Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Par Pacific Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain amounts previously reported in our consolidated financial statements for prior periods have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses and the related disclosures. Actual amounts could differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of cash equivalents approximates fair value because of the short-term nature of these investments.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash consists of cash not readily available for general purpose cash needs. Restricted cash relates to bankruptcy matters.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We establish provisions for losses on trade receivables if it becomes probable that we will not collect all or part of the outstanding balances. We review collectibility and establish or adjust our allowance as necessary using the specific identification method. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, we did not have a significant allowance for doubtful accounts.

Inventories

Commodity inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value using the first-in, first-out accounting method (“FIFO”). We value merchandise along with spare parts, materials, and supplies at average cost.

Our refining segment acquires all of its crude oil utilized at the Hawaii refinery from J. Aron & Company (“J.Aron”) under the Supply and Offtake Agreements as described in Note 11—Inventory Financing Agreements. The crude oil remains in the legal title of J. Aron and is stored in our storage tanks governed by a storage agreement. Legal title to the crude oil passes to us at the tank outlet. After processing, J. Aron takes title to the refined products stored in our storage tanks until they are sold to our retail locations or to third parties. We record the inventory owned by J. Aron on our behalf as inventory with a corresponding obligation on our balance sheet because we maintain the risk of loss until the refined products are sold to third parties and are obligated to repurchase the inventory.

We enter into refined product and crude oil exchange agreements with other oil companies. Exchange receivables or payables are stated at cost and are presented within Trade accounts receivable and Accounts payable on our consolidated balance sheets.

Renewable Identification Numbers

Beginning in 2018, Inventories also include Renewable Identification Numbers (“RINs”). Our RINs assets, which include RINS purchased in the open market and RINs generated by blending biofuels as part of our refining process, are presented as Inventories on our consolidated balance sheets and stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value ("NRV") as of the end of the reporting period. Our RINs obligations to comply with RFS are presented as Other accrued liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets and measured at fair value as of the end of the reporting period. The net cost of RINs is recognized within Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) in our consolidated statements of operations.

Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC

We account for our Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC using the equity method as we have the ability to exert significant influence, but do not control its operating and financial policies. Our proportionate share of net income (loss) of this entity is included in Equity earnings (losses) from Laramie Energy, LLC in the consolidated statements of operations. The investment is reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that there has been an other than temporary decline in the value of the investment. Please read Note 3—Investment in Laramie Energy, LLC.

Property, Plant, and Equipment

We capitalize the cost of additions, major improvements, and modifications to property, plant, and equipment. The cost of repairs and normal maintenance of property, plant, and equipment is expensed as incurred. Major improvements and modifications of property, plant, and equipment are those expenditures that either extend the useful life, increase the capacity, or improve the operating efficiency of the asset or the safety of our operations. We compute depreciation of property, plant, and equipment using the straight-line method, based on the estimated useful life of each asset as follows:



Assets		Lives in Years
Refining		8 to 47
Logistics		3 to 30
Retail		3 to 30
Corporate		3 to 7
Software		3

We record property under capital leases at the lower of the present value of minimum lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate or the fair value of the leased property at the date of lease inception. We depreciate leasehold improvements and property acquired under capital leases over the shorter of the lease term or the economic life of the asset.

We review property, plant, and equipment and other long-lived assets whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Impairment is indicated when the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by those assets are less than the assets’ carrying value. If this occurs, an impairment loss is recognized for the difference between the fair value and carrying value. Factors that indicate potential impairment include a significant decrease in the market value of the asset, operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the asset, and a significant change in the asset’s physical condition or use.

Asset Retirement Obligations

We record asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) in the period in which we have a legal obligation, whether by government action or contractual arrangement, to incur these costs and can make a reasonable estimate of the liability. Our AROs arise from our refining, logistics, and retail operations, as well as plugging and abandonment of wells within our natural gas and crude oil operations. AROs are calculated based on the present value of the estimated removal and other closure costs using our credit-adjusted risk-free rate. When the liability is initially recorded, we capitalize the cost by increasing the book value of the related long-lived tangible asset. The liability is accreted to its estimated settlement value with accretion expense recognized in Depreciation, depletion, and amortization (“DD&A”) on our consolidated statements of operations and the related capitalized cost is depreciated over the asset’s useful life. The difference between the settlement amount and the recorded liability is recorded as a gain or loss on asset disposals in our consolidated statements of operations. We estimate settlement dates by considering our past practice, industry practice, contractual terms, management’s intent, and estimated economic lives.

We cannot currently estimate the fair value for certain AROs primarily because we cannot estimate settlement dates (or range of dates) associated with these assets. These AROs include hazardous materials disposal (such as petroleum manufacturing by-products, chemical catalysts, and sealed insulation material containing asbestos) and removal or dismantlement requirements associated with the closure of our refining facilities, terminal facilities, or pipelines, including the demolition or removal of certain major processing units, buildings, tanks, pipelines, or other equipment.

