10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☑ Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019

☐ Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number 1-9065

ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York	16-0971022
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification Number)

368 Pleasant View Drive, Lancaster, NY	14086
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip code)

716-684-8060

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock par value $.01 per share	EEI	Nasdaq Stock Market

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☑  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☑  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☑
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).   Yes ☐   No ☑

The aggregate market value of the Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates as of January 31, 2019 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $36,355,884.  This amount is based on the closing price of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market and 3,029,657 shares of Class A Common Stock held by non-affiliates on that date.  Shares of Class A Common Stock held by the executive officers and directors of the registrant are not included in this computation.

As of October 4, 2019, 3,138,323 shares of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value (the “Class A Common Stock”) were outstanding, and 1,191,678 shares of the registrant’s Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value (the “Class B Common Stock”) were outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:  None. 

Table of Contents

PART I		Page
Item 1.	Business	3
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	8
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	12
Item 2.	Properties	12
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	12
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	12
PART II
Item 5.	Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	13
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	14
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	25
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	52
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	52
Item 9B.	Other Information	54
PART III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	55
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	58
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters	62
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	64
Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services	64
PART IV
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	65
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	66

2

PART I

Item 1.  Business

In this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”), references to “EEI” refer to Ecology and Environment Inc., a New York corporation.  References to “the Company,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or similar terms refer to EEI together with its consolidated subsidiaries.

Organization and Background

EEI was incorporated in February 1970 as a global broad-based environmental consulting firm with an underlying philosophy of providing professional services in the regions it serves so that sustainable economic and human development may proceed with acceptable impact on the environment.  During fiscal year 2019, EEI had direct and indirect ownership in four significant active wholly-owned and majority-owned operating subsidiaries in three countries (the United States of America, Brazil and Peru), and one majority-owned equity investment in Chile.

Management generally assesses operating performance and makes strategic decisions based on the geographic regions in which we do business.  We report separate operating segment information for our U.S. and South American operations.

Our significant active subsidiaries as of July 31, 2019 are listed in the following table.

Name	Percentage of Subsidiary Capital Stock Owned by the Company	Operating Segment
Consolidated Subsidiaries:
Ecology & Environment Engineering, Inc.	100.00%	United States
Walsh Environmental, LLC	100.00%	United States
Gustavson Associates, LLC	83.60%	United States
Walsh Peru, S.A. Ingenieros y Cientificos Consultores (“Walsh Peru”)	74.78%	South America
ecology and environment do brasil Ltda. (“E&E Brazil”)	72.00%	South America

Majority-Owned Equity Investment (a):
Gestión Ambiental Consultores S.A. (“GAC”)	52.48%	South America

(a) EEI’s equity investment in GAC is reported as an “equity method investment” on the consolidated balance sheets.  EEI’s share of GAC’s earnings is reported as “income from equity method investment” on the consolidated statements of operations, and as a component of the South American operating segment.

Agreement and Plan of Merger

On August 28, 2019, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with WSP Global Inc., a Canadian corporation ( “WSP”), and Everest Acquisition Corp., a New York corporation and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of WSP (“Merger Sub”).  Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub will merge with and into the Company (the “Merger”), with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation.

At the effective time of the Merger (the “Effective Time”), each share of the Company’s Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “Class A Common Stock”), and Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share (the “Class B Common Stock” and, together with the Class A Common Stock, the “Company Shares”), issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time (other than shares (i) held by the Company (or held in the Company’s treasury), (ii) held by any wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, (iii) held by WSP, Merger Sub or any other wholly owned subsidiary of WSP or (iv) held by holders of Class B common stock who have made a proper demand for appraisal of the shares in accordance with Section 623 of the New York Business Corporation Law) but including shares that are, as of the Effective Time, unvested and subject to restrictions, will be converted into the right to receive $15.00 in cash (the “Per Share Merger Consideration”), without interest and subject to any required tax withholding. In addition, the Merger Agreement provides that record holders of Company Shares as of the close of business on the last business day prior to the Effective Time, including any shares that are then unvested and subject to restrictions, will receive a one-time special dividend (the “Special Dividend”) from the Company of up to $0.50 in cash per share to be paid shortly after closing.  The amount of the Special Dividend is subject to pro rata reduction if certain expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the Merger exceed $3.05 million in the aggregate, as further described in the Merger Agreement.

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The consummation of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of specified closing conditions, including (i) the approval of the Merger at a stockholders meeting by the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the Company Shares outstanding on the record date for the stockholders meeting, voting as a single class (the “Company Stockholder Approval”), (ii) the absence of an order, injunction or law issued by a court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that makes the consummation of the Merger illegal, (iii) the absence of legal proceedings brought by a governmental authority of competent jurisdiction seeking to restrain or prohibit the Merger, (iv) the clearance of the Merger by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (without the imposition of any Burdensome Condition (as defined in the Merger Agreement) and (v) subject to certain materiality qualifications, the continued accuracy of the Company’s representations and warranties and continued compliance by the Company with covenants and obligations (to be performed at or prior to the closing of the Merger).

The Merger Agreement provides WSP and the Company with certain termination rights and, under certain circumstances, may require the Company to pay a termination fee. The Merger Agreement provides that the Company will be required to pay to WSP a termination fee of $4 million (i) if (A) the Merger Agreement is terminated by WSP or the Company because of a failure to obtain the Company Stockholder Approval, (B) at or prior to termination, a third-party acquisition proposal to acquire the Company has been publicly made and not publicly withdrawn and (C) within 12 months after the date of the termination, the Company has consummated a transaction with a third party or has entered into a definitive agreement with a third party contemplating a transaction, and the transaction is subsequently consummated, in each case relating to an acquisition of the Company; (ii) the Merger Agreement is terminated by the Company prior to receipt of the Company Stockholder Approval in order to enter into a definitive agreement with respect to a Superior Offer (as defined in the Merger Agreement); and (iii) the Merger Agreement is terminated by WSP prior to receipt of the Company Stockholder Approval because the Company’s Board of Directors, among other things, (A) withdraws its recommendation with respect to the Merger or modifies its recommendation in a manner adverse to WSP, (B) had failed to include its recommendation in the proxy statement with respect to the Merger or (C) fails to issue a press release reaffirming its recommendation of the Merger within 10 business days following the public announcement of a third-party acquisition proposal. Additionally, the Merger Agreement provides that the Company will be required to reimburse WSP for certain transaction expenses in an amount of up to $1.75 million if the Merger Agreement is terminated by WSP (i) because of inaccuracies in the Company’s representations or warranties in the Merger Agreement or breaches by the Company of its covenants or other agreements in the Merger Agreement, in each case, in certain circumstances and the Company has failed to cure such inaccuracies or breaches within a certain period or (ii) because a Material Adverse Effect (as defined in the Merger Agreement) has occurred and remains uncured for a certain period.

The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 28, 2019. Additional information about the Merger and the Merger Agreement is set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019.

Environmental Consulting Services Offered

We are an environmental and engineering consulting firm employing professionals in scientific, engineering, and planning disciplines. Our staff is comprised of individuals representing numerous scientific, engineering, health, and social disciplines working together in multidisciplinary teams to provide innovative environmental solutions.  Our employees generally hold bachelor’s and/or advanced degrees in such areas as chemical, civil, mechanical, sanitary, soil, structural and transportation engineering, biology, geology, hydrogeology, ecology, environmental science, urban and regional planning and oceanography.  Our client list includes governments, industries, multinational corporations, organizations, and private companies.  Major markets that we participate in, and the services we provide to clients within those markets, are described below.

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Energy

Our energy market includes projects related to fossil fuels (oil and gas, pipelines, liquid natural gas, offshore), renewables (onshore and offshore wind, solar, geothermal, storage), and electric transmission.  We also provide third-party energy advisory work for state and federal agencies.  Our core energy development services span the entire energy project lifecycle and include:

• Feasibility studies, siting analyses, and critical flaw analyses;

• Environmental/biological surveys and assessments;

• Federal, state, and local agency consultation and permitting applications;

• National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”) compliance;

• Geographic Information Systems (“GIS”) data management and mapping;

• Community outreach, stakeholder engagement, and tribal consultation; and

• Environmental monitoring during project construction, restoration and mitigation.

Offshore Resources

For our offshore energy clients, we provide environmental risk advisory services, critical issues analyses, and project siting support.  We help clients obtain federal, state, and local permits and conduct agency and tribal consultation.  We develop environmental/biological/marine studies, surveys, and modeling and provide GIS-based data management and mapping services.  We also have teams of public outreach experts that provide stakeholder engagement and community outreach services for clients.  We provide environmental monitoring and compliance services during construction as well as post-construction.

Pipelines and Liquefied Natural Gas (“LNG”)

This market includes onshore pipelines and domestic upstream (exploration and production) oil and gas development and permitting projects, offshore and onshore LNG import and export terminals and associated pipelines, and deep water ports for exporting crude oil.  Our extensive suite of pipeline services includes route selection, evaluation of alternatives, field surveys, regulatory compliance and permit support, preparation of environmental monitoring and restoration plans, and environmental inspection, including development of quality assurance specifications.

Renewables

The renewable market includes solar energy and onshore and offshore wind energy projects. This is a very dynamic market, where increasingly favorable economics of renewables and changing regulations are leading to new regional markets and the frequent emergence of new market entrants.  We have extensive experience providing strategic environmental consulting services to wind energy developers.  We also support solar energy developers during all phases of solar projects and have supported these projects in more than 30 states.  We conduct critical issues analyses, feasibility and siting studies, permitting and due diligence audits, environmental impact assessments, project permitting and construction monitoring and operational compliance.

Electric Transmission

This market includes projects associated with underwater and underground transmission lines, urban rebuilds, and renewable generation interconnections in the U.S. and South America.  We prepare feasibility studies, evaluate alternative routes, analyze environmental impacts, and acquire utility certificates, approvals, and permits for electric transmission facilities to bring electric power from its source to regional population centers as well as to upgrade aging infrastructure.

Site Assessment and Remediation (“SAR”)

Within our SAR market, we provide a variety of services related to environmental liabilities from hazardous waste sites, including due diligence, site assessment, risk assessment, preliminary assessment/site inspection, remedial investigation and feasibility study, corrective/remedial action planning, remedial design, construction oversight, brownfield and property redevelopment, and searches for potentially responsible parties.  We provide services to commercial clients, federal government agencies and various state agencies and municipalities located within the states of New York, Florida, Illinois, South Carolina, and Washington.  Our significant federal SAR clients and services include the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”).

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Armed Services

We provide services to various branches of the U.S. Department of Defense (“DOD”).  We provide real property master planning, military programming, geospatial data and systems support, database management, encroachment planning and water resources planning services at DOD air stations and bases, weapons ranges, and onshore and offshore range complexes in the U.S. and internationally.  We develop technologically advanced military master planning tools by leveraging the latest in GIS and information technology.  We assist DOD installations with incorporating renewable energy and reducing their environmental footprint while sustaining mission requirements and maintaining positive relationships with the surrounding communities.

Federal Lands and Waters

Our federal lands and waters work includes planning/NEPA and other non-SAR work for federal clients including the U.S. Forest Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, and BLM.

International and Communications

Our International and Communications work encompasses international project development for telecommunications and offshore activities such as oil and gas, as well as joint opportunities with our Latin American subsidiaries and ongoing telecommunications work.

Resilient Communities

We help clients in building community resilience, emergency management planning, and disaster preparedness and recovery with an emphasis on planning, adaptation, and mitigating impacts of sea level rise and climate change.  We also help organizations and government agencies to become more resilient by assisting them to plan for, respond to, and recover from extreme disruptive events that can result in a wide range of cascading emergencies, with emphasis on building more resilient communities.  Our strength in meeting the challenges of disaster management, mitigation, prevention and recovery lies in the breadth of our multidisciplinary staff and resources and our rapid deployment capability.

