Index

Part I

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Exhibit 99.1

Item 1.    Financial Statements

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands, except unit amounts)

(unaudited)

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,205,694	$	1,285,700
Cash and securities segregated, at fair value (cost: $1,746,297 and $1,503,554)	1,746,938		1,503,957
Receivables, net:
Brokers and dealers	225,153		65,897
Brokerage clients	2,123,711		2,059,842
AB funds fees	231,146		340,158
Other fees	146,069		185,653
Investments:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	47,062		63,839
Other	169,401		209,579
Assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Cash and cash equivalents	15,598		90,326
Investments	458,505		613,025
Other assets	23,282		30,461
Furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements, net	166,963		169,175
Goodwill	3,092,267		3,091,763
Intangible assets, net	41,779		41,531
Deferred sales commissions, net	59,656		74,899
Right-of-use assets	389,890		421,980
Other assets	353,802		262,303
Total assets	$	10,496,916	$	10,510,088
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST AND CAPITAL
Liabilities:
Payables:
Brokers and dealers	$	299,767	$	265,957
Securities sold not yet purchased	—		3,828
Brokerage clients	3,821,249		3,603,558
AB mutual funds	99,191		94,962
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	252,700		257,307
Lease liabilities	454,205		490,735
Liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	37,780		87,000
Accrued compensation and benefits	563,788		369,649
Debt	800,000		755,000
Total liabilities	6,328,680		5,927,996

1

Index

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 12)
Redeemable non-controlling interest of consolidated entities	308,953		421,169
Capital:
General Partner	40,270		42,850
Limited partners: 269,447,055 and 271,453,043 units issued and outstanding	4,082,109		4,336,211
Receivables from affiliates	(6,235)		(8,333)
AB Holding Units held for long-term incentive compensation plans	(121,697)		(119,470)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(135,164)		(90,335)
Partners’ capital attributable to AB Unitholders	3,859,283		4,160,923
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and capital	$	10,496,916	$	10,510,088

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

2

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income

(in thousands, except per unit amounts)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenues:
Investment advisory and services fees	$	719,476	$	777,624	$	1,543,258	$	1,481,090
Bernstein research services	106,442		105,655		224,249		224,676
Distribution revenues	153,130		155,538		321,471		303,138
Dividend and interest income	22,512		8,658		33,987		17,342
Investment (losses) gains	(48,220)		4,181		(87,244)		6,109
Other revenues	26,950		25,900		53,105		53,611
Total revenues	980,290		1,077,556		2,088,826		2,085,966
Less: Interest expense	8,846		734		11,695		1,878
Net revenues	971,444		1,076,822		2,077,131		2,084,088
Expenses:
Employee compensation and benefits	398,273		435,707		837,693		841,766
Promotion and servicing:
Distribution-related payments	158,532		167,761		334,776		330,015
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	8,953		8,236		18,336		16,135
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other	60,404		46,571		111,631		93,249
General and administrative	147,855		131,324		325,480		251,547
Contingent payment arrangements	838		838		1,676		1,634
Interest on borrowings	2,681		1,241		4,092		2,535
Amortization of intangible assets	1,260		1,521		2,396		3,000
Total expenses	778,796		793,199		1,636,080		1,539,881
Operating income	192,648		283,623		441,051		544,207
Income taxes	10,650		12,480		23,371		29,225
Net income	181,998		271,143		417,680		514,982
Net (loss) income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(26,771)		3,573		(51,816)		3,281
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	208,769	$	267,570	$	469,496	$	511,701
Net income per AB Unit:
Basic	$	0.76	$	0.97	$	1.71	$	1.86
Diluted	$	0.76	$	0.97	$	1.71	$	1.86

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net income	$	181,998	$	271,143	$	417,680	$	514,982
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, before tax	(34,286)		2,088		(46,108)		(5,050)
Income tax benefit	534		26		635		48
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	(33,752)		2,114		(45,473)		(5,002)
Changes in employee benefit related items:
Amortization of prior service cost	6		6		12		12
Recognized actuarial gain	324		324		647		405
Changes in employee benefit related items	330		330		659		417
Income tax (expense)	(6)		(2)		(15)		(2)
Employee benefit related items, net of tax	324		328		644		415
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(33,428)		2,442		(44,829)		(4,587)
Less: Comprehensive (loss) income in consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(26,771)		3,573		(51,816)		3,281
Comprehensive income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	175,341	$	270,012	$	424,667	$	507,114

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Partners' Capital

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
General Partner’s Capital
Balance, beginning of period	$	41,832	$	42,022	$	42,850	$	41,776
Net income	2,088		2,676		4,695		5,117
Cash distributions to General Partner	(2,715)		(2,421)		(6,496)		(5,319)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity	31		18		30		11
(Retirement) issuance of AB Units, net	(966)		(342)		(809)		368
Balance, end of period	40,270		41,953		40,270		41,953
Limited Partners' Capital
Balance, beginning of period	4,235,643		4,253,904		4,336,211		4,229,485
Net income	206,681		264,894		464,801		506,584
Cash distributions to Unitholders	(267,699)		(239,678)		(641,728)		(526,491)
Long-term incentive compensation plans activity	3,071		1,859		2,914		1,151
(Retirement) issuance of AB Units, net	(95,587)		(33,919)		(80,089)		36,331
Balance, end of period	4,082,109		4,247,060		4,082,109		4,247,060
Receivables from Affiliates
Balance, beginning of period	(8,126)		(1,725)		(8,333)		(8,316)
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense	166		17		340		159
Capital contributions from (to) AB Holding	1,725		(6,091)		1,758		358
Balance, end of period	(6,235)		(7,799)		(6,235)		(7,799)
AB Holding Units held for Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans
Balance, beginning of period	(130,914)		(143,807)		(119,470)		(57,219)
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term compensation plans, net	(92,635)		(39,614)		(106,457)		(75,468)
Retirement (issuance) of AB Units, net	97,270		34,515		81,615		(36,498)
Long-term incentive compensation awards expense	8,334		9,505		26,776		27,507
Re-valuation of AB Holding Units held in rabbi trust	(3,752)		(803)		(4,161)		1,474
Balance, end of period	(121,697)		(140,204)		(121,697)		(140,204)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss)
Balance, beginning of period	(101,736)		(101,232)		(90,335)		(94,203)
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax	(33,752)		2,114		(45,473)		(5,002)
Changes in employee benefit related items, net of tax	324		328		644		415
Balance, end of period	(135,164)		(98,790)		(135,164)		(98,790)
Total Partners' Capital attributable to AB Unitholders	$	3,859,283	$	4,042,220	$	3,859,283	$	4,042,220

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	417,680	$	514,982
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	18,336		16,135
Non-cash long-term incentive compensation expense	27,116		27,666
Depreciation and other amortization	22,479		22,061
Unrealized losses on investments	42,767		4,269
Unrealized losses (gains) on investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	80,091		(936)
Non-cash lease expense	52,008		48,048
Other, net	13,481		11,699
Changes in assets and liabilities:
(Increase) decrease in securities, segregated	(242,981)		680,396
(Increase) in receivables	(236,763)		(222,721)
Decrease in investments	12,527		19,963
Decrease in investments of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds	74,429		136,578
(Increase) in deferred sales commissions	(3,093)		(20,483)
(Increase) in other assets	(92,696)		(80,455)
(Decrease) in other assets and liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net	(42,040)		(15,347)
Increase (decrease) in payables	396,196		(513,344)
Increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses	15,873		13,617
Increase in accrued compensation and benefits	200,725		265,557
Cash payments to relieve operating lease liabilities	(54,148)		(57,388)
Net cash provided by operating activities	701,987		850,297
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements	(19,337)		(25,914)
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired	(495)		(3,793)
Net cash used in investing activities	(19,832)		(29,707)

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Index

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings (repayments) of debt, net	45,000		(85,000)
(Decrease) increase in overdrafts payable	(14,235)		8,315
Distributions to General Partner and Unitholders	(648,224)		(531,810)
(Redemptions) of non-controlling interest in consolidated company-sponsored investment funds, net	(60,400)		(87,837)
Capital contributions to (from) affiliates	373		(408)
Additional investments by AB Holding with proceeds from exercise of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	178		3,402
Purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plan awards, net	(106,457)		(75,468)
Other	(1,352)		(914)
Net cash used in financing activities	(785,117)		(769,720)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(51,772)		(1,223)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(154,734)		49,647
Cash and cash equivalents as of beginning of the period	1,376,026		1,073,906
Cash and cash equivalents as of end of the period	$	1,221,292	$	1,123,553
Non-cash investing activities:
Fair value of assets acquired (less cash acquired of zero and $2.8 million, respectively)	$	2,995	$	13,235
Fair value of liabilities assumed	$	—	$	1,642
Non-cash financing activities:
Payables recorded under contingent payment arrangements	$	2,500	$	7,800

See Accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Index

ALLIANCEBERNSTEIN L.P.

AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

June 30, 2022

(unaudited)

The words “we” and “our” refer collectively to AllianceBernstein L.P. and its subsidiaries (“AB”), or to their officers and employees. Similarly, the word “company” refers to AB. These statements should be read in conjunction with AB’s audited consolidated financial statements included in AB’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

1.Business Description Organization and Basis of Presentation

Business Description

We provide diversified investment management, research and related services globally to a broad range of clients. Our principal services include:

•    Institutional Services – servicing our institutional clients, including private and public pension plans, foundations and endowments, insurance companies, central banks and governments worldwide, and affiliates such as Equitable Holdings, Inc. ("EQH") and its subsidiaries, by means of separately-managed accounts, sub-advisory relationships, structured products, collective investment trusts, mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment vehicles.

•    Retail Services – servicing our retail clients, primarily by means of retail mutual funds sponsored by AB or an affiliated company, sub-advisory relationships with mutual funds sponsored by third parties, separately-managed account programs sponsored by financial intermediaries worldwide and other investment vehicles.

•    Private Wealth Services – servicing our private clients, including high-net-worth individuals and families, trusts and estates, charitable foundations, partnerships, private and family corporations, and other entities, by means of separately-managed accounts, hedge funds, mutual funds and other investment vehicles.

•Bernstein Research Services – servicing institutional investors, such as pension fund, hedge fund and mutual fund managers, seeking high-quality fundamental research, quantitative services and brokerage-related services in equities and listed options.

We also provide distribution, shareholder servicing, transfer agency services and administrative services to the mutual funds we sponsor.

Our high-quality, in-depth research is the foundation of our business. Our research disciplines include economic, fundamental equity, fixed income and quantitative research.  In addition, we have expertise in multi-asset strategies, wealth management, environmental, social and corporate governance ("ESG"), and alternative investments.

We provide a broad range of investment services with expertise in:

•Actively-managed equity strategies, with global and regional portfolios across capitalization ranges, concentration ranges and investment strategies, including value, growth and core equities;

•Actively-managed traditional and unconstrained fixed income strategies, including taxable and tax-exempt strategies;

•Alternative investments, including hedge funds, fund of funds, direct lending, real estate and private equity;

•Multi-asset solutions and services, including dynamic asset allocation, customized target-date funds and target-risk funds; and

•Some passive management, including index and enhanced index strategies.

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Index

Organization

As of June 30, 2022, EQH owned approximately 4.1% of the issued and outstanding units representing assignments of beneficial ownership of limited partnership interests in AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding Units”). AllianceBernstein Corporation (an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of EQH, “General Partner”) is the general partner of both AllianceBernstein Holding L.P. (“AB Holding”) and AB. AllianceBernstein Corporation owns 100,000 general partnership units in AB Holding and a 1.0% general partnership interest in AB.

As of June 30, 2022, the ownership structure of AB, including limited partnership units outstanding as well as the general partner's 1.0% interest, was as follows:

EQH and its subsidiaries	63.5	%
AB Holding	35.7
Unaffiliated holders	0.8
	100.0	%

Including both the general partnership and limited partnership interests in AB Holding and AB, EQH and its subsidiaries had an approximate 65.0% economic interest in AB as of June 30, 2022.

Basis of Presentation

The interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the interim results, have been made. The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the interim reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of December 31, 2021 was derived from audited financial statements. Certain disclosures included in the annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted from these financial statements as they are not required for interim financial statements under principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and the rules of the SEC.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include AB and its majority-owned and/or controlled subsidiaries, and the consolidated entities that are considered to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and/or voting interest entities (“VOEs”) in which AB has a controlling financial interest. Non-controlling interests on the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition include the portion of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in which we do not have direct equity ownership. All significant inter-company transactions and balances among the consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period's presentation. Amounts previously presented on the Statement of Cash Flows as (increase) decrease in right-of-use assets and increase (decrease) in lease liabilities during 2021 are now presented net as "Cash payments to relieve operating lease liabilities". Non-cash lease expense under adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities formerly classified as "Depreciation and other amortization" during 2021 are now classified separately on the Statement of Cash Flows as "Non-cash lease expense". Amounts previously classified under Financing "Other" related to non-cash accretion expense associated with our contingent payment arrangements during 2021 have been reclassified to non-cash "Other, net" under adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities.

