This Joint Filing Agreement confirms the agreement by and among the
undersigned that the Schedule 13G is filed on behalf of each of the reporting
person(s) identified below.

         Legg Mason Capital Management, Inc.


         By___/s/ Andrew J. Bowden_____________________________
              Andrew J. Bowden, Senior Vice President

         Legg Mason Special Investment Trust, Inc.


         By___/s/ Gregory T. Merz_______________________________
              Gregory T. Merz, Vice President