Water and Ecosystem Restoration

Our restoration team provides invasive species management, stream and shoreline habitat restoration, bank stabilization, fish passage, and other services to clients and is focused on expanding over 20 years of experience in these areas to new clients and geographies. Funding for water and ecosystem restoration projects comes from Natural Resource Damage Assessment funds, federal programs, local agency contracts, and non-government organization and other grant-funded projects.

Contract Backlog

Firm backlog represents an estimate of gross revenue that will be recognized over the remaining life of the projects under contracts that are awarded, funded and in progress.  These projects include work to be performed under contracts which contain termination provisions that may be exercised without penalty at any time by our clients upon written notice to us, in which case the client would only be obligated to pay us for services provided through the termination date.  A significant portion of our revenue is generated through projects awarded under Master Service Agreements with our clients.  In these instances, only the current unfinished projects are included in our backlog.

Firm backlog by operating segment is summarized in the following table.

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	July 31, 2019		July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Total firm backlog of uncompleted contracts:
U.S. operations	$	47,795	$	42,878	(a)
South American operations		13,057		9,462
Consolidated totals	$	60,852	$	52,340
Anticipated completion of firm backlog in next twelve months:
U.S. operations	$	32,472	$	19,083	(a)
South American operations		11,262		8,322
Consolidated totals	$	43,734	$	27,405

(a) During fiscal year 2019, the Company revised its methodology for determining the contract values to be included in firm backlog within its U.S. operations.  Under this revised methodology, certain backlog amounts that previously were classified and reported as firm backlog are now reported as soft backlog (as defined below).  In the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2018, the Company reported firm backlog from U.S. operations of $49.1 million, of which $43.0 million was expected to be completed within the subsequent twelve-month period.  For comparative purposes, management recalculated firm backlog retroactively as of July 31, 2018 using project funding data contemporaneous with that reporting period and other project status information known at the time.  Although management believes that the data is generally comparable by using a more consistent methodology, there can be no assurance that the methodologies are entirely comparable for all backlog balances reported as of July 31, 2019 and 2018.

As of the end of fiscal year 2019, total firm backlog from U.S. and South American operations increased 11% and 38%, respectively, as compared to the end of the prior fiscal year, as new orders reported as additions to firm backlog exceeded work delivered on active projects.

In addition to the firm backlog summarized in the table above, we also have been awarded contracts in our U.S. operations that are partially or entirely unfunded, but which are expected to be partially or entirely funded during the remaining life of the associated projects.  Total unfunded backlog approximated $16.8 million and $10.5 million for our U.S. operations at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Until these projects are funded, we cannot be certain regarding the value of gross revenue that we will recognize under these contracts.

Backlog is not a measure defined by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and is not a measure of profitability. Our method for calculating backlog may not be comparable to methodologies used by other companies.

Competition

We are subject to competition with respect to each of the services that we provide.  We believe that no single entity currently dominates the environmental services industry or has the capability to serve the entire market.  Some of our competitors are larger than us, have greater financial and other resources than we do, or may be more specialized in certain disciplines or locations.  Other U.S. competitors have special status as small businesses, which allows them to compete for U.S. government contracts set-aside to be awarded exclusively to small business concerns.  We compete primarily on the basis of our reputation, quality of service, expertise, responsiveness and price.

Management Team and Employees

Our management and staff are comprised of individuals with advanced degrees representing scientific and engineering disciplines working together in multidisciplinary teams to provide innovative solutions.  The members of our executive management team have extensive experience in the environmental consulting industry.

As of July 31, 2019, we had 748 employees (644 full-time) in all of our offices, which included 434 employees (337 full-time) in domestic offices and 314 employees (307 full-time) in foreign offices of consolidated subsidiaries.

In March 2019, we initiated specific staff reduction initiatives pursuant to a plan to restructure the Company’s U.S. operations.  Refer to Item 7 of this Annual Report for additional commentary regarding the Staff Reduction Programs.

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Item 1A.  Risk Factors

In addition to other information referenced in this report, we are subject to a number of specific risks, which are outlined below. If any of these events occur, our business, financial condition, profitability and the market price of our Class A Common Stock could be materially affected.

Risk Factors Related to the Pending Merger

Our business may be subject to uncertainties and other operating restrictions until completion of the Merger.

In connection with the pending Merger with WSP, our business may experience disruptions as customers, suppliers, and others may attempt to negotiate changes in existing business relationships or consider entering into business relationships with other parties.  Additionally, the Merger Agreement requires us to operate our business in the ordinary course pending consummation of the Merger and restricts us, subject to certain exceptions, including with WSP’s consent (not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed), from taking certain specified actions until the Merger is completed.  These restrictions may affect our ability to execute our business strategies and attain our financial and other goals and may impact our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may have difficulty attracting, motivating and retaining key employees during the pendency of the Merger.

In connection with the pending Merger, current and prospective employees may experience uncertainty about their future roles with us following the Merger, which may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key personnel while the Merger is pending.  Key employees may depart because of the uncertainty or potential difficulty of integration or a desire not to remain with the combined company following the Merger.

Although we are targeting completing the Merger in the fourth quarter of calendar year 2019, the expected timing for completion of the Merger could change and is uncertain.

We are targeting completing the Merger in the fourth quarter of calendar year 2019.  However, the completion of the Merger remains subject to the satisfaction or waiver of specified closing conditions, including the Company Stockholder Approval and applicable regulatory approvals.  In addition, certain other events that we do not have the ability to control, such as legal actions taken by or on behalf of our shareholders, may also affect the timing and/or likelihood of closing.  While we believe we will receive the requisite approvals, there can be no assurance that these and other conditions to closing will be satisfied on the proposed terms and schedules as contemplated by the parties or at all.  These and other conditions to the completion of the Merger may delay or preclude our ability to consummate the Merger.  As a result, the Merger may not be completed until after that time, or at all, and the effect of the risks and constraints relating to the pending Merger may be increased if the timing for the completion of the Merger is extended or becomes more uncertain.

If the Merger is not completed, the Company will have incurred substantial costs that will adversely affect the Company’s financial results and operations.

The Company has incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs in connection with the Merger.  The Company could be subject to litigation related to the Merger, which could result in significant costs and expenses. In addition to litigation-related expenses, the Company has incurred and will continue to incur costs and fees for professional services rendered in connection with the Merger.  In addition, the Company has diverted significant management resources in an effort to complete the Merger and continues to do so.  The Company is also subject to restrictions contained in the Merger Agreement on the conduct of the Company’s business during the pendency of the Merger.  If the Merger is not completed, the Company will have received little or no benefit with respect to such costs incurred and the restrictions on the Company’s conduct during the pendency of the Merger.  Moreover, the views of clients, vendors, employees and the financial markets as to the Company’s business and prospects may be adversely impacted if the Merger is not completed, even if the reason for the failure of the Merger to be completed did not relate to the Company’s business and prospects.  Finally, matters relating to the pending Merger will require substantial commitment of time and resources by our management, which would otherwise have been devoted to day-to-day operations and developing opportunities that may have been beneficial to us as an independent company.

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If the Merger Agreement is terminated, we may, under certain circumstances, be obligated to pay a termination fee to WSP.

If the Merger Agreement is terminated in certain circumstances, we may be required to pay WSP a termination fee of $4.0 million or reimburse WSP for certain expenses of up to $1.75 million.  If the Merger Agreement is terminated, we may decide to pay the termination fee or the expense reimbursement from available cash that we would have otherwise used for general corporate purposes.  For these and other reasons, a failed Merger could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and cash flows, or the price per share of our Class A Common Stock.

Risk Factors Related to Our Markets and Clients

Changes in environmental laws and regulations, or fundamental changes in the operations of government agencies, could reduce demand or impact the timing for our services.

Most of our business is driven by laws and regulations related to the protection of the environment. The current U.S. government administration has declined to enforce some environmental laws and has repealed certain regulations, adversely impacting our ability to generate revenue.  Any further relaxation or repeal of these laws, or changes in governmental policies regarding the funding or enforcement of these laws, may have additional adverse impacts on our revenue.  Fundamental changes in the operations of government agencies (i.e., significant agency staff reductions, changes or delays in processes for awarding contracts, and decisions to shutdown portions of the U.S. federal government) also could impact the amount or timing of our revenue.  Also, reduced spending by governmental agencies may increase competition within our industry which may directly affect future revenue and profits.

As a federal government contractor, we are subject to a number of procurement laws and regulations and government agency audits.  Any violation of these laws could result in economic harm to our operations.

Revenue from U.S. government contracts represented 16%, 17% and 23% of total revenue for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

We must comply with federal laws relating to the procurement and administration of government contracts.  Federal laws include the Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”), the Truth in Negotiations Act, the Cost Accounting Standards (“CAS”), and the Service Contract Act.  These laws impact how we do business with government clients and can increase the cost of doing business.  In addition, in recent years, government agencies have mandated that their primary contractors utilize a higher portion of small and disadvantaged businesses as subcontractors.

Certain federal government agencies, such as EPA and the Defense Contract Audit Agency (“DCAA”), as well as numerous state agencies, routinely audit government contractors and their performance under specific contracts to determine if a contractor’s cost structure is compliant with applicable laws and regulations.  They may question the incurrence of certain costs based on the FAR and CAS and disallow those costs on their contracts.  These audits may occur several years after payment for services has been received.  Historically, we have been able to successfully defend against the disallowance of any significant costs.  However, future audits may uncover instances of noncompliance and result in material disallowances for costs previously incurred.  Such material disallowances could negatively affect revenue, profits and cash flow.

We depend on municipal, state and federal government work for a significant portion of our revenue.  Inability to win or renew government contracts during procurement cycles could significantly reduce our revenue and profits.

Government contracts are typically awarded through a highly regulated procurement process.  Some government contracts are awarded to multiple competitors, causing increased competition and downward pricing pressure.  Inability to win or renew government contracts could adversely affect our operations and significantly reduce our revenue and profits.  In addition, if we cannot reduce or control costs associated with these contracts, we may not be able to bid competitively, or unexpected losses on these contracts may occur.

Our commercial clients may be acquired by other entities or may elect to sell their interest in ongoing projects to other entities.  These transactions would subject us to increased risk of contract terminations or renegotiations.

If our commercial clients sell their interest in ongoing projects or are acquired by other entities, we may not be able to control or influence decisions made by the acquiring company regarding the ongoing contractual relationships of our client, including decisions to modify contracts to mitigate conflict of interest, terminate existing contracts or to award future contracts.  Such decisions by acquiring companies to terminate existing contracts, or to exclude us when awarding future contracts, could have an adverse impact on our revenues and results of operations. Additionally, poor global and domestic economic conditions could impact the availability of funding for certain private environmental projects causing significant delay or cancellation of projects.

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Failure to retain or renew significant contracts with certain government and key commercial clients.

Several factors can impact our ability to retain or renew significant contracts, including completion of projects in the normal course of business, transfers of ownership of our clients or their projects and client acceptance of novation of our contracts if we are acquired by, or merged with, another company.  Our failure to maintain contracts that contribute a material amount to our annual revenue could significantly reduce our income and profits if we are unable to enter into more or other contracts with new clients for similar values within the fiscal year.

Risk Factors Related to Our Operations

Our South American operations are subject to a number of risks.

Gross revenue from our South American operations represented 20%, 21% and 16% of consolidated gross revenue for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  Compared with our U.S. operations, our South American operations are subject to a number of heightened risks, including:

• foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

• exposure to liability and sanctions under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act;

• exposure to liability and sanctions under laws and regulations established by foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct business; and

• volatility in economic and political conditions.

Failure to manage these risks effectively may result in a negative impact on our future revenue, earnings, financial position and liquidity.

