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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2018
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full year and makes changes if necessary based on new information or events. The estimated annual effective tax rate is forecast based on actual historical information and forward-looking estimates and is used to provide for income taxes in interim reporting periods. The Company also recognizes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, such as the effects of changes in tax laws or rates and impacts from settlements with tax authorities, discretely in the quarter in which they occur.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded income tax expense of $7.7 million at an effective tax rate of 26.6%. The annual effective tax rate differs from the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate due to the impact of state income taxes, nondeductible compensation, and permanent tax differences from equity method investments. The net increase in effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2018 resulted from in the period ended June 30, 2017 the Company had a loss before income taxes after a goodwill write-off which did not provide a corresponding tax benefit. This was offset by the reduction of the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% as a result of the U.S. tax reform. For the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $7.7 million at an effective tax rate of (40.1)%.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded income tax expense of $7.4 million at an effective tax rate of 27.7%. The annual effective tax rate differs from the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate due to the impact of state income taxes, nondeductible compensation, and permanent tax differences from equity method investments. The effective tax rate for the six-month period ended June 30, 2018 also includes tax expense due to changes in the state allocation/apportionment as a result of a statutory merger. The increase in effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 as compared to the same period last year was attributed to the reduction of the U.S. corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% as a result of the U.S. tax reform. Additionally, in the period ended June 30, 2017 the Company had a loss before income taxes after a goodwill write-off which did not provide a corresponding tax benefit. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded an income tax expense of $5.1 million at an effective tax rate of (20.8)%.

The Company’s accounting for certain elements of the Tax Act was incomplete as of the period ended December 31, 2017, and remains incomplete as of June 30, 2018. However, the Company was able to make reasonable estimates of the effects and, therefore, recorded provisional estimates for these items. In connection with its initial analysis of the impact of the Tax
Act, the Company recorded a provisional discrete net tax benefit of $73.5 million in the period ended December 31, 2017. This provisional estimate consists of a net expense of $1.4 million for the one-time transition tax and a net benefit of $74.9 million related to revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, caused by the new lower corporate tax rate. To determine the
transition tax, the Company must determine the amount of post-1986 accumulated earnings and profits of the relevant
subsidiaries, as well as the amount of non-U.S. income taxes paid on such earnings. While the Company was able to make a
reasonable estimate of the transition tax, the Company continues to gather additional information to more precisely compute the final amount. Likewise, while the Company was able to make a reasonable estimate of the impact of the reduction to the
corporate tax rate, its rate may be affected by other analysis related to the Tax Act, including, but not limited to, the state tax
effect of adjustments made to federal temporary differences. Due to the complexity of the new global intangible low-taxed
income ("GILTI") tax rules, the company is continuing to evaluate this provision of the Tax Act and the application of ASC
740. Under GAAP, the Company is allowed to make an accounting policy choice to either (i) treat taxes due on future U.S.
inclusions in taxable income related to GILTI as a current-period expense when incurred (the “period cost method"); or (ii)
factor in such amounts into a company’s measurement of its deferred taxes (the “deferred method”). The Company’s selection
of an accounting policy with respect to the new GILTI tax rules is dependent on additional analysis and potential future
modifications to existing structures, which are not currently known. The Company has not made a policy decision regarding
whether to record deferred taxes on GILTI. The Company will continue to analyze the full effects of the Tax Act on its Consolidated Financial Statements.