Goodwill and Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2018

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 are as follows:



	Europe		Americas		Other		Total
Balance as of January 1, 2016	$	840	$	1,644	$	5	$	2,489
Acquisition related adjustments				41				41
Translation effects		(32)		(36)				(68)
Balance as of December 31, 2016		808		1,649		5		2,462
Translation effects		105		23				128
Balance as of December 31, 2017		913		1,672		5		2,590
Translation effects		(39)		(38)				(77)
Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	874	$	1,634	$	5	$	2,513

The acquisition related adjustments in 2016 primarily relate to the Vitro acquisition that the Company completed on September 1, 2015.

Goodwill for the Asia Pacific segment is $0 and net of accumulated impairment losses of $1,135 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016.

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually as of October 1 (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise) by comparing the business enterprise value (“BEV”) of each reporting unit with its carrying value. The BEV is computed based on estimated future cash flows, discounted at the weighted average cost of capital of a hypothetical third-party buyer. If the BEV is less than the carrying value for any reporting unit, then any excess of the BEV of the goodwill over the carrying value will be recorded as an impairment loss. The calculations of the BEV are based on significant unobservable inputs, such as projected future cash flows of the reporting units, discount rates, terminal business value, and are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s projected future cash flows incorporates management’s best estimates of the expected future results including, but not limited to, price trends, customer demand, material costs, asset replacement costs and any other known factors.

During the fourth quarter of 2018, the Company completed its annual impairment testing and determined that no impairment existed.

Intangible Assets

Customer list intangible assets are amortized using the accelerated amortization method over their 20 year lives. Net intangible asset values were $400 million and $439 million, which included accumulated amortization of $142 million and $102 million, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense for intangible assets was $40 million, $41 million and $39 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively. Estimated amortization related to intangible assets through 2023 is as follows: 2019, $42 million; 2020, $41 million; 2021, $39 million; 2022, $36 million; and 2023, $32 million. No impairment existed on these assets at December 31, 2018.

The Company has determined that the fair value measurements related to the customer list intangibles are based on significant unobservable inputs and are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the aggregate amount of goodwill and a description of intangible assets, which may include (a) for amortizable intangible assets (also referred to as finite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, the amount of any significant residual value, and the weighted-average amortization period, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization (also referred to as indefinite-lived intangible assets), the carrying amount, and (c) the amount of research and development assets acquired and written off in the period, including the line item in the income statement in which the amounts written off are aggregated, if not readily apparent from the income statement. Also discloses (a) for amortizable intangibles assets in total and by major class, the gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, the total amortization expense for the period, and the estimated aggregate amortization expense for each of the five succeeding fiscal years, (b) for intangible assets not subject to amortization the carrying amount in total and by major class, and (c) for goodwill, in total and for each reportable segment, the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the period (including the aggregate amount of goodwill acquired, the aggregate amount of impairment losses recognized, and the amount of goodwill included in the gain (loss) on disposal of a reporting unit). If any part of goodwill has not been allocated to a reportable segment, discloses the unallocated amount and the reasons for not allocating. For each impairment loss recognized related to an intangible asset (excluding goodwill), discloses: (a) a description of the impaired intangible asset and the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method for determining fair value, (c) the caption in the income statement or the statement of activities in which the impairment loss is aggregated, and (d) the segment in which the impaired intangible asset is reported. For each goodwill impairment loss recognized, discloses: (a) a description of the facts and circumstances leading to the impairment, (b) the amount of the impairment loss and the method of determining the fair value of the associated reporting unit, and (c) if a recognized impairment loss is an estimate not finalized and the reasons why the estimate is not final. May also disclose the nature and amount of any significant adjustments made to a previous estimate of an impairment loss.

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