violations could also restrict us from paying dividends or engaging in other transactions that are necessary for us to maintain our REIT status.

We monitor and evaluate on an ongoing basis the impact these customary financial covenants may have on our operating and financing flexibility. Currently, we do not believe we are subject to any covenants that materially restrict our financing flexibility. Although the recent market disruption caused by the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the industry issues described above, we were in full compliance with our debt covenants as of September 30, 2020, and we are not aware of any circumstances which could potentially result in our non-compliance in the foreseeable future.

Derivative Instruments

We are party to certain types of financial instruments that are accounted for as derivative instruments including interest rate swaps, futures, options, and long and short positions in TBA securities. Certain of these derivative instruments may require us to post initial margin at inception and daily variation margin based on subsequent changes in their fair value. In the case of interest rate swaps, our clearing counterparty has the right to require higher initial margin in volatile market conditions. The collateral posted as margin by us is typically in the form of cash or Agency MBS. Counterparties may have to post variation margin to us. Generally, as interest rates decline, we will be required to post collateral with counterparties on our interest rate derivatives and vice versa as interest rates increase. As of September 30, 2020, we had cash of $26.0 million posted as collateral under these agreements.

Our TBA contracts are subject to master securities forward transaction agreements published by the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association as well as supplemental terms and conditions with each counterparty. Under the terms of these agreements, we may be required to pledge collateral to, or have the right to receive collateral from, our counterparties when initiated or in the event the fair value of our TBA contracts declines. Declines in the fair value of TBA

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contracts are generally related to such factors as rising interest rates, increases in expected prepayment speeds, or widening spreads. Our TBA contracts generally provide that valuations for our TBA contracts and any pledged collateral are to be obtained from a generally recognized source agreed to by both parties. However, in certain circumstances, our counterparties have the sole discretion to determine the value of the TBA contract and any pledged collateral. In such instances, our counterparties are required to act in good faith in making determinations of value. In the event of a margin call, we must generally provide additional collateral on the same business day.

Dividends

As a REIT, we are required to distribute to our shareholders amounts equal to at least 90% of our REIT taxable income for each taxable year after consideration of our tax NOL carryforwards, the majority of which expire by the end of this year. We generally fund our dividend distributions through our cash flows from operations. If we make dividend distributions in excess of our operating cash flows during the period, whether for purposes of meeting our REIT distribution requirements or other strategic reasons, those distributions are generally funded either through our existing cash balances or through the return of principal from our investments (either through repayment or sale). Please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as well as the following sections of our 2019 Form 10-K for additional important information regarding dividends declared on our taxable income:

•"Federal Income Tax Considerations" within Part I, Item 1, "Business”

•Part II, Item 5, "Market For Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer

Purchases of Equity Securities"

There may be differences between taxable income and GAAP net income due to timing differences in the recognition of certain revenues and expenses including, for example, losses we realize from terminating derivatives prior to their maturity, which occurs as part of our portfolio and hedge management activities. If any of our deferred tax hedge losses result in dividend distributions to our shareholders in excess of REIT taxable income, the excess dividends distributed will be considered a return of capital to the shareholder.

Contractual Obligations and Other Matters

There have been no material changes in our contractual obligations since December 31, 2019. As of September 30, 2020, we do not believe that any off-balance sheet arrangements exist that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our current or future financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity other than as discussed above. In addition, we do not have any material commitments for capital expenditures and have not obtained any commitments for funds to fulfill any capital obligations.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. Please refer to Note 1 of the Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained within Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based in large part upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base these estimates and judgments on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable under current facts and circumstances. Actual results, however, may differ from the estimated amounts we have recorded.

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that require management's most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, and which may result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. Our critical

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accounting policies are discussed in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2019 Form 10-K under “Critical Accounting Policies.” There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain written statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the 1933 Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Statements in this report addressing expectations, assumptions, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, future events, developments that we expect or anticipate will occur in the future, and future operating results, capital management, and dividend policy are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are based upon management’s beliefs, assumptions, and expectations as of the date of this report regarding future events and operating performance, taking into account all information currently available to us, and are applicable only as of the date of this report. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by use of words such as “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “plan”, “may”, “will”, “intend”, “should”, “could” or similar expressions. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements, which are not historical facts and may be based on projections, assumptions, expectations, and anticipated events that do not materialize. Except as required by law, we are not obligated to, and do not intend to, update or revise any forward-looking statement whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.

Forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may include, but are not limited to statements about:

•Our business and investment strategy including our ability to generate acceptable risk-adjusted returns and our target investment allocations, and our views on the future performance of MBS and other investments;

•Our views on the macroeconomic environment, monetary and fiscal policy, and conditions in the investment, credit, and derivatives markets;

•Our views on the effect of actual or proposed actions of the U.S. Federal Reserve, the Federal Reserve’s Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”), or other central banks with respect to monetary policy (including the targeted Federal Funds Rate), and the potential impact of these actions on interest rates, inflation or unemployment;

•The effect of regulatory initiatives of the Federal Reserve (including the FOMC), other financial regulators, and other central banks;

•Our financing strategy including our target leverage ratios, our use of TBA dollar roll transactions, and anticipated trends in financing costs including TBA dollar roll transaction costs, and our hedging strategy including changes to the derivative instruments to which we are a party, and changes to government regulation of hedging instruments and our use of these instruments;

•Our investment portfolio composition and target investments;

•Our investment portfolio performance, including the fair value, yields, and forecasted prepayment speeds of our investments;

•The impact of COVID-19 on the economy, as well as certain actions taken by federal, state and local governments in response to the pandemic, on delinquencies in loans underlying our investments;

•Our liquidity and ability to access financing, and the anticipated availability and cost of financing;

•Our capital stock activity including the impact of stock issuances and repurchases;

•The amount, timing, and funding of future dividends;

•Our use of and restrictions on using our tax NOL carryforward;

•The status of pending litigation;

•The competitive environment in the future, including competition for investments and the availability of financing;

•Estimates of future interest expenses, including related to the Company’s repurchase agreements and derivative instruments;

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•The status and effect of legislative reforms and regulatory rule-making or review processes, and the status of reform efforts and other business developments in the repurchase agreement financing market;

•Market, industry and economic trends, and how these trends and related economic data may impact the behavior of market participants and financial regulators; and

•Market interest rates and market spreads; and

•Possible future effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Not all of these risks and other factors are known to us. New risks and uncertainties arise over time, and it is not possible to predict those events or how they may affect us. The projections, assumptions, expectations or beliefs upon which the forward-looking statements are based can also change as a result of these risks or other factors. If such a risk or other factor materializes in future periods, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations may vary materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements.

While it is not possible to identify all factors that may cause actual results to differ from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, or that may cause our projections, assumptions, expectations or beliefs to change, some of those factors include the following:

•the risks and uncertainties referenced in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, especially those incorporated by reference into Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors”, and in particular the potential adverse effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and any governmental or societal responses thereto,

•our ability to find suitable reinvestment opportunities;

•changes in domestic economic conditions;

•changes in interest rates and interest rate spreads, including the repricing of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities;

•our investment portfolio performance particularly as it relates to cash flow, prepayment rates and credit performance;

•the impact on markets and asset prices from changes in the Federal Reserve’s policies regarding the purchases of Agency RMBS, Agency CMBS, and U.S. Treasuries;

•actual or anticipated changes in Federal Reserve monetary policy or the monetary policy of other central banks;

•adverse reactions in U.S. financial markets related to actions of foreign central banks or the economic performance of foreign economies including in particular China, Japan, the European Union, and the United Kingdom;

•uncertainty concerning the long-term fiscal health and stability of the United States;

•the cost and availability of financing, including the future availability of financing due to changes to regulation of, and capital requirements imposed upon, financial institutions;

•the cost and availability of new equity capital;

•changes in our use of leverage;

•changes to our investment strategy, operating policies, dividend policy or asset allocations;

•the quality of performance of third-party servicer providers of our loans and loans underlying our securities;

•the level of defaults by borrowers on loans we have securitized;

•changes in our industry;

•increased competition;

•changes in government regulations affecting our business;

•changes or volatility in the repurchase agreement financing markets and other credit markets;

•changes to the market for interest rate swaps and other derivative instruments, including changes to margin requirements on derivative instruments;

•uncertainty regarding continued government support of the U.S. financial system and U.S. housing and real estate markets, or to reform the U.S. housing finance system including the resolution of the conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac;

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•the composition of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System;

•systems failures or cybersecurity incidents; and

•exposure to current and future claims and litigation.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk is the exposure to losses resulting from changes in market factors. Our business strategy exposes us to a variety of market risks, including interest rate, spread, prepayment, credit, and liquidity risks. These risks can and do cause fluctuations in our liquidity, comprehensive income and book value as discussed below.

Interest Rate Risk

Investing in interest-rate sensitive investments such as MBS and TBA securities subjects us to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk results from investing in securities that have a fixed coupon or when the coupon may not immediately adjust for changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk also results from the mismatch between the duration of our assets versus the duration of our liabilities and hedges.

We attempt to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates by entering into interest rate hedging instruments. These instruments help offset the impact of changing interest rates on the market value of our assets and our financing costs. Changes in interest rates impact us in a variety of ways. The amount of the impact will depend on the composition of our portfolio, our hedging strategy, the effectiveness of our hedging instruments as well as the magnitude and the duration of the increase in interest rates.

We manage interest rate risk within tolerances set by our Board of Directors. Our hedging techniques are highly complex and are partly based on assumed levels of prepayments of our assets. If prepayments are slower or faster than assumed, the maturity our investments will also differ from our expectations, which could reduce the effectiveness of our hedging strategies and may cause losses on such transactions and adversely affect our cash flow. Estimates of prepayment speeds can vary significantly by investor for the same security, and therefore estimates of security and portfolio duration can vary significantly.

Changes in types of our investments, the returns earned on these investments, future interest rates, credit spreads, the shape of the yield curve, the availability of financing, and/or the mix of our investments and financings including derivative instruments may cause actual results to differ significantly from the modeled results shown in the tables below. There can be no assurance that assumed events used to model the results shown below will occur, or that other events will not occur, that will affect the outcomes; therefore, the modeled results shown in the tables below and all related disclosures constitute forward-looking statements.

The table below shows the projected sensitivity of our net interest income and net periodic interest benefit/cost on our interest rate swaps as of the dates indicated assuming an instantaneous parallel shift in interest rates:

	Projected Change in Net Interest Income and Net Periodic Interest Benefit/Cost Due To
	Decrease (1) in Interest Rates of				Increase in Interest Rates of
	50 Basis Points		25 Basis Points		25 Basis Points		50 Basis Points
September 30, 2020	—	%	—	%	(5.3)	%	(11.6)	%
December 31, 2019	2.3	%	1.3	%	(2.2)	%	(4.8)	%

(1) The minimum financing rate used in the model for projected results as of September 30, 2020 is 0%.

The projected sensitivity to changes in interest rates on our net interest income and net periodic interest benefit/cost from interest rate swaps shown in the table above as of September 30, 2020 for an increasing interest environment has substantially changed since December 31, 2019. We have terminated the majority of our interest rate swaps in 2020 due to the significant rally in interest rates, limiting net interest income protection as interest rates increase. Given current FOMC monetary policy, management anticipates more stable funding costs in the near-term, and as such, we shifted our interest rate

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hedging strategy to include options and futures with the principal intention of capital (book value) preservation as shown in the two tables below. The table also reflects that no material change in net interest income is expected in a declining interest rate environment as the benefit of lower interest rates is offset by anticipated faster prepayment speeds on Agency RMBS.

The table below shows the projected sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments(1) and the percentage change in shareholders’ equity assuming an instantaneous parallel shift in market interest rates as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020
	Decrease in Interest Rates of								Increase in Interest Rates of
	100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1)	% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity
RMBS	1.0	%	6.9	%	0.9	%	6.1	%	(1.7)	%	(12.3)	%	(3.9)	%	(28.0)	%
CMBS	0.3	%	2.1	%	0.2	%	1.8	%	(0.3)	%	(2.0)	%	(0.5)	%	(3.9)	%
CMBS IO	0.1	%	0.9	%	0.1	%	0.8	%	(0.2)	%	(1.2)	%	(0.3)	%	(2.4)	%
TBAs	0.4	%	3.0	%	0.4	%	2.7	%	(0.9)	%	(6.2)	%	(2.0)	%	(14.2)	%
Interest rate hedges	(1.6)	%	(11.7)	%	(1.6)	%	(11.6)	%	3.0	%	21.2	%	6.8	%	48.4	%
Total	0.2	%	1.2	%	—	%	(0.2)	%	(0.1)	%	(0.5)	%	0.1	%	(0.1)	%
	December 31, 2019
	Decrease in Interest Rates by								Increase in Interest Rates by
	100 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				50 Basis Points				100 Basis Points
Type of Instrument (1)	% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity		% of Market Value		% of Common Equity
RMBS	0.4	%	5.3	%	0.5	%	5.9	%	(0.9)	%	(11.0)	%	(2.1)	%	(25.8)	%
CMBS	3.3	%	41.1	%	1.6	%	20.0	%	(1.5)	%	(19.1)	%	(3.0)	%	(37.2)	%
CMBS IO	0.3	%	3.3	%	0.1	%	1.6	%	(0.1)	%	(1.6)	%	(0.2)	%	(3.1)	%
TBAs	0.1	%	1.4	%	0.1	%	0.7	%	(0.1)	%	(0.8)	%	(0.1)	%	(1.5)	%
Interest rate hedges	(3.0)	%	(37.3)	%	(1.5)	%	(18.6)	%	2.3	%	29.4	%	5.2	%	65.5	%
Total	1.1	%	13.8	%	0.8	%	9.6	%	(0.3)	%	(3.1)	%	(0.2)	%	(2.1)	%

(1)Changes in market value of our financings are excluded because they are not carried at fair value on our balance sheet. The projections for market value do not assume any change in credit spreads.

Management also considers changes in the shape of the interest rate curves in assessing and managing portfolio interest rate risk. Often interest rates do not move in a parallel fashion from quarter to quarter. The table below shows the percentage change in projected market value of our financial instruments (1) for instantaneous changes in the shape of the U.S. Treasury (“UST”) curve (with similar changes to the interest rate swap curves) as of the dates indicated:

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		September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
Basis Point Change in		Percentage Change in				Percentage Change in
2-year UST	10-year UST	Market Value of Investments (1)		Common Equity		Market Value of Investments (1)		Common Equity
+25	+50	(0.1)	%	(0.6)	%	(0.3)	%	(4.1)	%
+50	+25	(0.3)	%	(2.3)	%	(0.2)	%	(2.6)	%
+50	+100	—	%	(0.2)	%	(0.4)	%	(4.7)	%
-25	0	0.3	%	2.3	%	—	%	(0.4)	%
-25	-75	0.2	%	1.1	%	1.0	%	12.7	%
-50	-10	0.3	%	2.3	%	0.1	%	1.4	%

(1)Includes changes in market value of our investments and derivative instruments, including TBA securities, but excludes changes in market value of our financings which are not carried at fair value on our balance sheet due to their short-term maturities. The projections for market value do not assume any change in credit spreads.