Failure to attract and retain key employees due to our current corporate reorganization and to our planned Merger with WSP could impair our ability to provide quality service to our clients.

We provide professional and technical services that depend on our ability to attract, retain and train our professional employees to conduct our business and perform our obligations to ensure success.  Impacts from the Staff Reduction Programs (as defined in Item 7 of this Annual Report) and from our planned Merger with WSP may result in our senior management team and other key employees that are essential to our profitability and success leaving the Company, leaving us with insufficient experienced personnel to service our clients and run our operations.  Failure to effectively develop staff and complete succession planning for key senior management roles could adversely affect customer relationships, the quality of work that we complete for our clients and business development efforts.

Failure to appoint a permanent chief executive officer in a timely manner could have a detrimental impact on our corporate strategy and success.

Failure to appoint a permanent chief executive officer with the desired level of experience and expertise, versus an executive chairman and operating committee leading the Company, in a timely manner may impact employee, client and shareholder confidence in the Company’s ability to have and implement a consistent strategic plan to perform and prosper, which could have an adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Extraordinary events, including natural disasters and terrorist actions, could negatively impact the economies in which we operate or disrupt our operations.

The geographic areas of our operations include regions that have experienced hurricanes, earthquakes and forest fires.  The occurrence of extraordinary events such as these, as well as other natural disasters or terrorist actions, could cause the delay or cancellation of projects, closure of offices, and the evacuation or loss of personnel.  Such events could limit or disrupt markets and our operations, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flows.

10

Failure to establish and maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting has resulted in, and may in the future result in, material misstatements in our financial statements.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting. Management concluded that our controls over financial reporting were not effective as of July 31, 2018 due to material weaknesses related to the Company’s accounting for its majority investment in GAC, income taxes and the financial statement close process.  Although we believe that we effectively remediated these material weaknesses during fiscal year 2019, implementation of measures to remediate these material weaknesses may prove to be ineffective or inadequate and the Company may still be exposed to risk of misstatements in its financial statements.  Investors and other users of the Company’s financial statements could lose confidence in the reliability of the Company’s financial information.  The Company could be obligated to incur additional costs to improve the Company’s internal controls, which may adversely affect the Company’s reputation and its operating prospects.  Further, if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal controls are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material errors and misstatements, and we could be required to restate financial results reported in prior periods.

Internal information technology systems or service failures could disrupt our business and impair our ability to effectively provide our services and products to our clients, which could damage our reputation and adversely affect our revenue, profitability and operating results.

Our information technology systems are subject to potential failures, including network, software or hardware failures, whether caused by us, third-party service providers, intruders or hackers, computer viruses, natural disasters, power shortages or terrorist attacks. Any such failures could cause loss of data and interruptions or delays in our business, cause us to incur remediation costs, subject us to claims and damage our reputation. Failure or disruption of our communications or utilities could cause us to interrupt or suspend our operations or otherwise adversely affect our business. Any system or service disruptions if not anticipated and appropriately mitigated could have a material adverse effect on our business including, among other things, an adverse effect on our ability to bill our clients for work performed on our contracts, collect the amounts that have been billed and produce accurate financial statements in a timely manner. Our property and business interruption insurance may be inadequate to compensate us for all losses that may occur as a result of any system or operational failure or disruption and, as a result, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. We have invested and will continue to pursue further investments in systems that will allow us to achieve and remain in compliance with the regulations governing our business; however, there can be no assurance that such systems will be effective at achieving and maintaining compliance or that we will not incur additional costs in order to make such systems effective.

Risk Factors Related to Ownership and Corporate Governance

Voting rights of certain directors could block or discourage a change in control.

Two of EEI’s current directors owned or controlled approximately 41% of the outstanding shares of Class B Common Stock as of October 4, 2019.  Each share of EEI’s outstanding Class B Common Stock has one vote, while each share of Class A Common Stock is equivalent to one-tenth of a vote.  In addition, since the Company qualifies for the Nasdaq “controlled company exception,” there exists a group of holders of Class B Common Stock, composed principally of certain of the Company’s current directors and executive officers and members of their families (the “CCE Group”), that controls greater than 50% of the votes that may be cast for any proposal at a shareholders meeting.  This concentration of voting control by the CCE Group may effectively prevent any influence by other holders of Class A or Class B Common Stock over matters submitted to a vote by all shareholders.

As a result, the CCE Group has effective control over the outcome of votes on all matters requiring approval by a majority of the outstanding shares of stock held by our shareholders, including significant corporate transactions such as mergers, tender offers and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets. The interests of the CCE Group could conflict with or differ from the Company’s interests or the interests of other shareholders. For example, the concentration of ownership held by the CCE Group could discourage, delay, defer or prevent a change of control of the Company or impede a merger, takeover or other business combination which may otherwise be favorable for us or the Company’s other shareholders.

11

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2.  Properties

We own our corporate headquarters (60,000 square feet), which is located in Lancaster, New York, a suburb of Buffalo, New York.  The corporate headquarters building also serves as our Buffalo regional office.  As of July 31, 2019, we also operated in 24 leased regional offices in the United States and four leased offices in foreign locations.

Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a named defendant in legal actions arising out of the normal course of business.  The Company is party to certain pending legal proceedings, the resolution of which management believes may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.  The Company maintains liability insurance against risks arising out of the normal course of business.  The Company’s legal proceedings are disclosed in Note 21 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, which are included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

12

PART II

 

Item 5.  Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities  

Principal Market for EEI Common Stock

The Company’s Class A Common Stock is listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol “EEI”.  There is no separate market for the Company’s Class B Common Stock.  

Holders of Common Stock

As of October 4, 2019, 3,138,323 shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock were outstanding and there were 243 holders of record of the Company’s Class A Common Stock.  We estimate that the Company has a significantly greater number of Class A Common Stock shareholders because a substantial number of the Company’s shares are held in street name.

As of October 4, 2019, 1,191,678 shares of the Company’s Class B Common Stock were outstanding and there were 40 holders of record of the Class B Common Stock.

Dividends

The Company’s Certificate of Incorporation provides that any cash or property dividend paid on Class A Common Stock must be at least equal to the cash or property dividend paid on Class B Common Stock on a per share basis.  The amount, if any, of future dividends is determined at the discretion of the Company’s Board of Directors and depends upon the Company’s future earnings, financial condition, liquidity requirements and other factors as determined by the Board of Directors.

Including fiscal year 2019, the Company has declared semi-annual dividends for 33 consecutive years.  The Company declared dividends totaling $0.40 per common share during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017.

The Merger Agreement described in Item 1 of this Annual Report provides that record holders of Company Shares as of the close of business on the last business day prior to the effective date of the Merger, including any shares that are then unvested and subject to restrictions, will receive the Special Dividend to be paid shortly after the Closing of the Merger.  The payment of the Special Dividend is conditioned on completion of the Merger, and the Special Dividend will be paid without interest and subject to applicable tax withholding.  The amount of the Special Dividend is subject to pro rata reduction if certain expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the Merger exceed $3.05 million in the aggregate, as further described in the Merger Agreement.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

EEI adopted the 1998 Stock Award Plan effective March 16, 1998.  This plan, together with supplemental plans that were subsequently adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors and ratified by the Company’s shareholders, the latest being approved by the Company’s shareholders in April 2017, is referred to as the “Stock Award Plan”.  Equity compensation plan information as of July 31, 2019 is summarized in the following table.

Plan category	Number of Securities to be Issued Upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Weighted Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders (Stock Award Plan)		---		---		164,544
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders		---		---		---
Total		---		---		164,544

Refer to Note 15 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8 of this Annual Report, for additional information regarding the Stock Award Plan.

13

Purchased Equity Securities

In August 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a 200,000 share repurchase program.  The following table summarizes the Company’s purchases of its common stock during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 under this share repurchase program.

Fiscal Year 2019 Reporting Month	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Maximum Number  of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
May	---	---	---	77,082
June	---	---	---	77,082
July	---	---	---	77,082

Item 7.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 

Results of Operations

Fiscal Year 2019 Operations Overview

Selected financial information by operating segment is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,									Fiscal Year 2019 Increase (Decrease)					Fiscal Year 2018 Increase (Decrease)
	2019			2018			2017			$			%		$			%
	($ in thousands)
U.S. operations:
Gross revenue	$	70,622		$	71,882		$	80,659		$	(1,260	)	(7	)%	$	(8,777	)	(11	)%
Gross revenue less subcontract costs		58,029			59,895			68,314			(1,866	)	(3	)%		(8,419	)	(12	)%
Cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses		26,535			26,972			29,579			(437	)	(2	)%		(2,607	)	(9	)%
Gross margin		31,494			32,923			38,735			(1,429	)	(4	)%		(5,812	)	(15	)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		32,317			32,802			31,955			(485	)	(1	)%		847		3	%
Net income (loss) attributable to EEI		(543	)		(651	)		3,688			108		17	%		(4,399	)	(118	)%
South American operations:
Gross revenue		17,888			18,802			15,424			(914	)	(5	)%		3,378		22	%
Gross revenue less subcontract costs		14,622			13,598			11,794			1,024		8	%		1,804		15	%
Cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses		7,693			6,883			6,600			810		12	%		283		4	%
Gross margin		6,929			6,715			5,194			214		3	%		1,521		29	%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		6,503			6,455			6,184			48		1	%		271		4	%
Income from equity method investment		346			595			368			(149	)	(25	)%		227		62	%
Net income (loss) attributable to EEI		(11	)		343			(865	)		(354	)	(103	)%		1,208		(140	)%
Consolidated totals:
Gross revenue		88,510			90,684			96,083			(2,174	)	(2	)%		(5,399	)	(6	)%
Gross revenue less subcontract costs		72,651			73,493			80,108			(842	)	(1	)%		(6,615	)	(8	)%
Cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses		34,228			33,855			36,179			373		1	%		(2,324	)	(6	)%
Gross margin		38,423			39,638			43,929			(1,215	)	(3	)%		(4,291	)	(10	)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses		38,820			39,257			38,139			(437	)	(1	)%		1,118		3	%
Income from equity method investment		346			595			368			(149	)	(25	)%		227		62	%
Net income (loss) attributable to EEI		(554	)		(308	)		2,823			(246	)	(80	)%		(3,131	)	(111	)%

Gross margin represents gross revenue less cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses and subcontract costs.  As a percentage of gross revenue, consolidated gross margin increased to 43.9% for fiscal year 2019 from 43.7% for the prior fiscal year.  Higher combined gross margin from our South American subsidiaries was offset by lower gross margin from U.S. operations.

14

U.S. Operations – Significant Activity and Transactions during Fiscal Year 2019

Expenses Associated with Staff Reduction Programs

In December 2018, the Company began to notify employees of a voluntary retirement program.  In February 2019, the Company began to notify affected employees of an involuntary separation program.  These programs (collectively, the “Staff Reduction Programs”), which were being implemented in connection with a corporate restructuring plan within the Company’s U.S. operating segment, were substantially completed by July 31, 2019 and are expected to be completed by December 31, 2019. Company management anticipates that the combined effect of the Staff Reduction Programs and other expense reduction initiatives will result in annual pre-tax expense reductions of greater than $6.0 million.  Management is considering re-investing a portion of these expense reductions into specific strategies and programs intended to expand business opportunities and increase revenues.  During the second half of fiscal year 2019, the Company’s U.S. operating segment recorded and paid approximately $1.0 million of employee severance and termination expenses related to the Staff Reduction Programs.  These expenses were reported in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.  The Company expects to record additional severance expense of less than $0.1 million during the three months ended October 26, 2019 in connection with the Staff Reduction Programs.

