8. Derivative Instruments

The Company has certain derivative assets and liabilities which consist of natural gas forwards, foreign exchange option and forward contracts, interest rate swaps and cross currency swaps. The valuation of these instruments is determined primarily using the income approach, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. Natural gas forward rates, foreign exchange rates and interest rates are the significant inputs into the valuation models. The Company also evaluates counterparty risk in determining fair values. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. These inputs are observable in active markets over the terms of the instruments the Company holds, and accordingly, the Company classifies its derivative assets and liabilities as Level 2 in the hierarchy.

Commodity Forward Contracts Designated as Cash Flow Hedges

The Company enters into commodity forward contracts related to forecasted natural gas requirements, the objectives of which are to limit the effects of fluctuations in the future market price paid for natural gas and the related volatility in cash flows.

An unrecognized gain of $1 million at December 31, 2018 and an unrecognized gain of $3 million at December 31, 2017, related to the commodity forward contracts were included in Accumulated OCI, and will be reclassified into earnings in the period when the commodity forward contracts expire.

Foreign Exchange Derivative Contracts Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

The Company uses short-term forward exchange or option agreements to purchase foreign currencies at set rates in the future. These agreements are used to limit exposure to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates for significant planned purchases of fixed assets or commodities that are denominated in currencies other than the subsidiaries’ functional currency. The Company also uses foreign exchange agreements to offset the foreign currency risk for receivables and payables, including intercompany receivables, payables, and loans, not denominated in, or indexed to, their functional currencies.

Cash Flow Hedges of Foreign Exchange Risk

The Company has variable-interest rate borrowings denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the borrowing subsidiaries. As a result, the Company is exposed to fluctuations in the currency of the borrowing against the subsidiaries’ functional currency. The Company uses derivatives to manage these exposures and designates these derivatives as cash flow hedges of foreign exchange risk.

During 2018, two of the Company’s subsidiaries, a New Zealand dollar functional currency subsidiary and an Australian dollar functional currency subsidiary, entered into a series of cross-currency swaps to U.S. dollar instruments with a fixed notional amount of $109 million and $168 million, respectively. They reach final maturity in 2022. During 2017, one of the Company’s Euro-functional subsidiaries entered into a series of cross-currency swaps that have a pay fixed notional amount of €263 million and a receive notional amount of $310 million. They reach final maturity in 2023.

An unrecognized loss of $9 million at December 31, 2018 and an unrecognized loss of less than $1 million at December 31, 2017, related to these cross-currency swaps, were included in Accumulated OCI, and will be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months.

Interest Rate Swaps Designated as Fair Value Hedges

The Company enters into interest rate swaps in order to maintain a capital structure containing targeted amounts of fixed and floating-rate debt and manage interest rate risk. The Company’s fixed-to-variable interest rate swaps are accounted for as fair value hedges. The relevant terms of the swap agreements match the corresponding terms of the notes and therefore there is no hedge ineffectiveness. The Company recorded the net of the fair market values of the swaps as a long-term liability and short-term asset along with a corresponding net decrease in the carrying value of the hedged debt.

Cash Flow Hedges of Interest Rate Risk

The Company enters into interest rate swaps in order to maintain a capital structure containing targeted amounts of fixed and floating-rate debt and manage interest rate risk. Interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty in exchange for the Company making fixed-rate payments. These interest rate swap agreements were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with variable-rate debt.

An unrecognized loss of less than $1 million at year ended December 31, 2018 related to these interest rate swaps, was included in Accumulated OCI, and will be reclassified into earnings within the next twelve months.

Net Investment Hedges

The Company is exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on investments it holds in non-U.S. subsidiaries and uses cross currency swaps to partially hedge this exposure.

Balance Sheet Classification

The following table shows the amount and classification (as noted above) of the Company’s derivatives at December 31, 2018 and 2017:


					Fair Value of									Maximum
	Notional Amount					Hedge Assets				Hedge Liabilities				Maturity Date
	2018		2017			2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Commodity forward contracts	$	21	$	30		$	1	$	3	$	—	$	13		various		various
Interest rate swaps (fair value hedges)	€	725	€	725			6		6		1		10		2024		2024
Cash flow hedges of foreign exchange risk	$	587	$	310			10		4		1				various		various
Interest rate swaps (cash flow hedges)	$	180													2020
Net investment hedges	€	160					6				8				2020
Total derivatives accounted for as hedges						$	23	$	13	$	10	$	23
Derivatives not designated as hedges:
Foreign exchange derivative contracts	$	470	$	460			2		4		2		1		various		various
Total derivatives						$	25	$	17	$	12	$	24

Current						$	19	$	14	$	3	$	—
Noncurrent							6		3		9		24
Total derivatives						$	25	$	17	$	12	$	24

The effects of derivative instruments on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for OCI for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:


	Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI (Effective Portion)						Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income (Effective Portion) (1)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:	2018		2017		2016		2018		2017		2016
Cash Flow Hedges
Commodity forward contracts (a)	$	(6)	$	6	$	7	$	1	$	-	$	-
Cash flow hedges of foreign exchange risk (b)		12						9
Cash flow hedges of interest rate risk (c)		(1)
Net Investment Hedges
Net Investment Hedges		5						1
	$	10	$	6	$	7	$	11	$	—	$	—

	Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Other income (expense), net
Derivatives not designated as hedges:	2018		2017		2016
Foreign exchange derivative contracts	$	1	$	10	$	6

(1) Gains and losses reclassified from accumulated OCI and recognized in income are recorded to (a) cost of goods sold, (b) other expense, net or (c) interest expense, net.