Subsequent Events

We have evaluated subsequent events through the date that these financial statements were filed with the SEC. See Note 17 Subsequent Event for additional details related to the closing of our acquisition of CarVal Investors, L.P. ("CarVal"). We previously announced our intention to acquire CarVal in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2022.

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Index

2.     Significant Accounting Policies

During the second quarter of 2022, there have been no recently adopted accounting pronouncements or pronouncements not yet adopted.

3. Revenue Recognition

Revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Subject to contracts with customers:
Investment advisory and services fees
Base fees	$	696,685	$	723,717	$	1,444,498	$	1,411,408
Performance-based fees	22,791		53,907		98,760		69,682
Bernstein research services	106,442		105,655		224,249		224,676
Distribution revenues
All-in-management fees	73,399		86,073		154,620		171,255
12b-1 fees	17,436		20,653		36,953		40,687
Other distribution fees	62,295		48,812		129,898		91,196
Other revenues
Shareholder servicing fees	22,394		22,383		44,808		44,078
Other	4,318		2,933		7,827		8,616
	1,005,760		1,064,133		2,141,613		2,061,598
Not subject to contracts with customers:
Dividend and interest income, net of interest expense	13,666		7,924		22,292		15,464
Investment (losses) gains	(48,220)		4,181		(87,244)		6,109
Other revenues	238		584		470		917
	(34,316)		12,689		(64,482)		22,490
Total net revenues	$	971,444	$	1,076,822	$	2,077,131	$	2,084,088

4.    Long-term Incentive Compensation Plans

We maintain several unfunded, non-qualified long-term incentive compensation plans, under which we grant annual awards to employees, generally in the fourth quarter, and to members of the Board of Directors of the General Partner, who are not employed by our company or by any of our affiliates (“Eligible Directors”).

We fund our restricted AB Holding Unit awards either by purchasing AB Holding Units on the open market or purchasing newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, and then keeping these AB Holding Units in a consolidated rabbi trust until delivering them or retiring them. In accordance with the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of AB (“AB Partnership Agreement”), when AB purchases newly-issued AB Holding Units from AB Holding, AB Holding is required to use the proceeds it receives from AB to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units, thus increasing its percentage ownership interest in AB. AB Holding Units held in the consolidated rabbi trust are corporate assets in the name of the trust and are available to the general creditors of AB.

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Index

Repurchases and retention of AB Holding Units for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in millions)
Total amount of AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	2.3		0.9		2.6		1.9
Total Cash Paid for AB Holding Units Purchased/Retained (1)	$	92.7	$	38.3	$	106.7	$	75.7
Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units Purchased (1)	2.3		0.8		2.3		1.4
Total Cash Paid for Open Market Purchases of AB Holding Units (1)	$	92.7	$	34.6	$	92.7	$	58.8

(1) Purchased on a trade date basis. The difference between open-market purchases and units retained reflects the retention of AB Holding Units from employees to fulfill statutory tax withholding requirements at the time of delivery of long-term incentive compensation awards.

Purchases of AB Holding Units reflected on the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows are net of AB Holding Unit purchases by employees as part of a distribution reinvestment election.

Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended ("Exchange Act"). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority under the terms and limitations specified in the plan to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the second quarter of 2022 expired at the close of business on July 26, 2022.We may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

During the first six months of 2022 and 2021, we awarded to employees and Eligible Directors 0.8 million and 3.5 million restricted AB Holding Unit awards, respectively. We use any AB Holding Units repurchased during the applicable period and newly-issued AB Holding Units to fund these awards.

During the first six months of 2022 and 2021, AB Holding issued 5,774 and 0.1 million AB Holding Units, respectively, upon exercise of options to buy AB Holding Units. AB Holding used the proceeds of $0.1 million and $3.4 million, respectively, received from award recipients as payment in cash for the exercise price to purchase the equivalent number of newly-issued AB Units.

5.     Net Income per Unit

Basic net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99% by the basic weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each period. Diluted net income per unit is derived by reducing net income for the 1% general partnership interest and dividing the remaining 99% by the total of the diluted weighted average number of limited partnership units outstanding for each period.

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	208,769	$	267,570	$	469,496	$	511,701
Weighted average limited partnership units outstanding – basic	270,983		272,344		271,182		272,339
Dilutive effect of compensatory options to buy AB Holding Units	—		12		2		20
Weighted average limited partnership units outstanding – diluted	270,983		272,356		271,184		272,359
Basic net income per AB Unit	$	0.76	$	0.97	$	1.71	$	1.86
Diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.76	$	0.97	$	1.71	$	1.86

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Index

There were no anti-dilutive options excluded from diluted net income in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 or 2021, respectively.

6. Cash Distributions

AB is required to distribute all of its Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to its Unitholders and to the General Partner. Available Cash Flow can be summarized as the cash flow received by AB from operations minus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be retained by AB for use in its business, or plus such amounts as the General Partner determines, in its sole discretion, should be released from previously retained cash flow.

Typically, Available Cash Flow has been the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with the concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation.

On July 29, 2022, the General Partner declared a distribution of $0.78 per AB Unit, representing a distribution of Available Cash Flow for the three months ended June 30, 2022. The General Partner, as a result of its 1% general partnership interest, is entitled to receive 1% of each distribution. The distribution is payable on August 18, 2022 to holders of record on August 8, 2022.

7.     Cash and Securities Segregated Under Federal Regulations and Other Requirements

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, $1.7 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, of U.S. Treasury Bills were segregated in a special reserve bank custody account for the exclusive benefit of our brokerage customers under Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act.

8.     Investments

Investments consist of:

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Equity securities:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	$	20,897	$	32,237
Seed capital	119,083		133,992
Other	1,401		18,243
Exchange-traded options	59		1,893
Investments in limited partnership hedge funds:
Long-term incentive compensation-related	26,165		31,602
Seed capital	17,632		19,318
Time deposits	20,210		21,024
Other	11,016		15,109
Total investments	$	216,463	$	273,418

Total investments related to long-term incentive compensation obligations of $47.1 million and $63.8 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, consist of company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds. For long-term incentive compensation awards granted before 2009, we typically made investments in company-sponsored mutual funds and hedge funds that were notionally elected by plan participants and maintained them (and continue to maintain them) in a consolidated rabbi trust or separate custodial account. The rabbi trust and custodial account enable us to hold such investments separate from our other assets for the purpose of settling our obligations to participants. The investments held in the rabbi trust and custodial account remain available to the general creditors of AB.

The underlying investments of hedge funds in which we invest include long and short positions in equity securities, fixed income securities (including various agency and non-agency asset-based securities), currencies, commodities and

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Index

derivatives (including various swaps and forward contracts). These investments are valued at quoted market prices or, where quoted market prices are not available, are fair valued based on the pricing policies and procedures of the underlying funds.

We allocate seed capital to our investment teams to help develop new products and services for our clients. A portion of our seed capital trading investments are equity and fixed income products, primarily in the form of separately-managed account portfolios, U.S. mutual funds, Luxembourg funds, Japanese investment trust management funds or Delaware business trusts. We also may allocate seed capital to investments in private equity funds. Regarding our seed capital investments, the amounts above reflect those funds in which we are not the primary beneficiary of a VIE or hold a controlling financial interest in a VOE. See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for a description of the seed capital investments that we consolidate. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, our total seed capital investments were $287.2 million and $379.0 million, respectively. Seed capital investments in unconsolidated company-sponsored investment funds are valued using published net asset values or non-published net asset values if they are not listed on an active exchange but have net asset values that are comparable to funds with published net asset values and have no redemption restrictions.

In addition, we have long positions in corporate equities and long exchange-traded options traded through our options desk.

The portion of unrealized (losses) gains related to equity securities, as defined by ASC 321-10, held as of June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Net (losses) gains recognized during the period	$	(17,328)	$	7,719	$	(33,878)	$	12,606
Less: net gains recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period	5,217		12,156		9,756		16,721
Unrealized (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities held	$	(22,545)	$	(4,437)	$	(43,634)	$	(4,115)

9.     Derivative Instruments

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of derivative instruments held by our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

We enter various futures, forwards, options and swaps to economically hedge certain seed capital investments.  Also, we have currency forwards that help us to economically hedge certain balance sheet exposures. In addition, our options desk trades long and short exchange-traded equity options. We do not hold any derivatives designated in a formal hedge relationship under ASC 815-10, Derivatives and Hedging.

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The notional value and fair value as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 for derivative instruments (excluding derivative instruments relating to our options desk trading activities discussed below) not designated as hedging instruments were as follows:

			Fair Value
	Notional Value		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2022:
Exchange-traded futures	$	116,242	$	1,724	$	348
Currency forwards	46,780		5,507		5,283
Interest rate swaps	10,683		20		87
Credit default swaps	181,219		17,269		6,586
Total return swaps	55,040		2,827		178
Option swaps	50,000		—		42
Total derivatives	$	459,964	$	27,347	$	12,524
December 31, 2021:
Exchange-traded futures	$	131,876	$	392	$	1,186
Currency forwards	66,058		7,344		6,980
Interest rate swaps	13,483		497		833
Credit default swaps	155,757		6,594		6,967
Total return swaps	63,817		595		527
Option swaps	50,000		—		430
Total derivatives	$	480,991	$	15,422	$	16,923

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the derivative assets and liabilities are included in both receivables and payables to brokers and dealers on our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

The gains and losses for derivative instruments (excluding our options desk trading activities discussed below) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income were as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Exchange-traded futures	$	6,441	$	(4,882)	$	13,954	$	(3,747)
Currency forwards	1,738		(354)		2,282		827
Interest rate swaps	21		(111)		(52)		(23)
Credit default swaps	4,720		(1,714)		6,437		(2,236)
Total return swaps	8,025		(2,980)		15,431		(3,887)
Option swaps	1,154		(1,373)		3,779		(12)
Net gains (losses) on derivative instruments	$	22,099	$	(11,414)	$	41,831	$	(9,078)

We may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. We minimize our counterparty exposure through a credit review and approval process. In addition, we have executed various collateral arrangements with counterparties to the over-the-counter derivative transactions that require both pledging and accepting collateral in the form of cash. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held $9.2 million and $2.9 million, respectively, of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in payables to brokers and dealers in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Although notional amount typically is utilized as the measure of volume in the derivatives market, it is not used as a measure of credit risk. Generally, the current credit exposure of our derivative contracts is limited to the net positive estimated fair value of derivative contracts at the reporting date after taking into consideration the existence of netting agreements and any collateral received. A derivative with positive value (a derivative asset) indicates existence of credit

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risk because the counterparty would owe us if the contract were closed. Alternatively, a derivative contract with negative value (a derivative liability) indicates we would owe money to the counterparty if the contract were closed. Generally, if there is more than one derivative transaction with a single counterparty, a master netting arrangement exists with respect to derivative transactions with that counterparty to provide for aggregate net settlement.

Certain of our standardized contracts for over-the-counter derivative transactions (“ISDA Master Agreements”) contain credit risk related contingent provisions pertaining to each counterparty’s credit rating. In some ISDA Master Agreements, if the counterparty’s credit rating, or in some agreements, our assets under management (“AUM”), falls below a specified threshold, either a default or a termination event permitting us or the counterparty to terminate the ISDA Master Agreement would be triggered. In all agreements that provide for collateralization, various levels of collateralization of net liability positions are applicable, depending on the credit rating of the counterparty. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we delivered $3.0 million and $5.6 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. We report this cash collateral in cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held $0.1 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of long exchange-traded equity options, which are included in other investments on our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. In addition, as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we held zero and $2.8 million, respectively, of short exchange-traded equity options, which are included in securities sold not yet purchased on our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Our options desk provides our clients with equity derivative strategies and execution for exchange-traded options on single stocks, exchange-traded funds and indices. While predominately agency-based, the options desk may commit capital to facilitate a client’s transaction. Our options desk hedges the risks associated with this activity by taking offsetting positions in equities. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized losses of $7.8 million and $9.8 million, respectively, on equity options activity. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized losses of $1.7 million and gains of $3.1 million, respectively, on equity options activity. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

10.     Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of offsetting assets and liabilities of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Offsetting of assets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2022:
Securities borrowed	$	69,831	$	—	$	69,831	$	(59,671)	$	—	$	10,160
Derivatives	$	27,347	$	—	$	27,347	$	—	$	(9,151)	$	18,196
Long exchange-traded options	$	59	$	—	$	59	$	—	$	—	$	59
December 31, 2021:
Securities borrowed	$	19,899	$	—	$	19,899	$	(18,327)	$	—	$	1,572
Derivatives	$	15,422	$	—	$	15,422	$	—	$	(2,872)	$	12,550
Long exchange-traded options	$	1,893	$	—	$	1,893	$	—	$	—	$	1,893

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Offsetting of liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2022:
Securities loaned	$	101,276	$	—	$	101,276	$	(98,241)	$	—	$	3,035
Derivatives	$	12,524	$	—	$	12,524	$	—	$	(2,980)	$	9,544
Short exchange-traded options	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
December 31, 2021:
Securities loaned	$	23,911	$	—	$	23,911	$	(23,373)	$	—	$	538
Derivatives	$	16,923	$	—	$	16,923	$	—	$	(5,572)	$	11,351
Short exchange-traded options	$	2,774	$	—	$	2,774	$	—	$	—	$	2,774

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

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11.     Fair Value

See Note 14, Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds, for disclosure of fair value of our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The three broad levels of fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•    Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets are available for identical assets or liabilities as of the reported date.