Expenses Associated with Restatements of Financial Statements

During fiscal year 2019, the Company restated audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2016 and 2017 and unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarters ended October 28, 2017, January 27, 2018 and April 28, 2018 (the “Financial Statement Restatements”).  Financial data included in tables and various accounting policies and commentaries included in the Company’s fiscal year 2018 Annual Report and quarterly reports for the 2019 fiscal quarters were also restated or otherwise revised.  These restatements required extensive internal and external resources to complete, including significant incremental fees paid to the Company’s independent auditors, tax consultants and external legal counsel.  During the second half of fiscal year 2019, the Company’s U.S. operating segment recorded and paid incremental audit, tax and legal expenses of approximately $1.0 million as a result of the restatements described above.  These expenses were reported as selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Expenses Associated with the Merger Agreement

The Company accrued approximately $0.3 million of expenses in its U.S. operating segment during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 related to the Merger Agreement described in Item 1 of this Annual Report.  These expenses were reported in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

South American Operations – Significant Activity and Transactions during Fiscal Year 2019

Realizability of Deferred Tax Assets

The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets and provides for a valuation allowance if it is “more likely than not” that the related tax benefits will not be realized.  In July 2019, we recorded the following transactions related to our evaluation of the realization of deferred tax assets recorded in our South American operations:

• During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, as a result of three consecutive years of profitability and projected profits for the near future, a valuation allowance previously recorded by our Brazilian subsidiary was reversed, resulting in $1.6 million of tax benefit during fiscal year 2019.

• During the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019, as a result of multiple consecutive years of operating losses and uncertainty regarding future earnings, a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets was recorded by our Peruvian subsidiary, resulting in $0.3 million of tax expense during fiscal year 2019.

15

Gross Revenue and Gross Revenue less Subcontract Costs

Gross revenue represents revenue recognized for the services provided to our clients, adjusted for the impacts of cost overruns or settlements recorded upon completion and close out of a project.  Gross revenue less subcontract costs is a key metric utilized by management for operational monitoring and decision-making.  References to “revenue” in the following commentary refers to gross revenue less subcontract costs, which is summarized by operating segment in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,								Fiscal Year 2019 Increase (Decrease)					Fiscal Year 2018 Increase (Decrease)
Operating Segment	2019			2018			2017		$			%		$			%
	($ in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	58,029		$	59,895		$	68,314	$	(1,866	)	(3	)%	$	(8,419	)	(12	)%
South American operations:
Peru		3,979			5,523			4,321		(1,544	)	(28	)%		1,202		28	%
E & E Brazil		10,651			8,098			7,263		2,553		32	%		835		11	%
Other		(8	)		(23	)		210		15		---	(a)		(233	)	---	(a)
		14,622			13,598			11,794		1,024		8	%		1,804		15	%
Total gross revenue less subcontract costs	$	72,651		$	73,493		$	80,108	$	(842	)	(1	)%	$	(6,615	)	(8	)%

(a) Percent change is not relevant because of the relatively immaterial amounts for all periods presented.

Fiscal Year 2019 Versus 2018

Consolidated revenues decreased 1% during fiscal year 2019, 8% revenue growth from operations in South America were offset by 3% lower revenue from U.S. operations.

Our U.S. operations experienced continued revenue growth from survey, impact assessment, planning and data management services provided to clients in the LNG, offshore resources and resilient communities markets.  However, this revenue growth was more than offset by combined decreases in revenue from the pipeline, onshore renewables, armed services and site assessment and remediation markets, as projects completed during fiscal year 2018 and the first nine months of fiscal year 2019 were not replaced with new work of comparable size.  In addition, the federal government shutdown that occurred during the second quarter of fiscal year 2019 delayed new work authorizations, affected ongoing project schedules and postponed revenue delivery on various federal government contracts into the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019.

Revenue from our Peruvian operations decreased 28% during fiscal year 2019, due mainly to lower project volumes with commercial clients in the energy sector.

Revenue from our Brazilian operations increased 32% during fiscal year 2019, compared with the prior year. In local currency, revenue from our Brazilian operations increased 38% fiscal year 2019 due mainly to increased project volumes with commercial clients in the transmission, energy and mining sectors.  Strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the Brazilian Real during fiscal year 2019 significantly offset the positive impact of higher project volumes.

Fiscal Year 2018 Versus 2017

Lower revenue from our U.S. operations during fiscal year 2018 primarily resulted from depressed activity in our core markets, particularly energy and federal government sectors.  We have experienced a trend of longer periods being required for current or potential clients to make contract award decisions, particularly within liquid natural gas and transmission markets.  We have also experienced a trend of longer periods required for clients to release contract scopes and delivery schedules, particularly within our energy, international cable and federal DOD markets.

In addition, final settlements of project disallowances resulted in a $1.1 million increase in gross revenue during fiscal year 2017.  We did not record any similar activity during fiscal year 2018.

Higher revenue from our Brazilian operations during fiscal year 2018 resulted from increased project activity in the energy transmission, seismic, and wind sectors.  An economic downturn that adversely affected our Brazilian operations for several previous reporting periods stabilized during fiscal year 2017 and fiscal year 2018, resulting in additional business development opportunities.  The mix of contract work along with changes in our pricing strategy generated a higher average selling rate in fiscal year 2018, as compared to fiscal year 2017.

16

Higher revenue from our Peruvian operations during fiscal year 2018 resulted from increased project activity within the energy sector.  Increases in mineral prices, gas demand and private and public investments in energy projects each contributed to strong revenue growth in Peru.

Cost of Professional Services and Other Direct Operating Expenses

The direct cost of services represents labor and other direct costs of providing services to our clients under our project agreements.  These costs, and fluctuations in these costs, generally correlate directly with related project work volumes and revenue.  Direct cost of services, by operating segment, are summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,						Fiscal Year 2019 Increase (Decrease)					Fiscal Year 2018 Increase (Decrease)
Operating Segment	2019		2018		2017		$			%		$			%
	($ in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	26,535	$	26,972	$	29,579	$	(437	)	(2	)%	$	(2,607	)	(9	)%
South American operations:
Peru		1,432		1,992		1,405		(560	)	(28	)%		587		42	%
E & E Brazil		6,240		4,780		5,043		1,460		31	%		(263	)	(5	)%
Other		21		111		152		(90	)	---	(a)		(41	)	---	(a)
		7,693		6,883		6,600		810		12	%		283		4	%
Total cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses	$	34,228	$	33,855	$	36,179	$	373		1	%	$	(2,324	)	(6	)%

(a) Percent change is not relevant because of the relatively immaterial amounts for all periods presented.

Comparative increases and/or decreases in cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses within operating segments were generally consistent with corresponding changes in operating segment revenue.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses represent operating costs not directly associated with the generation of revenue.  Selling, general and administrative expenses by operating segment are summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,						Fiscal Year 2019 Increase (Decrease)					Fiscal Year 2018 Increase (Decrease)
Operating Segment	2019		2018		2017		$			%		$			%
	($ in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	32,317	$	32,802	$	31,955	$	(485	)	(1	)%	$	847		3	%
South American operations:
Peru		2,924		3,351		3,308		(427	)	(13	)%		43		1	%
E & E Brazil		3,502		3,050		2,522		452		15	%		528		21	%
Other		77		54		354		23		---	(a)		(300	)	---	(a)
		6,503		6,455		6,184		48		1	%		271		4	%
Total selling, general and administrative expenses	$	38,820	$	39,257	$	38,139	$	(437	)	(1	)%	$	1,118		3	%

(a) Percent change is not relevant because of the relatively immaterial amounts for all periods presented.

Fiscal Year 2019 Versus 2018

Consolidated SG&A expenses decreased 1% during fiscal year 2019, as 1% lower expenses from our U.S. operations were partially offset by slightly higher expenses from South America operations.

17

Expenses associated with the Staff Reduction Programs, Financial Statement Restatements and Merger Agreement (as summarized above) were a combined $2.3 million, all of which were recorded as SG&A expenses in our U.S. operations.  Excluding these incremental nonrecurring expenses, SG&A expenses in our U.S. operating segment would have decreased $3.2 million (10%) during fiscal year 2019.  These decreases primarily resulted from a concerted effort by management to reduce operating expenses, including initial impacts of the Staff Reduction Programs described above.

SG&A expenses in our Peruvian operations decreased 13% during fiscal year 2019.  Management in Peru implemented targeted expense reductions in response to lower project volumes and lower expectations for future work.

SG&A expenses in our Brazilian operations increased 15% during fiscal year 2019.  In local currency, staff and other costs increased 31% during fiscal year 2019 due to increased project proposal activity and increased general and administrative costs to support higher project volumes and expanded operations.  Strengthening of the U.S. dollar compared to the Brazilian Real significantly offset the increases in expenses due to expanded operations.

Fiscal Year 2018 Versus 2017

The increase in SG&A expenses from U.S. operations during fiscal year 2018 was a result of higher business development related expenses due to focus on specific expanded marketing initiatives and proposal activity.  Higher business development related expenses were partially offset by lower bad debt expenses, primarily due to the collection of a previously reserved account receivable.

SG&A expenses increased within our Brazilian operations to support the increases in the volume of business development activity and gross revenue during fiscal year 2018 as compared to fiscal year 2017.   

Income from Equity Method Investment

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s equity method investment in GAC.

Activity recorded for the Company’s equity method investment in GAC is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Equity investment carrying value at beginning of period	$	2,058		$	1,463	$	1,944
GAC net income attributable to EEI		346			595		368
EEI’s portion of other comprehensive loss recorded by GAC		(414	)		---		---
Gain on dilution of investment in GAC		17			---		---
EEI’s portion of dividends declared by GAC		(349	)		---		(849	)
Equity investment carrying value at end of period	$	1,658		$	2,058	$	1,463

GAC net income attributable to EEI is reported as income from equity method investment on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.  The results of GAC’s operations for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized in the following table.

	Summary Statement of Operations Information For the Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue	$	12,912		$	11,987		$	7,737
Direct cost of services and subcontract costs		(8,353	)		(7,286	)		(4,633	)
Income from operations		924			1,381			568
Net income		637			1,079			668
Net income attributable to EEI		346			595			368

Higher revenue and operating expenses for GAC during fiscal year 2019 were due to expanded business development activities and increased project volumes within the transmission, industrial and mining sectors.  Improved mineral prices continued to result in additional project opportunities during fiscal year 2019.

18

Income Taxes

The income tax (benefit) provision resulting from domestic and foreign operations is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	($ in thousands)
Income tax (benefit) provision from:
U.S. operations	$	145		$	178		$	1,854
Foreign operations (primarily South American operations)		(809	)		80			313
Consolidated operations	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167
Consolidated effective tax rate from:
U.S. operations	(a)			(a)				39.6	%
Foreign operations (primarily South American operations)	(a)				7.3	%	(a)
Consolidated operations		85.8	%		167.5	%		46.3	%

(a) Percentage not meaningful because the Company recorded income tax expense despite reporting a pre-tax loss or income tax benefit despite reporting pre-tax income.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), which significantly revised U.S. corporate income tax regulations including, among other things, lowering U.S. corporate income tax rates and implementing a territorial tax system.  The Tax Act lowered our statutory federal tax rate from 34.0% (effective through December 31, 2017) to 21.0% (effective January 1, 2018).  As we have a July 31 fiscal year-end, the lower corporate income tax rate was phased in, resulting in an average statutory federal tax rate of approximately 26.5% for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2018, and 21.0% for subsequent fiscal years.

