Financial Instruments.

Certain derivative contracts with a single counterparty executed by the Investment Funds, by our Automotive segment with a single counterparty or by our Energy segment with a single counterparty, or by our Holding Company with a single counterparty are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis where a legal right of offset exists under an enforceable netting agreement. Values for the derivative financial instruments, principally swaps, forwards, over-the-counter options and other conditional and exchange contracts, are reported on a net-by-counterparty basis. As a result, the net exposure to counterparties is reported in either other assets or accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Investment Segment and Holding Company

The Investment Funds currently maintain cash deposits and cash equivalents with financial institutions. Certain account balances may not be covered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, while other accounts may exceed federally insured limits. The Investment Funds have prime broker arrangements in place with multiple prime brokers as well as a custodian bank. The Investment Funds also have relationships with several financial institutions with which they trade derivative and other financial instruments.

In the normal course of business, the Investment Funds and the Holding Company may trade various financial instruments and enter into certain investment activities, which may give rise to off-balance-sheet risks, with the objective of capital appreciation or as economic hedges against other securities or the market as a whole. The Investment Funds' and the Holding Company's investments may include futures, options, swaps and securities sold, not yet purchased. These financial instruments represent future commitments to purchase or sell other financial instruments or to exchange an amount of cash based on the change in an underlying instrument at specific terms at specified future dates. Risks arise with these financial instruments from potential counterparty non-performance and from changes in the market values of underlying instruments.

Securities sold, not yet purchased, at fair value represent obligations to deliver the specified security, thereby creating a liability to repurchase the security in the market at prevailing prices. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Our investments in securities and amounts due from brokers are partially restricted until we satisfy the obligation to deliver the securities sold, not yet purchased.

The Investment Funds and the Holding Company may enter into derivative contracts, including swap contracts, futures contracts and option contracts. The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency derivative contracts with the objective of capital appreciation or to economically hedge against foreign currency exchange rate risks on all or a portion of their non-U.S. dollar denominated investments.

The Investment Funds and the Holding Company have entered into various types of swap contracts with other counterparties. These agreements provide that they are entitled to receive or are obligated to pay in cash an amount equal to the increase or decrease, respectively, in the value of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments that are the subject of the contracts, during the period from inception of the applicable agreement to its expiration. In addition, pursuant to the terms of such agreements, they are entitled to receive or obligated to pay other amounts, including interest, dividends and other distributions made in respect of the underlying shares, debt and other instruments during the specified time frame. They are also required to pay to the counterparty a floating interest rate equal to the product of the notional amount multiplied by an agreed-upon rate, and they receive interest on any cash collateral that they post to the counterparty at the federal funds or LIBOR rate in effect for such period.

The Investment Funds and the Holding Company may trade futures contracts. A futures contract is a firm commitment to buy or sell a specified quantity of a standardized amount of a deliverable grade commodity, security, currency or cash at a specified price and specified future date unless the contract is closed before the delivery date. Payments (or variation margin) are made or received by the Investment Funds and the Holding Company each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and the whole value change is recorded as an unrealized gain or loss by the Investment Funds and the Holding Company. When the contract is closed, the Investment Funds and the Holding Company record a realized gain or loss equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the time it was opened and the value at the time it was closed.

The Investment Funds and the Holding Company may utilize forward contracts to seek to protect their assets denominated in foreign currencies and precious metals holdings from losses due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates and spot rates. The Investment Funds' and the Holding Company's exposure to credit risk associated with non-performance of such forward contracts is limited to the unrealized gains or losses inherent in such contracts, which are recognized in other assets and accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Investment Funds may also enter into foreign currency contracts for purposes other than hedging denominated securities. When entering into a foreign currency forward contract, the Investment Funds agree to receive or deliver a fixed quantity of foreign currency for an agreed-upon price on an agreed-upon future date unless the contract is closed before such date. The Investment Funds record unrealized gains or losses on the contracts as measured by the difference between the forward foreign exchange rates at the dates of entry into such contracts and the forward rates at the reporting date.

The Investment Funds may also purchase and write option contracts. As a writer of option contracts, the Investment Funds receive a premium at the outset and then bear the market risk of unfavorable changes in the price of the underlying financial instrument. As a result of writing option contracts, the Investment Funds are obligated to purchase or sell, at the holder's option, the underlying financial instrument. Accordingly, these transactions result in off-balance-sheet risk, as the Investment Funds' satisfaction of the obligations may exceed the amount recognized in our condensed consolidated balance sheets. At September 30, 2016, the maximum payout amounts relating to certain put options written by the Investment Funds were approximately $1.4 billion, all of which were related to covered put options on existing short positions on certain stock indices. At December 31, 2015, the maximum payout amounts relating to certain put options written by the Investment Funds were approximately $5.9 billion, of which approximately $5.9 billion related to covered put options on existing short positions on certain stock and credit indices. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were unrealized gains of $6 million and $67 million, respectively, with respect to these put options.