•    Level 2 – Quoted prices in markets that are not active or other pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reported date.

•    Level 3 –  Prices or valuation techniques that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable as of the reported date. These financial instruments do not have two-way markets and are measured using management’s best estimate of fair value, where the inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

Valuation of our financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV Expedient(1)		Other		Total
June 30, 2022:
Money markets	$	125,126	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	125,126
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)	—		1,746,873		—		—		—		1,746,873
Derivatives	1,724		25,623		—		—		—		27,347
Investments:
Equity securities	110,348		30,783		119		131		—		141,381
Long exchange-traded options	59		—		—		—		—		59
Limited partnership hedge funds(2)	—		—		—		—		43,797		43,797
Time deposits(3)	—		—		—		—		20,210		20,210
Other investments	6,514		—		—		—		4,502		11,016
Total investments	116,921		30,783		119		131		68,509		216,463
Total assets measured at fair value	$	243,771	$	1,803,279	$	119	$	131	$	68,509	$	2,115,809
Securities sold not yet purchased:
Short equities – corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Short exchange-traded options	—		—		—		—		—		—
Derivatives	348		12,176		—		—		—		12,524
Contingent payment arrangements	—		—		42,436		—		—		42,436
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	348	$	12,176	$	42,436	$	—	$	—	$	54,960

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	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV Expedient(1)		Other		Total
December 31, 2021:
Money markets	$	151,156	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	151,156
Securities segregated (U.S. Treasury Bills)	—		1,503,828		—		—		—		1,503,828
Derivatives	392		15,030		—		—		—		15,422
Investments:
Equity securities	144,917		39,284		126		145		—		184,472
Long exchange-traded options	1,893		—		—		—		—		1,893
Limited partnership hedge funds(2)	—		—		—		—		50,920		50,920
Time deposits(3)	—		—		—		—		21,024		21,024
Other investments	9,094		—		—		—		6,015		15,109
Total investments	155,904		39,284		126		145		77,959		273,418
Total assets measured at fair value	$	307,452	$	1,558,142	$	126	$	145	$	77,959	$	1,943,824
Securities sold not yet purchased:
Short equities – corporate	$	1,054	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1,054
Short exchange-traded options	2,774		—		—		—		—		2,774
Derivatives	1,186		15,737		—		—		—		16,923
Contingent payment arrangements	—		—		38,260		—		—		38,260
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	5,014	$	15,737	$	38,260	$	—	$	—	$	59,011

(1) Investments measured at fair value using NAV (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient.

(2) Investments in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

(3) Investments carried at amortized cost that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP.

Other investments included in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy include our investment in a mutual fund measured at fair value ($6.5 million and $9.1 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively). Other investments not measured at fair value include (i) investment in a start-up company that does not have a readily available fair value (this investment was $0.3 million as of both June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021), (ii) investment in equity method investees that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP ($1.5 million and $2.9 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively), and (iii) broker dealer exchange memberships that are not measured at fair value in accordance with GAAP ($2.7 million and $2.8 million as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively).

We provide below a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

•    Money markets: We invest excess cash in various money market funds that are valued based on quoted prices in active markets; these are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Treasury Bills: We hold U.S. Treasury Bills, which are primarily segregated in a special reserve bank custody account as required by Rule 15c3-3 of the Exchange Act. These securities are valued based on quoted yields in secondary markets and are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Equity securities: Our equity securities consist principally of company-sponsored mutual funds with NAVs and various separately-managed portfolios consisting primarily of equity and fixed income mutual funds with quoted prices in active markets, which are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, some securities are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Derivatives: We hold exchange-traded futures with counterparties that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. In addition, we also hold currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps, credit default swaps, option swaps

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and total return swaps with counterparties that are valued based on observable inputs from recognized pricing vendors, which are included in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Options: We hold long exchange-traded options that are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Securities sold not yet purchased: Securities sold not yet purchased, primarily reflecting short positions in equities and exchange-traded options, are included in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

•    Contingent payment arrangements: Contingent payment arrangements relate to contingent payment liabilities associated with various acquisitions. At each reporting date, we estimate the fair values of the contingent consideration expected to be paid based upon probability-weighted AUM and revenue projections, using unobservable market data inputs, which are included in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy.

During the six months ended June 30, 2022 there were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 securities.

The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as equity securities, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	119	$	124	$	126	$	125
Purchases	—		—		—		—
Sales	—		—		—		—
Realized gains (losses), net	—		—		—		—
Unrealized gains (losses), net	—		2		(7)		1
Balance as of end of period	$	119	$	126	$	119	$	126

Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

As part of acquisitions made by the Company, we may enter into contingent consideration arrangements as part of the purchase price. The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value, classified as contingent payment arrangements, is as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	39,098	$	36,073	$	38,260	$	27,750
Addition	2,500		274		2,500		7,800
Accretion	838		837		1,676		1,634
Payments	—		—		—		—
Balance as of end of period	$	42,436	$	37,184	$	42,436	$	37,184

The liabilities were valued using expected revenue growth rates and discount rates. As of June 30, 2022, the expected revenue growth rates range from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 7.9%, calculated using cumulative revenues and range of revenue growth rates (excluding revenue growth from additional AUM contributed in year of acquisition). The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 7.0%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates. As of June 30, 2021, the expected revenue growth rates ranged from 2.0% to 83.9%, with a weighted average of 13.0%, calculated using cumulative revenues and a range of revenue growth rates (excluding revenue growth from additional AUM contributed from existing clients). The discount rates ranged from 1.9% to 10.4%, with a weighted average of 6.6%, calculated using total contingent liabilities and range of discount rates.

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

We did not have any material assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value for impairment on a nonrecurring basis during the six months ended June 30, 2022 or during the year ended December 31, 2021.

12.     Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

With respect to all significant litigation matters, we consider the likelihood of a negative outcome. If we determine the likelihood of a negative outcome is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an estimated loss for the expected outcome of the litigation. If the likelihood of a negative outcome is reasonably possible and we can determine an estimate of the possible loss or range of loss in excess of amounts already accrued, if any, we disclose that fact together with the estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. However, it is often difficult to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss because litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, particularly when plaintiffs allege substantial or indeterminate damages. Such is also the case when the litigation is in its early stages or when the litigation is highly complex or broad in scope. In these cases, we disclose that we are unable to predict the outcome or estimate a possible loss or range of loss.

AB may be involved in various matters, including regulatory inquiries, administrative proceedings and litigation, some of which may allege significant damages. It is reasonably possible that we could incur losses pertaining to these matters, but we cannot currently estimate any such losses.

Management, after consultation with legal counsel, currently believes that the outcome of any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. However, any inquiry, proceeding or litigation has an element of uncertainty; management cannot determine whether further developments relating to any individual matter that is pending or threatened, or all of them combined, will have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition or liquidity in any future reporting period.

13.     Leases

We lease office space, furniture and office equipment under various operating and financing leases. Our current leases have remaining lease terms of one year to 15 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to five years, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. Since 2010, we have sub-leased over one million square feet of office space.

Leases included in the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were as follows:

	Classification	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
		(in thousands)
Operating Leases
Operating lease right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	$	378,326	$	414,105
Operating lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	442,797		482,781
Finance Leases
Property and equipment, gross	Right-of-use assets	16,227		10,947
Amortization of right-of-use assets	Right-of-use assets	(4,663)		(3,072)
Property and equipment, net		11,564		7,875
Finance lease liabilities	Lease liabilities	11,408		7,954

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The components of lease expense included in the condensed consolidated statement of income as of June 30, 2022 and June 30, 2021 were as follows:

		Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	Classification	2022		2021		2022		2021
		(in thousands)
Operating lease cost	General and administrative	$	24,060	$	24,629	$	48,585	$	49,047
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	General and administrative	1,084		479		1,824		980
Interest on lease liabilities	Interest expense	56		21		93		43
Total finance lease cost		1,140		500		1,917		1,023
Variable lease cost (1)	General and administrative	9,468		10,344		20,155		19,890
Sublease income	General and administrative	(9,310)		(9,506)		(17,871)		(19,313)
Net lease cost		$	25,358	$	25,967	$	52,786	$	50,647

(1) Variable lease expense includes operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking.

The sub-lease income represents all revenues received from sub-tenants. It is primarily fixed base rental payments combined with variable reimbursements such as operating expenses, real estate taxes and employee parking. We derive most of our sub-tenant income from our New York metro sub-tenant agreements. Sub-tenant income related to base rent is recorded on a straight-line basis. 

Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:

	Operating Leases		Financing Leases		Total
Year ending December 31,	(in thousands)
2022 (excluding the six months ended June 30, 2022)	$	51,013	$	1,676	$	52,689
2023	97,944		3,667		101,611
2024	99,840		2,756		102,596
2025	33,769		2,327		36,096
2026	32,336		1,309		33,645
Thereafter	170,100		—		170,100
Total lease payments	485,002		11,735		496,737
Less interest	(42,205)		(327)
Present value of lease liabilities	$	442,797	$	11,408

We have signed a lease which commences in 2024, relating to approximately 166,000 square feet of space in New York City. Our estimated total base rent obligation (excluding taxes, operating expenses and utilities) over the 20-year lease term is approximately $393.0 million.

Lease term and discount rate:
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases	7.41
Finance leases	3.59
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases	2.72	%
Finance leases	1.65	%

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Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022	2021
	(in thousands)
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations(1):
Operating leases	12,151	29,333
Finance leases	5,513	3,283

(1) Represents non-cash activity and, accordingly, is not reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

14. Consolidated Company-Sponsored Investment Funds

We regularly provide seed capital to new company-sponsored investment funds. As such, we may consolidate or de-consolidate a variety of company-sponsored investment funds each quarter. Due to the similarity of risks related to our involvement with each company-sponsored investment fund, disclosures required under the VIE model are aggregated, such as disclosures regarding the carrying amount and classification of assets.

We are not required to provide financial support to company-sponsored investment funds, and only the assets of such funds are available to settle each fund's own liabilities. Our exposure to loss regarding consolidated company-sponsored investment funds is limited to our investment in, and our management fee earned from, such funds. Equity and debt holders of such funds have no recourse to AB’s assets or to the general credit of AB.

The balances of consolidated VIEs included in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition were as follows:

	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	15,598	$	90,326
Investments	458,505		613,025
Other assets	23,282		30,461
Total assets	$	497,385	$	733,812
Liabilities	$	37,780	$	87,000
Redeemable non-controlling interest	308,953		421,169
Partners' capital attributable to AB Unitholders	150,652		225,643
Total liabilities, redeemable non-controlling interest and partners' capital	$	497,385	$	733,812

During six-month period ended June 30, 2022, we deconsolidated five funds in which we had a seed investment of approximately $61.8 million as of December 31, 2021, due to no longer having a controlling financial interest.

Fair Value

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits, overnight commercial paper and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, the recorded value has been determined to approximate fair value.

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Valuation of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' financial instruments by pricing observability levels as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows (in thousands):

	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
June 30, 2022:
Investments	$	74,225	$	384,280	$	—	$	458,505
Derivatives	554		1,489		—		2,043
Total assets measured at fair value	$	74,779	$	385,769	$	—	$	460,548
Derivatives	15,067		3,553		—		18,620
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	15,067	$	3,553	$	—	$	18,620
December 31, 2021:
Investments	$	165,415	$	444,253	$	3,357	$	613,025
Derivatives	622		5,265		—		5,887
Total assets measured at fair value	$	166,037	$	449,518	$	3,357	$	618,912
Derivatives	$	16,291	$	2,051	$	—	$	18,342
Total liabilities measured at fair value	$	16,291	$	2,051	$	—	$	18,342

See Note 11 for a description of the fair value methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy.

The change in carrying value associated with Level 3 financial instruments carried at fair value within consolidated company-sponsored investment funds was as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Balance as of beginning of period	$	248	$	717	$	3,357	$	619
Deconsolidated funds	—		(717)		(3,351)		(717)
Transfers (out)	—		—		(6)		(10)
Purchases	—		204		248		323
Sales	(248)		—		(248)		(3)
Realized gains, net	—		—		—		3
Unrealized gains (losses), net	—		6		—		(5)
Balance as of end of period	$	—	$	210	$	—	$	210

The Level 3 securities primarily consist of corporate bonds that are vendor priced with no ratings available, bank loans, non-agency collateralized mortgage obligations and asset-backed securities.