Spread Risk

Spread risk is the risk of loss from an increase in the market spread between the yield on an investment versus its benchmark index. Changes in market spreads represent the market's valuation of the perceived riskiness of an asset relative to risk-free rates, and widening spreads reduce the market value of our investments as market participants require additional yield to hold riskier assets. Market spreads could change based on macroeconomic or systemic factors as well as the factors specific to a particular security such as prepayment performance or credit performance. Other factors that could impact credit spreads include technical issues such as supply and demand for a particular type of security or FOMC monetary policy. Likewise, most of our investments are fixed-rate or reset in rate over a period of time, and as interest rates rise, we would expect the market value of these investments to decrease. We do not hedge spread risk given the complexity of hedging credit spreads and in our opinion, the lack of liquid instruments available to use as hedges.

Fluctuations in spreads typically vary based on the type of investment. Sensitivity to changes in market spreads is derived from models that are dependent on various assumptions, and actual changes in market value in response to changes in market spreads could differ materially from the projected sensitivity if actual conditions differ from these assumptions.

The Company's exposure to changes to market spreads did not materially shift as of September 30, 2020 versus December 31, 2019. The table below shows the projected sensitivity of the market value of our investments (1) given the indicated change in market spreads as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Percentage Change in				Percentage Change in
Basis Point Change in Market Spreads	Market Value of Investments (1)		Common Equity		Market Value of Investments (1)		Common Equity
+20/+50 (2)	(1.4)	%	(10.1)	%	(1.2)	%	(15.7)	%
+10	(0.7)	%	(4.6)	%	(0.6)	%	(7.3)	%
-10	0.7	%	4.6	%	0.6	%	7.7	%
-20/-50 (2)	1.4	%	10.1	%	1.3	%	16.4	%

(1) Includes changes in market value of our MBS investments, including TBA securities.

(2) Assumes a 20-basis point shift in Agency and non-Agency RMBS and CMBS and a 50-basis point shift in Agency

and non-Agency CMBS IO.

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Prepayment Risk

Prepayment risk is the risk of an early, unscheduled return of principal on an investment. We are subject to prepayment risk from premiums paid on investments, which are amortized as a reduction in interest income using the effective yield method under GAAP. Our comprehensive income and book value per common share may also be negatively impacted by prepayments if the fair value of the investment materially exceeds the par balance of the underlying security. Principal prepayments on our investments are influenced by changes in market interest rates and a variety of economic, geographic, government policy and other factors beyond our control, including GSE policy with respect to loan forbearance and delinquent loan buy-outs. The recently enacted FHFA Adverse Market Refinance Fee which raises mortgage rates by 0.125% for all but the highest quality borrowers is another example of government policy which we believe may reduce prepayments.

Loans underlying our CMBS and CMBS IO securities typically have some form of prepayment protection provisions (such as prepayment lock-outs) or prepayment compensation provisions (such as yield maintenance or prepayment penalties). Because CMBS IO consist of rights to interest on the underlying commercial mortgage loan pools and do not have rights to principal payments on the underlying loans, prepayment risk on these securities is particularly acute without these prepayment protection provisions. There are no prepayment protections if the loan defaults and is partially or wholly repaid earlier as a result of loss mitigation actions taken by the underlying loan servicer. The slowdown in economic activity experienced at the end of the first quarter and beginning of the second quarter as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as certain actions taken by federal, state and local governments in response, could lead to an increase in defaults in loans underlying our CMBS IO, particularly loans in non-Agency CMBS IO securities which are collateralized by income producing properties such as retail shopping centers, hotels. multifamily apartments and office buildings. Over the last several years, we have not experienced material defaults on CMBS IO loans in our portfolio; however, the ultimate impact on the economy and commercial real estate performance and market values from the COVID-19 pandemic, and correspondingly loan defaults, is currently unknown. Please refer to “Financial Condition-CMBS IO” for additional information.

We seek to manage our prepayment risk on our MBS by diversifying our investments, seeking investments which we believe will have superior prepayment performance, and investing in securities which have some sort of prepayment prohibition or yield maintenance (as is the case with CMBS and CMBS IO). With respect to RMBS, we have invested substantially in lower coupon securities, with approximately 87% of our capital allocated in 2.0% and 2.5% coupon Agency RMBS as of September 30, 2020. We also tend to favor securities in which we believe the underlying borrowers have some disincentive to refinance as a result of the size of each loan’s principal balance, credit characteristics of the borrower, or geographic location of the property, among other factors, which we estimate represents approximately 90% of our Agency RMBS investment as of September 30, 2020.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is the risk that we will not receive all contractual amounts due on investments that we own due to default by the borrower or due to a deficiency in proceeds from the liquidation of the collateral securing the obligation. Credit losses on loans could result in lower or negative yields on our investments.

Agency RMBS and Agency CMBS have credit risk to the extent that Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac fails to remit payments on the MBS for which they have issued a guaranty of payment. Given the improved financial performance and conservatorship of these entities and the continued support of the U.S. government, we believe this risk is low.

As noted above, Agency and non-Agency CMBS IO represent the right to excess interest and not principal on the underlying loans. These securities are exposed to the loss of investment basis in the event a loan collateralizing the security liquidates without paying yield maintenance or prepayment penalty. This will typically occur when the underlying loan is in default and proceeds from the disposition of the loan collateral are insufficient to pay the prepayment consideration. To mitigate credit risk of investing in CMBS IO, we invest in primarily AAA-rated securities in senior tranches, which means we receive the highest payment priority and are the last to absorb losses in the event of a shortfall in cash flows.

50

Liquidity Risk

We have liquidity risk principally from the use of recourse repurchase agreements to finance our ownership of securities. Our repurchase agreements are renewable at the discretion of our lenders and do not contain guaranteed roll-over terms. If we fail to repay the lender at maturity, the lender has the right to immediately sell the collateral and pursue us for any shortfall if the sales proceeds are inadequate to cover the repurchase agreement financing. In addition, declines in the market value of our investments pledged as collateral for repurchase agreement borrowings may result in counterparties initiating margin calls for additional collateral.

Our use of TBA long positions as a means of investing in and financing Agency RMBS also exposes us to liquidity risk in the event that we are unable to roll or terminate our TBA contracts prior to their settlement date. If we are unable to roll or terminate our TBA long positions, we could be required to take physical delivery of the underlying securities and settle our obligations for cash, which could negatively impact our liquidity position or force us to sell assets under adverse conditions if financing is not available to us on acceptable terms.

For further information, including how we attempt to mitigate liquidity risk and monitor our liquidity position and in particular, during the current economic crisis, please refer to “Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Item 2 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Reinvestment Risk

We are subject to reinvestment risk as a result of the prepayment, repayment and sales of our investments. In order to maintain our investment portfolio size and our earnings, we need to reinvest capital received from these events into new interest-earning assets or TBA securities. Market yields on new investments are substantially lower than the investments we sold in March. As such, we expect new assets that we add at lower yields than the investments sold will lower our interest income in the near future. In addition, based on market conditions, our leverage, and our liquidity profile, we may decide to not reinvest the cash flows we receive from our investment portfolio even when attractive reinvestment opportunities are available, or we may decide to reinvest in assets with lower yield but greater liquidity. If we retain capital or pay dividends to return capital to shareholders rather than reinvest capital, or if we invest capital in lower yielding assets for liquidity reasons, the size of our investment portfolio and the amount of income generated by our investment portfolio will likely decline.

ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management evaluated, with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2020 to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2020 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II.    OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the litigation filed by Basic Capital Management, Inc., et al. (the “DCI Plaintiffs”) against the Company and DCI Commercial, Inc. (“DCI”), a former affiliate of the Company and formerly known as Dynex Commercial, Inc., regarding the activities of DCI while it was an operating subsidiary of an affiliate of the Company discussed in the Company’s 2019 Form 10-K (the “DCI Litigation”), on October 2, 2020 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (the “Fifth Circuit”) affirmed the dismissal of the DCI Plaintiffs’ fraudulent transfer and alter ego claims by the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas. The DCI Plaintiffs did not file for a rehearing before the full Fifth Circuit within the allowed timeframe, but they may still appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.

With respect to the separate claim filed by the receiver for one of the DCI Plaintiffs in the DCI Litigation against the Company seeking payment of $11.3 million, alleging that the Company breached a litigation cost sharing agreement, as amended, entered into initially in December 2000 between the Company and DCI, which is also discussed in the Company’s 2019 Form 10-K (the "Receiver Litigation”), there were no material developments during the three months ended September 30, 2020.

The Company records a contingent liability when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a loss has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. After consultation with litigation counsel, the Company believes, based upon information currently available and its evaluation of Texas and Virginia law, as applicable, that the likelihood of loss in connection with the DCI Litigation is remote and that the likelihood of loss in connection with the Receiver Litigation is not probable, and given the range of potential claims for damages by the Company to offset the Receiver's claims, the amount of possible loss in the Receiver Litigation cannot be reasonably estimated and, therefore, no contingent liability has been recorded for either matter.

The Company believes that the above matters will be resolved without a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements as a whole. The outcome, however, of any legal proceeding, including the above matters, cannot be predicted with certainty. As such, no assurances can be given that the Company will be successful in its defense of these actions on the merits or otherwise. If the Company is not successful in its defense efforts, the resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements in a given future reporting period.

Other than as described above, to the Company’s knowledge, there are no pending or threatened legal proceedings, the resolution of which, in management’s opinion, individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations or financial condition.

ITEM 1A.     RISK FACTORS

Risks and uncertainties identified in our forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q together with those previously disclosed in the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020 or those that are presently unforeseen could result in significant adverse effects on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Forward-Looking Statements” contained in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

    On April 14, 2020, the Company was authorized by its Board of Directors to spend up to $40 million to repurchase outstanding shares of common stock through March 31, 2022. The April 2020 authorization superseded the prior repurchase authorization in its entirety. Subject to applicable securities laws and the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock and the Series

52

C Preferred Stock, both of which are contained in our Articles of Incorporation, future repurchases of common stock will be made at times and in amounts as the Company deems appropriate, provided that the repurchase price per share is less than the Company's estimate of the current net book value of a share of common stock. Repurchases may be suspended or discontinued at any time. The following table summarizes repurchases of our common stock that occurred during the three months ended September 30, 2020:

	Total Number of Shares	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
					($ in thousands)
July 1 - 31, 2020	—	$	—	—	$	39,834
August 1 - 31, 2020	—	—		—	39,834
September 1 - 30, 2020(1)	598	—		—	39,834
	598	$	—	—

(1) These shares were withheld from certain employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising upon the vesting of restricted shares. Accordingly, these shares are not included in the calculation of approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the $40 million repurchase plan authorized by the Company's Board of Directors.

On April 14, 2020, the Company was also authorized by its Board of Directors to spend up to $40 million to repurchase outstanding shares of Preferred Stock through March 31, 2022.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

None.

53

ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

Exhibit No.	Description
3.1	Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective June 2, 2014 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed September 17, 2014).
3.1.1	Articles of Amendment of the Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective June 20, 2019 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1.1 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form 8-A12B/A filed June 24, 2019).
3.1.2	Articles of Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective February 18, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form 8-A12B filed February 18, 2020).
3.2	Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of June 9, 2020 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on June 9, 2020).
4.1	Specimen of Common Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Dynex's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2019).
4.3	Specimen of 7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 16, 2013).
4.4	Specimen of 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock Certificate (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Dynex's Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed February 18, 2020).
10.1	Amended and Restated Employment Agreement, dated as of August 31, 2020, between Dynex Capital, Inc. and Byron L. Boston (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Dynex's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 3, 2020).
10.2	Employment Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2020, between Dynex Capital, Inc. and Smriti L. Popenoe (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Dynex's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 3, 2020).
10.3	Employment Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2020, between Dynex Capital, Inc. and Stephen J. Benedetti (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Dynex's Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 3, 2020).
10.29.2	Amendment No. 2, dated August 4, 2020, to Equity Distribution Agreement by and among Dynex Capital, Inc., Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., and JonesTrading Institutional Services LLC (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.29.2 to Dynex’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 5, 2020).
31.1	Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
31.2	Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
32.1	Certification of principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith).
101	The following materials from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language), filed herewith: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iii) Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
104	The cover page from Dynex Capital, Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended September 30, 2020, formatted in iXBRL (Inline Extensible Business Reporting Language) (included with Exhibit 101).

54

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Date:	November 3, 2020	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Chief Executive Officer, President,
		Co-Chief Investment Officer, and Director
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date:	November 3, 2020	/s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
		Stephen J. Benedetti
		Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

55

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Byron L. Boston, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 3, 2020
		/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Principal Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATIONS

I, Stephen J. Benedetti, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 3, 2020
		/s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
		Stephen J. Benedetti
		Principal Financial Officer

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

In connection with the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Dynex Capital, Inc. (the “Company”) for the three months ended September 30, 2020, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), the undersigned, as the Principal Executive Officer of the Company and the Principal Financial Officer of the Company, respectively, certify, pursuant to and for purposes of 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that to their knowledge:

(1)The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2)The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date:	November 3, 2020	/s/ Byron L. Boston
		Byron L. Boston
		Principal Executive Officer
Date:	November 3, 2020	/s/ Stephen J. Benedetti
		Stephen J. Benedetti
		Principal Financial Officer

XML

Document and Entity Information Document and Entity Information - $ / shares	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Oct. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Document Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2020
Entity File Number	1-9819
Entity Registrant Name	DYNEX CAPITAL, INC.
Entity Central Index Key	0000826675
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	VA
Entity Tax Identification Number	52-1549373
Entity Address, Address Line One	4991 Lake Brook Drive, Suite 100
Entity Address, Address Line Two	4991 Lake Brook Drive, Suite 100
Entity Address, City or Town	Glen Allen,
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	23060-9245
City Area Code	(804)
Local Phone Number	217-5800
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2020
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Amendment Flag	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		23,144,606
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DX
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Series B Preferred Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DXPRB
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Series C Preferred Stock
Document Information [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share
Trading Symbol	DXPRC
Security Exchange Name	NYSE

XML

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 158,897	$ 62,582
Restricted cash	26,006	71,648
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $2,766,132 and $5,024,625, respectively), at fair value	2,995,660	5,188,163
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	6,921	0
Other Investments and Securities, at Cost	0	9,405
Receivable for securities sold	1,145	0
Derivative assets	4,266	4,290
Accrued interest receivable	15,340	26,209
Other assets, net	6,804	8,307
Total assets	3,215,039	5,370,604
Liabilities:
Repurchase agreements	2,594,683	4,752,348
Payable for unsettled securities	190	6,180
Non-recourse collateralized financing	645	2,733
Derivative liabilities	5,164	974
Accrued interest payable	1,059	15,585
Accrued dividends payable	5,755	6,280
Other liabilities	3,990	3,516
Total liabilities	2,611,486	4,787,616
Stockholders' Equity Attributable to Parent [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share; 50,000,000 shares authorized; 7,248,330 and 6,788,330 shares issued and outstanding, respectively ($181,208 and $169,708 aggregate liquidation preference, respectively)	174,709	162,807
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 90,000,000 shares authorized; 23,145,238 and 22,945,993 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	231	229
Additional paid-in capital	859,089	858,347
Accumulated other comprehensive income	88,729	173,806
Accumulated deficit	(519,205)	(612,201)
Total shareholders’ equity	603,553	582,988
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$ 3,215,039	$ 5,370,604