A reconciliation between the statutory U.S. income tax rate and the income tax (benefit) provision reported on the consolidated statements of operations is summarized in the following table.  The table also provides comparisons of the significant components of our income tax (benefit) provision for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Income tax (benefit) provision at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate	$	(163	)	$	41		$	1,590
Tax on Foreign Earnings		138			129			---
Change in Tax Rates under Tax Act		16			322			---
International rate differences		80			27			33
Peru non-deductible expenses		---			14			53
Foreign dividend income		---			---			240
Income from “pass-through” entities taxable to noncontrolling partners		(16	)		---			(1	)
Re-evaluation and settlements of tax contingencies		---			---			(33	)
Transaction costs		69			---			---
Change in valuation allowance		(1,241	)		(19	)		98
State taxes, net of federal benefit		75			(32	)		200
Other foreign taxes, net of federal benefit		109			(95	)		(111	)
Other permanent differences		269			(129	)		98
Income tax  (benefit) provision, as reported	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

Fiscal Year 2019 Consolidated Tax Benefit

Despite reporting a $1.3 million pre-tax loss, which normally would result in an income tax benefit, our U.S. operations recorded income tax expense of $0.1 million for fiscal year 2019, due to the following significant factors:

• Income tax provision to tax return adjustments for fiscal year 2019;

• Deferred tax expenses resulting from our investments in GAC and Peru, which are not deemed to be permanently reinvested;

• State income taxes assessed regardless of taxable income or based on gross income with limited deductions;

• Unfavorable permanent adjustments, including meals and entertainment;

• The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income inclusion and non-deductible transaction costs; and

• A deferred tax expense related to the capital loss recognized on the sale of the Company’s Ecuador subsidiary.

19

Despite reporting $0.5 million of pre-tax earnings, which normally would result in income tax expense, our South American operations recorded an income tax benefit of $0.8 million for fiscal year 2019.  The income tax benefit was primarily driven by reversal of a $1.6 million valuation allowance against deferred tax assets recognized in Brazil, which was partially offset by a new valuation allowance against deferred tax assets recognized in Peru.

Fiscal Year 2018 Consolidated Tax Provision

Despite reporting a pre-tax loss of $0.9 million for fiscal year 2018, which normally would result in a tax benefit, our U.S. operations recorded income tax expense of $0.2 million mainly due to the one-time adjustments related to the enactment of the Tax Act.  Excluding these one-time adjustments, our domestic operations would have reported a tax benefit and an effective tax rate of approximately 28.5%.

Our South American operations reported income tax expense of $0.1 million on $1.1 million of pre-tax earnings, resulting in an effective tax rate of approximately 7.3%.  The lower effective tax rate of our South American operations in Brazil was a result of the utilization of net operating losses for which a full valuation allowance was previously recorded.  As a result, only current tax expense was recorded for fiscal year 2018, as usage of those net operating losses were limited.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash decreased $0.2 million during fiscal year 2019 to $13.6 million at July 31, 2019.

Our Board of Directors considers the approval of dividends to our shareholders based on various operating parameters, including available cash balances, results of current operations and projections of future operating results and cash flows.  Excluding the payment of $1.7 million of cash dividends, which were approved on a discretionary basis by the Company’s Board of Directors, cash generated from operations exceeded cash required to fund investing and financing activities by $1.5 million during fiscal year 2019, a decrease of $0.8 million from $2.3 million for the prior fiscal year.

Our U.S. operations had $32.5 million of unsecured lines of credit available for working capital and letters of credit at July 31, 2019, of which less than $0.1 million of letters of credit were outstanding at July 31, 2019.  Our lenders have reaffirmed these lines of credit within the past twelve months.  We believe that available cash balances in our domestic companies, anticipated cash flows from U.S. operations, and our available lines of credit will be sufficient to cover working capital requirements of our U.S. operations during the next twelve months and the foreseeable future.

Our South American operations had $3.1 million of unsecured lines of credit available for working capital and letters of credit at July 31, 2018, of which $1.6 million of letters of credit were outstanding at July 31, 2019.  Our lenders have reaffirmed these lines of credit within the past twelve months.  During fiscal years 2016 and 2017, our South American operations were affected by adverse global and local economic conditions.  Although we currently believe that available cash balances, anticipated cash flows, and available lines of credit will be sufficient to cover working capital requirements of our South American operations in the near future, economic uncertainty and volatility is an ongoing risk for our South American operations, which may challenge our liquidity position in the longer term.  In the event that these subsidiaries are unable to generate adequate cash flow to fund their operations, additional funding from EEI or lending institutions will be considered.

Excess cash accumulated by any foreign subsidiary, beyond that necessary to fund operations or business expansion, may be repatriated to the U.S. at the discretion of the Boards of Directors of the respective entities.  The Company repatriated $0.8 million of dividends from foreign subsidiaries, net of local taxes, during fiscal year 2019.

20

Contract Receivable Concentrations

Significant concentrations of current contract receivables and the related allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019				July 31, 2018
Region	Current Contract Receivables		Current Allowance for Doubtful Accounts		Current Contract Receivables		Current Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
	($ in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	20,411	$	489	$	21,580	$	569
South American operations		5,880		515		5,319		715
Totals	$	26,291	$	1,004	$	26,899	$	1,284

The current allowance for doubtful accounts for the Company’s South American operations represented 9% and 13% of related contract receivables at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Unstable local economies that adversely impacted certain of our South American clients in recent years demonstrated signs of stabilizing during fiscal years 2018 and 2019.  Management continues to monitor trends and events that may adversely impact the realizability of recorded receivables from our South American clients.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A summary of recent accounting pronouncements is provided in Note 2 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preceding discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.  The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are more fully described in Note 3 of the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Certain of our significant accounting policies require complex judgments to estimate values of assets and liabilities.  In making these judgments, management must make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses.  Because changes in such estimates and assumptions could significantly affect our reported financial position and results of operations, detailed policies and control procedures have been established to ensure that valuation methods, including judgments made as part of such methods, are well controlled, independently reviewed, and are applied consistently from period to period.

On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates to ensure that they are based on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under current circumstances.  Our actual results may differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Of the significant policies used to prepare our consolidated financial statements, the items discussed below require critical accounting estimates involving a high degree of judgment and complexity.  For all of these critical policies, we caution that future events rarely develop exactly as forecasted, and the best estimates routinely require adjustment.  This information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements included herein.

Revenue Recognition

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is derived from environmental consulting work, which is principally derived from the sale of labor hours.  Revenue reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations represent services rendered for which the Company maintains a primary contractual relationship with its customers.  Included in revenue are certain services outside the Company’s normal operations which the Company has elected to subcontract to other contractors.  

Contracts are required from all customers within our U.S. and South American operations.  Consulting work within our U.S. operations is performed under a mix of time and materials, fixed price and cost-plus contracts.  Consulting work within our South American operations is conducted primarily under fixed price contracts.  Gross revenue associated with these contract types is summarized in the following table.

21

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019				2018				2017
	$		%		$		%		$		%
			(in thousands)
Time and materials	$	40,505	46	%	$	38,562	43	%	$	47,732	50	%
Fixed price		30,974	35	%		33,262	36	%		31,773	33	%
Cost-plus		17,031	19	%		18,860	21	%		16,578	17	%
Total gross revenue	$	88,510	100	%	$	90,684	100	%	$	96,083	100	%

The Company accounts for time and material contracts over the period of performance, predominately based on labor hours incurred.  Under these types of contracts, there is no predetermined fee.  Instead, the Company negotiates hourly billing rates and charges the clients based upon actual hours expended on a project.  In addition, any direct project expenditures are passed through to the client and are typically reimbursed.  Time and materials contracts may contain “not to exceed” provisions that effectively cap the amount of revenue that the Company can bill to the client.  In order to record revenue that exceeds the billing cap, the Company must obtain approval from the client for expanded scope or increased pricing.

The Company accounts for fixed price contracts over time, based on progress determined by the ratio of efforts expended to date in proportion to total efforts expected to be expended over the life of a contract. This revenue recognition method requires the use of estimates and judgment regarding a project’s expected revenue and the extent of progress towards completion.  The Company makes periodic estimates of progress towards project completion by analyzing efforts expended to date, plus an estimate of the amount of efforts to expend that we expect to incur until the completion of the project.  Revenue is then calculated on a cumulative basis (project-to-date) as the proportion of efforts-expended.  The revenue for the current period is calculated as cumulative revenue less project revenue already recognized.  If an estimate of efforts expended at completion on any contract indicates that a loss will be incurred, the entire estimated loss is charged to operations in the period the loss becomes evident.

The recognition of revenue and profit on fixed price contracts under the proportional performance method is dependent upon estimates of revenue and progress towards completion, which can be difficult to accurately determine until a project is significantly underway.  We have a history of making dependable estimates of the extent of revenue and progress towards completion.  However, due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, actual revenue recorded over the life of a contract may occasionally vary significantly from estimates.

Cost-plus contracts provide for payment of allowable incurred efforts expended, to the extent prescribed in the contract, plus fees that are recorded as revenue.  These contracts establish an estimate of total efforts to be expended and an invoicing ceiling that the contractor may not exceed without the approval of the client.  Revenue earned from cost-plus contracts is recognized over the period of performance.

Substantially all of the Company’s cost-plus contracts are with federal governmental agencies and, as such, are subject to audits after contract completion.  Government audits have been completed and final rates have been negotiated through fiscal year 2014.  The Company records an allowance for project disallowances in other accrued liabilities for potential disallowances resulting from government audits.  Allowances for project disallowances are recorded as adjustments to revenue when the amounts are estimable.  Resolution of these amounts is dependent upon the results of government audits and other formal contract close-out procedures. 

Federal government contracts are subject to the FAR and some state and local governmental agencies require audits, which are performed for the most part by the DCAA.  The DCAA audits project proposals, incurred costs used to calculate overhead rates, direct costs incurred on government contracts, and internal control systems.  During the course of its audits, the DCAA may question incurred costs if it believes our accounting for such costs is inconsistent with the requirements of the FAR or CAS and recommend that our U.S. government financial administrative contracting officer disallow such costs.  Historically, we have not experienced significant disallowed costs as a result of such audits.  However, we can provide no assurance that such audits will not result in material disallowances of incurred costs in the future.

Change orders can occur when changes in scope are made after project work has begun and can be initiated by either the Company or its clients.  Claims are amounts in excess of the agreed contract price which the Company seeks to recover from a client for customer delays and/or errors or unapproved change orders that are in dispute.  The Company recognizes costs related to change orders and claims as incurred.  Revenue and profit are recognized on change orders when it is probable that the change order will be approved by both the client and the Company, and the amount can be reasonably estimated.  Revenue is recognized only up to the amount of costs incurred on contract claims when realization is probable, estimable and reasonable support from the customer exists.

22

The Company expenses all bid and proposal and other pre-contract costs as incurred.  Out of pocket expenses such as travel, meals, field supplies, and other costs billed direct to contracts are included in both revenue and cost of professional services.  Sales and cost of sales within the Company’s South American operations exclude value added tax (VAT) assessments by governmental authorities, which the Company collects from its customers and remits to governmental authorities.

The Company reduces contract receivables by recording an allowance for doubtful accounts to account for the estimated impact of collection issues resulting from a client’s inability or unwillingness to pay valid obligations to the Company.  The resulting provision for doubtful accounts is recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill

We allocate goodwill to reporting units based on the reporting unit expected to benefit from the business combination. We evaluate our reporting units at least annually and, if necessary, reassign goodwill using a relative fair value allocation approach. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances could include a significant change in the business climate, legal factors, operating performance indicators, competition, or sale or disposition of a significant portion of a reporting unit.

Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment regarding the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit.  The fair value of each reporting unit is estimated through the use of a discounted cash flow methodology.  The goodwill impairment test model also requires significant judgments regarding assumptions used in the model, including estimation of future cash flows that is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business, estimation of the life over which cash flows will occur, and determination of our weighted average cost of capital.  The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results, market conditions, and other factors. Should future earnings and projected cash flows of our reporting units decline and/or should general economic factors deteriorate, future impairment charges to goodwill may be recognized.

