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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal and most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) of identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.

Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2024:


($ in thousands) Description of Financial Instruments	Fair Value at March 31, 2024		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Recurring
Securities available for sale:
U.S. Treasury	$	123,770	—	123,770	—
Government-sponsored enterprise securities	59,959		—	59,959	—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,886,949		—	1,886,949	—
Corporate bonds	17,805		—	17,805	—
Total available for sale securities	$	2,088,483	—	2,088,483	—

Derivative financial assets	$	—	—	—	—

Presold mortgages in process of settlement	$	6,703	—	6,703	—

Derivative financial liabilities	$	30	—	30	—

Nonrecurring
Individually evaluated loans	$	4,638	—	—	4,638

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2023:


($ in thousands) Description of Financial Instruments	Fair Value at December 31, 2023		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Recurring
Securities available for sale:
US Treasury securities	$	172,570	—	172,570	—
Government-sponsored enterprise securities	60,266		—	60,266	—
Mortgage-backed securities	1,937,784		—	1,937,784	—
Corporate bonds	18,759		—	18,759	—
Total available for sale securities	$	2,189,379	—	2,189,379	—

Derivative financial assets	$	295	—	295	—

Presold mortgages in process of settlement	$	2,667	—	2,667	—

Derivative financial liabilities	$	349	—	349	—

Nonrecurring
Individually evaluated loans	$	1,953	—	—	1,953

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for financial instruments measured at fair value.

Securities Available for Sale — When quoted market prices are available in an active market, the securities are classified as Level 1 in the valuation hierarchy. If quoted market prices are not available, but fair values can be estimated by observing quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, the securities are classified as Level 2 on the valuation hierarchy. Most of the fair values for the Company’s Level 2 securities are determined by the Company's third-party bond accounting provider using matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique widely used in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted securities. For the Company, Level 2 securities include mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed obligations, government-sponsored enterprise securities, and corporate bonds. In cases where Level 1 or Level 2 inputs are not available, securities may be classified within Level 3 of the hierarchy.

The Company reviews the pricing methodologies utilized by the bond accounting provider to ensure the fair value determination is consistent with the applicable accounting guidance and that the investments are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Presold Mortgages in Process of Settlement - The fair value is based on the committed price that an investor has agreed to pay for the loan which is considered a Level 2 input.

Derivative financial assets and liabilities - The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts (or payments) and the discounted expected variable cash payments (or receipts). The variable cash payments (or receipts) are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. These are considered a Level 2 input.

Individually evaluated loans — Fair values for individually evaluated loans are measured on a non-recurring basis and are based on the underlying collateral values securing the loans, adjusted for estimated selling costs, or the net present value of the cash flows expected to be received for such loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is generally determined by third-party appraisers using an income or market valuation approach based on an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed third party appraiser (Level 3). The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable borrower’s financial statements if not considered significant. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivable collateral are based on borrower financial statement balances or aging reports on a discounted basis as appropriate (Level 3). Appraisals used in this analysis are generally obtained at least annually based on when the loans

first became impaired, and thus the appraisals are not necessarily as of the period ends presented. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of March 31, 2024, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as presented in the tables below:

($ in thousands)

Fair Value at March 31, 2024

Valuation
Technique

Significant Unobservable
Inputs

Range (Weighted Average)

Individually evaluated loans - collateral-dependent

4,638

Appraised value

Discounts applied for estimated costs to sell

10%

For Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2023, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:

($ in thousands)

Fair Value at December 31, 2023

Valuation
Technique

Significant Unobservable
Inputs

Range (Weighted Average)

Individually evaluated loans - collateral-dependent

1,953

Appraised value

Discounts applied for estimated costs to sell

10%

In the above tables, weighted average discounts were calculated on relative fair value for underlying loans based on the range of discount rates applied. The discount applied for estimated costs to sell collateral on individually evaluated loans was 10%.

The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not carried at fair value at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows:


		March 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
($ in thousands)	Level in Fair Value Hierarchy	Carrying Amount		Estimated Fair Value	Carrying Amount	Estimated Fair Value
Cash and due from banks, noninterest-bearing	Level 1	$	87,181	87,181	100,891	100,891
Due from banks, interest-bearing	Level 1	266,661		266,661	136,964	136,964
Securities held to maturity	Level 2	525,627		436,655	533,678	449,623

Total loans, net of allowance	Level 3	7,966,439		7,198,019	8,040,249	7,379,079
Accrued interest receivable	Level 1	35,147		35,147	37,351	37,351
Bank-owned life insurance	Level 1	185,061		185,061	183,897	183,897
SBA Servicing Asset	Level 3	3,137		3,984	3,351	4,049

Demand deposits, money market and savings	Level 2	9,136,213		9,136,213	9,052,905	9,052,905
Time deposits	Level 2	1,167,098		1,160,751	978,694	972,513
Borrowings	Level 2	332,335		318,292	630,158	615,614
Accrued interest payable	Level 1	9,847		9,847	5,699	5,699

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no highly liquid market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial assets or liabilities include net premises and equipment, intangible and other assets such as deferred income taxes, prepaid expense

accounts, income taxes currently payable, and other various accrued expenses. In addition, the income tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of the estimates.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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