XML

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) shares in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Interest income	$ 20,088,000	$ 44,502,000	$ 79,764,000	$ 128,207,000
Interest expense	3,375,000	31,256,000	30,327,000	88,345,000
Net interest income	16,713,000	13,246,000	49,437,000	39,862,000
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	(7,974,000)	50,709,000	196,156,000	229,941,000
Gain (loss) on sale of investments, net	20,846,000	4,605,000	298,728,000	(5,755,000)
Fair value adjustments, net	194,000	(13,000)	154,000	(42,000)
Other operating (expense) income, net	(207,000)	25,000	(852,000)	50,000
General and administrative expenses:
Compensation and benefits	(2,402,000)	(1,786,000)	(7,301,000)	(5,430,000)
Other general and administrative	(2,393,000)	(1,972,000)	(6,926,000)	(6,547,000)
Net income (loss)	40,725,000	(36,604,000)	137,084,000	(207,803,000)
Preferred stock dividends	(3,252,000)	(3,341,000)	(10,346,000)	(9,606,000)
Preferred stock redemption charge	0	0	3,914,000	0
Net income (loss) to common shareholders	37,473,000	(39,945,000)	122,824,000	(217,409,000)
Other comprehensive income:
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale investments, net	27,844,000	59,800,000	213,651,000	247,199,000
Reclassification adjustment for (gain) loss on sale of investments, net	(20,846,000)	(4,605,000)	(298,728,000)	5,755,000
Reclassification adjustment for de-designated cash flow hedges	0	0	0	(165,000)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	6,998,000	55,195,000	(85,077,000)	252,789,000
Comprehensive income to common shareholders	$ 44,471,000	$ 15,250,000	$ 37,747,000	$ 35,380,000
Net income (loss) per common share-basic and diluted	$ 1.62	$ (1.65)	$ 5.33	$ (9.12)
Weighted average common shares-basic and diluted	23,141	24,174	23,054	23,847

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Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity Statement - USD ($)	Total	Preferred Stock	Preferred Stock Including Additional Paid in Capital	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2018		5,954,594
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2018				20,939,073
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares		213,468		3,109,047
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization				50,821
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Shares Withheld for Tax Withholding Obligation				16,231
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2019		6,168,062
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2019				24,082,710
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 527,153,000		$ 142,883,000	$ 209,000	$ 818,861,000	$ (35,779,000)	$ (399,021,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	58,887,000		5,015,000	31,000	53,841,000
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	298,000			1,000	297,000
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(296,000)			0	(296,000)
Stock issuance costs	(212,000)				(212,000)
Net income (loss)	(52,214,000)						(52,214,000)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,059,000)						(3,059,000)
Dividends on common stock	(12,350,000)						(12,350,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	86,467,000					86,467,000
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	604,674,000		147,898,000	$ 241,000	872,491,000	50,688,000	(466,644,000)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2018		5,954,594
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2018				20,939,073
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2019		6,788,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2019				22,945,993
Balance at Dec. 31, 2018	527,153,000		142,883,000	$ 209,000	818,861,000	(35,779,000)	(399,021,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	(207,803,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	252,789,000
Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	584,447,000		162,807,000	$ 229,000	858,050,000	217,010,000	(653,649,000)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2019		6,168,062
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2019				24,082,710
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares		346,068		547,071
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization				17,183
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Jun. 30, 2019		6,514,130
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Jun. 30, 2019				24,646,964
Balance at Mar. 31, 2019	604,674,000		147,898,000	$ 241,000	872,491,000	50,688,000	(466,644,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	18,052,000		8,173,000	5,000	9,874,000
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	296,000			0	296,000
Stock issuance costs	(28,000)				(28,000)
Net income (loss)	(118,985,000)						(118,985,000)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,206,000)						(3,206,000)
Dividends on common stock	(13,292,000)						(13,292,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	111,127,000					111,127,000
Balance at Jun. 30, 2019	598,638,000		156,071,000	$ 246,000	882,633,000	161,815,000	(602,127,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares		274,200		8,300
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization				0
Stock Repurchased During Period, Shares				(1,709,271)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2019		6,788,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2019				22,945,993
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	6,873,000		6,736,000	$ 0	137,000
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	306,000			0	306,000
Stock Repurchased During Period, Value	(25,034,000)			17,000	(25,017,000)
Stock issuance costs	(9,000)				(9,000)
Net income (loss)	(36,604,000)						(36,604,000)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,341,000)						(3,341,000)
Dividends on common stock	(11,577,000)						(11,577,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	55,195,000					55,195,000
Balance at Sep. 30, 2019	$ 584,447,000		162,807,000	$ 229,000	858,050,000	217,010,000	(653,649,000)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2019	6,788,330	6,788,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2019	22,945,993			22,945,993
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares		4,460,000
Stock Redeemed or Called During Period, Shares		4,000,000
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization				67,511
Stock Repurchased During Period, Shares				(18,782)
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Shares Withheld for Tax Withholding Obligation				(12,744)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2020		7,248,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2020				22,981,978
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 582,988,000		162,807,000	$ 229,000	858,347,000	173,806,000	(612,201,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	107,988,000		107,988,000
Stock Redeemed or Called During Period, Value	100,000,000		96,086,000				3,914,000
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	307,000			1,000	306,000
Stock Repurchased During Period, Value	(206,000)			0	(206,000)
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(235,000)			0	(235,000)
Stock issuance costs	(9,000)				(9,000)
Net income (loss)	(98,479,000)						98,479,000
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,841,000)						(3,841,000)
Dividends on common stock	(10,330,000)						(10,330,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	72,972,000					72,972,000
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	$ 550,607,000		174,709,000	$ 230,000	858,203,000	246,778,000	(729,313,000)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2019	6,788,330	6,788,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Dec. 31, 2019	22,945,993			22,945,993
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2020	7,248,330	7,248,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2020	23,145,238			23,145,238
Balance at Dec. 31, 2019	$ 582,988,000		162,807,000	$ 229,000	858,347,000	173,806,000	(612,201,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	137,084,000
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(85,077,000)
Balance at Sep. 30, 2020	603,553,000		174,709,000	$ 231,000	859,089,000	88,729,000	(519,205,000)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2020		7,248,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Mar. 31, 2020				22,981,978
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization				172,782
Stock Repurchased During Period, Shares				(14,143)
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Jun. 30, 2020		7,248,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Jun. 30, 2020				23,140,617
Balance at Mar. 31, 2020	550,607,000		174,709,000	$ 230,000	858,203,000	246,778,000	(729,313,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	423,000			1,000	422,000
Stock Repurchased During Period, Value	(166,000)				(166,000)
Stock issuance costs	(8,000)				(8,000)
Net income (loss)	194,838,000						(194,838,000)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,253,000)						(3,253,000)
Dividends on common stock	(9,925,000)						(9,925,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	(165,047,000)					(165,047,000)
Balance at Jun. 30, 2020	$ 567,469,000		174,709,000	$ 231,000	858,451,000	81,731,000	(547,653,000)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, shares				5,219
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Shares Withheld for Tax Withholding Obligation				598
Balance, Preferred shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2020	7,248,330	7,248,330
Balance, Common shares outstanding at Sep. 30, 2020	23,145,238			23,145,238
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Stock issuance, value	$ 85,000			$ 0	85,000
Restricted stock granted, net of amortization	568,000				568,000
Adjustments for tax withholding on share-based compensation	(10,000)				10,000
Stock issuance costs	(5,000)				5,000
Net income (loss)	40,725,000						(40,725,000)
Dividends on preferred stock	(3,252,000)						(3,252,000)
Dividends on common stock	(9,025,000)						(9,025,000)
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax	6,998,000					6,998,000
Balance at Sep. 30, 2020	$ 603,553,000		$ 174,709,000	$ 231,000	$ 859,089,000	$ 88,729,000	$ (519,205,000)

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 137,084,000	$ (207,803,000)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to cash provided by operating activities:
Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable	10,869,000	(3,075,000)
Decrease in accrued interest payable	(14,526,000)	(3,122,000)
Loss on derivative instruments, net	196,156,000	229,941,000
(Gain) loss on sale of investments, net	(298,728,000)	5,755,000
Fair value adjustments, net	(154,000)	42,000
Amortization of investment premiums, net	96,018,000	98,327,000
Other amortization and depreciation, net	1,428,000	1,186,000
Stock-based compensation expense	1,299,000	899,000
Change in other assets and liabilities, net	530,000	(6,000)
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by operating activities	129,976,000	122,144,000
Investing activities:
Purchase of investments	(2,436,953,000)	(2,833,348,000)
Principal payments received on investments	344,055,000	347,565,000
Proceeds from sales of investments	4,401,909,000	1,033,066,000
Principal payments received on mortgage loans held for investment	2,170,000	1,677,000
Net payments on derivatives, including terminations	(197,932,000)	(229,001,000)
Other investing activities	0	(183,000)
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) investing activities	2,113,249,000	(1,680,224,000)
Financing activities:
Borrowings under repurchase agreements	28,304,165,000	93,107,875,000
Repayments of repurchase agreement borrowings	(30,461,830,000)	(91,502,990,000)
Principal payments on non-recourse collateralized financing	(2,107,000)	(517,000)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock	107,988,000	19,924,000
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	0	63,889,000
Payments for Repurchase of Redeemable Preferred Stock	100,000,000	0
Cash paid for stock issuance costs	0	(185,000)
Payments for Repurchase of Common Stock	372,000	25,034,000
Payments related to tax withholding for stock-based compensation	(245,000)	(296,000)
Dividends paid	(40,151,000)	(54,355,000)
Net cash and cash equivalents (used in) provided by financing activities	(2,192,552,000)	1,608,311,000
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	50,673,000	50,231,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	134,230,000	88,704,000
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	184,903,000	138,935,000
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Activity:
Cash paid for interest	$ 44,216,000	$ 91,624,000

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Mortgage-backed securities (including pledged of $2,766,132 and $5,024,625, respectively), at fair value	$ 2,766,132	$ 5,024,625
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	$ 6,921	$ 8,857
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized	50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding	7,248,330	6,788,330
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued	7,248,330	6,788,330
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference, Value	$ 181,208	$ 169,708
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common Stock, Shares Authorized	90,000,000	90,000,000
Common Stock, Shares, Issued	23,145,238	22,945,993
Common Stock, Shares, Outstanding	23,145,238	22,945,993
Common Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share	$ 0.01	$ 0.01

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Phantom Facts) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Other Investments and Securities, at Cost	$ 0	$ 9,405
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	$ 6,921	$ 0

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Organization

Dynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of commercial MBS (“CMBS”), residential MBS (“RMBS”), and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency MBS, which consist mainly of CMBS IO. Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal payment by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from U.S. Treasury. Non-Agency MBS are issued by non-governmental enterprises and do not have a guaranty of principal payment. The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).

Impact of COVID-19

As a result of the economic, health and market turmoil brought about by the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, fixed income and equity markets experienced severe disruption which began in mid-March of 2020. The disruption resulted in a substantial rally in interest rates and a decline in fair value of MBS, which led to significant demands on liquidity from margin calls from derivative and repurchase agreement counterparties. During this time, the Company met all margin calls and was not forced to sell any assets. Since early in the second quarter of 2020, fixed income markets, equity markets and Agency MBS prices have stabilized with the Federal Reserve announcing multiple programs to support economic activity and to support the smooth functioning of markets. In addition, the U.S. Congress passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act to provide economic relief, which included certain assistance to homeowners and renters. Though these supportive actions have helped cushion the economic damage from the disruption of the pandemic to date, the Company is not able to predict the impact these policies may have on its investments over the longer term, particularly if a resurgence in cases of COVID-19 causes further damage to the economy.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included; however, uncertainty over the continuing impact that COVID-19 will have on the global economy and on the Company’s business makes any estimates and assumptions as of September 30, 2020 inherently less certain than they would be absent the current and potential impacts of COVID-19. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2020. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC.

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial

performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.

The Company consolidates a securitization trust, which has residential mortgage loans included in “mortgage loans held for investment” on its consolidated balance sheet, of which a portion is pledged as collateral for one remaining bond recorded as “non-recourse collateralized financing” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company owns the subordinate class in the trust and has been deemed the primary beneficiary.

Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria necessary to be deemed a primary beneficiary.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts and fair value measurements of its investments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income per common share by dividing net income to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019.

Holders of unvested shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding restricted common stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. As such, these unvested shares are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method. Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, and each such share of restricted stock represents one unrestricted share of common stock.

Because the Company’s 7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and its 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (collectively, the “Preferred Stock”) are redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and may convert into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIB and Article IIIC of the Company’s Articles of Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation (the “Restated

Articles of Incorporation, as amended”), the effect of those shares and their related dividends is excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as well as unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Company insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash the Company has pledged to cover initial and variation margin with its financing and certain derivative counterparties.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	September 30, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	158,897
Restricted cash	26,006
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	184,903

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company’s MBS are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in unrealized gain (loss) on the Company’s MBS are reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) until the investment is sold or matures. Although the Company generally intends to hold its AFS securities until maturity, it may sell any of these securities as part of the overall management of its business. Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) into net income as a realized “gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method.

The fair value of the Company’s MBS pledged as collateral against repurchase agreements is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO” securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS rated ‘AA’ and higher are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input and analysis received from external sources and internal models and include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

The Company does not currently hold any non-Agency MBS that were purchased at a discount with credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ or not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies at the time of purchase.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from third-party pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest

rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Please refer to Note 5 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. The Company recently adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of MBS, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.

Derivative Instruments

The Company’s derivative instruments generally include interest rate swaps, futures, options, and forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS on a non-specified pool basis, commonly referred to as to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities. Derivative instruments are reported at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as derivative assets if in a gain position or as derivative liabilities if in a loss position, at the end of the period reported. All periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

Generally, the Company enters into pay-fixed interest rate swaps, which involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”). The Company’s CME cleared swaps require that the Company post initial margin as collateral, and in addition, variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the CME cleared swaps. The exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. Accordingly, the Company accounts for the daily exchange of variation margin associated with its CME cleared interest rate swaps as a direct increase or decrease to the carrying value of the related derivative asset or liability. Since December 31, 2019, the Company has significantly reduced its volume of interest rate swaps due to management’s expectations of historically low financing costs for the near term and the increase in margin requirements from counterparties since the onset of the pandemic.

The Company enters into long and short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts, which are valued based on exchange pricing with daily margin settlements. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of

the futures contract. Unlike interest rate swaps, the Company does not treat the daily margin exchanges for its U.S. Treasury futures as legal settlement of the instrument.