Deferred Turnaround Costs

Refinery turnaround costs, which are incurred in connection with planned major maintenance activities at our refineries, are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the period of time estimated until the next planned turnaround (generally three to five years). During 2016, we recognized deferred turnaround costs of approximately $32.7 million. No deferred turnaround costs were recorded during 2018 and 2017. Deferred turnaround costs are presented within Other long-term assets on our consolidated balance sheets.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the amount the purchase price exceeds the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment annually on October 1. We assess the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill during the fourth quarter of each year or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the goodwill of a reporting unit may not be fully recoverable. We first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the qualitative assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, a quantitative test is required. Under the quantitative test, we compare the carrying value of the net assets of the reporting unit to the estimated fair value of the reporting unit. If the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the reporting unit, an impairment loss is recorded.

Our intangible assets include relationships with customers, trade names, and trademarks. These intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis. We evaluate the carrying value of our intangible assets when impairment indicators are present. When we believe impairment indicators may exist, projections of the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the use of and eventual disposition of the intangible assets are prepared. If the projections indicate that their carrying values are not recoverable, we reduce the carrying values to their estimated fair values.

Environmental Matters

We capitalize environmental expenditures that extend the life or increase the capacity of facilities as well as expenditures that prevent environmental contamination. We expense costs that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations and that do not contribute to current or future revenue generation. We record liabilities when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Cost estimates are based on the expected timing and extent of remedial actions required by governing agencies, experience gained from similar sites for which environmental assessments or remediation have been completed, and the amount of our anticipated liability considering the proportional liability and financial abilities of other responsible parties. Usually, the timing of these accruals coincides with the completion of a feasibility study or our commitment to a formal plan of action. Estimated liabilities are not discounted to present value and are presented within Other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Environmental expenses are recorded in Operating expense (excluding depreciation) on our consolidated statements of operations.

Derivatives and Other Financial instruments

We are exposed to commodity price risk related to crude oil and refined products. We manage this exposure through the use of various derivative commodity instruments. These instruments include exchange traded futures and over-the-counter ("OTC") swaps, forwards, and options.

For our forward contracts that are derivatives, we have elected the normal purchase normal sale exclusion, as it is our policy to fulfill or accept the physical delivery of the product and we will not net settle. Therefore, we did not recognize the unrealized gains or losses related to these contracts in our consolidated financial statements. We apply the accrual method of accounting to our forwards contracts.

All derivative instruments not designated as normal purchases or sales are recorded in the balance sheet as either assets or liabilities measured at their fair values. Changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments are recognized currently in earnings. We have not designated any derivative instruments as cash flow or fair value hedges and, therefore, do not apply hedge accounting treatment.

In addition, we may have other financial instruments, such as warrants or embedded debt features, that may be classified as liabilities when either (a) the holders possess rights to net cash settlement, (b) physical or net equity settlement is not in our control, or (c) the instruments contain other provisions that cause us to conclude that they are not indexed to our equity. Our embedded derivatives include: our obligation to repurchase crude oil and refined products from J.Aron at the termination of the Supply and Offtake Agreements and the redemption option and the related make-whole premium on our 5.00% Convertible Senior Notes. These liabilities were initially recorded at fair value and subsequently adjusted to fair value at the end of each reporting period through earnings.

Please read Note 13—Derivatives and Note 14—Fair Value Measurements for information regarding our derivatives and other financial instruments.

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and net operating loss (“NOLs”) and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted income tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in income tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period that includes the enactment date. The realizability of deferred tax assets is evaluated quarterly based on a “more likely than not” standard and, to the extent this threshold is not met, a valuation allowance is recorded.

We recognize the impact of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination by the relevant taxing authority based on the technical merits of the position. As a general rule, our open years for Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) examination purposes are 2015, 2016, and 2017. However, since we have net operating loss carryforwards, the IRS has the ability to make adjustments to items that originate in a year otherwise barred by the statute of limitations in order to re-determine tax for an open year to which those items are carried. Therefore, in a year in which a net operating loss deduction is claimed, the IRS may examine the year in which the net operating loss was generated and adjust it accordingly for purposes of assessing additional tax in the year the net operating loss deductions was claimed. Any penalties or interest as a result of an examination will be recorded in the period assessed.

Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize the cost of share-based payments on a straight-line basis over the period the employee provides service, generally the vesting period, and include such costs in General and administrative expense (excluding depreciation) and Operating expense (excluding depreciation) in the consolidated statements of operations. The grant date fair value of restricted stock awards are equal to the market price of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model as of the date of grant.

