Income Taxes

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

INCOME TAXES

16. INCOME TAXES

Our income tax expense aggregated $15,333 and $501,820 (amounting to 3% and 169% of our loss before income taxes, respectively) during the three-month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our income tax expense aggregated $24,356 and $452,672 (amounting to 5% and 80% of our loss before income taxes, respectively) during the six-month periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2018, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $11,839,349, of which $10,127,442 do not expire, and $1,711,907 which expire in 2034 through 2037 (if not utilized before then), and state net operating loss carryforwards of $3,485,949 that expire in 2037 through 2038 (if not utilized before then). Additionally, we had federal general business tax credit carryforwards of $407,023 that expire in 2027 through 2038 (if not utilized before then) and state tax credit carryforwards of $763,350 that expire in 2023 through 2038 (if not utilized before then).

The provision for income taxes is determined using the asset and liability approach of accounting for income taxes. Under this approach, deferred taxes represent the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences between book and tax treatment of assets and liabilities and carryforwards to the extent they are realizable. During the second quarter of 2018, we assessed our historical and near-term future profitability and recorded approximately $563,000 in non-cash income tax expense to create a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets (which consist largely of net operating loss carryforwards and federal and state tax credits) based on applicable accounting standards and practices. At that time, we had incurred a net loss for five consecutive quarters, had not been profitable on a year-to-date basis since the nine-month period ended September 30, 2017 and projected additional net losses for some period going forward before returning to profitability. Should future profitability be realized at an adequate level, we would be able to release this valuation allowance (resulting in a non-cash income tax benefit) and realize these deferred tax assets before they expire. We will continue to assess the need for the valuation allowance at each quarter and, in the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or we adjust these estimates in future periods, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance. No subsequent adjustments were recorded during the twelve months ended June 30, 2019.

Net operating loss carryforwards, credits, and other tax attributes are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code contains provisions that could place annual limitations on the future utilization of net operating loss carryforwards and credits in the event of a change in ownership of the Company, as defined.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and several state jurisdictions. We currently have no tax examinations in progress. We also have not paid additional taxes, interest or penalties as a result of tax examinations nor do we have any unrecognized tax benefits for any of the periods in the accompanying financial statements.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was enacted on December 22, 2017. This legislation made significant changes in the U.S. tax laws including a reduction in the corporate tax rates, changes to net operating loss carryforwards and carrybacks, and a repeal of the corporate alternative minimum tax. The legislation reduced the U.S. corporate tax rate from the prior rate of 34% to 21%. As a result of the enacted law, we were required to revalue deferred tax assets and liabilities at the rate enacted in 2017. This revaluation resulted in a benefit of $71,000 to income tax expense in continuing operations and a corresponding increase in the deferred tax assets during 2017. On December 22, 2017, the SEC issued Staff Accounting Bulletin #118 that provides additional guidance and allows companies to apply a measurement period of up to twelve months to account for the impacts of this legislation in their financial statements. The accounting for the transitional impacts of this legislation is now complete.