The Company currently holds put options on U.S. Treasury futures which provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to buy U.S. Treasury futures at a predetermined notional amount and stated term in the future. Put options on U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on exchange pricing without daily exchanges of margin amounts. The Company records the premium paid for the option contract as a derivative asset on its consolidated balance sheet and adjusts the balance for changes in fair value through “gain (loss) on derivative instruments” until the option is exercised or the contract expires. The Company may also purchase options for interest rate swaps (“interest rate swaptions”) and defer the premium payment until the effective date. The premium payable and underlying swaption are accounted for as a single unit of account.

A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 4 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 5 for information on how the fair value of these instruments are calculated.

Share-Based Compensation

Pursuant to the Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), the Company may grant share-based compensation to eligible employees, non-employee directors or consultants or advisors to the Company, including restricted stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units, restricted stock units, and performance cash awards. The Company’s restricted stock currently issued and outstanding may be settled only in shares of its common stock, and therefore are treated as equity awards with their fair value measured at the grant date and recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity. The requisite service period is the period during which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for an award, which is equivalent to the vesting period specified in the terms of the time-based restricted stock award. None of the Company’s restricted stock awards have performance-based conditions. The Company does not currently have any share-based compensation issued or outstanding other than restricted stock issued to its employees, officers, and directors.

Contingencies

In the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.

As previously disclosed in the 2019 Form 10-K, the receiver (the “Receiver”) for one of the plaintiffs awarded damages in a judgment (the "DCI Judgment") against Dynex Commercial, Inc. ("DCI"), a subsidiary of a former affiliate of the Company, filed a separate claim in May 2018 against the Company seeking payment of the damages awarded in connection with the DCI Judgment, alleging that the Company breached a litigation cost sharing agreement, as amended (the "Agreement"), that was initially entered into by the Company and DCI in December 2000. On November 21, 2019, the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas ("Northern District Court") granted in part and denied in part summary judgment on the Receiver’s claim and the Company’s claim for offset and recoupment. The Northern District Court found that the

Company breached the Agreement and therefore must pay damages to the Receiver. The Northern District Court simultaneously granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment finding that DCI also breached the Agreement and that the Company can recover amounts due to it from DCI under the Agreement. The Receiver subsequently filed a claim for damages with the Northern District Court of approximately $12,600, while the Company filed claims for damages ranging from $13,300 to $30,600, including interest. The Receiver filed objections (the "Objections") with the Northern District Court to, among other things, the Company recovering amounts incurred prior to entry into the Agreement and amounts incurred under the Agreement after January 31, 2006, including interest, which is the date that DCI’s corporate existence ceased under Virginia law. The Company has disputed the Receiver’s Objections, arguing, among other things, that the Receiver's Objections are not supportable under Virginia law and has further refined its damages claim to range from $13,300 based on simple interest to $17,800 based on a combination of simple and compound interest, which the Company believes is supportable under Virginia law. There have been no material developments in this matter during the three months ended September 30, 2020. After consultation with litigation counsel, the Company believes, based upon information currently available and its evaluation of Virginia law, that the likelihood of loss is not probable, and given the range of potential claims for damages by the Company to offset the Receiver's claims, the amount of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated, and therefore, no contingent liability has been recorded.

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

As of January 1, 2020, the Company elected the fair value option for its mortgage loans held for investment pursuant to the provisions of ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief, which was issued in May of 2019. Management chose to elect the fair value option for its mortgage loans because the majority of the Company’s investments are represented on its consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The election of the fair value option resulted in a cumulative adjustment of $(548) to retained earnings on its consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2020. The election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP requirements for modifications on debt instruments, leases, derivatives, and other contracts, related to the expected market transition from LIBOR, and certain other floating rate benchmark indices to alternative reference rates. ASU 2020-04 generally considers contract modifications related to reference rate reform to be an event that does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date nor a reassessment of a previous accounting determination. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time, through December 31, 2022, as reference rate reform activities occur. The Company does not believe this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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Commitment and Contingencies	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Contingencies Disclosure	As previously disclosed in the 2019 Form 10-K, the receiver (the “Receiver”) for one of the plaintiffs awarded damages in a judgment (the "DCI Judgment") against Dynex Commercial, Inc. ("DCI"), a subsidiary of a former affiliate of the Company, filed a separate claim in May 2018 against the Company seeking payment of the damages awarded in connection with the DCI Judgment, alleging that the Company breached a litigation cost sharing agreement, as amended (the "Agreement"), that was initially entered into by the Company and DCI in December 2000. On November 21, 2019, the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Texas ("Northern District Court") granted in part and denied in part summary judgment on the Receiver’s claim and the Company’s claim for offset and recoupment. The Northern District Court found that the Company breached the Agreement and therefore must pay damages to the Receiver. The Northern District Court simultaneously granted the Company’s motion for summary judgment finding that DCI also breached the Agreement and that the Company can recover amounts due to it from DCI under the Agreement. The Receiver subsequently filed a claim for damages with the Northern District Court of approximately $12,600, while the Company filed claims for damages ranging from $13,300 to $30,600, including interest. The Receiver filed objections (the "Objections") with the Northern District Court to, among other things, the Company recovering amounts incurred prior to entry into the Agreement and amounts incurred under the Agreement after January 31, 2006, including interest, which is the date that DCI’s corporate existence ceased under Virginia law. The Company has disputed the Receiver’s Objections, arguing, among other things, that the Receiver's Objections are not supportable under Virginia law and has further refined its damages claim to range from $13,300 based on simple interest to $17,800 based on a combination of simple and compound interest, which the Company believes is supportable under Virginia law. There have been no material developments in this matter during the three months ended September 30, 2020. After consultation with litigation counsel, the Company believes, based upon information currently available and its evaluation of Virginia law, that the likelihood of loss is not probable, and given the range of potential claims for damages by the Company to offset the Receiver's claims, the amount of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated, and therefore, no contingent liability has been recorded.

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Investments in Debt Securities Investment in Debt Securities (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Mortgage-Backed Securities

MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements. The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type (including securities pending settlement) as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020
	Par		Net Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	2,159,813	$	65,064	$	2,224,877	$	56,928	$	—	$	2,281,805
Agency CMBS	271,764		3,445		275,209		23,495		—		298,704
CMBS IO (1)	—		405,736		405,736		9,497		(1,480)		413,753
Non-Agency other	1,630		(517)		1,113		333		(48)		1,398
Total MBS:	$	2,433,207	$	473,728	$	2,906,935	$	90,253	$	(1,528)	$	2,995,660

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $12,344,492 and $9,485,281 respectively, as of September 30, 2020.

	December 31, 2019
	Par		Net Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	2,563,684	$	55,770	$	2,619,454	$	69,082	$	(462)	$	2,688,074
Agency CMBS	1,890,186		15,414		1,905,600		93,763		(6)		1,999,357
CMBS IO (1)	—		488,145		488,145		11,760		(863)		499,042
Non-Agency other	1,938		(780)		1,158		552		(20)		1,690
Total MBS:	$	4,455,808	$	558,549	$	5,014,357	$	175,157	$	(1,351)	$	5,188,163

(1) The notional balance for the Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $13,404,824 and $9,799,629, respectively, as of December 31, 2019.

Actual maturities of MBS are affected by the contractual lives of the underlying mortgage collateral, periodic payments of principal, prepayments of principal, and the payment priority structure of the security; therefore, actual maturities are generally shorter than the securities' stated contractual maturities.

The following table presents information regarding the "gain (loss) on sale of investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30,								September 30,
	2020				2019				2020				2019
	Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)
Agency RMBS (1)	$	—	$	1	$	591,206	$	4,458	$	2,187,956	$	75,824	$	796,699	$	506
Agency CMBS	403,095		20,845		—		—		2,215,098		222,904		213,199		(6,493)
Agency CMBS IO	—		—		9,308		147		—		—		23,168		232
	$	403,095	$	20,846	$	600,514	$	4,605	$	4,403,054	$	298,728	$	1,033,066	$	(5,755)

(1) Additional realized gain for Agency RMBS relates to change in effective rate due to paydown that occurred between trade date of sale in second quarter of 2020 and settlement date in third quarter.

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	36,664	$	(503)	16	$	215,792	$	(1,139)	27
Non-Agency MBS	46,835		(897)		30	13,607		(146)		7
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	689	$	(107)	3	$	75,745	$	(35)	2
Non-Agency MBS	100		(21)		4	1,099		(31)		5

The unrealized losses on the Company’s MBS are the result of declines in market prices and are not credit related, therefore the Company’s allowance for credit losses was $0 as of September 30, 2020. The principal related to Agency MBS is guaranteed by the government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Although the unrealized losses are not credit related, the Company assesses its ability and intent to hold any MBS with an unrealized loss until the recovery in its value in accordance with GAAP. This assessment is based on the amount of the unrealized loss and significance of the related investment as well as the Company’s leverage and liquidity position. In addition, for its non-Agency MBS the Company reviews the credit ratings, the credit characteristics of the mortgage loans collateralizing these securities, and the estimated future cash flows including projected collateral losses.

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Repurchase Agreements (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Repurchase agreements

REPURCHASE AGREEMENTS

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized in the following tables:

	September 30, 2020						December 31, 2019
Collateral Type	Balance (1)		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS	$	1,975,736	0.24	%	$	2,069,035	$	2,594,645	1.96	%	$	2,647,638
Agency CMBS	275,473		0.23	%	296,572		1,735,848		1.98	%	1,901,452
Agency CMBS IO	221,013		1.04	%	254,886		255,912		2.30	%	282,522
Non-Agency CMBS IO	122,461		1.26	%	145,639		165,943		2.67	%	193,013
Total repurchase agreements	$	2,594,683	0.36	%	$	2,766,132	$	4,752,348	2.01	%	$	5,024,625

The Company also had $190 and $6,180 payable to counterparties as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, for transactions pending settlement as of those respective dates.

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days	$	2,048,541	0.37	%	64	$	2,078,185	2.12	%	34
30 to 90 days	496,755		0.27	%	95	2,674,163		1.93	%	52
91 to 180 days	49,387		0.93	%	121	—		—	%	—
Total	$	2,594,683	0.36	%	71	$	4,752,348	2.01	%	45

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had repurchase agreement amounts outstanding with 19 of its 37 available repurchase agreement counterparties. The Company had $475,231 outstanding and $31,917, or approximately 5%, of equity at risk with JP Morgan Chase at a weighted average borrowing rate of 0.35%. The Company did not have more than 5% of its equity at risk with any of its other counterparties as of September 30, 2020. The Company has a committed repurchase facility with Wells Fargo that has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $250,000, of which it had $129,747 outstanding at a weighted average borrowing rate of 1.01% as of September 30, 2020. The facility is available to the Company until its maturity date of June 11, 2021.

The Company’s counterparties, as set forth in the master repurchase agreement with the counterparty, require the Company to comply with various customary operating and financial covenants, including, but not limited to, minimum net worth and earnings, maximum declines in net worth in a given period, and maximum leverage requirements as well as maintaining the Company’s REIT status. In addition, some of the agreements contain cross default features, whereby default under an agreement with one lender simultaneously causes default under agreements with other lenders. To the extent that the Company fails to comply with the covenants contained in these financing agreements or is otherwise found to be in default under the terms of such agreements, the counterparty has the right to accelerate amounts due under the master repurchase agreement. The Company believes it was in full compliance with all covenants in master repurchase agreements under which there were amounts outstanding as of September 30, 2020.

The Company's repurchase agreements are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its repurchase agreements to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following tables present information regarding the Company's repurchase agreements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
September 30, 2020
Repurchase agreements	$	2,594,683	$	—	$	2,594,683	$	(2,594,683)	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2019
Repurchase agreements	$	4,752,348	$	—	$	4,752,348	$	(4,752,348)	$	—	$	—

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

Please see Note 4 for information related to the Company’s derivatives, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

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Derivatives (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivatives

DERIVATIVES

Types and Uses of Derivatives Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives. The Company is currently using short positions in U.S. Treasury futures, put options on U.S. Treasury futures, and interest rate swaptions to mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on its book value. The Company has substantially reduced its notional balance of interest rate swaps since first quarter of 2020 due to the significant reduction of its MBS portfolio and management’s expectation that financing costs will remain low for the near term.

TBA Transactions. The Company purchases TBA securities as a means of investing in non-specified fixed-rate Agency RMBS and may also periodically sell TBA securities as a means of economically hedging its book value exposure to Agency RMBS as well as earnings exposure from rising financing costs. The Company holds long and short positions in TBA securities by executing a series of transactions, commonly referred to as “dollar roll” transactions, which effectively delay the settlement of a forward purchase (or sale) of a non-specified Agency RMBS by entering into an offsetting TBA position, net settling the paired-off positions in cash, and simultaneously entering into an identical TBA long (or short) position with a later settlement date. TBA securities purchased (or sold) for a forward settlement date are generally priced at a discount relative to TBA securities settling in the current month. This discount, often referred to as “drop income” represents the economic equivalent of net interest income (interest income less implied financing cost) on the underlying Agency security from trade date to settlement date. The Company accounts for all TBAs (whether net long or net short positions, or collectively “TBA dollar roll positions”) as derivative instruments because it cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS, or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest period possible.

Gain (Loss) on Derivative Instruments, Net

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

	Three Months				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest rate swaps	$	911	$	(52,908)	$	(182,941)	$	(248,886)
Interest rate swaptions	411		(4,329)		(162)		(4,329)
Futures	(6,517)		1,712		(25,140)		1,501
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	(5,655)		—		(23,815)		—
TBA securities - long positions	18,824		4,652		45,943		21,609
TBA securities - short positions	—		164		(10,041)		164
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	$	7,974	$	(50,709)	$	(196,156)	$	(229,941)

The table below summarizes information about the carrying value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	386	$	2,883
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	411		573
TBA securities - long positions	Derivative assets	Investing	3,469		834
Total derivatives assets			$	4,266	$	4,290
U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	$	(5,164)	$	—
TBA securities - short positions	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	—		(974)
Total derivatives liabilities			$	(5,164)	$	(974)

The following table summarizes certain characteristics of our derivative instruments outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

Interest Rate Swaptions:	Option					Underlying Payer Swap
As of:	Cost Basis		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount		Average Fixed Pay Rate		Average Term in Years
September 30, 2020	$	4,150	$	411	6 months	$	500,000	1.01%		10
December 31, 2019	6,180		573		1 month	750,000		2.07%		10
	As of September 30, 2020:					As of December 31, 2019:
	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration	Notional Amount Long (Short)		Fair Value		Average Term to Expiration
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	$	1,225,000	$	386	1 month	$	1,350,000	$	2,883	2 months
U.S. Treasury futures - short positions	(1,025,000)		(5,164)		3 months	—		—		—

As of September 30, 2020, the Company had one interest rate swap outstanding with a pay-fixed rate of 1.35% and a notional amount of $50,000 for which it had $(297) posted in variation margin. This instrument matured in October 2020.