The Company has assigned goodwill of $0.9 million to a single reporting unit.  Based on the annual impairment assessment completed at July 31, 2019, the calculated fair value of the reporting unit to which goodwill is assigned exceeded its book value by approximately 28%, indicating no impairment of goodwill.

Income Taxes

We operate within multiple tax jurisdictions in the United States and in foreign countries.  The calculations of income tax expense or benefit and related balance sheet amounts involve a high degree of management judgment regarding estimates of the timing and probability of recognition of revenue and deductions.  The interpretation of tax laws involves uncertainty, since tax authorities may interpret laws differently than we do.  We are subject to audit in all of our tax jurisdictions, which may involve complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve.  Ultimate resolution of tax matters may result in favorable or unfavorable impacts to our net income and/or cash flows.  In management’s opinion, adequate reserves have been recorded for any future taxes that may be owed as a result of examination by any taxing authority.

A tax position is a position in a previous tax filing or a position expected to be taken in a future tax filing that is reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities. Tax positions shall be recognized when, in management’s judgement, it is “more likely than not” (as defined under U.S. GAAP) that the position will be sustained.  Tax positions that meet the “more likely than not” definition shall be measured at the largest amount of tax impact that is likely to be realized upon settlement.  We recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in selling, general and administrative expenses.  Whether the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is met for a tax position, is a matter of judgment based on the individual facts and circumstances of that position evaluated in light of all available evidence.  The Company had no uncertain tax positions at July 31, 2019 and 2018.

23

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes using enacted tax rates expected to be in effect for the year in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse.  Our policy is to establish a valuation allowance if it is “more likely than not” that the related tax benefits will not be realized.  At July 31, 2019 and 2018, we determined based on available evidence, including historical financial results for the last three years and forecasts of future results, that it is “more likely than not” that a portion of these items may not be recoverable in the future.  Accordingly, we maintained total valuation allowances of $0.8 million and $2.0 million as a reduction of deferred tax assets at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  The decrease in the valuation allowance mainly resulted from reversal of a $1.6 million valuation allowance previously established in Brazil, which was partially offset by establishment of a valuation allowance in Peru.

The valuation allowance related to deferred tax assets is considered to be a critical estimate because, in assessing the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets, management considers taxable income trends and forecasts.  Actual income taxes expensed and/or paid could vary from estimated amounts due to the impacts of various factors, including:

• changes to tax laws enacted by taxing authorities;

• final review of filed tax returns by taxing authorities; and

• actual financial condition and results of operations for future periods that could differ from forecasted amounts.

Inflation

During fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, inflation did not have a material impact on our business because a significant amount of our contracts are either cost based or contain commercial rates for services that are adjusted annually.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had outstanding letters of credit drawn under our lines of credit of $1.6 million and $1.7 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Other than these letters of credit, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of July 31, 2019 or 2018.

24

Item 8.  Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public AccountingFirm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Ecology and Environment Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ecology and Environment Inc. (the Company) as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended July 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at July 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended July 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

Buffalo, New York

October 29, 2019

25

Ecology and Environment Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Balance at
	July 31, 2019			July 31, 2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,344		$	13,496
Investment securities available for sale		1,577			1,497
Contract receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts and contract adjustments of $1,004 and $1,284, respectively		25,087			25,615
Income tax receivable		912			1,230
Other current assets		2,078			1,752
Total current assets		42,998			43,590
Property, buildings and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $17,066 and $16,799, respectively		3,253			3,870
Deferred income taxes		2,130			789
Equity method investment		1,658			2,058
Other assets		1,771			2,522
Total assets	$	51,810		$	52,829
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	6,099		$	5,635
Lines of credit		284			-
Accrued payroll costs		6,661			6,066
Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations		41			54
Customer deposits		3,551			3,191
Other accrued liabilities		1,386			1,382
Total current liabilities		18,022			16,328
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations		13			54
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)		-			-
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, par value $.01 per share (2,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued)		-			-
Class A common stock, par value $.01 per share (6,000,000 shares authorized; 3,192,990 and 3,041,911 shares issued, respectively)		32			30
Class B common stock, par value $.01 per share; (10,000,000 shares authorized; 1,200,735 and 1,351,814 shares issued, respectively)		12			14
Capital in excess of par value		16,964			17,558
Retained earnings		18,687			20,973
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(2,098	)		(1,885	)
Treasury stock, at cost (Class A common: 64,823 and 15,789 shares, respectively; Class B common: 0 and 64,801 shares, respectively)		(729	)		(907	)
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholders’ equity		32,868			35,783
Noncontrolling interests		907			664
Total shareholders’ equity		33,775			36,447
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	51,810		$	52,829
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

26

Ecology and Environment Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Revenue, net	$	88,510		$	90,684		$	96,083
Cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses		34,228			33,855			36,179
Subcontract costs		15,859			17,191			15,975
Selling, general and administrative expenses		38,820			39,257			38,139
Depreciation and amortization		1,022			1,083			994
(Loss) income from operations		(1,419	)		(702	)		4,796
Equity investment income		346			595			368
Net interest income		237			114			29
Net foreign exchange gain (loss)		4			(11	)		(86	)
Proxy contest costs, net		-			-			(375	)
Other income (expense)		58			158			(54	)
(Loss) Income before income tax provision		(774	)		154			4,678
Income tax (benefit) provision		(664	)		258			2,167
Net income (loss)		(110	)		(104	)		2,511
Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest		(444	)		(204	)		312
Net (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823
Net (loss) income per common share: basic and diluted	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.07	)	$	0.66
Weighted average common shares outstanding: basic and diluted		4,316,316			4,304,574			4,294,501
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

27

Ecology and Environment Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(amounts in thousands)

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests	$	(110	)	$	(104	)	$	2,511
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(273	)		(85	)		174
Unrealized investment losses, net		-			(20	)		(18	)
Comprehensive (loss) income		(383	)		(209	)		2,667
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests		(389	)		(189	)		290
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$	(772	)	$	(398	)	$	2,957
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

28

Ecology and Environment Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(amounts in thousands)

	Fiscal Year Ended
	July 31, 2019			July 31, 2018			July 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(110	)	$	(104	)	$	2,511
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,022			1,083			994
Provision for deferred income taxes		(1,326	)		66			1,992
Share-based compensation expense		100			127			69
Tax impact of share-based compensation		-			-			(6	)
(Gain) loss on sale of assets and investment securities		-			17			(81	)
Net recovery of contract adjustments		(745	)		(830	)		(1,178	)
Net bad debt expense		92			1,034			164
Changes in:
- contract receivables		806			5,266			572
- other current assets		(431	)		155			(178	)
- income tax receivable		337			353			134
- equity method investment		(15	)		(595	)		(158	)
- other non-current assets		661			(822	)		(485	)
- accounts payable		468			(2,023	)		259
- accrued payroll costs		590			228			(110	)
- income taxes payable		-			(44	)		(86	)
- billings in excess of revenue		365			807			(78	)
- other accrued liabilities		204			(490	)		(43	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,018			4,228			4,292
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest of subsidiaries		-			(27	)		-
Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries		-			-			75
Purchase of property, building and equipment		(482	)		(772	)		(669	)
Proceeds from sale of building and equipment		69			43			1,495
Purchase of investment securities		(33	)		(31	)		(30	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(446	)		(787	)		871
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid		(1,726	)		(1,721	)		(1,720	)
Proceeds from debt		-			-			200
Repayment of debt		(53	)		(389	)		(241	)
Net borrowings (repayment) of lines of credit		277			(342	)		39
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		(299	)		(454	)		(8	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(1,801	)		(2,906	)		(1,730	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		75			76			(228	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(154	)		611			3,205
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		13,746			13,135			9,930
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	13,592		$	13,746		$	13,135
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	5		$	38		$	139
Income taxes		(50	)		140			715
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash items:
Dividends declared and not paid		865			863			860
Proceeds from capital lease obligations		-			59			29
Acquistion of noncontrolling interest of subsidiaries (equipment)		(153	)		26			-
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

29

Ecology and Environment Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity

(amounts in thousands, except share data)

											Capital in						Accumulated Other
	Class A Common Stock				Class B Common Stock						Excess of			Retained			Comprehensive			Treasury Stock						Noncontrolling
	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			Par Value			Earnings			Income (Loss)			Shares			Amount			Interest
Balance at July 31, 2016 (Audited)		3,035,778	$	30		1,357,947		$	14		$	17,666		$	21,925		$	(1,929	)		104,073		$	(1,172	)	$	1,221
Net income (loss)		-		-		-			-			-			2,823			-			-			-			(312	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-		-		-			-			-			-			152			-			-			22
Cash dividends declared ($0.40 per share)		-		-		-			-			-			(1,719	)		-			-			-			-
Unrealized investment losses, net		-		-		-			-			-			-			(18	)		-			-			-
Issuance of stock under stock award plan		-		-		-			-			(90	)		-			-			(11,952	)		135			-
Tax impact of share based compensation		-		-		-			-			(6	)		-			-			-			-			-
Tax impact of noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			-			(24	)		-			-			-			24
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(8	)
Balance at July 31, 2017 (Audited)		3,035,778	$	30		1,357,947		$	14		$	17,570		$	23,005		$	(1,795	)		92,121		$	(1,037	)	$	947
Net income (loss)		-		-		-			-			-			(308	)		-			-			-			204
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-		-		-			-			-			-			(70	)		-			-			(15	)
Cash dividends declared ($0.40 per share)		-		-		-			-			-			(1,724	)		-			-			-			-
Unrealized investment losses, net		-		-		-			-			-			-			(20	)		-			-			-
Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock		6,133		-		(6,133	)		-			-			-			-			-			-			-
Issuance of stock under stock award plan		-		-		-			-			(130	)		-			-			(11,531	)		130			-
Share-based compensation expense		-		-		-			-			127			-			-			-			-			-
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(455	)
Sale of majority-owned subsidiary		-		-		-			-			(9	)		-			-			-			-			-
Purchase of additional noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(17	)
Balance at July 31, 2018 (Audited)		3,041,911	$	30		1,351,814		$	14		$	17,558		$	20,973		$	(1,885	)		80,590		$	(907	)	$	664
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-01		-		-		-			-			-			(5	)		5			-			-			-
Balance at July 31, 2018 (Audited)		3,041,911	$	30		1,351,814		$	14		$	17,558		$	20,968		$	(1,880	)		80,590		$	(907	)	$	664
Net income (loss)		-		-		-			-			-			(554	)		-			-			-			444
Foreign currency translation adjustment		-		-		-			-			-			-			(218	)		-			-			(55	)
Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock		151,079		2		(151,079	)		(2	)		-			-			-			-			-			-
Cash dividends declared ($0.40 per share)		-		-		-			-			-			(1,727	)		-			-			-			-
Issuance of stock under stock award plan		-		-		-			-			(102	)		-			-			(15,767	)		178			-
Share-based compensation expense		-		-		-			-			100			-			-			-			-			-
Sale of subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			(598	)		-			-			-			-			-
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			-			-			-			-			-			(299	)
Adjustment to investment in Brazil		-		-		-			-			(240	)		-			-			-			-			-
Purchase of additional noncontrolling interests		-		-		-			-			246			-			-			-			-			153
Balance at July 31, 2019 (Audited)		3,192,990	$	32		1,200,735		$	12		$	16,964		$	18,687		$	(2,098	)		64,823		$	(729	)	$	907

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Ecology and Environment Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Ecology and Environment Inc., (“EEI” or the “Parent Company”) was incorporated in 1970 as a global broad-based environmental consulting firm whose underlying philosophy is to provide professional services worldwide so that sustainable economic and human development may proceed with acceptable impact on the environment.  During fiscal year 2019, EEI and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) included six active wholly-owned and majority-owned operating subsidiaries in four countries (the United States of America, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador), and one majority-owned equity investment in Chile.  The Company’s staff is comprised of individuals representing numerous scientific, engineering, health, and social disciplines working together in multidisciplinary teams to provide innovative environmental solutions.  The majority of employees hold bachelor’s and/or advanced degrees in such areas as chemical, civil, mechanical, sanitary, soil, structural and transportation engineering, biology, geology, hydrogeology, ecology, urban and regional planning and oceanography.  The Company’s client list includes governments, industries, multinational corporations, organizations, and private companies. 