Transfers into and out of all levels of the fair value hierarchy are reflected at end-of-period fair values. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 financial instruments are recorded in investment gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

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Derivative Instruments

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the VIEs held $16.6 million and $12.5 million (net), respectively, of futures, forwards and swaps within their portfolios. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized $5.7 million and $5.2 million of losses, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized $1.8 million and $0.7 million of gains, respectively, on these derivatives. These gains and losses are recognized in investment gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

As of both June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the VIEs held $0.9 million of cash collateral payable to trade counterparties. This obligation to return cash is reported in the liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the VIEs delivered $4.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively, of cash collateral into brokerage accounts. The VIEs report this cash collateral in the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds cash and cash equivalents in our condensed consolidated statements of financial condition.

Offsetting Assets and Liabilities

Offsetting of derivative assets of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Assets Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Received		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2022:
Derivatives	$	2,043	$	—	$	2,043	$	—	$	(871)	$	1,172
December 31, 2021:
Derivatives	$	5,887	$	—	$	5,887	$	—	$	(904)	$	4,983

Offsetting of derivative liabilities of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was as follows:

	Gross Amounts of Recognized Liabilities		Gross Amounts Offset in the Statement of Financial Condition		Net Amounts of Liabilities Presented in the Statement of Financial Condition		Financial Instruments Collateral		Cash Collateral Pledged		Net Amount
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2022:
Derivatives	$	18,620	$	—	$	18,620	$	—	$	(4,001)	$	14,619
December 31, 2021:
Derivatives	$	18,342	$	—	$	18,342	$	—	$	(1,824)	$	16,518

Cash collateral, whether pledged or received on derivative instruments, is not considered material and, accordingly, is not disclosed by counterparty.

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Non-Consolidated VIEs

As of June 30, 2022, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that are non-consolidated VIEs are approximately $40.3 billion, and our maximum risk of loss is our investment of $4.7 million in these VIEs and our advisory fee receivables from these VIEs is $47.4 million. As of December 31, 2021, the net assets of company-sponsored investment products that were non-consolidated VIEs was approximately $68.9 billion; our maximum risk of loss was our investment of $8.8 million in these VIEs and our advisory fees receivable from these VIEs was $75.7 million.

15.     Units Outstanding

Changes in AB Units outstanding during the six-month period ended June 30, 2022 were as follows:

Outstanding as of December 31, 2021	271,453,043
Options exercised	5,774
Units issued	707,334
Units retired(1)	(2,719,096)
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022	269,447,055

(1) During the six-months ended June 30, 2022, we purchased 1,100 AB Units in private transactions and retired them.

16.     Debt

AB has an $800.0 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”) with a group of commercial banks and other lenders, which matures on October 13, 2026. The Credit Facility provides for possible increases in the principal amount by up to an aggregate incremental amount of $200.0 million; any such increase is subject to the consent of the affected lenders. The Credit Facility is available for AB and Sanford C. Bernstein & Co., LLC ("SCB LLC") business purposes, including the support of AB’s commercial paper program. Both AB and SCB LLC can draw directly under the Credit Facility and management may draw on the Credit Facility from time to time. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations of SCB LLC under the Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants, which are customary for facilities of this type, including restrictions on dispositions of assets, restrictions on liens, a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. As of June 30, 2022, we were in compliance with these covenants. The Credit Facility also includes customary events of default (with customary grace periods, as applicable), including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or lender’s commitments may be terminated. Also, under such provisions, upon the occurrence of certain insolvency- or bankruptcy-related events of default, all amounts payable under the Credit Facility would automatically become immediately due and payable, and the lender’s commitments automatically would terminate.

Amounts under the Credit Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. Voluntary prepayments and commitment reductions requested by us are permitted at any time without a fee (other than customary breakage costs relating to the prepayment of any drawn loans) upon proper notice and subject to a minimum dollar requirement. Borrowings under the Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum, which will be, at our option, a rate equal to an applicable margin, which is subject to adjustment based on the credit ratings of AB, plus one of the following indices: London Interbank Offered Rate; a floating base rate; or the Federal Funds rate.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had no amounts outstanding under the Credit Facility. Furthermore, during the first six months of 2022 and the full year 2021, we did not draw upon the Credit Facility.

AB also has a $900.0 million committed, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Facility matures on November 4, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Borrowings under the EQH Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates.

The EQH Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities. The EQH Facility also includes customary events of default substantially similar to those in AB’s committed bank facilities, including provisions under which, upon the occurrence of an event of default, all outstanding loans may be accelerated and/or the lender’s commitment may be terminated.

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Amounts under the EQH Facility may be borrowed, repaid and re-borrowed by us from time to time until the maturity of the facility. AB or EQH may reduce or terminate the commitment at any time without penalty upon proper notice. EQH also may terminate the facility immediately upon a change of control of our general partner.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, AB had $800.0 million and $755.0 million outstanding under the EQH Facility, with interest rates of approximately 1.5% and 0.2%, respectively. Average daily borrowings on the EQH Facility for the first six months of 2022 and the full year 2021 were $656.7 million and $404.6 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively.

In addition to the EQH Facility, AB has a $300.0 million uncommitted, unsecured senior credit facility (“EQH Uncommitted Facility”) with EQH. The EQH Uncommitted Facility matures on September 1, 2024 and is available for AB's general business purposes. Borrowings under the EQH Unsecured Facility generally bear interest at a rate per annum based on prevailing overnight commercial paper rates. The EQH Uncommitted Facility contains affirmative, negative and financial covenants which are substantially similar to those in the EQH Facility. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had no amounts outstanding under the EQH Uncommitted Facility and have not drawn upon the facility since its inception.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had no commercial paper outstanding. The commercial paper is short term in nature, and as such, recorded value is estimated to approximate fair value (and considered a Level 2 security in the fair value hierarchy). Average daily borrowings of commercial paper during the first six months of 2022 and full year 2021 were $229.9 million and $157.0 million, respectively, with weighted average interest rates of approximately 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively.

AB had a $200.0 million committed, unsecured senior revolving credit facility (the "Revolver") with a leading international bank, which matured on November 16, 2021. Average daily borrowings under the Revolver for the full year 2021 were $13.3 million with a weighted average interest rate of approximately 1.1%.

In addition, SCB LLC currently has five uncommitted lines of credit with five financial institutions. Four of these lines of credit permit us to borrow up to an aggregate of approximately $315.0 million, with AB named as an additional borrower, while the other line has no stated limit. AB has agreed to guarantee the obligations on SCB LLC under these lines of credit. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, SCB LLC had no outstanding balance on these lines of credit. Average daily borrowings during the first six months of 2022 and full year 2021 were $1.4 million and $47 thousand with weighted average interest rates of approximately 0.8% and 0.9%, respectively.

17. Subsequent Event

On July 1, 2022, AB Holding acquired 100% of the equity interests of CarVal Investors, L.P. (“CarVal”) in exchange for (i) AB Holding Units to be delivered in 2022, some of which were delivered on July 1 and the rest of which will be delivered during the fourth quarter (“Upfront Payment”), and (ii) the issuance of additional AB Holding Units in future years that are contingent upon achievement of performance hurdles by CarVal during the six-year period that began on January 1, 2022 and ends on December 31, 2027. The Upfront Payment was approximately $750 million and consisted of the AB Holding Units discussed above as well as cash to fund certain CarVal business expenses and other obligations. Immediately following the acquisition of CarVal by AB Holding, AB Holding contributed all of the equity interests of CarVal to AB in exchange for AB Units.

The acquisition will be accounted for as a business combination, and accordingly, the total purchase price will be allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and the liabilities assumed based on their respective fair market values on the acquisition date. The preliminary purchase price allocation is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2022.

We have evaluated subsequent events and determined no events have occurred, other than the CarVal-related information disclosed herein, which would require an adjustment to or additional disclosure in the consolidated financial statements.

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Item 2.     Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Impact of COVID-19

AB continues to actively monitor COVID-19 developments and their impact on our employees, business and operations. The aggregate extent to which COVID-19, including existing and new variants and its impact on the global economy, affects AB’s business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, will depend on future COVID-19 developments that are highly uncertain, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and any recovery period, the emergence, spread and seriousness of COVID-19 variants, the continuing prevalence of severe, unconstrained and/or escalating rates of infection and hospitalization in various countries and regions, the availability, adoption and efficacy of treatments and vaccines, and future actions taken by governmental authorities, central banks and other parties in response to COVID-19. Further, we have benefited from certain of our adjusted operating expenses declining significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, generally owing to depressed levels of travel and entertainment and in-person client meetings, during both 2020 and 2021. While these costs have begun to return in 2022, year-to-date results are not yet back to normalized levels, and the prior-year savings are not indicative of our future performance. Additionally, as most of our workforce continues working in a hybrid model, which includes two remote days each week, we are mindful of increased risk related to cybersecurity, which could significantly disrupt our business functions.

Executive Overview

Our total assets under management (“AUM”) as of June 30, 2022 were $646.8 billion, down $88.6 billion, or 12.0%, compared to March 31, 2022, and down $91.6 billion, or 12.4%, compared to June 30, 2021. During the second quarter of 2022, AUM decreased primarily due to market depreciation of $85.5 billion and net outflows of $2.7 billion (Retail net outflows of $2.2 billion and Private Wealth net outflows of $1.2 billion, offset by Institutional net inflows of $0.7 billion). Excluding AXA S.A.("AXA") redemptions of low-fee fixed income mandates of $0.6 billion, the firm generated net outflows of $2.1 billion in the second quarter of 2022. We expect approximately $4 billion of additional AXA-related redemptions of low-fee AUM in the second half of 2022.

Institutional AUM decreased $35.4 billion, or 10.9%, to $290.5 billion during the second quarter of 2022, primarily due to market depreciation of $35.7 billion, partially offset by net inflows of $0.7 billion. Excluding AXA's redemption of low-fee fixed income mandates of $0.6 billion, Institutional net inflows were $1.3 billion during the second quarter of 2022. Gross sales decreased sequentially from $14.3 billion during the first quarter of 2022 to $3.3 billion during the second quarter of 2022. Redemptions and terminations decreased sequentially from $2.1 billion to $1.2 billion.

Retail AUM decreased $41.6 billion, or 14.2%, to $251.0 billion during the second quarter of 2022, due to market depreciation of $39.4 billion and net outflows of $2.2 billion. Gross sales decreased sequentially from $20.6 billion during the first quarter of 2022 to $17.3 billion during the second quarter of 2022. Redemptions and terminations decreased sequentially from $18.7 billion to $16.9 billion.

Private Wealth AUM decreased $11.6 billion, or 9.9%, to $105.3 billion during the second quarter of 2022, due to market depreciation of $10.4 billion and net outflows of $1.2 billion. Gross sales decreased sequentially from $6.0 billion during the first quarter of 2022 to $3.3 billion during the second quarter of 2022. Redemptions and terminations increased sequentially from $3.8 billion to $4.5 billion.

Bernstein Research Services revenue for the second quarter of 2022 was $106.4 million, up $0.8 million, or 0.7%, compared to the second quarter of 2021. The increase was driven by increased customer trading activity in the U.S., partially offset by lower trading volumes in Asia and Europe.

Net revenues for the second quarter of 2022 decreased $105.4 million, or 9.8%, to $1.0 billion from $1.1 billion in the second quarter of 2021. The decrease was primarily due to higher investment losses of $52.4 million, lower performance-based fees of $31.1 million, lower investment advisory base fees of $27.0 million and lower distribution revenues of $2.4 million, partially offset by higher net dividend and interest income of $5.7 million. Operating expenses for the second quarter of 2022 decreased $14.4 million, or 1.8%, to $778.8 million from $793.2 million in the second quarter of 2021. The decrease was primarily due to lower employee compensation and benefits expenses of $37.4 million, partially offset by higher general and administrative expenses of $16.5 million and higher promotion and servicing expenses of $5.3 million. Our operating income decreased $91.0 million, or 32.1%, to $192.6 million from $283.6 million in the second quarter of 2021 and our operating margin decreased to 22.6% in the second quarter of 2022 from 26.0% in the second quarter of 2021.

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Market Commentary

U.S. equity markets continued their downward trajectory during the second quarter, with the S&P 500, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq each finishing the quarter in negative territory. Investor concerns remained focused on inflation and the policy response from the U.S. Federal Reserve, which increased interest rates during the second quarter and signaled that further increases in 2022 may be likely. Given market conditions, we continue to expect our 2022 margins to be impacted as compared to 2021 reflecting continued higher inflation, our growth-related investments, rebounding travel and entertainment expenses and lower performance based fees. In the U.K., equities declined during the quarter as households reacted to rising mortgage rates, high energy prices and an increase in the national insurance levy. Similar to the Federal Reserve in the U.S., the Bank of England raised interest rates, as they continue to seek to moderate inflation while preventing a steep economic downturn. In China, recent lockdowns triggered a slowdown in economic activity, but early signs of a potential reopening have emerged. The People’s Bank of China introduced more monetary and fiscal easing by cutting interest rates and announcing further infrastructure spending. These further easing measures could help the Chinese market stabilize in the second half of the year.