The following table summarizes information about the Company's TBA securities as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020				December 31, 2019
TBA securities	Long Positions		Short Positions		Long Positions		Short Positions
Implied market value (1)	$	1,164,000	$	—	$	442,161	$	(520,117)
Implied cost basis (2)	1,160,531		—		441,327		(519,143)
Net carrying value (3)	$	3,469	$	—	$	834	$	(974)

(1) Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(2) Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

(3) Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets (liabilities)” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA security as of the date indicated.

Volume of Activity

The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the period indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Notional Amount as of December 31, 2019		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Notional Amount as of September 30, 2020
Interest rate swaps	$	4,225,000	$	2,915,000	$	(7,090,000)	$	50,000
Interest rate swaptions	750,000		500,000		(750,000)		500,000
U.S. Treasury futures - short positions	—		3,637,600		(4,662,600)		(1,025,000)
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	1,350,000		4,650,000		(4,775,000)		1,225,000
TBA - long positions	435,000		9,936,000		(9,246,000)		1,125,000
TBA - short positions	500,000		3,017,000		(3,517,000)		—

Offsetting

The Company's derivatives are subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements, which provide for the right of offset in the event of default or in the event of bankruptcy of either party to the transactions. The Company reports its derivative assets and liabilities subject to these arrangements on a gross basis. The following tables present information regarding those derivative assets and liabilities subject to such arrangements as if the Company had presented them on a net basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

	Offsetting of Assets
	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
September 30, 2020
Interest rate swaption	$	411	$	—	$	411	$	—	$	—	$	411
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		—		386		—		—		386
TBA - long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		—		3,469
Derivative assets	$	4,266	$	—	$	4,266	$	—	$	—	$	4,266
December 31, 2019
Interest rate swaptions	$	573	$	—	$	573	$	—	$	—	$	573
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	2,883		—		2,883		—		—		2,883
TBA - long positions	834		—		834		(380)		—		454
Derivative assets	$	4,290	$	—	$	4,290	$	(380)	$	—	$	3,910

	Offsetting of Liabilities
	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
September 30, 2020
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(5,164)	—		$	(5,164)	$	—	$	—	$	(5,164)
Derivative liabilities	$	(5,164)	$	—	$	(5,164)	$	—	$	—	$	(5,164)
December 31, 2019
TBA - short positions	$	(974)	—		$	(974)	$	380	—		$	(594)
Derivative liabilities	$	(974)	$	—	$	(974)	$	380	$	—	$	(594)

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total cash posted as collateral, which is recorded as "restricted cash," and the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically.

Please see Note 3 for information related to the Company’s repurchase agreements, which are also subject to underlying agreements with master netting or similar arrangements.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	2,995,660	$	—	$	2,994,262	$	1,398	$	5,188,163	$	—	$	5,186,473	$	1,690
Mortgage loans held for investment (1)	6,921		—		—		6,921		8,857		—		—		8,857
Derivative assets:
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		386		—		—		2,883		2,883		—		—
Interest rate swaptions	411		—		411		—		573		—		573		—
TBA securities-long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		834		—		834		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,006,847	$	386	$	2,998,142	$	8,319	$	5,201,310	$	2,883	$	5,187,880	$	10,547
Liabilities carried at fair value:
TBA-short positions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—
U.S. Treasury futures	5,164		5,164		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	5,164	$	5,164	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—

(1) Mortgage loans held for investment were carried at amortized cost of $9,405 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

The fair value measurements for the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 when there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets. The Company determines the fair value of its Level 2 securities based on prices received from the Company's primary pricing service as well as other pricing services and brokers. The Company evaluates the third-party prices it receives to assess their reasonableness. Although the Company does not adjust third-party prices, they may be excluded from use in the determination of a security's fair value if they are significantly different from other observable market data. In valuing a security, the primary pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company also reviews the assumptions and inputs utilized in the valuation techniques of its primary pricing service. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.

The Company owns MBS and mortgage loans that are considered Level 3 assets because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 7.0% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of September 30, 2020. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020				September 30, 2020
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans		Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	1,490	$	7,366	$	1,690	$	9,405
Change in fair value (1)	(72)		213		(246)		(288)
Principal payments	(102)		(651)		(308)		(2,170)
Accretion (amortization)	82		(7)		262		(26)
Balance as of end of period	$	1,398	$	6,921	$	1,398	$	6,921

(1) Change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income”. Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “fair value adjustments, net“ and the amount shown for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 is net of cumulative adjustment of $(548) made to the amortized cost as of December 31, 2019 as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans effective January 1, 2020.

The fair value of interest rate swaps is measured using the income approach with the primary input being the forward interest rate swap curve, which is considered an observable input, and thus their fair values are considered Level 2 measurements. All of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the CME. Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the exchange of variation margin being legally considered as settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral. U.S. Treasury futures and options on U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. Unlike its interest rate swaps, the Company does not treat the exchange of variation margin for its U.S. Treasury futures as legal settlement of the instrument. The fair value of interest rate swaptions is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation (Notes)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity and Share-based Compensation

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY AND SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Preferred Stock. The Company's articles of incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. The Company’s Board of Directors has designated 6,600,000 shares for issuance as 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, and the Company sold 4,460,000 of such shares during the first quarter of 2020 through a public offering for which it received proceeds of $107,988, net of $3,512 in broker commissions and other expenses. The Company used the proceeds to redeem all 2,300,000 outstanding shares of its 8.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $25.35 per share, which included accumulated and unpaid dividends declared as of the redemption date March 14, 2020. The Company also used the proceeds to partially redeem 1,700,000 shares of its 7.625% Series B Preferred Stock at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $25.32 per share, which included accumulated and unpaid dividends declared as of the redemption date March 16, 2020. The excess of the $25.00 liquidation price per share over the carrying value of the preferred stock redeemed resulted in a charge of $(3,914) to net income to common shareholders for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The Preferred Stock has no stated maturity, is not subject to any sinking fund or mandatory redemption, and will remain outstanding indefinitely unless redeemed or otherwise repurchased or converted into common stock pursuant to the terms of the Preferred Stock. The Company had 2,788,330 shares of its Series B Preferred Stock remaining as of September 30, 2020, which may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Except under certain limited circumstances described

in Article IIIC of the Company’s Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended, the Company may not redeem the Series C Preferred Stock prior to April 15, 2025. On or after that date, the Series C Preferred Stock may be redeemed at any time and from time to time at the Company's option at a cash redemption price of $25.00 per share plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends. Because the Preferred Stock is redeemable only at the option of the issuer, it is classified as equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The Series B Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year. The Series C Preferred stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025 upon which date and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to an annual floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.461%. The Company paid its regular quarterly dividend of $0.4765625 per share of Series B Preferred Stock and $0.43125 per share of Series C Preferred Stock on October 15, 2020 to shareholders of record as of October 1, 2020.

Common Stock. The following table summarizes information regarding monthly dividend declarations on the Company’s common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020
Declaration Date	Amount Declared		Record Date	Payment Date
January 13, 2020	$	0.15	January 24, 2020	February 3, 2020
February 14, 2020	0.15		February 24, 2020	March 2, 2020
March 10, 2020	0.15		March 23, 2020	April 1, 2020
April 8, 2020	0.15		April 22, 2020	May 1, 2020
May 12, 2020	0.15		May 22, 2020	June 1, 2020
June 10. 2020	0.13		June 22, 2020	July 1, 2020
July 13, 2020	0.13		July 23, 2020	August 4, 2020
August 10, 2020	0.13		August 21, 2020	September 1, 2020
September 14, 2020	0.13		September 24, 2020	October 1, 2020

Stock and Incentive Plans. The Company’s Board adopted the 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan, which was approved by the Company’s shareholders on June 9, 2020. The 2020 Plan, which replaced the Company’s 2018 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), reserves for issuance up to 2,300,000 common shares for eligible employees, non-employee directors, consultants, and advisors to the Company to be granted in the form of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units, and performance cash awards. Awards previously granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan will remain outstanding and valid in accordance with their terms, but no new awards will be granted under the 2018 Plan or any other prior equity plan. Total stock-based compensation expense recognized by the Company for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $568 and $1,299, respectively, compared to $306 and $899 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively. The following table presents a rollforward of the restricted stock activity for the periods indicated:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020			2019
	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted stock outstanding as of beginning of period	119,213	$	18.56	113,904	$	19.19
Restricted stock granted	240,293	13.88		67,997	18.09
Restricted stock vested	(71,431)	18.25		(62,688)	19.20
Restricted stock outstanding as of end of period	288,075	$	14.74	119,213	$	18.56

As of September 30, 2020, the grant date fair value of the Company’s remaining nonvested restricted stock is $3,295 which will be amortized into compensation expense over a weighted average period of 2.2 years.

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Organization [Text Block]

OrganizationDynex Capital, Inc. (“Company”) was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on December 18, 1987 and commenced operations in February 1988. The Company is an internally managed mortgage real estate investment trust, or mortgage REIT, which primarily earns income from investing on a leveraged basis in debt securities, the majority of which are specified pools of Agency mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) consisting of commercial MBS (“CMBS”), residential MBS (“RMBS”), and CMBS interest-only (“IO”) securities and non-Agency MBS, which consist mainly of CMBS IO. Agency MBS have a guaranty of principal payment by a U.S. government-sponsored entity (“GSE”) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which are in conservatorship and are currently supported by a senior preferred stock purchase agreement from U.S. Treasury. Non-Agency MBS are issued by non-governmental enterprises and do not have a guaranty of principal payment. The Company also invests in other types of mortgage-related securities, such as to-be-announced securities (“TBAs” or “TBA securities”).

Impact of COVID-19

Impact of COVID-19

As a result of the economic, health and market turmoil brought about by the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, fixed income and equity markets experienced severe disruption which began in mid-March of 2020. The disruption resulted in a substantial rally in interest rates and a decline in fair value of MBS, which led to significant demands on liquidity from margin calls from derivative and repurchase agreement counterparties. During this time, the Company met all margin calls and was not forced to sell any assets. Since early in the second quarter of 2020, fixed income markets, equity markets and Agency MBS prices have stabilized with the Federal Reserve announcing multiple programs to support economic activity and to support the smooth functioning of markets. In addition, the U.S. Congress passed the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act to provide economic relief, which included certain assistance to homeowners and renters. Though these supportive actions have helped cushion the economic damage from the disruption of the pandemic to date, the Company is not able to predict the impact these policies may have on its investments over the longer term, particularly if a resurgence in cases of COVID-19 causes further damage to the economy.

Basis of Presentation [Policy Text Block]

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries (together, “Dynex” or, as appropriate, the “Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10, Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all significant adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements have been included; however, uncertainty over the continuing impact that COVID-19 will have on the global economy and on the Company’s business makes any estimates and assumptions as of September 30, 2020 inherently less certain than they would be absent the current and potential impacts of COVID-19. Operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other interim periods or for the entire year ending December 31, 2020. The unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “2019 Form 10-K”) filed with the SEC.

Consolidation [Policy Text Block]

Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the accounts of its majority owned subsidiaries and variable interest entities (“VIE”) for which it is the primary beneficiary. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company consolidates a VIE if the Company is determined to be the VIE’s primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that has both: (i) the power to control the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s financial

performance and (ii) the right to receive benefits or absorb losses that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company reconsiders its evaluation of whether to consolidate a VIE on an ongoing basis, based on changes in the facts and circumstances pertaining to the VIE.

The Company consolidates a securitization trust, which has residential mortgage loans included in “mortgage loans held for investment” on its consolidated balance sheet, of which a portion is pledged as collateral for one remaining bond recorded as “non-recourse collateralized financing” on its consolidated balance sheet. The Company owns the subordinate class in the trust and has been deemed the primary beneficiary.

Though the Company invests in Agency and non-Agency MBS which are generally considered to be interests in VIEs, the Company does not consolidate these entities because it does not meet the criteria necessary to be deemed a primary beneficiary.

Use of Estimates [Policy Text Block]

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The most significant estimates used by management include, but are not limited to, amortization of premiums and discounts and fair value measurements of its investments. These items are discussed further below within this note to the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes [Policy Text Block]

Income Taxes

The Company has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and the corresponding provisions of state law. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain tests including investing in primarily real estate-related assets and the required distribution of at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to shareholders after consideration of its net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward and not including taxable income retained in its taxable subsidiaries. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax on the amount of its income or capital gains that is distributed as dividends to shareholders.

The Company assesses its tax positions for all open tax years and determines whether the Company has any material unrecognized liabilities and records these liabilities, if any, to the extent they are deemed more likely than not to have been incurred.

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share

The Company calculates basic net income per common share by dividing net income to common shareholders for the period by weighted-average shares of common stock outstanding for that period. The Company did not have any potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 or September 30, 2019.

Holders of unvested shares of the Company’s issued and outstanding restricted common stock are eligible to receive non-forfeitable dividends. As such, these unvested shares are considered participating securities and therefore are included in the computation of basic net income per common share using the two-class method. Upon vesting, restrictions on transfer expire on each share of restricted stock, and each such share of restricted stock represents one unrestricted share of common stock.

Because the Company’s 7.625% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and its 6.900% Series C Fixed-to-Floating Rate Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”) (collectively, the “Preferred Stock”) are redeemable at the Company’s option for cash only and may convert into shares of common stock only upon a change of control of the Company (and subject to other circumstances) as described in Article IIIB and Article IIIC of the Company’s Articles of Amendment to the Restated Articles of Incorporation (the “Restated

Articles of Incorporation, as amended”), the effect of those shares and their related dividends is excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per common share.

Cash and Cash Equivalents [Policy Text Block]

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less as well as unrestricted demand deposits at highly rated financial institutions. The Company’s cash balances fluctuate throughout the year and may exceed Federal Deposit Insurance Company insured limits from time to time. Although the Company bears risk to amounts in excess of those insured by the FDIC, it does not anticipate any losses as a result.

Restricted Cash [Policy Text Block]

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash the Company has pledged to cover initial and variation margin with its financing and certain derivative counterparties.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2020 that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown on the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	September 30, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	158,897
Restricted cash	26,006
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$	184,903

Mortgage-Back Securities, Policy

Mortgage-Backed Securities

The Company’s MBS are designated as available-for-sale (“AFS”) and are recorded at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Changes in unrealized gain (loss) on the Company’s MBS are reported in other comprehensive income (“OCI”) until the investment is sold or matures. Although the Company generally intends to hold its AFS securities until maturity, it may sell any of these securities as part of the overall management of its business. Upon the sale of an AFS security, any unrealized gain or loss is reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) into net income as a realized “gain (loss) on sale of investments, net” using the specific identification method.

The fair value of the Company’s MBS pledged as collateral against repurchase agreements is disclosed parenthetically on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

Interest Income, Premium Amortization, and Discount Accretion. Interest income on MBS is accrued based on the outstanding principal balance (or notional balance in the case of interest-only, or “IO” securities) and their contractual terms. Premiums or discounts associated with the purchase of Agency MBS as well as any non-Agency MBS rated ‘AA’ and higher are amortized or accreted into interest income over the projected life of such securities using the effective yield method, and adjustments to premium amortization and discount accretion are made for actual cash payments. The Company’s projections of future cash payments are based on input and analysis received from external sources and internal models and include assumptions about the amount and timing of loan prepayment rates, fluctuations in interest rates, credit losses, and other factors. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company reviews and makes any necessary adjustments to its cash flow projections and updates the yield recognized on these assets.