Certain terms of the Investment Funds' contracts with derivative counterparties, which are standard and customary to such contracts, contain certain triggering events that would give the counterparties the right to terminate the derivative instruments. In such events, the counterparties to the derivative instruments could request immediate payment on derivative instruments in net liability positions. The aggregate fair value of all of the Investment Funds' derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features that are in a liability position at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $766 million and $33 million, respectively.

At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Investment Funds had $492 million and $883 million, respectively, posted as collateral for derivative positions, including those derivative instruments with credit-risk-related contingent features; these amounts are included in cash held at consolidated affiliated partnerships and restricted cash in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

U.S. GAAP requires the disclosure of information about obligations under certain guarantee arrangements. Such guarantee arrangements requiring disclosure include contracts that contingently require the guarantor to make payments to the guaranteed party based on another entity's failure to perform under an agreement as well as indirect guarantees of the indebtedness of others.

Each Investment Fund's assets may be held in one or more accounts maintained for the Investment Fund by its prime brokers or at other brokers or custodian banks, which may be located in various jurisdictions. The prime brokers, brokers and custodian banks are subject to various laws and regulations in the relevant jurisdictions in the event of their insolvency. Accordingly, the practical effect of these laws and their application to the Investment Funds' assets may be subject to substantial variations, limitations and uncertainties. The insolvency of any of the prime brokers, brokers, custodian banks or clearing corporations may result in the loss of all or a substantial portion of the Investment Funds' assets or in a significant delay in the Investment Funds' having access to those assets.

Credit concentrations may arise from investment activities and may be impacted by changes in economic, industry or political factors. The Investment Funds and the Holding Company routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, resulting in credit concentration with respect to this industry. In the ordinary course of business, the Investment Funds and the Holding Company may also be subject to a concentration of credit risk to a particular counterparty.

The Investment Funds and the Holding Company seek to mitigate these risks by actively monitoring exposures, collateral requirements and the creditworthiness of our counterparties.

Automotive

Commodity Price Risk

Federal-Mogul's production processes are dependent upon the supply of certain raw materials that are exposed to price fluctuations on the open market. The primary purpose of Federal-Mogul's commodity price forward contract activity is to manage the volatility associated with forecasted purchases. Federal-Mogul monitors its commodity price risk exposures regularly to maximize the overall effectiveness of its commodity forward contracts. Principal raw materials hedged include copper, nickel, tin, zinc, high-grade aluminum and aluminum alloy. Forward contracts are used to mitigate commodity price risk associated with raw materials, generally related to purchases forecast for up to 15 months in the future.

Federal-Mogul had commodity price hedge contracts outstanding with combined notional values of $17 million and $28 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, substantially all of which mature within one year in each of the respective periods and all of which were designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. Federal-Mogul had recorded a net asset of $1 million and a net liability of $3 million as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, with respect to these hedging positions. Unrealized net losses of zero and $2 million were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

Foreign Currency Risk

Federal-Mogul manufactures and sells its products in North America, South America, Asia, Europe and Africa. As a result, Federal-Mogul's financial results could be significantly affected by factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets in which it manufactures and sells its products. Federal-Mogul's operating results are primarily exposed to changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and various global currencies.

Federal-Mogul generally tries to use natural hedges within its foreign currency activities, including the matching of revenues and costs, to minimize foreign currency risk. Where natural hedges are not in place, Federal-Mogul considers managing certain aspects of its foreign currency activities and larger transactions through the use of foreign currency options or forward contracts. Principal currencies hedged have historically included the euro, British pound and Polish zloty. Foreign currency forwards are also used in conjunction with Federal-Mogul's commodity hedging program. As part of its hedging program, Federal-Mogul attempts to limit hedge ineffectiveness by matching terms of the commodity purchases with the hedging instrument. Federal-Mogul does not hold any foreign currency price hedge contracts as of September 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments including cash equivalents, derivative contracts, and accounts receivable, expose Federal-Mogul to counter-party credit risk for non-performance. Federal-Mogul’s counterparties for cash equivalents and derivative contracts are banks and financial institutions that meet its requirement of high credit standing. Federal-Mogul's counterparties for derivative contracts are substantial investment and commercial banks with significant experience using such derivatives. Federal-Mogul manages its credit risk through policies requiring minimum credit standing and limiting credit exposure to any one counter-party and through monitoring counter-party credit risks. Federal-Mogul's concentration of credit risk related to derivative contracts at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was not material.

Energy

CVR is subject to price fluctuations caused by supply conditions, weather, economic conditions, interest rate fluctuations and other factors. To manage price risk on crude oil and other inventories and to fix margins on certain future production, CVR from time to time enters into various commodity derivative transactions.

