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Income Taxes
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2017
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes

On a quarterly basis, the Company estimates the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for the full year and makes changes if necessary based on new information or events. The estimated annual effective tax rate is forecast based on actual historical information and forward-looking estimates and is used to provide for income taxes in interim reporting periods. The Company also recognizes the tax impact of certain unusual or infrequently occurring items, such as the effects of changes in tax laws or rates and impacts from settlements with tax authorities, discretely in the quarter in which they occur. Additionally, the annual effective tax rate differs from the statutory U.S. Federal tax rate of 35% primarily due to the impact of state income taxes, the tax benefit related to railroad track maintenance credit transactions, and to benefits or costs related to various permanent book to tax differences and tax credits.

For the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $2.5 million at an effective tax rate of 45.5%, which varied from the U.S. Federal tax rate of 35% primarily due to a 9.8% benefit related to the recognition of previously unrecognized tax benefits. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $7.3 million at an effective tax rate of 31.8%.

Other than the recognition of previously unrecognized tax benefits discussed above, there have been no material changes to the balance of unrecognized tax benefits reported at December 31, 2016.