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).  The financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such information.  All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. 

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) establishes changes to U.S. GAAP in the form of accounting standards updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.  The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs when they are issued by FASB.  ASUs listed below were either adopted by the Company during fiscal year 2019 or will be adopted as each ASU becomes effective during future reporting periods.  ASUs not listed below were assessed to be not applicable to the Company’s operations or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019

In May 2014, FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”).  ASU 2014-09, as amended by subsequent ASUs that amended and clarified the guidance in ASU 2014-09, forms the basis for FASB ASC Topic 606 (“ASC Topic 606”), which superseded previous authoritative U.S. GAAP guidance regarding revenue recognition.  The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 effective August 1, 2018.  Refer to Note 7 of these consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the Company’s adoption of ASC Topic 606.

In January 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”).  The amendments in ASU 2016-01 address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments.  In February 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which clarified certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01.  Under the new guidance, entities are no longer able to classify equity investments as either trading or available for sale (“AFS”) and may no longer recognize unrealized holding gains and losses in other comprehensive income on equity securities that were classified as AFS under previous U.S. GAAP.  The Company adopted the applicable provisions of ASU 2016-01 effective August 1, 2018 by recording a cumulative effect adjustment of less than $0.1 million to beginning retained earnings and beginning accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets.  The cumulative effect adjustment is also separately reported on the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

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In August 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”).  The amendments included in this update provide guidance regarding eight specific cash flow classification issues that are not specifically addressed in previous U.S. GAAP, only one of which was deemed applicable to the Company’s cash flow reporting.  Issue 6 of ASU 2016-15 requires that reporting entities elect an accounting policy to classify distributions received from equity method investees using one of two possible approaches:

• the “cumulative earnings approach,” under which, subject to certain limitations, distributions received from equity investees are considered returns on investment and classified as cash inflows from operating activities; or

• the “nature of the distribution approach,” under which distributions received from equity investees should be classified on the basis of the nature of the activity or activities of the investee that generated the distribution as either a return on investment (classified as a cash inflow from operating activities) or a return of investment (classified as a cash inflow from investing activities).

The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-15 effective August 1, 2018 and elected the “cumulative earnings approach.”  The Company received $0.2 million of dividends from its equity method investee during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 that are included in cash flows from operating activities.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted as of July 31, 2019

In March 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”).  The main difference between previous U.S. GAAP and ASU 2016-02 (together with subsequent ASUs that amended and clarified the guidance in ASU 2016-02) is the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous U.S. GAAP.  ASU 2016-02 provides specific guidance for determining whether a contractual arrangement contains a lease, lease classification by lessees and lessors, initial and subsequent measurement of leases by lessees and lessors, sale and leaseback transactions, transition, and financial statement disclosures.  The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-02 effective August 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach.  Management will apply the transition method which does not require adjustments to comparative periods or require modified disclosures for those comparative periods for fiscal year 2020.  ASU 2016-02 provides several optional practical expedients for transition.  Management elected all available transition practical expedients, other than the use-of-hindsight.  ASU 2016-02 also provides practical expedients for ongoing accounting after transition.  Management elected the short-term lease recognition exemption which allows non-recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less.  Management has also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for arrangements that contain leases.

Management is finalizing the Company’s implementation of the guidance in ASU 2016-02, including changes to accounting policies, systems and controls, and implementing new software capable of producing the required data for accounting and disclosure purposes.  The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or liquidity.  The Company expects to recognize new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities associated with operating leases of approximately $5.9 million to $6.5 million in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) (“ASU 2016-13”).  The amendments included in this update affect entities holding financial assets, including trade receivables and investment securities available for sale, that are not accounted for at fair value through net income.  ASU 2016-13, as amended by subsequent updates that amended and clarified the guidance in ASU 2016-13, requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected.  The amendments included in this update also provide guidance for measurement of expected credit losses and for presentation of increases or decreases of expected credit losses on the statement of operations.  ASU No. 2016-13 will be effective for the Company beginning August 1, 2020.  Early adoption is permitted for the Company beginning August 1, 2019.  Management is currently assessing the provisions of ASU 2016-13 and has not yet estimated its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”).  The amendments included in this update simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by revising the steps required during the registrant’s annual goodwill impairment test.  This accounting standard update will be effective for the Company beginning August 1, 2021.  Management is currently assessing the provisions of ASU 2017-04 and has not yet estimated its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation, Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of EEI and its consolidated wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries.  All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”)

The Company’s majority owned subsidiaries are deemed to be VIEs when, on a stand-alone basis, they lack sufficient capital to finance the activities of the VIE.  The Company consolidates investments in VIEs if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  The Company uses a qualitative approach to determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, which considers factors that indicate the Company has significant influence and control over the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance.  These factors include representation on the investee’s board of directors, management representation, authority to make decisions, substantive participating rights of the minority shareholders and ownership interest.

Equity Method Investments

VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary, and other investee companies over which the Company does not influence or control the activities that most significantly impact the investee company’s economic performance, are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.  Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations.  The Company’s share of the earnings of the investee company is reported as earnings from equity method investment in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.   The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee is reported as equity method investment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee is reduced by the Company’s share of dividends declared by an investee company.

If the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding.  When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions as of the date of the financial statements, which affect the reported values of assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities.  Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Investment Securities

Prior to August 1, 2018, unrealized gains or losses related to investment securities were recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of comprehensive income.  Subsequent to adoption of ASU 2016-01 effective August 1, 2018 (refer to Note 2 of these consolidated financial statements), unrealized gains or losses related to investment securities are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.  The cost basis of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.  Reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income resulting from disposition of investment securities are included within other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Investment securities include mutual funds that are valued at the net asset value (“NAV”) of shares held by the Company at period end.  Mutual funds held by the Company are open-end mutual funds that are registered with the SEC.  These funds are required to publish their daily NAV and to transact at that price.  The mutual funds held by the Company are deemed to be actively traded.

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Revenue Recognition and Contract Receivables

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is derived from environmental consulting work, which is principally derived from the sale of labor hours.  Revenue reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations represent services rendered for which the Company maintains a primary contractual relationship with its customers.  Included in revenue are certain services outside the Company’s normal operations which the Company has elected to subcontract to other contractors.  

The Company’s consulting work is performed under a mix of time and materials, fixed price and cost-plus contracts. The Company accounts for time and material contracts over the period of performance, predominately based on labor hours incurred.  Under time and materials contracts, there is no predetermined fee.  Instead, the Company negotiates hourly billing rates and charges the clients based upon actual hours expended on a project.  In addition, any direct project expenditures are passed through to the client and are typically reimbursed.  Time and materials contracts may contain “not to exceed” provisions that effectively cap the amount of revenue that the Company can bill to the client.  In order to record revenue that exceeds the billing cap, the Company must obtain approval from the client for expanded scope or increased pricing.

The Company accounts for fixed price contracts over time, based on progress determined by the ratio of efforts expended to date in proportion to total efforts expected to be expended over the life of a contract. This revenue recognition method requires the use of estimates and judgment regarding a project’s expected revenue and the extent of progress towards completion.  The Company makes periodic estimates of progress towards project completion by analyzing efforts expended to date, plus an estimate of the amount of effort expected to be incurred until the completion of the project.  Revenue is then calculated on a cumulative basis (project-to-date) as the proportion of efforts-expended.  The revenue for the current period is calculated as cumulative revenue less project revenue already recognized.  If an estimate of efforts expended at completion on any contract indicates that a loss will be incurred, the entire estimated loss is charged to operations in the period the loss becomes evident.

Cost-plus contracts provide for payment of allowable incurred efforts expended, to the extent prescribed in the contract, plus fees that are recorded as revenue.  These contracts establish an estimate of total efforts to be expended and an invoicing ceiling that the contractor may not exceed without the approval of the client.  Revenue earned from cost-plus contracts is recognized over the period of performance.

Substantially all of the Company’s cost-plus contracts are with federal governmental agencies and, as such, are subject to audits after contract completion.  Government audits have been completed and final rates have been negotiated through fiscal year 2014.  The Company records an allowance for project disallowances in other accrued liabilities for potential disallowances resulting from government audits (refer to Note 14 of these consolidated financial statements).  Allowances for project disallowances are recorded as adjustments to revenue when the amounts are estimable.  Resolution of these amounts is dependent upon the results of government audits and other formal contract close-out procedures. 

Change orders can occur when changes in scope are made after project work has begun and can be initiated by either the Company or its clients.  Claims are amounts in excess of the agreed contract price which the Company seeks to recover from a client for customer delays and/or errors or unapproved change orders that are in dispute.  The Company recognizes costs related to change orders and claims as incurred.  Revenue and profit are recognized on change orders when it is probable that the change order will be approved, and the amount can be reasonably estimated.  Revenue is recognized only up to the amount of costs incurred on contract claims when realization is probable, estimable and reasonable support from the customer exists.

The Company expenses all bid and proposal and other pre-contract costs as incurred.  Out of pocket expenses such as travel, meals, field supplies, and other costs billed direct to contracts are included in both revenue and cost of professional services.  Sales and cost of sales within the Company’s South American operations exclude value added tax (VAT) assessments by governmental authorities, which the Company collects from its customers and remits to governmental authorities.

Billed contract receivables represent amounts billed to clients in accordance with contracted terms but not collected as of the end of the reporting period.  Billed contract receivables may include: (i) amounts billed for revenue from efforts expended and fees that have been earned in accordance with contractual terms; and (ii) progress billings in accordance with contractual terms that include revenue not yet earned as of the end of the reporting period.

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Unbilled contract receivables, which represent an unconditional right to payment subject only to the passage of time, represent amounts billable to clients in accordance with contracted terms that have not been billed as of the end of the reporting period.  Unbilled contract receivables that are not expected to be billed and collected within one year from the balance sheet date are reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company reduces contract receivables by recording an allowance for doubtful accounts to account for the estimated impact of collection issues resulting from a client’s inability or unwillingness to pay valid obligations to the Company.  The resulting provision for doubtful accounts is recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Property, Buildings and Equipment, Depreciation and Amortization

Property, buildings and equipment are stated at the lower of depreciated or amortized cost or fair value.  Land and land improvements are not depreciated or amortized.  Methods of depreciation or amortization and useful lives for all other long-lived assets are summarized in the following table.

	Depreciation / Amortization Method	Useful Lives
Buildings	Straight-line	32-40 Years
Building Improvements	Straight-line	7-15 Years
Field Equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer software	Straight-line	3-10 Years
Office furniture and equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Vehicles	Straight-line	3-5 Years
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line	(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements are amortized for book purposes over the terms of the leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.  Expenditures for improvements are capitalized when either the value or useful life of the related asset have been increased.  When property or equipment is retired or sold, any gain or loss on the transaction is reflected in the current year’s earnings.