CVR has adopted accounting standards that impose extensive record-keeping requirements in order to designate a derivative financial instrument as a hedge. CVR holds derivative instruments, such as exchange-traded crude oil futures and certain over-the-counter forward swap agreements, which it believes provide an economic hedge on future transactions, but such instruments are not designated as hedges for GAAP purposes. Gains or losses related to the change in fair value and periodic settlements of these derivative instruments are included in other income (loss), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Commodity Swaps

CVR Refining enters into commodity swap contracts in order to fix the margin on a portion of future production. Additionally, CVR Refining may enter into price and basis swaps in order to fix the price on a portion of its commodity purchases and product sales. The physical volumes are not exchanged and these contracts are net settled with cash. The contract fair value of the commodity swaps is reflected on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with changes in fair value currently recognized in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 2) are considered to determine the fair values for the purpose of marking to market the hedging instruments at each period end. At December 31, 2015, CVR Refining had open commodity hedging instruments consisting of 2.5 million barrels of crack spreads primarily to fix the margin on a portion of its future gasoline and distillate production. During the first quarter of 2016, CVR Refining settled a number of the open crack spread positions and entered into offsetting positions to effectively lock in the gain on the remaining positions to be settled in 2016. During the third quarter of 2016, CVR Refining entered into contracts consisting of 2.2 million barrels of crack spreads to fix the margin on a portion of its future production. At September 30, 2016, CVR Refining had open commodity hedging instruments consisting of 2.2 million barrels net of 2-1-1 crack spreads, 0.2 million barrels net of heating crack spreads and 0.3 million barrels of price and basis swaps. The fair value of the outstanding contracts at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was a net asset of $5 million and $45 million, respectively. CVR Refining recognized a net loss of $2 million and net gain of $3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and net loss of $4 million and $60 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, which are included in other income (loss), net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Interest Rate Swaps

Coffeyville Resources Nitrogen Fertilizers, LLC ("CRNF"), a subsidiary of CVR Partners, had two floating-to-fixed interest rate swap agreements for the purpose of hedging the interest rate risk associated with a portion of its $125 million floating rate term debt, which matured in April 2016. The aggregate notional amount covered under these agreements totaled $62.5 million (split evenly between the two agreements) which commenced on August 12, 2011 and expired on February 12, 2016. The interest rate swaps agreements terminated in February 2016. The realized losses on the interest rate swaps reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into interest expense was less than $1 million for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.

Consolidated Derivative Information

The volume of our derivative activities based on their notional exposure, categorized by primary underlying risk, is as follows:



	September 30, 2016				December 31, 2015
	Long Notional Exposure		Short Notional Exposure		Long Notional Exposure		Short Notional Exposure
Primary underlying risk:	(in millions)
Credit swaps⁽¹⁾	$	203	$	503	$	187	$	2,306
Equity swaps	291		15,793		1,343		14,167
Foreign currency forwards	—		872		—		842
Interest rate swap contracts⁽²⁾	—		—		—		137
Commodity contracts	22		459		43		643


⁽¹⁾	The short notional amount on our credit default swap positions is approximately $2.6 billion and $10.0 billion as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. However, because credit spreads cannot compress below zero, our downside short notional exposure to loss is approximately $0.5 billion and $2.3 billion as of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.


⁽²⁾	The short notional amount on certain of our interest rate contracts with a three month duration is approximately $16.0 billion as of December 31, 2015. We assume that interest rates will not fall below zero and therefore our downside short notional exposure to loss on these contracts is $74 million (of the total $137 million disclosed in the above table) as of December 31, 2015.

The following table presents the consolidated fair values of our derivatives that are not designated as hedging instruments:



Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Asset Derivatives⁽¹⁾						Liability Derivatives⁽²⁾
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015			September 30, 2016			December 31, 2015
	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	17		$	339		$	694		$	122
Foreign exchange contracts	—			—			1			19
Credit contracts	14			45			70			53
Interest rate swap contracts	—			—			—			—
Commodity contracts	7			46			21			10
Sub-total	38			430			786			204
Netting across contract types⁽³⁾	(18		)	(171		)	(18		)	(171		)
Total⁽³⁾	$	20		$	259		$	768		$	33


⁽¹⁾	Net asset derivatives are located within other assets in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.


⁽²⁾	Net liability derivatives are located within accrued expenses and other liabilities in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.


⁽³⁾	Excludes netting of cash collateral received and posted. The total collateral posted at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $492 million and $883 million, respectively, across all counterparties.

The following table presents the amount of gain (loss) recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations for our derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:



	(Loss) Gain Recognized in Income⁽¹⁾
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments	2016			2015			2016			2015
	(in millions)
Equity contracts	$	(448	)	$	892		$	(1,106	)	$	741
Foreign exchange contracts	(7		)	(2		)	(21		)	134
Credit contracts	(44		)	387			87			536
Interest rate contracts	—			—			(12		)	—
Commodity contracts	32			57			(36		)	6
	$	(467	)	$	1,334		$	(1,088	)	$	1,417


⁽¹⁾	Gains (losses) recognized on derivatives are classified in net gain (loss) from investment activities in our condensed consolidated statements of operations for our Investment segment and are included in other income (loss), net for all other segments.