The Company does not currently hold any non-Agency MBS that were purchased at a discount with credit ratings of less than ‘AA’ or not rated by any of the nationally recognized credit rating agencies at the time of purchase.

Determination of MBS Fair Value. The Company estimates the fair value of the majority of its MBS based upon prices obtained from third-party pricing services and broker quotes. The remainder of the Company’s MBS are valued by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models that utilize information such as the security’s coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest

rates, expected losses, and credit enhancements as well as certain other relevant information. Please refer to Note 5 for further discussion of MBS fair value measurements.

Allowance for Credit Losses. The Company recently adopted Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. On at least a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates any MBS with a fair value less than its amortized cost for credit losses. If the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected on the MBS is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as an allowance for credit loss through net income up to and not exceeding the amount that the amortized cost exceeds current fair value. Subsequent changes in credit loss estimates are recognized in earnings in the period in which they occur. Because the majority of the Company’s investments are higher credit quality and most are guaranteed by a GSE, the Company is not likely to have an allowance for credit losses recorded on its consolidated balance sheet.

Repurchase Agreements [Policy Text Block]

Repurchase Agreements

The Company’s repurchase agreements, which are used to finance its purchases of MBS, are accounted for as secured borrowings under which the Company pledges its securities as collateral to secure a loan, which is equal in value to a specified percentage of the estimated fair value of the pledged collateral. The Company retains beneficial ownership of the pledged collateral. At the maturity of a repurchase agreement, the Company is required to repay the loan and concurrently receives back its pledged collateral from the lender or, with the consent of the lender, the Company may renew the agreement at the then prevailing financing rate. A repurchase agreement lender may require the Company to pledge additional collateral in the event of a decline in the fair value of the collateral pledged. Repurchase agreement financing is recourse to the Company and the assets pledged. Most of the Company’s repurchase agreements are based on the September 1996 version of the Bond Market Association Master Repurchase Agreement, which generally provides that the lender, as buyer, is responsible for obtaining collateral valuations from a generally recognized source agreed to by both the Company and the lender, or, in an instance when such source is not available, the value determination is made by the lender.

Derivative Instruments [Policy Text Block]

Derivative Instruments

The Company’s derivative instruments generally include interest rate swaps, futures, options, and forward contracts for the purchase or sale of Agency RMBS on a non-specified pool basis, commonly referred to as to-be-announced (“TBA”) securities. Derivative instruments are reported at their fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as derivative assets if in a gain position or as derivative liabilities if in a loss position, at the end of the period reported. All periodic interest benefits/costs and changes in fair value of derivative instruments, including gains and losses realized upon termination, maturity, or settlement are recorded in “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” on the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss). Cash receipts and payments related to derivative instruments are classified in the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows in accordance with the underlying nature or purpose of the derivative transactions.

Generally, the Company enters into pay-fixed interest rate swaps, which involve the receipt of variable-rate amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments over the life of the interest rate swap without exchange of the underlying notional amount. The Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”). The Company’s CME cleared swaps require that the Company post initial margin as collateral, and in addition, variation margin is exchanged, typically in cash, for changes in the fair value of the CME cleared swaps. The exchange of variation margin for CME cleared swaps is legally considered to be the settlement of the derivative itself as opposed to a pledge of collateral. Accordingly, the Company accounts for the daily exchange of variation margin associated with its CME cleared interest rate swaps as a direct increase or decrease to the carrying value of the related derivative asset or liability. Since December 31, 2019, the Company has significantly reduced its volume of interest rate swaps due to management’s expectations of historically low financing costs for the near term and the increase in margin requirements from counterparties since the onset of the pandemic.

The Company enters into long and short positions in U.S. Treasury futures contracts, which are valued based on exchange pricing with daily margin settlements. The Company realizes gains or losses on these contracts upon expiration at an amount equal to the difference between the current fair value of the underlying asset and the contractual price of

the futures contract. Unlike interest rate swaps, the Company does not treat the daily margin exchanges for its U.S. Treasury futures as legal settlement of the instrument.

The Company currently holds put options on U.S. Treasury futures which provide the Company the right, but not an obligation, to buy U.S. Treasury futures at a predetermined notional amount and stated term in the future. Put options on U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on exchange pricing without daily exchanges of margin amounts. The Company records the premium paid for the option contract as a derivative asset on its consolidated balance sheet and adjusts the balance for changes in fair value through “gain (loss) on derivative instruments” until the option is exercised or the contract expires. The Company may also purchase options for interest rate swaps (“interest rate swaptions”) and defer the premium payment until the effective date. The premium payable and underlying swaption are accounted for as a single unit of account.

A TBA security is a forward contract (“TBA contract”) for the purchase (“long position”) or sale (“short position”) of a non-specified Agency MBS at a predetermined price with certain principal and interest terms and certain types of collateral, but the particular Agency securities to be delivered are not identified until shortly before the settlement date. The Company accounts for long and short positions in TBAs as derivative instruments because the Company cannot assert that it is probable at inception and throughout the term of an individual TBA transaction that its settlement will result in physical delivery of the underlying Agency RMBS or that the individual TBA transaction will not settle in the shortest time period possible.

Please refer to Note 4 for additional information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments as well as Note 5 for information on how the fair value of these instruments are calculated.

Share-based Compensation [Policy Text Block]

Share-Based CompensationPursuant to the Company’s 2020 Stock and Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”), the Company may grant share-based compensation to eligible employees, non-employee directors or consultants or advisors to the Company, including restricted stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units, restricted stock units, and performance cash awards. The Company’s restricted stock currently issued and outstanding may be settled only in shares of its common stock, and therefore are treated as equity awards with their fair value measured at the grant date and recognized as compensation cost over the requisite service period with a corresponding credit to shareholders’ equity. The requisite service period is the period during which a participant is required to provide service in exchange for an award, which is equivalent to the vesting period specified in the terms of the time-based restricted stock award. None of the Company’s restricted stock awards have performance-based conditions. The Company does not currently have any share-based compensation issued or outstanding other than restricted stock issued to its employees, officers, and directors.

Contingencies [Policy Text Block]

ContingenciesIn the normal course of business, there may be various lawsuits, claims, and other contingencies pending against the Company. On a quarterly basis, the Company evaluates whether to establish provisions for estimated losses from those matters. The Company recognizes a liability for a contingent loss when: (a) the underlying causal event has occurred prior to the balance sheet date; (b) it is probable that a loss has been incurred; and (c) there is a reasonable basis for estimating that loss. A liability is not recognized for a contingent loss when it is only possible or remotely possible that a loss has been incurred, however, possible contingent losses shall be disclosed. If the contingent loss (or an additional loss in excess of any accrual) is at least a reasonable possibility and material, then the Company discloses a reasonable estimate of the possible loss or range of loss, if such reasonable estimate can be made. If the Company cannot make a reasonable estimate of the possible material loss, or range of loss, then that fact is disclosed.

Recent Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements [Text Block]

Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

The Company evaluates Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) on at least a quarterly basis to evaluate applicability and significance of any impact on its financial condition and results of operations. There were no accounting pronouncements issued during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 that are expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

As of January 1, 2020, the Company elected the fair value option for its mortgage loans held for investment pursuant to the provisions of ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief, which was issued in May of 2019. Management chose to elect the fair value option for its mortgage loans because the majority of the Company’s investments are represented on its consolidated balance sheet at fair value. The election of the fair value option resulted in a cumulative adjustment of $(548) to retained earnings on its consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2020. The election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides optional expedients and exceptions to GAAP requirements for modifications on debt instruments, leases, derivatives, and other contracts, related to the expected market transition from LIBOR, and certain other floating rate benchmark indices to alternative reference rates. ASU 2020-04 generally considers contract modifications related to reference rate reform to be an event that does not require contract remeasurement at the modification date nor a reassessment of a previous accounting determination. The guidance in ASU 2020-04 is optional and may be elected over time, through December 31, 2022, as reference rate reform activities occur. The Company does not believe this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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Investments in Debt Securities Investments in Debt Securities (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Table Text Block]

The majority of the Company’s MBS are pledged as collateral for the Company’s repurchase agreements. The following tables present the Company’s MBS by investment type (including securities pending settlement) as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020
	Par		Net Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	2,159,813	$	65,064	$	2,224,877	$	56,928	$	—	$	2,281,805
Agency CMBS	271,764		3,445		275,209		23,495		—		298,704
CMBS IO (1)	—		405,736		405,736		9,497		(1,480)		413,753
Non-Agency other	1,630		(517)		1,113		333		(48)		1,398
Total MBS:	$	2,433,207	$	473,728	$	2,906,935	$	90,253	$	(1,528)	$	2,995,660

(1) The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $12,344,492 and $9,485,281 respectively, as of September 30, 2020.

	December 31, 2019
	Par		Net Premium (Discount)		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss		Fair Value
Agency RMBS	$	2,563,684	$	55,770	$	2,619,454	$	69,082	$	(462)	$	2,688,074
Agency CMBS	1,890,186		15,414		1,905,600		93,763		(6)		1,999,357
CMBS IO (1)	—		488,145		488,145		11,760		(863)		499,042
Non-Agency other	1,938		(780)		1,158		552		(20)		1,690
Total MBS:	$	4,455,808	$	558,549	$	5,014,357	$	175,157	$	(1,351)	$	5,188,163

(1) The notional balance for the Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $13,404,824 and $9,799,629, respectively, as of December 31, 2019.

Schedule of Realized Gain (Loss) [Table Text Block]

The following table presents information regarding the "gain (loss) on sale of investments, net" on the Company’s consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
	September 30,								September 30,
	2020				2019				2020				2019
	Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)		Proceeds Received		Realized Gain (Loss)
Agency RMBS (1)	$	—	$	1	$	591,206	$	4,458	$	2,187,956	$	75,824	$	796,699	$	506
Agency CMBS	403,095		20,845		—		—		2,215,098		222,904		213,199		(6,493)
Agency CMBS IO	—		—		9,308		147		—		—		23,168		232
	$	403,095	$	20,846	$	600,514	$	4,605	$	4,403,054	$	298,728	$	1,033,066	$	(5,755)

Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Unrealized Loss Position, Fair Value [Table Text Block]

The following table presents certain information for the AFS securities in an unrealized loss position as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		# of Securities
Continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months:
Agency MBS	$	36,664	$	(503)	16	$	215,792	$	(1,139)	27
Non-Agency MBS	46,835		(897)		30	13,607		(146)		7
Continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:
Agency MBS	$	689	$	(107)	3	$	75,745	$	(35)	2
Non-Agency MBS	100		(21)		4	1,099		(31)		5

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Repurchase Agreements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Disclosure of Repurchase Agreements [Abstract]

Schedule of Underlying Assets of Repurchase Agreements when Amount of Repurchase Agreements Exceeds 10 Percent of Assets [Table Text Block]

The Company’s repurchase agreements outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are summarized in the following tables:

	September 30, 2020						December 31, 2019
Collateral Type	Balance (1)		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged		Balance		Weighted Average Rate		Fair Value of Collateral Pledged
Agency RMBS	$	1,975,736	0.24	%	$	2,069,035	$	2,594,645	1.96	%	$	2,647,638
Agency CMBS	275,473		0.23	%	296,572		1,735,848		1.98	%	1,901,452
Agency CMBS IO	221,013		1.04	%	254,886		255,912		2.30	%	282,522
Non-Agency CMBS IO	122,461		1.26	%	145,639		165,943		2.67	%	193,013
Total repurchase agreements	$	2,594,683	0.36	%	$	2,766,132	$	4,752,348	2.01	%	$	5,024,625

Transfer of Certain Financial Assets Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Table Text Block]

The following table provides information on the remaining term to maturity and original term to maturity for the Company’s repurchase agreements as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020					December 31, 2019
Remaining Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity	Balance		Weighted Average Rate		WAVG Original Term to Maturity
Less than 30 days	$	2,048,541	0.37	%	64	$	2,078,185	2.12	%	34
30 to 90 days	496,755		0.27	%	95	2,674,163		1.93	%	52
91 to 180 days	49,387		0.93	%	121	—		—	%	—
Total	$	2,594,683	0.36	%	71	$	4,752,348	2.01	%	45

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Derivatives (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Derivative [Line Items]

Derivative Instruments, Gain (Loss)

The table below provides detail of the Company’s “gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net” by type of derivative for the periods indicated:

	Three Months				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
Type of Derivative Instrument	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest rate swaps	$	911	$	(52,908)	$	(182,941)	$	(248,886)
Interest rate swaptions	411		(4,329)		(162)		(4,329)
Futures	(6,517)		1,712		(25,140)		1,501
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	(5,655)		—		(23,815)		—
TBA securities - long positions	18,824		4,652		45,943		21,609
TBA securities - short positions	—		164		(10,041)		164
Gain (loss) on derivative instruments, net	$	7,974	$	(50,709)	$	(196,156)	$	(229,941)

Schedule of Derivative Instruments in Statement of Financial Position, Fair Value

The table below summarizes information about the carrying value by type of derivative instrument on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of the dates indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Balance Sheet Location	Purpose	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	$	386	$	2,883
Interest rate swaptions	Derivative assets	Economic hedging	411		573
TBA securities - long positions	Derivative assets	Investing	3,469		834
Total derivatives assets			$	4,266	$	4,290
U.S. Treasury futures	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	$	(5,164)	$	—
TBA securities - short positions	Derivative liabilities	Economic hedging	—		(974)
Total derivatives liabilities			$	(5,164)	$	(974)

Schedule of Notional Amounts of Outstanding Derivative Positions

The tables below summarize changes in the Company’s derivative instruments for the period indicated:

Type of Derivative Instrument	Notional Amount as of December 31, 2019		Additions		Settlements, Terminations, or Pair-Offs		Notional Amount as of September 30, 2020
Interest rate swaps	$	4,225,000	$	2,915,000	$	(7,090,000)	$	50,000
Interest rate swaptions	750,000		500,000		(750,000)		500,000
U.S. Treasury futures - short positions	—		3,637,600		(4,662,600)		(1,025,000)
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	1,350,000		4,650,000		(4,775,000)		1,225,000
TBA - long positions	435,000		9,936,000		(9,246,000)		1,125,000
TBA - short positions	500,000		3,017,000		(3,517,000)		—

Offsetting Assets

	Offsetting of Assets
	Gross Amount of Recognized Assets		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Assets Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Received as Collateral		Cash Received as Collateral
September 30, 2020
Interest rate swaption	$	411	$	—	$	411	$	—	$	—	$	411
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		—		386		—		—		386
TBA - long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		—		3,469
Derivative assets	$	4,266	$	—	$	4,266	$	—	$	—	$	4,266
December 31, 2019
Interest rate swaptions	$	573	$	—	$	573	$	—	$	—	$	573
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	2,883		—		2,883		—		—		2,883
TBA - long positions	834		—		834		(380)		—		454
Derivative assets	$	4,290	$	—	$	4,290	$	(380)	$	—	$	3,910

Offsetting Liabilities

	Offsetting of Liabilities
	Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		Gross Amount Not Offset in the Balance Sheet (1)				Net Amount
							Financial Instruments Posted as Collateral		Cash Posted as Collateral
September 30, 2020
U.S. Treasury futures-short positions	$	(5,164)	—		$	(5,164)	$	—	$	—	$	(5,164)
Derivative liabilities	$	(5,164)	$	—	$	(5,164)	$	—	$	—	$	(5,164)
December 31, 2019
TBA - short positions	$	(974)	—		$	(974)	$	380	—		$	(594)
Derivative liabilities	$	(974)	$	—	$	(974)	$	380	$	—	$	(594)

(1) Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total cash posted as collateral, which is recorded as "restricted cash," and the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value Disclosures

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing an asset or liability and also considers all aspects of nonperformance risk, including the entity’s own credit standing, when measuring fair value of a liability. ASC Topic 820 established a valuation hierarchy of three levels as follows:

•Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the measurement date.