Relationship with EQH and its Subsidiaries

EQH (our parent company) and its subsidiaries are our largest client. EQH is collaborating with AB in order to improve the risk-adjusted yield for the General Accounts of EQH's insurance subsidiaries by investing additional assets at AB, including the utilization of AB's higher-fee, longer-duration alternative offerings. Equitable Financial Life Insurance Company, a subsidiary of EQH ("Equitable Financial"), has agreed to provide $10 billion in permanent capital1 to build out AB's private illiquid offerings, including private alternatives and private placements. Deployment of this capital commitment has begun and is expected to continue over approximately the next two years. We expect this anticipated capital from Equitable Financial will continue to accelerate both organic and inorganic growth in our private alternatives business, allowing us to continue to deliver for our clients, employees, unitholders and other stakeholders. For example, EQH has committed $750 million in capital to be deployed through CarVal Investors, which AB acquired on July 1, 2022.

Assets Under Management

Assets under management by distribution channel are as follows:

	As of June 30,
	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)
Institutions	$	290.5	$	329.1	$	(38.6)	(11.7)	%
Retail	251.0		293.7		(42.7)		(14.5)
Private Wealth	105.3		115.6		(10.3)		(8.9)
Total	$	646.8	$	738.4	$	(91.6)	(12.4)	%

1 Permanent capital means investment capital of indefinite duration, which may be withdrawn under certain conditions. Although Equitable Financial has indicated its intention over time to provide this investment capital to AB, which is mutually beneficial to both firms, it has no binding commitment to do so.

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Assets under management by investment service are as follows:

	As of June 30,
	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)
Equity
Actively Managed	$	223.2	$	256.7	$	(33.5)	(13.0)	%
Passively Managed(1)	55.7		69.5		(13.8)		(19.9)
Total Equity	278.9		326.2		(47.3)		(14.5)
Fixed Income
Actively Managed
Taxable	200.9		252.3		(51.4)		(20.3)
Tax–exempt	53.8		54.0		(0.2)		(0.5)
	254.7		306.3		(51.6)		(16.8)
Passively Managed(1)	12.3		9.3		3.0		32.3
Total Fixed Income	267.0		315.6		(48.6)		(15.4)
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)
Actively Managed	95.5		92.8		2.7		2.9
Passively Managed(1)	5.4		3.8		1.6		42.7
Total Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	100.9		96.6		4.3		4.4
Total	$	646.8	$	738.4	$	(91.6)	(12.4)	%

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.

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Changes in assets under management for the three-month, six-month and twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2022 are as follows:

	Distribution Channel
	Institutions		Retail		Private Wealth		Total
	(in billions)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	$	325.9	$	292.6	$	116.9	$	735.4
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	3.3		17.3		3.3		23.9
Redemptions/terminations	(1.2)		(16.9)		(4.5)		(22.6)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(1.4)		(2.6)		—		(4.0)
Net long-term inflows (outflows)(2)	0.7		(2.2)		(1.2)		(2.7)
Adjustments(1)	(0.4)		—		—		(0.4)
Market depreciation	(35.7)		(39.4)		(10.4)		(85.5)
Net change	(35.4)		(41.6)		(11.6)		(88.6)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	290.5	$	251.0	$	105.3	$	646.8
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	337.1	$	319.9	$	121.6	$	778.6
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	17.6		37.9		9.3		64.8
Redemptions/terminations	(3.3)		(35.7)		(8.2)		(47.2)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(3.4)		(5.5)		—		(8.9)
Net long-term inflows (outflows)(2)	10.9		(3.3)		1.1		8.7
Adjustments(1)	(0.4)		—		—		(0.4)
Market depreciation	(57.1)		(65.6)		(17.4)		(140.1)
Net change	(46.6)		(68.9)		(16.3)		(131.8)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	290.5	$	251.0	$	105.3	$	646.8
Balance as of June 30, 2021	$	329.1	$	293.7	$	115.6	$	738.4
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	26.8		91.1		18.6		136.5
Redemptions/terminations	(10.2)		(67.8)		(16.4)		(94.4)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(5.1)		(13.6)		—		(18.7)
Net long-term inflows(2)	11.5		9.7		2.2		23.4
Adjustments(1)	(0.4)		—		—		(0.4)
Market depreciation	(49.7)		(52.4)		(12.5)		(114.6)
Net change	(38.6)		(42.7)		(10.3)		(91.6)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	290.5	$	251.0	$	105.3	$	646.8

(1)Approximately $0.4 billion of Institutional AUM was removed from our total assets under management during the second quarter of 2022 due to a change in the fee structure.

(2)Institutional net flows include $0.6 billion of AXA's redemptions of certain low-fee fixed income mandates for the three-month, six-month and twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2022.

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	Investment Service
	Equity Actively Managed		Equity Passively Managed(1)		Fixed Income Actively Managed - Taxable		Fixed Income Actively Managed - Tax- Exempt		Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)		Alternatives/ Multi-Asset Solutions(2)		Total
	(in billions)
Balance as of March 31, 2022	$	265.2	$	66.2	$	225.9	$	54.9	$	12.7	$	110.5	$	735.4
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	11.4		1.1		4.0		5.3		(0.1)		2.2		23.9
Redemptions/terminations	(9.4)		(0.1)		(7.7)		(4.5)		—		(0.9)		(22.6)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(1.7)		(1.3)		(2.0)		0.1		0.8		0.1		(4.0)
Net long-term inflows (outflows) (3)	0.3		(0.3)		(5.7)		0.9		0.7		1.4		(2.7)
Adjustments(4)	—		—		—		—		—		(0.4)		(0.4)
Market depreciation	(42.3)		(10.2)		(19.3)		(2.0)		(1.1)		(10.6)		(85.5)
Net change	(42.0)		(10.5)		(25.0)		(1.1)		(0.4)		(9.6)		(88.6)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	223.2	$	55.7	$	200.9	$	53.8	$	12.3	$	100.9	$	646.8
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	287.6	$	71.6	$	246.3	$	57.1	$	13.2	$	102.8	$	778.6
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	28.7		1.3		11.1		9.2		(0.1)		14.6		64.8
Redemptions/terminations	(19.7)		(0.1)		(18.1)		(7.3)		(0.2)		(1.8)		(47.2)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(4.1)		(3.2)		(3.3)		(0.2)		1.4		0.5		(8.9)
Net long-term inflows (outflows) (3)	4.9		(2.0)		(10.3)		1.7		1.1		13.3		8.7
Adjustments(4)	—		—		—		—		—		(0.4)		(0.4)
Market depreciation	(69.3)		(13.9)		(35.1)		(5.0)		(2.0)		(14.8)		(140.1)
Net change	(64.4)		(15.9)		(45.4)		(3.3)		(0.9)		(1.9)		(131.8)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	223.2	$	55.7	$	200.9	$	53.8	$	12.3	$	100.9	$	646.8
Balance as of June 30, 2021	$	256.7	$	69.5	$	252.3	$	54.0	$	9.3	$	96.6	$	738.4
Long-term flows:
Sales/new accounts	67.7		2.2		27.3		16.0		3.7		19.6		136.5
Redemptions/terminations	(40.3)		(0.4)		(38.5)		(11.3)		(0.4)		(3.5)		(94.4)
Cash flow/unreinvested dividends	(9.8)		(7.6)		(3.0)		(0.1)		1.7		0.1		(18.7)
Net long-term inflows (outflows) (3)	17.6		(5.8)		(14.2)		4.6		5.0		16.2		23.4
Adjustments(4)	—		—		—		—		—		(0.4)		(0.4)
Market depreciation	(51.1)		(8.0)		(37.2)		(4.8)		(2.0)		(11.5)		(114.6)
Net change	(33.5)		(13.8)		(51.4)		(0.2)		3.0		4.3		(91.6)
Balance as of June 30, 2022	$	223.2	$	55.7	$	200.9	$	53.8	$	12.3	$	100.9	$	646.8

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity or fixed income services.

(3)Fixed income - taxable investment services net flows include $0.6 billion of AXA's redemptions of certain low-fee fixed income mandates for the three-month, six-month and twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2022.

(4)Approximately $0.4 billion of Institutional AUM was removed from our total assets under management during the second quarter of 2022 due to a change in the fee structure.

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Net long-term inflows (outflows) for actively managed investment services as compared to passively managed investment services for the three-month, six-month and twelve-month periods ended June 30, 2022 are as follows:

	Periods Ended June 30, 2022
	Three-months		Six-months		Twelve-months
	(in billions)
Actively Managed
Equity	$	0.3	$	4.9	$	17.6
Fixed Income	(4.8)		(8.6)		(9.6)
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	1.1		12.4		13.8
	(3.4)		8.7		21.8
Passively Managed
Equity	(0.3)		(2.0)		(5.8)
Fixed Income	0.7		1.1		5.0
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions	0.3		0.9		2.4
	0.7		—		1.6
Total net long-term (outflows) inflows	$	(2.7)	$	8.7	$	23.4

Average assets under management by distribution channel and investment service are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change		2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
	(in billions)								(in billions)
Distribution Channel:
Institutions	$	307.5	$	324.9	$	(17.4)	(5.3)	%	$	318.7	$	319.7	$	(1.0)	(0.3)	%
Retail	270.6		284.3		(13.7)		(4.8)		285.1		276.7		8.4		3.0
Private Wealth	110.5		113.4		(2.9)		(2.6)		113.9		110.3		3.6		3.3
Total	$	688.6	$	722.6	$	(34.0)	(4.7)	%	$	717.7	$	706.7	$	11.0	1.6	%
Investment Service:
Equity Actively Managed	$	243.1	$	246.6	$	(3.5)	(1.4)	%	$	255.6	$	235.4	$	20.2	8.6	%
Equity Passively Managed(1)	60.8		68.5		(7.7)		(11.3)		63.8		66.6		(2.8)		(4.2)
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Taxable	212.4		253.2		(40.8)		(16.1)		224.1		255.7		(31.6)		(12.4)
Fixed Income Actively Managed – Tax-exempt	54.2		52.9		1.3		2.4		55.2		52.1		3.1		5.9
Fixed Income Passively Managed(1)	12.3		8.7		3.6		41.9		12.6		8.5		4.1		47.4
Alternatives/Multi-Asset Solutions(2)	105.8		92.7		13.1		14.1		106.4		88.4		18.0		20.4
Total	$	688.6	$	722.6	$	(34.0)	(4.7)	%	$	717.7	$	706.7	$	11.0	1.6	%

(1)Includes index and enhanced index services.

(2)Includes certain multi-asset solutions and services not included in equity of fixed income services.

Our Institutional channel second quarter average AUM of $307.5 billion decreased $17.4 billion, or 5.3%, compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to this AUM decreasing $38.6 billion, or 11.7%, to $290.5 billion over the last 12 months. The $38.6 billion decrease resulted from market depreciation of $49.7 billion (with $35.7 billion of market depreciation occurring in the second quarter of 2022), partially offset by net inflows of $11.5 billion.

Our Retail channel second quarter average AUM of $270.6 billion decreased $13.7 billion, or 4.8%, compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to this AUM decreasing $42.7 billion, or 14.5%, to $251.0 billion over the last 12 months. The

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$42.7 billion decrease resulted from market depreciation of $52.4 billion (with $39.4 billion of market depreciation occurring in the second quarter of 2022), offset by net inflows of $9.7 billion.

Our Private Wealth channel second quarter average AUM of $110.5 billion decreased $2.9 billion, or 2.6%, compared to the second quarter of 2021, primarily due to this AUM decreasing $10.3 billion, or 8.9%, to $105.3 billion over the last 12 months. The $10.3 billion decrease resulted from market depreciation of $12.5 billion (with $10.4 billion of market depreciation occurring in the second quarter of 2022), offset by net inflows of $2.2 billion.

Absolute investment composite returns, gross of fees, and relative performance as of June 30, 2022 compared to benchmarks for certain representative Institutional equity and fixed income services are as follows:

	1-Year		3-Year(1)		5-Year(1)
Global High Income - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return	(13.9)	%	(0.9)	%	1.1	%
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global High Yield Index - Hedged)	1.5		0.8		0.2
Global Plus - Hedged (fixed income)
Absolute return	(9.7)		(1.1)		1.1
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays Global Aggregate Index - Hedged)	(0.8)		0.1		—
Intermediate Municipal Bonds (fixed income)
Absolute return	(5.6)		0.5		1.6
Relative return (vs. Lipper Short/Int. Blended Muni Fund Avg)	0.1		0.6		0.6
U.S. Strategic Core Plus (fixed income)
Absolute return	(10.7)		(0.7)		1.2
Relative return (vs. Bloomberg Barclays U.S. Aggregate Index)	(0.4)		0.2		0.3
Emerging Market Debt (fixed income)
Absolute return	(21.0)		(4.4)		(1.2)
Relative return (vs. JPM EMBI Global/JPM EMBI)	(1.8)		(0.1)		(0.2)
Sustainable Global Thematic (equity)
Absolute return	(21.1)		9.8		10.7
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index)	(5.4)		3.6		3.7
International Strategic Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	(13.9)		1.3		3.2
Relative return (vs. MSCI EAFE Index)	3.9		0.2		1.0
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Value (equity)
Absolute return	(13.4)		6.9		6.1
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Value Index)	(0.2)		0.7		0.5
U.S. Strategic Value (equity)
Absolute return	(6.8)		7.8		6.0
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Value Index)	—		0.9		(1.2)
U.S. Small Cap Growth (equity)
Absolute return	(37.4)		3.4		11.1
Relative return (vs. Russell 2000 Growth Index)	(4.0)		2.0		6.2
U.S. Large Cap Growth (equity)
Absolute return	(19.6)		11.8		14.6
Relative return (vs. Russell 1000 Growth Index)	(0.9)		(0.8)		0.3

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Index

	1-Year	3-Year(1)	5-Year(1)
U.S. Small & Mid Cap Growth (equity)
Absolute return	(35.2)	3.2	9.6
Relative return (vs. Russell 2500 Growth Index)	(3.4)	(0.5)	2.1
Concentrated U.S. Growth (equity)
Absolute return	(16.7)	9.4	13.1
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	(6.1)	(1.2)	1.8
Select U.S. Equity (equity)
Absolute return	(7.4)	12.1	12.5
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	3.3	1.5	1.2
Strategic Equities (equity)
Absolute return	(13.6)	8.3	9.5
Relative return (vs. Russell 3000 Index)	0.3	(1.4)	(1.1)
Global Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	(18.8)	4.4	7.2
Relative return (vs. MSCI ACWI Index)	(3.1)	(1.8)	0.2
U.S. Strategic Core Equity (equity)
Absolute return	(4.0)	8.8	10.9
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	6.6	(1.8)	(0.4)
Select U.S. Equity Long/Short (alternatives)
Absolute return	(3.0)	8.9	9.2
Relative return (vs. S&P 500 Index)	7.7	(1.7)	(2.1)

(1)Reflects annualized returns.