Revenue Recognition

On January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09” or “ASC 606”), as amended by other ASUs, using the modified retrospective method applied to all contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. As such, the comparative financial information for prior periods has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”). We did not identify any significant differences in our existing revenue recognition policies that require modification under the new standard; therefore, we did not recognize a cumulative adjustment on opening equity as of January 1, 2018.

Refining and Retail

Our refining and retail segment revenues are primarily associated with the sale of refined products. We recognize revenues upon physical delivery of refined products to a customer, which is the point in time at which control of the refined products is transferred to the customer. The refining segment’s contracts with its customers state the terms of the sale, including the description, quantity, delivery terms, and price of each product sold. Payments from customers are generally due in full within 2 to 30 days of product delivery or invoice date.

We account for certain transactions on a net basis under FASB ASC Topic 845, “Nonmonetary Transactions.” These transactions include nonmonetary crude oil and refined product exchange transactions, certain crude oil buy/sell arrangements, and sale and purchase transactions entered into with the same counterparty that are deemed to be in contemplation with one another.

Upon adoption of ASC 606, we made an accounting policy election to apply the sales tax practical expedient, whereby all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a revenue-producing transaction and collected from our customers will be recognized on a net basis within Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation). This change in our accounting policy did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial information for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Logistics

We recognize transportation and storage fees as services are provided to a customer. Substantially all of our logistics revenues represent intercompany transactions that are eliminated in consolidation.

Cost Classifications

Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) includes the hydrocarbon-related costs of inventory sold, transportation costs of delivering product to customers, crude oil consumed in the refining process, costs to satisfy our RINs obligations, and certain hydrocarbon fees and taxes. Cost of revenues (excluding depreciation) also includes the unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives, inventory valuation adjustments, and certain direct operating expenses related to our logistics segment.

Operating expense (excluding depreciation) includes direct costs of labor, maintenance and services, energy and utility costs, property taxes, and environmental compliance costs as well as chemicals and catalysts and other direct operating expenses.

The following table summarizes depreciation expense excluded from each line item in our consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Cost of revenues	$	6,722	$	6,029	$	4,604
Operating expense	28,037		22,861		16,340
General and administrative expense	4,233		2,929		2,108

Benefit Plans

We recognize an asset for the overfunded status or a liability for the underfunded status of our defined benefit pension plan. The funded status is recorded within Other long-term liabilities. Certain changes in the plan’s funded status are recognized in Other comprehensive income (loss) in the period the change occurs.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (exit price). Fair value measurements are categorized with the highest priority given to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and the lowest priority given to unobservable inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:


Level 1 –	Assets or liabilities for which the item is valued based on quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.


Level 2 –	Assets or liabilities valued based on observable market data for similar instruments.


Level 3 –	Assets or liabilities for which significant valuation assumptions are not readily observable in the market; instruments valued based on the best available data, some of which is internally-developed and considers risk premiums that a market participant would require.

The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the fair value of assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels. Our policy is to recognize transfers in and/or out of fair value hierarchy levels as of the end of the reporting period for which the event or change in circumstances caused the transfer. We have consistently applied these valuation techniques for the periods presented. The fair value of the J. Aron repurchase obligation derivative is measured using estimates of the prices and differentials assuming settlement at the end of the reporting period.

Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic income (loss) per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding and the weighted-average number of shares issuable under the warrants. The common stock warrants are included in the calculation of basic EPS because they are issuable for minimal consideration. Basic and diluted EPS are computed taking into account the effect of participating securities. Participating securities include restricted stock that has been issued but has not yet vested. Please read Note 18—Income (Loss) Per Share for further information.

Foreign Currency Transactions

We may, on occasion, enter into transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, which is our functional currency. Gains and losses resulting from changes in currency exchange rates between the functional currency and the currency in which a transaction is denominated are included in Other income (expense), net, in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations in the period in which the currency exchange rates change.