•Level 2 – Inputs include quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in inactive markets for identical or similar assets or liabilities; or inputs either directly observable or indirectly observable through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs are supported by little or no market activity. The unobservable inputs represent management’s best estimate of how market participants would price the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	2,995,660	$	—	$	2,994,262	$	1,398	$	5,188,163	$	—	$	5,186,473	$	1,690
Mortgage loans held for investment (1)	6,921		—		—		6,921		8,857		—		—		8,857
Derivative assets:
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		386		—		—		2,883		2,883		—		—
Interest rate swaptions	411		—		411		—		573		—		573		—
TBA securities-long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		834		—		834		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,006,847	$	386	$	2,998,142	$	8,319	$	5,201,310	$	2,883	$	5,187,880	$	10,547
Liabilities carried at fair value:
TBA-short positions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—
U.S. Treasury futures	5,164		5,164		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	5,164	$	5,164	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—

(1) Mortgage loans held for investment were carried at amortized cost of $9,405 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

The fair value measurements for the Company's MBS are considered Level 2 when there are substantially similar securities actively trading or for which there has been recent trading activity in their respective markets. The Company determines the fair value of its Level 2 securities based on prices received from the Company's primary pricing service as well as other pricing services and brokers. The Company evaluates the third-party prices it receives to assess their reasonableness. Although the Company does not adjust third-party prices, they may be excluded from use in the determination of a security's fair value if they are significantly different from other observable market data. In valuing a security, the primary pricing service uses either a market approach, which uses observable prices and other relevant information that is generated by market transactions of identical or similar securities, or an income approach, which uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single, discounted present value amount. The Company also reviews the assumptions and inputs utilized in the valuation techniques of its primary pricing service. Examples of these observable inputs and assumptions include market interest rates, credit spreads, and projected prepayment speeds, among other things.

The Company owns MBS and mortgage loans that are considered Level 3 assets because there has been no recent trading activity of similar instruments upon which their fair value can be measured. The fair value for these Level 3 assets is measured by discounting the estimated future cash flows derived from cash flow models using significant inputs which are determined by the Company when market observable inputs are not available. Information utilized in those pricing models include the security’s credit rating, coupon rate, estimated prepayment speeds, expected weighted average life, collateral composition, estimated future interest rates, expected credit losses, and credit enhancement as well as certain other relevant information. The Company used a constant prepayment rate assumption of 10%, default rate of 2%, loss severity of 20%, and a discount rate of 7.0% in measuring the fair value of its Level 3 assets as of September 30, 2020. Significant changes in any of these inputs in isolation may result in a significantly different fair value measurement. Level 3 assets are generally most sensitive to the default rate and severity assumptions.

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020				September 30, 2020
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans		Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	1,490	$	7,366	$	1,690	$	9,405
Change in fair value (1)	(72)		213		(246)		(288)
Principal payments	(102)		(651)		(308)		(2,170)
Accretion (amortization)	82		(7)		262		(26)
Balance as of end of period	$	1,398	$	6,921	$	1,398	$	6,921

(1) Change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income”. Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “fair value adjustments, net“ and the amount shown for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 is net of cumulative adjustment of $(548) made to the amortized cost as of December 31, 2019 as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans effective January 1, 2020.

The fair value of interest rate swaps is measured using the income approach with the primary input being the forward interest rate swap curve, which is considered an observable input, and thus their fair values are considered Level 2 measurements. All of the Company’s interest rate swap agreements are centrally cleared through the CME. Please refer to Note 1 for information regarding the exchange of variation margin being legally considered as settlement of the derivative as opposed to a pledge of collateral. U.S. Treasury futures and options on U.S. Treasury futures are valued based on closing exchange prices on these contracts and are classified accordingly as Level 1 measurements. Unlike its interest rate swaps, the Company does not treat the exchange of variation margin for its U.S. Treasury futures as legal settlement of the instrument. The fair value of interest rate swaptions is based on the fair value of the underlying interest rate swap and time remaining until its expiration and is carried on the balance sheet net of any deferred premium to be paid upon expiration. The fair value of TBA securities is estimated using methods similar those used to fair value the Company’s Level 2 MBS.

Schedule of Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring Basis

The following table presents the Company’s financial instruments that are measured at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet by their valuation hierarchy levels as of the dates indicated:

	September 30, 2020								December 31, 2019
	Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets carried at fair value:
MBS	$	2,995,660	$	—	$	2,994,262	$	1,398	$	5,188,163	$	—	$	5,186,473	$	1,690
Mortgage loans held for investment (1)	6,921		—		—		6,921		8,857		—		—		8,857
Derivative assets:
Options on U.S. Treasury futures	386		386		—		—		2,883		2,883		—		—
Interest rate swaptions	411		—		411		—		573		—		573		—
TBA securities-long positions	3,469		—		3,469		—		834		—		834		—
Total assets carried at fair value	$	3,006,847	$	386	$	2,998,142	$	8,319	$	5,201,310	$	2,883	$	5,187,880	$	10,547
Liabilities carried at fair value:
TBA-short positions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—
U.S. Treasury futures	5,164		5,164		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total liabilities carried at fair value	$	5,164	$	5,164	$	—	$	—	$	974	$	—	$	974	$	—

Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation

The activity of the Company’s Level 3 assets during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 is presented in the following table:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020				September 30, 2020
	Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans		Other Non-Agency MBS		Mortgage Loans
Balance as of beginning of period	$	1,490	$	7,366	$	1,690	$	9,405
Change in fair value (1)	(72)		213		(246)		(288)
Principal payments	(102)		(651)		(308)		(2,170)
Accretion (amortization)	82		(7)		262		(26)
Balance as of end of period	$	1,398	$	6,921	$	1,398	$	6,921

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Equity [Abstract]

Dividends Declared

Common Stock. The following table summarizes information regarding monthly dividend declarations on the Company’s common stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2020
Declaration Date	Amount Declared		Record Date	Payment Date
January 13, 2020	$	0.15	January 24, 2020	February 3, 2020
February 14, 2020	0.15		February 24, 2020	March 2, 2020
March 10, 2020	0.15		March 23, 2020	April 1, 2020
April 8, 2020	0.15		April 22, 2020	May 1, 2020
May 12, 2020	0.15		May 22, 2020	June 1, 2020
June 10. 2020	0.13		June 22, 2020	July 1, 2020
July 13, 2020	0.13		July 23, 2020	August 4, 2020
August 10, 2020	0.13		August 21, 2020	September 1, 2020
September 14, 2020	0.13		September 24, 2020	October 1, 2020

Schedule of Share-based Compensation, Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units Activity

The following table presents a rollforward of the restricted stock activity for the periods indicated:

	Nine Months Ended
	September 30,
	2020			2019
	Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share		Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Restricted stock outstanding as of beginning of period	119,213	$	18.56	113,904	$	19.19
Restricted stock granted	240,293	13.88		67,997	18.09
Restricted stock vested	(71,431)	18.25		(62,688)	19.20
Restricted stock outstanding as of end of period	288,075	$	14.74	119,213	$	18.56

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Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 158,897	$ 62,582
Restricted cash	26,006	71,648
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown on consolidated statement of cash flows	$ 184,903	$ 134,230	$ 138,935	$ 88,704

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Commitment and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Loss Contingency, Damages Sought, Value	$ 12,600
Loss Contingency, Inestimable Loss	After consultation with litigation counsel, the Company believes, based upon information currently available and its evaluation of Virginia law, that the likelihood of loss is not probable, and given the range of potential claims for damages by the Company to offset the Receiver's claims, the amount of possible loss cannot be reasonably estimated, and therefore, no contingent liability has been recorded.

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Investments in Debt Securities Investments in Debt Securities (Details)	3 Months Ended			9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)		Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)		Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Investments [Line Items]
Par value of available for sale debt security	$ 2,433,207,000			$ 2,433,207,000			$ 4,455,808,000
Investments, Unamortized Premium (Discount)	473,728,000			473,728,000			558,549,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	2,906,935,000			2,906,935,000			5,014,357,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	90,253,000			90,253,000			175,157,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	(1,528,000)			(1,528,000)			(1,351,000)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale	2,995,660,000			2,995,660,000			5,188,163,000
Proceeds from Sale of Available-for-sale Securities	403,095,000		$ 600,514,000	4,403,054,000		$ 1,033,066,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Realized Gain (Loss)	20,846,000		4,605,000	298,728,000		(5,755,000)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Allowance for Credit Loss	0			0
Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Notional balance for interest only securities	12,344,492,000			12,344,492,000			13,404,824,000
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than Twelve Months, Fair Value	36,664,000			36,664,000			215,792,000
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 503,000			$ 503,000			$ 1,139,000
Available-for-sale, Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Number of Positions, Less than One Year	16			16			27
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Twelve Months or Longer, Fair Value	$ 689,000			$ 689,000			$ 75,745,000
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 107,000			$ 107,000			$ 35,000
Available-for-sale, Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Number of Positions, Greater than or Equal to One Year	3			3			2
Interest-Only-Strip
Investments [Line Items]
Par value of available for sale debt security	$ 0	[1]		$ 0	[1]		$ 0	[2]
Investments, Unamortized Premium (Discount)	405,736,000			405,736,000			488,145,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	405,736,000			405,736,000			488,145,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	9,497,000			9,497,000			11,760,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	(1,480,000)			(1,480,000)			(863,000)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale	413,753,000			413,753,000			499,042,000
Non-Agency MBS
Investments [Line Items]
Par value of available for sale debt security	1,630,000			1,630,000			1,938,000
Investments, Unamortized Premium (Discount)	(517,000)			(517,000)			(780,000)
Notional balance for interest only securities	9,485,281,000			9,485,281,000			9,799,629,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	1,113,000			1,113,000			1,158,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	333,000			333,000			552,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	(48,000)			(48,000)			(20,000)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale	1,398,000			1,398,000			1,690,000
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than Twelve Months, Fair Value	46,835,000			46,835,000			13,607,000
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Less than 12 Months, Accumulated Loss	$ 897,000			$ 897,000			$ 146,000
Available-for-sale, Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Number of Positions, Less than One Year	30			30			7
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, Twelve Months or Longer, Fair Value	$ 100,000			$ 100,000			$ 1,099,000
Available-for-sale Securities, Continuous Unrealized Loss Position, 12 Months or Longer, Accumulated Loss	$ 21,000			$ 21,000			$ 31,000
Available-for-sale, Securities in Unrealized Loss Positions, Qualitative Disclosure, Number of Positions, Greater than or Equal to One Year	4			4			5
Agency | Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities
Investments [Line Items]
Par value of available for sale debt security	$ 271,764,000			$ 271,764,000			$ 1,890,186,000
Investments, Unamortized Premium (Discount)	3,445,000			3,445,000			15,414,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	275,209,000			275,209,000			1,905,600,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	23,495,000			23,495,000			93,763,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	0			0			(6,000)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale	298,704,000			298,704,000			1,999,357,000
Proceeds from Sale of Available-for-sale Securities	403,095,000		0	2,215,098,000		213,199,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Realized Loss	20,845,000		0	222,904,000		(6,493,000)
Agency | Residential Mortgage Backed Securities
Investments [Line Items]
Par value of available for sale debt security	2,159,813,000			2,159,813,000			2,563,684,000
Investments, Unamortized Premium (Discount)	65,064,000			65,064,000			55,770,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Amortized Cost	2,224,877,000			2,224,877,000			2,619,454,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Gain, before Tax	56,928,000			56,928,000			69,082,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Accumulated Gross Unrealized Loss, before Tax	0			0			(462,000)
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale	2,281,805,000			2,281,805,000			$ 2,688,074,000
Proceeds from Sale of Available-for-sale Securities	0		591,206,000	2,187,956,000		796,699,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Realized Gain	$ 1,000	[3]		$ 75,824,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Realized Loss			4,458,000			506,000
Agency | Interest-Only-Strip
Investments [Line Items]
Proceeds from Sale of Available-for-sale Securities			9,308,000			23,168,000
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale, Realized Loss			$ 147,000			$ 232,000

[1] The notional balance for Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $12,344,492 and $9,485,281 respectively, as of September 30, 2020.

[2] The notional balance for the Agency CMBS IO and non-Agency CMBS IO was $13,404,824 and $9,799,629, respectively, as of December 31, 2019.

[3] Additional realized gain for Agency RMBS relates to change in effective rate due to paydown that occurred between trade date of sale in second quarter of 2020 and settlement date in third quarter.

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Repurchase Agreements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 2,594,683	$ 4,752,348
Weighted Average Rate	0.36%	2.01%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 2,766,132	$ 5,024,625
Payable for unsettled securities	190	6,180
Agency | Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 275,473	$ 1,735,848
Weighted Average Rate	0.23%	1.98%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 296,572	$ 1,901,452
Agency | Residential Mortgage Backed Securities
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 1,975,736	$ 2,594,645
Weighted Average Rate	0.24%	1.96%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 2,069,035	$ 2,647,638
Agency | Interest-Only-Strip
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 221,013	$ 255,912
Weighted Average Rate	1.04%	2.30%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 254,886	$ 282,522
Non-Agency | Interest-Only-Strip
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 122,461	$ 165,943
Weighted Average Rate	1.26%	2.67%
Fair Value of Collateral Pledged	$ 145,639	$ 193,013

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Repurchase Agreements Remaining Term to Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 2,594,683	$ 4,752,348
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Interest Rate	0.36%	2.01%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	71	45
Less than 30 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 2,048,541	$ 2,078,185
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Interest Rate	0.37%	2.12%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	64	34
30 to 90 days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 496,755	$ 2,674,163
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Interest Rate	0.27%	1.93%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	95	52
Maturity Greater than 90 Days
Assets and Associated Liabilities of Transfers Accounted for as Secured Borrowings [Line Items]
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Repurchase Liability	$ 49,387
Assets Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Interest Rate	0.93%
WAVG Original Term to Maturity	121

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Repurchase Agreements Counterparty Information (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($) Agreements
Repurchase Agreement Counterparty [Line Items]
Repurchase Agreement Counterparty, Amount at Risk	$ 31,917
Long-term Line of Credit	129,747
Line of Credit Facility, Maximum Borrowing Capacity	$ 250,000
Line of Credit Facility, Interest Rate at Period End	1.01%
Number of Counterparties with Borrowings Outstanding | Agreements	19
Available Repurchase Agreement Counterparties | Agreements	37
JP Morgan
Repurchase Agreement Counterparty [Line Items]
Borrowings outstanding with counterparty	$ 475,231
WAVG interest rate for amount outstanding with named counterparty	0.35%

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Repurchase Agreements Offsetting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities			$ 4,752,348
Gross Amount Offset in the Balance Sheet		$ 0	0
Net Amount of Liabilities Presented in the Balance Sheet		2,594,683	4,752,348
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Securities	[1]	(2,594,683)	(4,752,348)
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Cash		0	0
Securities Sold under Agreements to Repurchase, Amount Offset Against Collateral		$ 0	$ 0

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the repurchase agreement liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented.