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Consolidated Results of Operations

	Three Months Ended June 30,										Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021			$ Change		% Change		2022			2021			$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net revenues	$	971,444		$	1,076,822		$	(105,378)	(9.8)	%	$	2,077,131		$	2,084,088		$	(6,957)	(0.3)	%
Expenses	778,796			793,199			(14,403)		(1.8)		1,636,080			1,539,881			96,199		6.2
Operating income	192,648			283,623			(90,975)		(32.1)		441,051			544,207			(103,156)		(19.0)
Income taxes	10,650			12,480			(1,830)		(14.7)		23,371			29,225			(5,854)		(20.0)
Net income	181,998			271,143			(89,145)		(32.9)		417,680			514,982			(97,302)		(18.9)
Net (loss) income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(26,771)			3,573			(30,344)		n/m		(51,816)			3,281			(55,097)		n/m
Net income attributable to AB Unitholders	$	208,769		$	267,570		$	(58,801)	(22.0)		$	469,496		$	511,701		$	(42,205)	(8.2)
Diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.76		$	0.97		$	(0.21)	(21.6)		$	1.71		$	1.86		$	(0.15)	(8.1)
Distributions per AB Unit	$	0.78		$	0.97		$	(0.19)	(19.6)		$	1.77		$	1.85		$	(0.08)	(4.3)
Operating margin (1)	22.6		%	26.0		%					23.7		%	26.0		%

(1)Operating income excluding net (loss) income attributable to non-controlling interests as a percentage of net revenues.

Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $58.8 million, or 22.0%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily is due to (in millions):

Higher investment losses	$	(52.4)
Lower performance-based fees	(31.1)
Lower base advisory fees	(27.0)
Higher general and administrative expenses	(16.5)
Higher promotion and servicing expense	(5.3)
Lower employee compensation and benefits expense	37.4
Higher net loss of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interest	30.3
Higher net dividend and interest income	5.7
Other	0.1
	$	(58.8)

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Net income attributable to AB Unitholders for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $42.2 million, or 8.2%, from the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily is due to (in millions):

Higher investment losses	$	(93.4)
Higher general and administrative expenses	(73.9)
Higher promotion and servicing expenses	(25.3)
Higher net loss of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interest	55.1
Higher base advisory fees	33.1
Higher performance-based fees	29.1
Higher distribution revenues	18.3
Higher net dividend and interest income	6.8
Lower income tax expense	5.9
Lower employee compensation and benefits expense	4.1
Other	(2.0)
	$	(42.2)

Units Outstanding; Unit Repurchases

Each quarter, we consider whether to implement a plan to repurchase AB Holding Units pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). A plan of this type allows a company to repurchase its shares at times when it otherwise might be prevented from doing so because of self-imposed trading blackout periods or because it possesses material non-public information. Each broker we select has the authority to repurchase AB Holding Units on our behalf in accordance with the terms and limitations specified in the plan. Repurchases are subject to regulations promulgated by the SEC, as well as certain price, market volume and timing constraints specified in the plan. The plan adopted during the second quarter of 2022 expired at the close of business on July 26, 2022. We may adopt additional plans in the future to engage in open-market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program and for other corporate purposes.

Cash Distributions

We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow, as defined in the AB Partnership Agreement, to our Unitholders and the General Partner. Available Cash Flow typically is the adjusted diluted net income per unit for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. In future periods, management anticipates that Available Cash Flow will continue to be based on adjusted diluted net income per unit, unless management determines, with concurrence of the Board of Directors, that one or more adjustments that are made for adjusted net income should not be made with respect to the Available Cash Flow calculation. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1 for a description of Available Cash Flow.

Management Operating Metrics

We are providing the non-GAAP measures “adjusted net revenues,” “adjusted operating income” and “adjusted operating margin” because they are the principal operating metrics management uses in evaluating and comparing period-to-period operating performance. Management principally uses these metrics in evaluating performance because they present a clearer picture of our operating performance and allow management to see long-term trends without the distortion primarily caused by long-term incentive compensation-related mark-to-market adjustments, real estate charges and other adjustment items. Similarly, we believe that these management operating metrics help investors better understand the underlying trends in our results and, accordingly, provide a valuable perspective for investors.

These non-GAAP measures are provided in addition to, and not as substitutes for, net revenues, operating income and operating

margin, and they may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures presented by other companies. Management uses both accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("US GAAP") and non-GAAP measures in evaluating our financial performance. The non-GAAP measures alone may pose limitations because they do not include all of our revenues and expenses.

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	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(in thousands, except per unit amounts)
Net revenues, US GAAP basis	$	971,444		$	1,076,822		$	2,077,131		$	2,084,088
Adjustments:
Distribution-related adjustments:
Distribution revenues	(153,130)			(155,538)			(321,471)			(303,138)
Investment advisory services fees	(14,357)			(20,459)			(31,642)			(43,012)
Pass-through adjustments:
Investment advisory services fees	(10,043)			(4,403)			(46,019)			(8,598)
Other revenues	(9,436)			(8,229)			(18,399)			(18,760)
Impact of consolidated company-sponsored funds	26,573			(4,286)			51,111			(4,597)
Long-term incentive compensation-related investment gains and dividend and interest	5,295			(2,272)			9,379			(4,370)
Adjusted net revenues	$	816,346		$	881,635		$	1,720,090		$	1,701,613
Operating income, US GAAP basis	$	192,648		$	283,623		$	441,051		$	544,207
Adjustments:
Real estate	(206)			(985)			(412)			(1,970)
Long-term incentive compensation-related items	1,463			(91)			2,408			(85)
EQH award compensation	164			17			339			159
Acquisition-related expenses	4,929			180			15,616			202
Sub-total of non-GAAP adjustments	6,350			(879)			17,951			(1,694)
Less: Net (loss) income of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests	(26,771)			3,573			(51,816)			3,281
Adjusted operating income	225,769			279,171			510,818			539,232
Adjusted income taxes	12,485			12,284			27,073			28,957
Adjusted net income	$	213,284		$	266,887		$	483,745		$	510,275
Diluted net income per AB Unit, GAAP basis	$	0.76		$	0.97		$	1.71		$	1.86
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments	0.02			—			0.06			(0.01)
Adjusted diluted net income per AB Unit	$	0.78		$	0.97		$	1.77		$	1.85
Operating margin, GAAP basis	22.6		%	26.0		%	23.7		%	26.0		%
Impact of non-GAAP adjustments	5.1			5.7			6.0			5.7
Adjusted operating margin	27.7		%	31.7		%	29.7		%	31.7		%

Adjusted operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $53.4 million, or 19.1%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to lower performance-based fees of $36.1 million, lower investment advisory base fees of $21.5 million, higher promotion and servicing expenses of $12.6 million, higher general and administrative expenses of $8.6 million, investment losses in the current year compared to investment gains in the prior year of $6.1 million and lower net dividend and interest income of $2.2 million, partially offset by lower employee compensation and benefits expense (excluding the impact of long-term incentive compensation-related items) of $32.2 million.

Adjusted operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $28.4 million, or 5.3%, from the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher general and administrative expenses of $25.5 million, higher promotion and servicing expenses of $18.7 million, investment losses in the current year compared to investment gains in the prior year of $14.4 million, lower performance-based fees of $6.9 million, higher employee compensation and benefits expense (excluding the impact of long-term incentive compensation-related items) of $5.6 million and lower net dividend and interest income of $2.6 million, partially offset by higher investment advisory base fees of $43.0 million.

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Adjusted Net Revenues

Net Revenue, as adjusted, is reduced to exclude all of the company's distribution revenues, which are recorded as a separate line item on the consolidated statement of income, as well as a portion of investment advisory services fees received that is used to pay distribution and servicing costs. For certain products, based on the distinct arrangements, certain distribution fees are collected by us and passed through to third-party client intermediaries, while for certain other products, we collect investment advisory services fees and a portion is passed through to third-party client intermediaries. In both arrangements, the third-party client intermediary owns the relationship with the client and is responsible for performing services and distributing the product to the client on our behalf. We believe offsetting distribution revenues and certain investment advisory services fees is useful for our investors and other users of our financial statements because such presentation appropriately reflects the nature of these costs as pass-through payments to third parties that perform functions on behalf of our sponsored mutual funds and/or shareholders of these funds. Distribution-related adjustments fluctuate each period based on the type of investment products sold, as well as the average AUM over the period. Also, we adjust distribution revenues for the amortization of deferred sales commissions as these costs, over time, will offset such revenues.

We adjust investment advisory and services fees and other revenues for pass through costs, primarily related to our transfer agent and shareholder servicing fees. These fees do not affect operating income, so we exclude them from adjusted net revenues.

We adjust for the revenue impact of consolidating company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored investment funds' revenues and including AB's fees from such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and AB's investment gains and losses on its investments in such consolidated company-sponsored investment funds that were eliminated in consolidation.

Also, adjusted net revenues exclude investment gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments.

Adjusted Operating Income

Adjusted operating income represents operating income on a US GAAP basis excluding (1) real estate charges (credits), (2) the impact on net revenues and compensation expense of the investment gains and losses (as well as the dividends and interest) associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (3) our senior management's EQH award compensation, as discussed below, (4) acquisition-related expenses and (5) the impact of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds.

Real estate charges (credits) incurred during the fourth quarter of 2019 through the fourth quarter of 2020, while excluded in the period in which the charges (credits) were recorded, are included ratably over the remaining applicable lease term.

Prior to 2009, a significant portion of employee compensation was in the form of long-term incentive compensation awards that were notionally invested in AB investment services and generally vested over a period of four years. AB economically hedged the exposure to market movements by purchasing and holding these investments on its balance sheet. All such investments had vested as of year-end 2012 and the investments have been delivered to the participants, except for those investments with respect to which the participant elected a long-term deferral. Fluctuation in the value of these investments, which also impacts compensation expense, is recorded within investment gains and losses on the income statement. Management believes it is useful to reflect the offset achieved from economically hedging the market exposure of these investments in the calculation of adjusted operating income and adjusted operating margin. The non-GAAP measures exclude gains and losses and dividends and interest on employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments included in revenues and compensation expense.

The board of directors of EQH granted to Seth Bernstein, our CEO, equity awards in connection with EQH's IPO. Additionally, equity awards have been granted to Mr. Bernstein and other members of AB's senior management for their membership on the EQH Management Committee. These individuals may receive additional equity or cash compensation from EQH in the future related to their service on the Management Committee. Any awards granted to these individuals by EQH are recorded as compensation expense in AB’s consolidated statement of income. The compensation expense associated with these awards has been excluded from our non-GAAP measures because they are non-cash and are based upon EQH's, and not AB's, financial performance.

Acquisition-related expenses have been excluded because they are not considered part of our core operating results when comparing financial results from period to period and to industry peers. Acquisition-related expenses include professional fees and the recording of changes in estimates to contingent payment arrangements associated with our acquisitions. Beginning in

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the first quarter of 2022, acquisition-related expenses also include certain compensation-related expenses, amortization of intangible assets for contracts acquired and accretion expense with respect to contingent payment arrangements.

We adjusted for the operating income impact of consolidating certain company-sponsored investment funds by eliminating the consolidated company-sponsored funds' revenues and expenses and including AB's revenues and expenses that were eliminated in consolidation. We also excluded the limited partner interests we do not own.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Diluted Net Income per AB Unit

As previously discussed, our quarterly distribution is typically our adjusted diluted net income per unit (which is derived from adjusted net income) for the quarter multiplied by the number of general and limited partnership interests at the end of the quarter. Adjusted income taxes, used in calculating adjusted net income, are calculated using the GAAP effective tax rate adjusted for non-GAAP income tax adjustments.