Accounting Principles Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02” or “ASC 842”). ASU 2016-02 requires lessees to recognize all leases, including operating leases, on the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset or lease liability. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11 (“ASU 2018-11”), which allows for an option to apply the transition provisions of ASC 842 at the adoption date versus at the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements and an optional practical expedient that permits lessors to not separate non-lease components from the associated lease component if certain conditions are met. These ASUs and other amendments and technical corrections to ASC 842 are effective for interim periods and fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and early application is permitted. We have adopted ASC 842 on January 1, 2019 under the modified retrospective approach and used the effective date as our initial application date. We have elected to apply the practical expedients package that allows us to not reassess our conclusions regarding lease identification, classification and initial direct costs for contracts that commenced prior to the effective date. We will also apply the short-term lease exception and the practical expedient that allows us not to bifurcate lease and non-lease components. We have substantially completed our evaluation of the amended lease guidance in ASC 842 for our existing leases as of December 31, 2018. Our existing lease contracts include leases related to retail facilities, railcars, barges, and other facilities used in the storage, transportation, and sale of crude oil and refined products. We are still evaluating lease contracts assumed in connection with our acquisition of U.S. Oil & Refining Co. Please read Note 22—Subsequent Events. As a result of the adoption of ASC 842, we expect to record lease assets and lease liabilities related to operating and finance leases in the approximate range of $365 million to $385 million on our consolidated balance sheet, including our preliminary estimate for U.S. Oil & Refining Co. leases. The new standard will also require additional disclosures for financing and operating leases beginning in the first quarter of 2019.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates Step 2 from the current goodwill impairment test. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity is no longer required to determine goodwill impairment by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. The guidance in this ASU is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. This ASU should be applied prospectively from the date of adoption. This ASU will change the policy under which we perform our annual goodwill impairment assessment by eliminating Step 2 of the test.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2018-02"). This ASU permits entities to elect to reclassify to retained earnings the stranded effects in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income related to the changes in the statutory tax rate that were charged to income from continuing operations under the requirements of ASC 740. The guidance in ASU 2018-02 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of ASU 2018-02 to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). This ASU amends, adds, and removes certain disclosure requirements under FASB ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement.” The guidance in ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2018-13 on our disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (“ASU 2018-14”). This ASU amends, adds, and removes certain disclosure requirements under FASB ASC Topic 715 “Compensation—Retirement Benefits.” The guidance in ASU 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2018-14 on our disclosures.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). This ASU requires entities to account for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing agreement that is a service contract under the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350, “Goodwill and Intangible Assets,” which results in a capitalized and amortizable intangible asset. The guidance in ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We currently do not expect the adoption of ASU 2018-15 to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Accounting Principles Adopted

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), as amended by other ASUs issued since May 2014 (“ASU 2014-09” or “ASC 606”), using the modified retrospective method as permitted. Under this method, the cumulative effect of initially applying ASU 2014-09 is recognized as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings (or accumulated deficit) and revenues reported in the periods prior to the date of adoption are not changed. Because the adoption of ASU 2014-09 did not have a material impact on the amount or timing of revenues recognized for the sale of refined products, we did not make such an adjustment to retained earnings. Please read Note 5—Revenue Recognition for further information.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”) and ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”). The primary purpose of ASU 2016-15 was to reduce the diversity in practice relating to eight specific cash flow issues: debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments or other debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing; contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies (including bank-owned life insurance policies); distributions received from equity method investees; beneficial interests in securitization transactions; and separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. ASU 2016-18 required that an entity include restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents within its statement of cash flows and in the reconciliation to the statement of operations. As the new guidance must be applied using a retrospective transition method, we have also retrospectively revised the comparative period statement of cash flows to reflect the adoption of these ASUs. The adoption of these ASUs did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”). This ASU updated the definition of a business combination and provided a framework for determining whether a transaction involves an asset or a business. The adoption of this ASU changed the policy under which we perform our assessments and accounting for future acquisition or disposal transactions, including the Northwest Retail Acquisition and Hawaii Refinery Expansion. Please read Note 4—Acquisitions for further information.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-07, Compensation—Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost (“ASU 2017-07”). This ASU required entities to (1) disaggregate the current-service-cost component from the other components of net benefit cost (the “other components”) and present it with other current compensation costs for related employees in the income statement and (2) present the other components elsewhere in the income statement and outside of income from operations if that subtotal is presented. In addition, the ASU required entities to disclose the income statement lines that contain the other components if they are not presented on appropriately described separate lines. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2017-07, we also retrospectively adjusted our 2017 and 2016 results of operations and disclosures, using the amounts disclosed in the benefit plan note for the estimation basis as a practical expedient. Operating income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2016 was adjusted to reflect the reclassification of the curtailment gain of $3.1 million from Operating expense (excluding depreciation) to a newly-defined line item within Total other income (expense), net, Gain on curtailment of pension obligation. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, other immaterial non-service-cost-related components of the net periodic benefit cost related to our defined benefit pension plan were reclassified from Operating expense (excluding depreciation) to Other income (expense), net.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting (“ASU 2017-09”). The primary purpose of this ASU was to reduce the diversity in practice and cost and complexity in applying the guidance in Topic 718 related to the change to terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“ASU 2018-05”). Under ASU 2018-05, an entity would estimate, to the extent possible, the impacts of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act enacted on December 22, 2017 (“U.S. tax reform”) and then adjust the estimates when better information is available or the amount becomes determinable over something similar to the measurement period under business combination guidance. This ASU was effective upon issuance. As of December 31, 2018, we believe the impacts of the U.S. tax reform have been reasonably estimated and recorded within our consolidated financial statements.