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Derivatives (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands			3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Gain (Loss), Net			$ 7,974	$ (50,709)	$ (196,156)	$ (229,941)
Derivative assets, fair value	$ 4,266	$ 4,290	4,266		4,266
Derivative liabilities, fair value	(5,164)	(974)	(5,164)		(5,164)
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	4,266	4,290	4,266		4,266
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	5,164	974	5,164		5,164
Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Gain			911
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Loss				52,908	182,941	248,886
Interest rate swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Gain			411
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Loss				4,329	162	4,329
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset		573
U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Gain				1,712		1,501
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Loss			6,517		25,140
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability	(5,164)		(5,164)		(5,164)
Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Loss			5,655	0	23,815	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset		2,883
Long position | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Gain			18,824	4,652	45,943	21,609
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	$ 3,469	834	3,469		3,469
Short position | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Gain			$ 0	$ 164		$ 164
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Loss					$ 10,041
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability		974
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	1.35%		1.35%		1.35%
Variation margin	$ 297		$ 297		$ 297
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	50,000	4,225,000	50,000		50,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest rate swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets, fair value	411	573	411		411
Derivative instrument, cost basis	$ 4,150	$ 6,180	$ 4,150		$ 4,150
Derivative, Average Fixed Interest Rate	1.01%	2.07%	1.01%		1.01%
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	$ 500,000	$ 750,000	$ 500,000		$ 500,000
Derivative, Average Remaining Maturity	6 months	1 month
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities, fair value	$ (5,164)	$ 0	(5,164)		(5,164)
Derivative, Average Remaining Maturity	3 months
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	$ 1,025,000	0	1,025,000		1,025,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets, fair value	386	2,883	386		386
Derivative instrument, cost basis		2,883
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	$ 1,225,000	$ 1,350,000	1,225,000		1,225,000
Derivative, Average Remaining Maturity	1 month	2 months
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Short position | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities, fair value	$ 0	$ (974)	0		0
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	0	500,000	0		0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading | Long position | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative assets, fair value	3,469	834	3,469		3,469
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	$ 1,125,000	$ 435,000	$ 1,125,000		$ 1,125,000

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Derivatives TBA securities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Asset, at Fair Value		$ 4,266	$ 4,290
Long position | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedging Instruments, Asset, at Fair Value		3,469	834
Cost Basis,TBA	[1]	(1,160,531)	(441,327)
Market value, TBA	[2]	(1,164,000)	(442,161)
Net carrying value, TBA	[3]	(3,469)	(834)
Short position | Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | TBA securities
Derivative [Line Items]
Cost Basis,TBA	[1]	0	(519,143)
Market value, TBA	[2]	0	(520,117)
Net carrying value, TBA	[3]	$ 0	$ 974

[1] Implied cost basis represents the forward price to be paid for the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated.

[2] Implied market value represents the estimated fair value of the underlying Agency MBS as of the date indicated

[3] Net carrying value is the amount included on the consolidated balance sheets within “derivative assets (liabilities)” and represents the difference between the implied market value and the implied cost basis of the TBA security as of the date indicated.

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Derivatives Volume of Activity (Details) $ in Thousands	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020 USD ($)
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest rate swaps
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	$ 4,225,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Added	2,915,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	(7,090,000)
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	50,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Interest rate swaption
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	750,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Added	500,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	(750,000)
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	500,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	0
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Added	3,637,600
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	(4,662,600)
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	1,025,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	1,350,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Added	4,650,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	(4,775,000)
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	1,225,000
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Economic Hedge | TBA securities | Short position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	500,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Added	3,017,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	(3,517,000)
Derivative Liability, Notional Amount	0
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument, Trading | TBA securities | Long position
Derivative [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	435,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Added	9,936,000
Notional Amount of Derivative Instruments Maturing, Settled, Terminated, or Paired-Off	(9,246,000)
Derivative Asset, Notional Amount	$ 1,125,000

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Derivatives Offsetting Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	$ 4,266	$ 4,290
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral	4,266	4,290
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Securities	0	(380)	[1]
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral	4,266	3,910
Interest rate swaption
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset		573
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral	411	573
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Securities	0	0
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral	411	573
Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset		2,883
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral	386	2,883
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Securities	0	0
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral	386	2,883
Long position | TBA securities
Offsetting Assets [Line Items]
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Gross Asset	3,469	834
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral	3,469	834
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Securities	0	(380)	[1]
Derivative, Collateral, Obligation to Return Cash	0	0
Derivative Asset, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral	$ 3,469	$ 454

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total cash posted as collateral, which is recorded as "restricted cash," and the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically

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Derivatives Offsetting Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		Sep. 30, 2020		Dec. 31, 2019
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability		$ (5,164)		$ (974)
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral		(5,164)		(974)
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Securities		0		380	[1]
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Cash		0	[1]	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral		(5,164)		(594)
U.S. Treasury futures
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability		5,164
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral		5,164
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Securities		0
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Cash	[1]	0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral		$ 5,164
Short position | TBA securities
Offsetting Liabilities [Line Items]
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Gross Liability				(974)
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Amount Not Offset Against Collateral				(974)
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Securities	[1]			380
Derivative, Collateral, Right to Reclaim Cash				0
Derivative Liability, Fair Value, Amount Offset Against Collateral				$ (594)

[1] Amounts disclosed for collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty include cash and the fair value of MBS up to and not exceeding the net amount of the derivative asset or liability presented in the balance sheet. The fair value of the total collateral received by or posted to the same counterparty may exceed the amounts presented. Please refer to the consolidated balance sheets for the total cash posted as collateral, which is recorded as "restricted cash," and the total fair value of financial instruments pledged as collateral for derivatives and repurchase agreements, which is shown parenthetically

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	$ 4,266	$ 4,290
Derivative liabilities	5,164	974
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	6,921	8,857
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	2,995,660	5,188,163
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	3,006,847	5,201,310
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	5,164	974
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	6,921	8,857	[1]
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	0	0
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	386	2,883
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	5,164	0
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	2,994,262	5,186,473
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	2,998,142	5,187,880
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	0	974
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Mortgage-backed securities	1,398	1,690
Assets, Fair Value Disclosure	8,319	10,547
Financial Liabilities Fair Value Disclosure	0	0
Mortgage loans held for investment (includes 6,920,907 and $8,857 at fair value, respectively); see Note 1	6,921	8,857	[1]
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options on U.S. Treasury futures
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	386	2,883
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options on U.S. Treasury futures | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	386	2,883
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options on U.S. Treasury futures | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Options on U.S. Treasury futures | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaption
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	411	573
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaption | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaption | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	411	573
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Interest rate swaption | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Short position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	0	974
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	3,469	834
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 1 | Short position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 1 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 2 | Short position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	0	974
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 2 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	3,469	834
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 3 | Short position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | TBA securities | Level 3 | Long position
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative asset	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Futures
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	5,164	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Futures | Level 1
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	5,164	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Futures | Level 2
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	0	0
Fair Value, Measurements, Recurring | Futures | Level 3
Fair Value, Assets and Liabilities Measured on Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis [Line Items]
Derivative liabilities	$ 0	$ 0

[1] Mortgage loans held for investment were carried at amortized cost of $9,405 on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments Level 3 (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	9 Months Ended
		Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020
Non-Agency MBS
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period		$ 1,490	$ 1,690
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	[1]	(72)	(246)
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements		(102)	(308)
Balance at the end of the period		1,398	1,398
Loans Receivable
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the period		7,366	9,405
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Gain (Loss) Included in Earnings	[1]	(213)	288
Fair Value, Measurement with Unobservable Inputs Reconciliation, Recurring Basis, Asset, Settlements		(651)	(2,170)
Balance at the end of the period		6,921	6,921
Interest Income | Non-Agency MBS
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Accretion (amortization)		82	262
Interest Income | Loans Receivable
Fair Value, Assets Measured on Recurring Basis, Unobservable Input Reconciliation, Calculation [Roll Forward]
Accretion (amortization)		$ (7)	$ (26)

[1] Change in fair value for other non-Agency MBS is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “other comprehensive income”. Change in fair value for mortgage loans is recorded as unrealized gain (loss) in “fair value adjustments, net“ and the amount shown for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 is net of cumulative adjustment of $(548) made to the amortized cost as of December 31, 2019 as a result of the Company’s election of the fair value option for its mortgage loans effective January 1, 2020.

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Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($)																														1 Months Ended									3 Months Ended						9 Months Ended
	Oct. 01, 2020	Sep. 24, 2020	Sep. 14, 2020	Sep. 01, 2020	Aug. 21, 2020	Aug. 10, 2020	Aug. 04, 2020	Jul. 23, 2020	Jul. 13, 2020	Jul. 01, 2020	Jun. 22, 2020	Jun. 10, 2020	Jun. 01, 2020	May 22, 2020	May 12, 2020	May 01, 2020	Apr. 22, 2020	Apr. 08, 2020	Apr. 01, 2020	Mar. 23, 2020	Mar. 16, 2020	Mar. 14, 2020	Mar. 10, 2020	Mar. 02, 2020	Feb. 24, 2020	Feb. 14, 2020	Feb. 03, 2020	Jan. 24, 2020	Jan. 13, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Aug. 31, 2020	Jul. 31, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	May 31, 2020	Apr. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Feb. 29, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2020	Jun. 30, 2020	Mar. 31, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Jun. 30, 2019	Mar. 31, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized																														50,000,000									50,000,000						50,000,000	50,000,000
Preferred Stock, Par or Stated Value Per Share																														$ 0.01									$ 0.01						$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Stock issuance, value																																							$ 85,000		$ 107,988,000	$ 6,873,000	$ 18,052,000	$ 58,887,000
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Stock Issued, Issuance Costs																																							$ 5,000	$ 8,000	$ 9,000	$ 9,000	$ 28,000	$ 212,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding																														7,248,330									7,248,330						7,248,330	6,788,330
Redemption Premium																																							$ 3,914,000
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued																														7,248,330									7,248,330						7,248,330	6,788,330
Dividends Payable, Date Declared, Month and Year			Sep. 14, 2020			Aug. 10, 2020			Jul. 13, 2020			Jun. 10, 2020			May 12, 2020			Apr. 08, 2020					Mar. 10, 2020			Feb. 14, 2020			Jan. 13, 2020
Common Stock, Dividends, Per Share, Declared																														$ 0.13	$ 0.13	$ 0.13	$ 0.13	$ 0.15	$ 0.15	$ 0.15	$ 0.15	$ 0.15
Series A Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Dividend Rate, Percentage																						8.50%
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding																						2,300,000
Preferred Stock, Redemption Price Per Share																						$ 25.35
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference Per Share																						$ 25.00
Series B Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Dividend Rate, Percentage																					7.625%
Preferred Stock, Shares Outstanding																					1,700,000
Preferred Stock, Redemption Price Per Share																					$ 25.32
Preferred Stock, Shares Issued																														2,788,330									2,788,330						2,788,330
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference Per Share																					$ 25.00									$ 25.00									$ 25.00						$ 25.00
Preferred Stock, Dividend Payment Terms																																													The Series B Preferred Stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 7.625% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year.
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared																																							$ 0.4765625
Series C Preferred Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred Stock, Shares Authorized																														6,600,000									6,600,000						6,600,000
Stock issuance, shares																																							4,460,000
Stock issuance, value																																							$ 107,988,000
Adjustments to Additional Paid in Capital, Stock Issued, Issuance Costs																																							$ 3,512,000
Preferred Stock, Dividend Rate, Percentage																																													6.90%
Preferred Stock, Liquidation Preference Per Share																														$ 25.00									$ 25.00						$ 25.00
Preferred Stock, Dividend Payment Terms																																													The Series C Preferred stock pays a cumulative cash dividend equivalent to 6.900% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share each year until April 15, 2025 upon which date and thereafter, the Company will pay cumulative cash dividends at a percentage of the $25.00 liquidation value per share equal to an annual floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 5.461%.
Preferred Stock, Dividends Per Share, Declared																																							$ 0.43125
Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Dividends Payable, Date of Record		Sep. 24, 2020			Aug. 21, 2020			Jul. 23, 2020			Jun. 22, 2020			May 22, 2020			Apr. 22, 2020			Mar. 23, 2020					Feb. 24, 2020			Jan. 24, 2020
Dividends Payable, Date to be Paid	Oct. 01, 2020			Sep. 01, 2020			Aug. 04, 2020			Jul. 01, 2020			Jun. 01, 2020			May 01, 2020			Apr. 01, 2020					Mar. 02, 2020			Feb. 03, 2020

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Shareholders' Equity and Share-Based Compensation Share-based Compensation (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019	Sep. 30, 2020	Sep. 30, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based incentive plan, number of shares authorized for issuance	2,300,000		2,300,000
Stock-based compensation expense	$ 568	$ 306	$ 1,299	$ 899
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Cost Not yet Recognized, Period for Recognition			2 years 2 months 12 days
Restricted Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Nonvested, Number of Shares [Rollforward]
Restricted stock outstanding as of beginning of period			119,213	113,904
Restricted stock granted			240,293	67,997
Restricted stock vested			(71,431)	(62,688)
Restricted stock outstanding as of end of period	288,075	119,213	288,075	119,213
Restricted stock as of beginning of period of period, nonvested, weighted average grant date fair value per share			$ 18.56	$ 19.19
Restricted stock granted, weighted average grant date fair value per share			13.88	18.09
Restricted stock vested, weighted average grant date fair value per share			18.25	19.20
Restricted stock as of end of period, nonvested, weighted average grant date fair value per share	$ 14.74	$ 18.56	$ 14.74	$ 18.56
Share-based Payment Arrangement, Nonvested Award, Excluding Option, Cost Not yet Recognized, Amount	$ 3,295		$ 3,295

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Label	Element	Value
Cumulative Effect of New Accounting Principle in Period of Adoption	us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOfNewAccountingPrincipleInPeriodOfAdoption	$ 548,000
Accumulated Distributions in Excess of Net Income [Member]
Cumulative Effect of New Accounting Principle in Period of Adoption	us-gaap_CumulativeEffectOfNewAccountingPrincipleInPeriodOfAdoption	$ 548,000