Adjusted Operating Margin

Adjusted operating margin allows us to monitor our financial performance and efficiency from period to period without the volatility noted above in our discussion of adjusted operating income and to compare our performance to industry peers on a basis that better reflects our performance in our core business. Adjusted operating margin is derived by dividing adjusted operating income by adjusted net revenues.

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Net Revenues

The components of net revenues are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change		2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Investment advisory and services fees:
Institutions:
Base fees	$	132,794	$	136,067	$	(3,273)	(2.4)	%	$	271,058	$	265,497	$	5,561	2.1	%
Performance-based fees	8,031		2,484		5,547		n/m		49,839		6,914		42,925		n/m
	140,825		138,551		2,274		1.6		320,897		272,411		48,486		17.8
Retail:
Base fees	332,658		348,193		(15,535)		(4.5)		698,641		678,590		20,051		3.0
Performance-based fees	492		31,511		(31,019)		(98.4)		1,049		34,477		(33,428)		(97.0)
	333,150		379,704		(46,554)		(12.3)		699,690		713,067		(13,377)		(1.9)
Private Wealth:
Base fees	231,233		239,457		(8,224)		(3.4)		474,799		467,321		7,478		1.6
Performance-based fees	14,268		19,912		(5,644)		(28.3)		47,872		28,291		19,581		69.2
	245,501		259,369		(13,868)		(5.3)		522,671		495,612		27,059		5.5
Total:
Base fees	696,685		723,717		(27,032)		(3.7)		1,444,498		1,411,408		33,090		2.3
Performance-based fees	22,791		53,907		(31,116)		(57.7)		98,760		69,682		29,078		41.7
	719,476		777,624		(58,148)		(7.5)		1,543,258		1,481,090		62,168		4.2
Bernstein Research Services	106,442		105,655		787		0.7		224,249		224,676		(427)		(0.2)
Distribution revenues	153,130		155,538		(2,408)		(1.5)		321,471		303,138		18,333		6.0
Dividend and interest income	22,512		8,658		13,854		160.0		33,987		17,342		16,645		96.0
Investment (losses) gains	(48,220)		4,181		(52,401)		n/m		(87,244)		6,109		(93,353)		n/m
Other revenues	26,950		25,900		1,050		4.1		53,105		53,611		(506)		(0.9)
Total revenues	980,290		1,077,556		(97,266)		(9.0)		2,088,826		2,085,966		2,860		0.1
Less: Interest expense	8,846		734		8,112		n/m		11,695		1,878		9,817		n/m
Net revenues	$	971,444	$	1,076,822	$	(105,378)	(9.8)		$	2,077,131	$	2,084,088	$	(6,957)	(0.3)

Investment Advisory and Services Fees

Investment advisory and services fees are the largest component of our revenues. These fees generally are calculated as a percentage of the value of AUM as of a specified date, or as a percentage of the value of average AUM for the applicable billing period, and vary with the type of investment service, the size of account and the total amount of assets we manage for a particular client. Accordingly, fee income generally increases or decreases as AUM increase or decrease and is affected by market appreciation or depreciation, the addition of new client accounts or client contributions of additional assets to existing accounts, withdrawals of assets from and termination of client accounts, purchases and redemptions of mutual fund shares, shifts of assets between accounts or products with different fee structures, and acquisitions. Our average basis points realized (investment advisory and services fees divided by average AUM) generally approximate 30 to 105 basis points for actively-managed equity services, 10 to 70 basis points for actively-managed fixed income services and 2 to 40 basis points for

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passively-managed services. Average basis points realized for other services could range from 3 basis points for certain Institutional third party managed services to over 100 basis points for certain Retail and Private Wealth alternative services. These ranges include all-inclusive fee arrangements (covering investment management, trade execution and other services) for our Private Wealth clients.

We calculate AUM using established market-based valuation methods and fair valuation (non-observable market) methods. Market-based valuation methods include: last sale/settle prices from an exchange for actively-traded listed equities, options and futures; evaluated bid prices from recognized pricing vendors for fixed income, asset-backed or mortgage-backed issues; mid prices from recognized pricing vendors and brokers for credit default swaps; and quoted bids or spreads from pricing vendors and brokers for other derivative products. Fair valuation methods include: discounted cash flow models or any other methodology that is validated and approved by our Valuation Committee (see paragraph immediately below for more information regarding our Valuation Committee). Fair valuation methods are used only where AUM cannot be valued using market-based valuation methods, such as in the case of private equity or illiquid securities.

The Valuation Committee, which consists of senior officers and employees, is responsible for overseeing the pricing and valuation of all investments held in client and AB portfolios. The Valuation Committee has adopted a Statement of Pricing Policies describing principles and policies that apply to pricing and valuing investments held in these portfolios. We also have a Pricing Group, which reports to the Valuation Committee and is responsible for overseeing the pricing process for all investments.

We sometimes charge our clients performance-based fees. In these situations, we charge a base advisory fee and are eligible to earn an additional performance-based fee or incentive allocation that is calculated as either a percentage of absolute investment results or a percentage of investment results in excess of a stated benchmark over a specified period of time. Some performance-based fees include a high-watermark provision, which generally provides that if a client account underperforms relative to its performance target (whether absolute or relative to a specified benchmark), it must gain back such underperformance before we can collect future performance-based fees. Therefore, if we fail to achieve our performance target for a particular period, we will not earn a performance-based fee for that period and, for accounts with a high-watermark provision, our ability to earn future performance-based fees will be impaired. We are eligible to earn performance-based fees on 6.4%, 9.6% and 0.6% of the assets we manage for institutional clients, private wealth clients and retail clients, respectively (in total, 4.7% of our AUM).

For the three months ended June 30, 2022, our investment advisory and services fees decreased by $58.1 million, or 7.5%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $31.1 million, or 57.7%, decrease in performance-based fees and a $27.0 million, or 3.7%, decrease in base fees. The decrease in base fees is primarily due to a 4.7% decrease in average AUM. Performance-based fees decreased primarily due to lower performance fees earned on our U.S. Select Equity and Private Credit Fund, partially offset by higher performance fees earned on our U.S. Real Estate Funds. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, our investment advisory and service fees increased by $62.2 million, or 4.2%, from the six months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $33.1 million, or 2.3%, increase in base fees and a $29.1 million, or 41.7%, increase in performance-based fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 1.6% increase in average AUM. Performance-based fees increased primarily due to higher performance fees earned on our U.S. Real Estate Funds, partially offset by lower performance fees earned on our U.S. Select Equity and Private Credit Fund.

Institutional investment advisory and services fees for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased by $2.3 million, or 1.6%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $5.5 million increase in performance-based fees, offset by a $3.3 million, or 2.4%, decrease in base fees. The decrease in base fees is primarily due to a 5.3% decrease in average AUM, offset by a higher portfolio fee rate. Institutional investment advisory and service fees for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased by $48.5 million, or 17.8%, for the six months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $42.9 million increase in performance-based fees and a $5.6 million, or 2.1%, increase in base fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a higher portfolio fee rate.

Retail investment advisory and services fees for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased by $46.6 million, or 12.3%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $31.0 million, or 98.4%, decrease in performance-based fees and $15.5 million, or 4.5%, decrease in base fees. The decrease in base fees is primarily due to a 4.8% decrease in average AUM. Retail investment advisory and service fees for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased by $13.4 million, or 1.9%, from the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to a decrease in performance-based fees of $33.4 million, or 97.0%, offset by a $20.1 million, or 3.0%, increase in base fees. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 3.0% increase in average AUM.

Private Wealth investment advisory and services fees for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased by $13.9 million, or 5.3%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, due to an $8.2 million, or 3.4%, decrease in base fees and a $5.6 million, or 28.3%, decrease in performance-based fees. The decrease in base fees is primarily due to a 2.6% decrease in average AUM.

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Private Wealth Management investment and advisory service fees for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased by $27.1 million, or 5.5%, from the six months ended June 30, 2021, due to a $19.6 million, or 69.2%, increase in performance-based fees and an increase in base fees of $7.5 million, or 1.6%. The increase in base fees is primarily due to a 3.3% increase in average AUM.

Bernstein Research Services

We earn revenues for providing investment research to, and executing brokerage transactions for, institutional clients. These clients compensate us principally by directing us to execute brokerage transactions on their behalf, for which we earn commissions, and to a lesser extent, but increasingly, by paying us directly for research through commission sharing agreements or cash payments.

Revenues from Bernstein Research Services for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased $0.8 million, or 0.7%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was driven by greater customer trading activity in the U.S., partially offset by lower trading volumes in Asia and Europe. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, Bernstein Research Services revenue decreased by $0.4 million, or 0.2%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021 due to a decline in trading volumes in Asia, partially offset by greater trading activity in the U.S. due to higher market volatility.

Distribution Revenues

Two of our subsidiaries act as distributors and/or placement agents of company-sponsored mutual funds and receive distribution services fees from certain of those funds as full or partial reimbursement of the distribution expenses they incur. Period-over-period fluctuations of distribution revenues typically are in line with fluctuations of the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds.

Distribution revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $2.4 million, or 1.5%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds decreasing 7.8%, partially offset by an increase in overall portfolio fee rate. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, distribution revenues increased $18.3 million, or 6.0%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to an increase in overall portfolio fee rate, partially offset by the corresponding average AUM of these mutual funds decreasing 2.3%.

Dividend and Interest Income and Interest Expense

Dividend and interest income consists primarily of investment income and interest earned on customer margin balances and U.S. Treasury Bills as well as dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Interest expense principally reflects interest accrued on cash balances in customers’ brokerage accounts.

Dividend and interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased $13.9 million, or 160.0%, from the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher interest earned on customer margin balances and higher dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased $8.1 million from the three months ended June 30, 2021, due to higher interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, dividend and interest income increased $16.6 million, or 96.0%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher interest earned on customer margin balances and higher dividend and interest income in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022 increased $9.8 million compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, due to higher interest paid on cash balances in customers' brokerage accounts.

Investment Gains (Losses)

Investment gains (losses) consist primarily of realized and unrealized investment gains or losses on: (i) employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments, (ii) U.S. Treasury Bills, (iii) market-making in exchange-traded options and equities, (iv) seed capital investments, (v) derivatives and (vi) investments in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. Investment gains (losses) also include equity in earnings of proprietary investments in limited partnership hedge funds that we sponsor and manage.

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Investment (losses) gains are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Long-term incentive compensation-related investments:
Realized gains	$	4	$	49	$	1,339	$	2,100
Unrealized (losses) gains	(5,338)		2,153		(10,824)		2,113
Investments held by consolidated company-sponsored investment funds:
Realized (losses) gains	(13,178)		317		(14,168)		1,659
Unrealized (losses) gains	(39,193)		7,877		(80,091)		936
Seed capital investments:
Realized gains (losses)
Seed capital and other	5,350		12,126		8,926		14,683
Derivatives	14,007		(10,622)		30,636		(18,469)
Unrealized (losses) gains
Seed capital and other	(17,331)		(6,398)		(32,867)		(5,830)
Derivatives	8,108		(790)		11,210		9,376
Brokerage-related investments:
Realized (losses)	(415)		(311)		(1,082)		(189)
Unrealized (losses)	(234)		(220)		(323)		(270)
	$	(48,220)	$	4,181	$	(87,244)	$	6,109

Other Revenues

Other revenues consist of fees earned for transfer agency services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds, fees earned for administration and recordkeeping services provided to company-sponsored mutual funds and the general accounts of EQH and its subsidiaries, and other miscellaneous revenues. Other revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2022 increased $1.1 million, or 4.1%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher brokerage income. Other revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $0.5 million, or 0.9%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to lower brokerage income.

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Expenses

The components of expenses are as follows:

	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		$ Change		% Change		2022		2021		$ Change		% Change
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Employee compensation and benefits	$	398,273	$	435,707	$	(37,434)	(8.6)	%	$	837,693	$	841,766	$	(4,073)	(0.5)	%
Promotion and servicing:
Distribution-related payments	158,532		167,761		(9,229)		(5.5)		334,776		330,015		4,761		1.4
Amortization of deferred sales commissions	8,953		8,236		717		8.7		18,336		16,135		2,201		13.6
Trade execution, marketing, T&E and other	60,404		46,571		13,833		29.7		111,631		93,249		18,382		19.7
	227,889		222,568		5,321		2.4		464,743		439,399		25,344		5.8
General and administrative	147,855		131,324		16,531		12.6		325,480		251,547		73,933		29.4
Contingent payment arrangements	838		838		—		—		1,676		1,634		42		2.6
Interest on borrowings	2,681		1,241		1,440		116.0		4,092		2,535		1,557		61.4
Amortization of intangible assets	1,260		1,521		(261)		(17.2)		2,396		3,000		(604)		(20.1)
Total	$	778,796	$	793,199	$	(14,403)	(1.8)		$	1,636,080	$	1,539,881	$	96,199	6.2

Employee Compensation and Benefits

Employee compensation and benefits expense consists of base compensation (including salaries and severance), annual short-term incentive compensation awards (cash bonuses), annual long-term incentive compensation awards, commissions, fringe benefits and other employment costs (including recruitment, training, temporary help and meals).

Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 41.0% and 40.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Compensation expense as a percentage of net revenues was 40.3% and 40.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Compensation expense generally is determined on a discretionary basis and is primarily a function of our firm’s current-year financial performance. The amounts of incentive compensation we award are designed to motivate, reward and retain top talent while aligning our executives' interests with the interests of our Unitholders. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation and Workplace Practices Committee of the Board of Directors of AllianceBernstein Corporation (“Compensation Committee”), periodically confirms that the appropriate metric to consider in determining the amount of incentive compensation is the ratio of adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense to adjusted net revenues. Adjusted net revenues used in the adjusted compensation ratio are the same as the adjusted net revenues presented as a non-GAAP measure (discussed earlier in this Item 2). Adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense is total employee compensation and benefits expense minus other employment costs such as recruitment, training, temporary help and meals (which was 1.0% and 0.8% of adjusted net revenues for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, and 0.7% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021), and excludes the impact of mark-to-market vesting expense, as well as dividends and interest expense, associated with employee long-term incentive compensation-related investments and the amortization expense associated with the awards issued by EQH to some of our firm's senior management relating to their roles as members of the EQH Management Committee. Senior management, with the approval of the Compensation Committee, has established as an objective that adjusted employee compensation and benefits expense generally should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues, except in unexpected or unusual circumstances. Our ratio of adjusted compensation expense as a percentage of adjusted net revenues was 48.0% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 48.5% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.

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For the three months ended June 30, 2022, employee compensation and benefits expense decreased $37.4 million, or 8.6%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to lower incentive compensation of $58.1 million, partially offset by higher commissions of $9.8 million, higher base compensation of $7.3 million and higher other employment costs of $3.5 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, employee compensation and benefits expense decreased $4.1 million, or 0.5%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to lower incentive compensation of $44.9 million, offset by higher base compensation of $16.9 million, higher commissions of $16.2 million, higher other employment costs of $5.4 million and higher fringes of $2.3 million.

Promotion and Servicing

Promotion and servicing expenses include distribution-related payments to financial intermediaries for distribution of AB mutual funds and amortization of deferred sales commissions paid to financial intermediaries for the sale of back-end load shares of AB mutual funds. Also included in this expense category are costs related to trade execution and clearance, travel and entertainment, advertising and promotional materials.

Promotion and servicing expenses increased $5.3 million, or 2.4%, during the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher travel and entertainment expenses of $7.4 million and higher marketing and communication expenses of $6.3 million, partially offset by lower distribution-related payments of $9.2 million. Promotion and servicing expenses increased $25.3 million, or 5.8%, during the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to higher travel and entertainment expenses of $10.9 million, higher marketing and communication expenses of $8.4 million, higher distribution-related payments of $4.8 million and higher amortization of deferred sales commissions of $2.2 million, partially offset lower trade execution expenses of $1.7 million.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses include portfolio services expenses, technology expenses, professional fees and office-related expenses (occupancy, communications and similar expenses). General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 15.2% and 12.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. General and administrative expenses increased $16.5 million, or 12.6%, during the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the corresponding period in 2021, primarily due to higher portfolio servicing fees of $6.4 million, higher technology fees of $6.4 million, higher professional fees of $2.8 million and higher office expenses of $1.0 million. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues were 15.7% and 12.1% for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. General and administrative expenses increased $73.9 million, or 29.4%, during the first six months of 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021, primarily due to higher portfolio servicing fees of $41.9 million, higher professional fees of $12.6 million, higher technology fees of $11.4 million, higher office and related expenses of $4.9 million and an unfavorable foreign exchange translation impact of $3.4 million.

Contingent Payment Arrangements

Contingent payment arrangements reflect changes in estimates of contingent payment liabilities associated with acquisitions in previous periods, as well as accretion expense of these liabilities. There were no changes in our estimates during the first six months ended June 30, 2022 or 2021.

Interest on Borrowings

Interest on borrowings reflects interest expense related to our debt and credit facilities. See Note 16 to AB's condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1, for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities. For the three months ended June 30, 2022 interest on borrowings increased $1.4 million, or 116.0%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 interest on borrowings increased $1.6 million, or 61.4%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increases in both periods were due to higher average borrowings and higher interest rates.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets reflects our amortization of costs assigned to acquired investment management contracts with a finite life. These assets are recognized at fair value and generally are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful life. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.3 million, or 17.2%, during the three months ended June 30, 2022

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compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. Amortization of intangible assets decreased $0.6 million, or 20.1%, during the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Income Taxes

AB, a private limited partnership, is not subject to federal or state corporate income taxes. However, AB is subject to a 4.0% New York City unincorporated business tax (“UBT”). Our domestic corporate subsidiaries are subject to federal, state and local income taxes and generally are included in the filing of a consolidated federal income tax return. Separate state and local income tax returns also are filed. Foreign corporate subsidiaries generally are subject to taxes in the jurisdictions where they are located.

Income tax expense for the three months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $1.8 million, or 14.7%, compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. Income tax expense for the six months ended June 30, 2022 decreased $5.9 million, or 20.0%, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a lower pre-tax income in both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. There were no material changes to uncertain tax positions (FIN 48 reserves) or valuation allowances against deferred tax assets for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Net Income (Loss) of Consolidated Entities Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests

Net income (loss) of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests primarily consists of limited partner interests owned by other investors in our consolidated company-sponsored investment funds. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we had $51.8 million of net losses of consolidated entities attributable to non-controlling interests compared to net gains of $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021. Fluctuations period-to-period results primarily from the number of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds and their respective market performance.

CAPITAL RESOURCES AND LIQUIDITY

Cash flows from operating activities primarily include the receipt of investment advisory and services fees and other revenues offset by the payment of operating expenses incurred in the normal course of business. Our cash flows from operating activities have historically been positive and sufficient in supporting our operations. We do not anticipate this to change in the foreseeable future. Cash flows from investing activities generally consist of small capital expenditures and, when applicable, business acquisitions. Cash flows from financing activities primarily consist of issuance and repayment of debt and the repurchase of AB Holding units to fund our long-term deferred compensation plans. We are required to distribute all of our Available Cash Flow to our Unitholders and the General Partner.

During the first six months of 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $702.0 million, compared to $850.3 million during the corresponding 2021 period. The change is primarily due to an increase in broker-dealer related receivables (net of payables and segregated U.S. treasury bills activity) of $108.5 million, net activity of our consolidated funds of $88.8 million and a decrease in accrued compensation of $64.8 million, partially offset by a decrease in fees receivable of $80.6 million and higher earnings of $30.0 million (after non-cash reconciling items).

During the first six months of 2022, net cash used in investing activities was $19.8 million, compared to $29.7 million during the corresponding 2021 period. The change is due to lower purchases of furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements of $6.6 million and lower cash paid for acquisitions of $3.3 million.

During the first six months of 2022, net cash used in financing activities was $785.1 million, compared to $769.7 million during the corresponding 2021 period. The change is primarily due to higher distributions to the General Partner and Unitholders of $116.4 million and an increase in the net purchases of AB Holding Units to fund long-term incentive compensation plans of $31.0 million, partially offset by higher net borrowings of debt of $130.0 million.

As of June 30, 2022, AB had $1.2 billion of cash and cash equivalents (excluding cash and cash equivalents of consolidated company-sponsored investment funds), all of which is available for liquidity but consist primarily of cash on deposit for our broker-dealers related to various customer clearing activities, and cash held by foreign subsidiaries of $636.3 million.

Debt and Credit Facilities

See Note 16 to AB’s condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1, for disclosures relating to our debt and credit facilities.

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Our financial condition and access to public and private debt markets should provide adequate liquidity for our general business needs. Management believes that cash flow from operations and the issuance of debt and AB Units or AB Holding Units will provide us with the resources we need to meet our financial obligations. See “Cautions Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of credit markets and our ability to renew our credit facilities at expiration.

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

AB’s capital commitments, which consist primarily of operating leases for office space, generally are funded from future operating cash flows.

We have signed a lease which commences in 2024, relating to approximately 166,000 square feet of space in New York City. Our estimated total base rent obligation (excluding taxes, operating expenses and utilities) over the 20-year lease term is approximately $393.0 million.

During 2010, as general partner of AllianceBernstein U.S. Real Estate L.P. (“Real Estate Fund”), we committed to invest $25.0 million in the Real Estate Fund. As of June 30, 2022, we had funded $22.4 million of this commitment. During 2014, as general partner of AllianceBernstein U.S. Real Estate II L.P. (“Real Estate Fund II”), we committed to invest $27.3 million, as amended in 2020, in Real Estate Fund II. As of June 30, 2022, we had funded $21.6 million of this commitment.

See Note 12 for discussion of contingencies.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements and notes to condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

There have been no updates to our critical accounting estimates from those disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 2 to AB’s condensed consolidated financial statements contained in Item 1.

CAUTIONS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Certain statements provided by management in this report and in the portion of AB’s Form 10-Q attached hereto as Exhibit 99.1 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. The most significant of these factors include, but are not limited to, the following: the performance of financial markets, the investment performance of sponsored investment products and separately-managed accounts, general economic conditions, industry trends, future acquisitions, integration of acquired companies, competitive conditions and government regulations, including changes in tax regulations and rates and the manner in which the earnings of publicly-traded partnerships are taxed. We caution readers to carefully consider such factors. Further, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such statements are made; we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements. For further information regarding these forward-looking statements and the factors that could cause actual results to differ,see “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 and Part II, Item 1Ain this Form 10-Q. Any or all of the forward-looking statements that we make in our Form 10-K, this Form 10-Q, other documents we file with or furnish to the SEC, and any other public statements we issue, may turn out to be wrong. It is important to remember that other factors besides those listed in “Risk Factors” and those listed below could also adversely impact our revenues, financial condition, results of operations and business prospects.

The forward-looking statements referred to in the preceding paragraph, most of which directly affect AB but also affect AB Holding because AB Holding’s principal source of income and cash flow is attributable to its investment in AB, include statements regarding:

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•Our belief that the cash flow AB Holding realizes from its investment in AB will provide AB Holding with the resources it needs to meet its financial obligations: AB Holding’s cash flow is dependent on the quarterly cash distributions it receives from AB. Accordingly, AB Holding’s ability to meet its financial obligations is dependent on AB’s cash flow from its operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets and other factors beyond our control.

•Our financial condition and ability to access the public and private capital markets providing adequate liquidity for our general business needs: Our financial condition is dependent on our cash flow from operations, which is subject to the performance of the capital markets, our ability to maintain and grow client assets under management and other factors beyond our control. Our ability to access public and private capital markets on reasonable terms may be limited by adverse market conditions, our firm’s credit ratings, our profitability and changes in government regulations, including tax rates and interest rates.

•The outcome of litigation: Litigation is inherently unpredictable, and excessive damage awards do occur. Though we have stated that we do not expect any pending legal proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity, any settlement or judgment with respect to a legal proceeding could be significant and could have such an effect.

•The possibility that we will engage in open market purchases of AB Holding Units to help fund anticipated obligations under our incentive compensation award program: The number of AB Holding Units AB may decide to buy in future periods, if any, to help fund incentive compensation awards depends on various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the fluctuation in the price of an AB Holding Unit (NYSE: AB) and the availability of cash to make these purchases.

•Our determination that adjusted employee compensation expense should not exceed 50% of our adjusted net revenues:  Aggregate employee compensation reflects employee performance and competitive compensation levels. Fluctuations in our revenues and/or changes in competitive compensation levels could result in adjusted employee compensation expense exceeding 50% of our adjusted net revenues.

•The Adverse Impact of COVID-19: The aggregate extent to which COVID-19, including existing and new variants and its impact on the global economy, affects AB’s business, liquidity, results of operations and financial condition, will depend on future COVID-19 developments that are highly uncertain, including the scope and duration of the pandemic and any recovery period, the emergence, spread and seriousness of COVID-19 variants, the continuing prevalence of severe, unconstrained and/or escalating rates of infection and hospitalization in various countries and regions, the availability, adoption and efficacy of treatments and vaccines, and future actions taken by governmental authorities, central banks and other parties in response to COVID-19.

•The impact of our acquisition of CarVal: These statements concern expected growth, client and stockholder benefits, key assumptions, revenue realization, financial benefits or returns, accretion and integration costs. The most significant transaction-related and other risk factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements include: (i) the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to the termination of the acquisition agreement and (ii) anticipated benefits of the transaction, including the realization of revenue, accretion, and financial benefits or returns, may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected, including if AB Holding units to be issued after the closing trade at a price below anticipated levels. We caution readers to carefully consider such factors.

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Item 3.     Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in AB’s market risk from the information provided under “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” in Part II, Item 7A of AB's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Item 4.     Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Each of AB Holding and AB maintains a system of disclosure controls and procedures that is designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to management, including the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and the Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), to permit timely decisions regarding our disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the CEO and the CFO, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, the CEO and the CFO concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting occurred during the second quarter of 2022 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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