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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes was as follows during fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022: 
 Year ended September 30,
 202420232022
 (In thousands)
Current:
         Federal$110,402 $112,456 $50,403 
         State10,199 16,844 8,952 
         Foreign35,943 42,327 30,597 
156,544 171,627 89,952 
Deferred:
         Federal(26,227)(37,884)8,165 
         State(1,712)(15,025)507 
         Foreign609 5,531 (856)
(27,330)(47,378)7,816 
Total provision$129,214 $124,249 $97,768 
The foreign provision was based on foreign pre-tax earnings of $150.8 million, $172.7 million and $136.0 million in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Current foreign tax expense related to foreign tax withholdings was $14.6 million, $12.3 million and $9.5 million in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Foreign withholding tax and related foreign tax credits are included in current tax expense above.
 
Deferred tax assets and liabilities at September 30, 2024 and 2023 were as follows: 
 September 30,
 20242023
 (In thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Loss and credit carryforwards$7,717 $12,309 
Compensation benefits32,093 30,490 
Operating lease liabilities 7,881 9,396 
Research and development costs67,795 34,730 
Other assets18,241 17,327 
133,727 104,252 
Less: valuation allowance— (2,183)
Total deferred tax assets133,727 102,069 
Deferred tax liabilities:
  Intangible assets(7,812)(7,226)
  Deferred commission(14,484)(14,017)
  Operating lease right-of-use assets (7,240)(6,228)
  Other liabilities(17,678)(15,462)
Total deferred tax liabilities(47,214)(42,933)
Deferred tax assets, net$86,513 $59,136 
Based upon the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods that the deferred tax assets will reverse, management believes it is more likely than not that we will realize the benefits of the deferred tax assets at September 30, 2024.
As of September 30, 2024, we had available U.S. federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $2.8 million. The U.S. federal NOLs were acquired in connection with our acquisitions of Adeptra in fiscal 2012 and Infoglide in fiscal 2013. The U.S. federal NOL carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in fiscal 2026, if not utilized. Utilization of the U.S. federal NOLs is subject to an annual limitation due to the “change in ownership” provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. We had available an excess California state research credit of approximately $7.1 million as of September 30, 2024.
A reconciliation of the provision for income taxes, with the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21% to income before provision for income taxes for fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 is shown below:
 Year Ended September 30,
 202420232022
 (In thousands)
Income tax provision at U.S. federal statutory rate $134,825 $116,261 $98,975 
State income taxes, net of U.S. federal benefit 13,109 14,135 8,359 
Foreign tax rate differential6,675 9,489 3,058 
Research credits (5,472)(3,600)(5,932)
Valuation allowance(2,183)(14,451)(11,768)
Excess tax benefits relating to share-based compensation(14,907)(949)702 
GILTI, FDII, BEAT and FTC(9,265)(9,010)(2,491)
Other 6,432 12,374 6,865 
Recorded income tax provision$129,214 $124,249 $97,768 
As of September 30, 2024, we had approximately $82.6 million of unremitted earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries. The Company has provided $2.8 million of deferred tax liabilities for foreign withholding taxes on the undistributed earnings and profits from certain non-U.S. subsidiaries that are not permanently reinvested outside the U.S. For other jurisdictions permanently reinvested, the Company expects the net impact of any future repatriations to be immaterial to the Company’s overall tax liability.
Unrecognized Tax Benefit for Uncertain Tax Positions
We conduct business globally and, as a result, file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, we are subject to examination by taxing authorities. With a few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, local, or foreign income tax examinations for fiscal years prior to 2021.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows: 
 Year Ended September 30,
 202420232022
 (In thousands)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year$13,849 $12,980 $10,897 
Gross increases for tax positions in prior years4,769 — 593 
Gross decreases for tax positions in prior years(1,956)(1,127)— 
Gross increases based on tax positions related to the current year 4,277 3,650 3,250 
Decreases for settlements and payments — (523)— 
Decreases due to statute expiration(1,060)(1,131)(1,760)
Gross unrecognized tax benefits at end of year$19,879 $13,849 $12,980 
We had $19.9 million of total unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2024, including $18.6 million of tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate. Although the timing and outcome of audit settlements are uncertain, it is unlikely there will be a significant reduction of the uncertain tax benefits in the next twelve months.
We recognize interest expense and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as part of the provision for income taxes in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. We recognize interest earned related to income tax matters as interest income in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. As of September 30, 2024, we had accrued interest of $1.7 million related to the unrecognized tax benefits.