The Company capitalizes costs of software acquisition and development projects, including costs related to software design, configuration, coding, installation, testing and parallel processing. Capitalized software costs are recorded in fixed assets, net of accumulated amortization, on the consolidated balance sheets.  Capitalized software costs are evaluated for recoverability/impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The costs of computer software obtained or developed for internal use is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software.  Amortization begins when the software and all related software modules on which it is functionally dependent are ready for their intended use.  Amortization expense is recorded in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.  Goodwill is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  Goodwill is subject to an annual assessment for impairment by comparing the estimated fair values of reporting units to which goodwill has been assigned to the recorded book value of the respective reporting units.  The Company estimates the fair value of reporting units using a discounted cash flows methodology that includes assumptions for future cash flows that are dependent on internal forecasts, the long-term rate of growth for the Company’s business, the life over which cash flows will occur, and the Company’s weighted average cost of capital.  Goodwill is also assessed for impairment between annual assessments whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets when events occur, or circumstances change that would more likely than not impair the value of the asset.  Recoverability is assessed by estimating the future net cash flows (undiscounted) expected to result from the asset, including eventual disposition, and comparing the resulting future cash flows to the carrying value of the asset.  If the future net cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the difference between the asset’s carrying value and fair value.

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability approach to account for income taxes.  This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities except for the enactment of changes in tax laws or rates.  Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the recorded net deferred tax assets will be realized.  Since in some cases management has utilized estimates, the amount of the net deferred tax asset considered realizable could be reduced in the near term.  

Income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes, determined using the applicable statutory rates.  A deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards, and a deferred tax liability is recognized for all taxable temporary differences.

The Company’s deferred tax assets principally result from timing differences in the recognition of entity operating losses, contract reserves and accrued expenses.  The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets and provides for a valuation allowance when necessary.

U.S. GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement principles for financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return.  A tax position is a position in a previously filed tax filing or a position expected to be taken in a future tax filing that is reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities.  Tax positions shall be recognized only when it is more likely than not (likelihood of greater than 50%), based on technical merits, that the position will be sustained. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold should be measured using a probability weighted approach as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in selling, general and administrative expenses.  Whether the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is met for a tax position, is a matter of judgment based on the individual facts and circumstances of that position evaluated in light of all available evidence.  

Defined Contribution Plans

EEI has a non-contributory defined contribution plan providing deferred benefits for substantially all of its U.S. employees (the “EEI Defined Contribution Plan”).  The annual expense of the EEI Defined Contribution Plan is based on a percentage of eligible wages as authorized by EEI’s Board of Directors.

EEI also has a supplemental retirement plan that provides post-retirement health care coverage for EEI’s founders and their spouses.  As of July 31, 2019, two founders, their spouses and the spouse of a deceased founder were receiving healthcare coverage under this plan.  The annual expense associated with this plan is determined based on discounted annual cost estimates over the estimated life expectancy of the founders and their spouses.

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing the net income attributable to EEI common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  After consideration of all the rights and privileges of the Class A and Class B stockholders (defined in Note 15 of these consolidated financial statements), the Company allocates undistributed earnings between the classes on a one-to-one basis when computing earnings per share.  As a result, basic and fully diluted earnings per Class A and Class B share are equal amounts.

The Company has determined that its unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities.  These securities are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method.  As a result, unvested restricted shares are included in the weighted average shares outstanding calculation.

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Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) represents the change in shareholders’ equity during a period, excluding changes arising from transactions with shareholders.  Comprehensive income includes net income from the consolidated statements of operations, plus other comprehensive income during a reporting period.  Other comprehensive income (loss) represents the net effect of accounting transactions that are recognized directly in shareholders’ equity, such as unrealized net income or losses resulting from currency translation adjustments from foreign operations and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities.

Foreign Currencies and Inflation

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations.  Translation adjustments are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income until the related assets and liabilities are settled or otherwise disposed of.  Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in net foreign exchange (loss) gain in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred. 

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries located in highly inflationary economies are remeasured as if the functional currency were the U.S. dollar.  The remeasurement of local currencies into U.S. dollars creates transaction adjustments which are included in net income.  The Company did not record any highly inflationary economy adjustments during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company discloses noncontrolling interests as a separate component of consolidated shareholders’ equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  Earnings and other comprehensive income (loss) are separately attributed to both the controlling and noncontrolling interests.  The Company calculates earnings per share based on net income (loss) attributable to the Company’s controlling interests.

The Company considers acquiring additional interests in majority owned subsidiaries when noncontrolling shareholders express their intent to sell their interests.  The Company settles and records acquisitions of noncontrolling interests at amounts that approximate fair value.  Purchases of noncontrolling interests are recorded as reductions of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

4.    Significant Transactions During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019

Staff Reduction Programs

In December 2018, the Company began to notify employees of a voluntary retirement program.  In February 2019, the Company began to notify affected employees of an involuntary separation program.  These programs (collectively, the “Staff Reduction Programs”), which were being implemented in connection with a corporate restructuring plan within the Company’s U.S. operating segment, were substantially completed by July 31, 2019 and will be completed by December 31, 2019.  During the fiscal year 2019, the Company’s U.S. operating segment recorded and paid approximately $1.0 million of employee severance and termination expenses related to the Staff Reduction Programs, which was reported in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Expenses Associated with Restatements of Financial Statements

During fiscal year 2019, the Company restated audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2016 and 2017 and unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarters ended October 28, 2017, January 27, 2018 and April 28, 2018.  Comparative prior year financial data included in tables and various accounting policies and commentaries included in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and 2019 Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q was also restated or otherwise revised.  These restatements required extensive internal and external resources to complete, including significant incremental fees paid to the Company’s independent auditors, tax consultants and external legal counsel.  During fiscal year 2019, the Company’s U.S. operating segment recorded and paid incremental audit, tax and legal expenses of approximately $1.0 million as a result of the restatements described above, which were reported as selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

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Agreement and Plan of Merger

On August 28, 2019, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with WSP Global Inc., a Canadian corporation (“WSP”), and Everest Acquisition Corp., a New York corporation and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of WSP (“Merger Sub”).  Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company will merge with the Merger Sub (the “Merger”) with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation.

At the Effective Time (as defined in the Merger Agreement), each share of the Company’s Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share and Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share (collectively, the “Company Shares”), issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, (other than shares (i) held by the Company (or held in the Company’s treasury), (ii) held by any wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, (iii) held by WSP, Merger Sub or any other wholly owned subsidiary of WSP or (iv) held by holders of Class B common stock who have made a proper demand for appraisal of the shares in accordance with Section 623 of the New York Business Corporation Law) but including shares that are, as of the Effective Time, unvested and subject to restrictions, will be converted into the right to receive $15.00 in cash, without interest and subject to any required tax withholding. In addition, the Merger Agreement provides that record holders of Company Shares as of the close of business on the last business day prior to the Effective Time, including any shares that are then unvested and subject to restrictions, will receive a one-time special dividend from the Company of up to $0.50 in cash per share to be paid shortly after closing (the “Special Dividend”). The amount of the Special Dividend is subject to pro rata reduction if certain expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the Merger exceed $3.05 million in the aggregate, as further described in the Merger Agreement.

The consummation of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of specified closing conditions, including: (i) the approval of the Merger at a meeting of the Company’s shareholders, currently scheduled to occur on November 20, 2019, by the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the Company Shares that are issued and outstanding on the record date for the shareholders meeting, with Class A and Class B shareholders voting as a single class; (ii) the absence of an order, injunction or law issued by a court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that makes the consummation of the Merger illegal; (iii) the absence of legal proceedings brought by a governmental authority of competent jurisdiction seeking to restrain or prohibit the Merger; (iv) the clearance of the Merger by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States without the imposition of any burdensome conditions, as defined in the Merger Agreement; and (v) subject to certain materiality qualifications, the continued accuracy of the Company’s representations and warranties and continued compliance by the Company with covenants and obligations (to be performed at or prior to the closing of the Merger).

If the Merger Agreement is terminated in certain circumstances, the Company may be required to pay WSP a termination fee of $4.0 million or reimburse WSP for certain expenses up to $1.75 million.

The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 28, 2019. Additional information about the Merger and the Merger Agreement is set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019.

The Company accrued approximately $0.3 million of expenses during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 related to the Merger Agreement.

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5. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,344	$	13,496
Restricted cash included in other assets		248		250
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	13,592	$	13,746

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.  Money market funds of $0 and $0.4 million were included in cash and cash equivalents at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Restricted cash included in other assets represents collateral for pending litigation matters in Brazil that are not expected to be resolved within one year from the balance sheet date.

6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial assets or liabilities are measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy.  The Company classifies assets and liabilities within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.  Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.  The Company has not elected a fair value option on any assets or liabilities. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. Generally, this includes debt and equity securities that are traded on an active exchange market (e.g., New York Stock Exchange) as well as certain U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government and agency mortgage-backed securities that are highly liquid and are actively traded in over-the-counter markets.  

Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.  

Level 3 Inputs – Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable.  The unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use.

The Company monitors the availability of observable market data to assess the appropriate classification of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy.  Changes in economic conditions or model-based valuation techniques may require the transfer of financial instruments from one fair value level to another.  In such instances, the transfer is reported at the beginning of the reporting period.  There were no transfers in or out of levels 1, 2 or 3 during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash approximated fair value at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  These assets were classified as level 1 instruments at both dates.

Investment securities of $1.6 million and $1.5 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, primarily included mutual funds invested in U.S. municipal bonds, which the Company may immediately redeem without prior notice.  These mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held by the Company at period end as a practical expedient to estimate fair value.  These mutual funds are deemed to be actively traded, are required to publish their daily NAV and are required to transact at that price.

The Company recorded unrealized investment losses or gains of less than $0.1 million in other income on the consolidated statement of operations for fiscal year 2019 and in accumulated other comprehensive loss at July 31, 2018 and 2017.  The Company did not record any sales of investment securities during the twelve months ended July 31, 2019 or 2018.

Long-term debt consists of bank loans and capitalized equipment leases.  Lines of credit consist of borrowings for working capital requirements.  The carrying amount of these liabilities approximated fair value at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  These liabilities were classified as level 2 instruments at both dates.  Refer to Note 11 and Note 12 of these consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the Company’s lines of credit, debt and capital lease obligations.

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7. Contract Receivables, net

Adoption of ASC Topic 606

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 effective August 1, 2018.  Gross revenue for reporting periods beginning after July 31, 2018 is recognized under ASC Topic 606.  Gross revenue for previous reporting periods was recognized in accordance with historic accounting under U.S. GAAP, as summarized in revenue recognition policies included in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report.

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method.  As a practical expedient allowed under ASC Topic 606, the Company applied the new guidance only to contracts that were not completed as of the date of initial application.  The Company did not record any cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of August 1, 2018 and did not record any material adjustment to gross revenue for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 as a result of applying the guidance in ASC Topic 606.

Contract Receivables, net and Contract Assets

Contract receivables, net are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Contract receivables:
Billed	$	12,405		$	12,905
Unbilled		13,686			13,994
		26,091			26,899
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(1,004	)		(1,284	)
Contract receivables, net	$	25,087		$	25,615

The Company anticipates that substantially all billed contract receivables will be collected over the next twelve months.  Billed contract receivables included contractual retainage balances of $0.8 million and $1.4 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Management anticipates that the unbilled contract receivables and retainage balances at July 31, 2019, will be substantially billed and collected within one year.  

Management identified contract receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, of less than $0.1 million and $0.5 million as of July 31, 2019 and July 31, 2018, respectively, that are not expected to be collected within one year.  These net receivables represent long-term assets that are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company may record contract assets for the right to receive consideration from customers when that right is conditional based on future performance under a contract.  Contract assets are transferred to billed contract receivables when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.  The Company did not record any contract assets at July 31, 2019 or 2018.

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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Activity within the allowance for doubtful accounts is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,284		$	2,044		$	6,792
Provision for doubtful accounts during the period		182			813			682
Write-offs and recoveries of allowance recorded in prior periods		(676	)		(943	)		(5,430	)
Reclassification of allowance (to) from noncurrent assets		214			(630	)		---
Balance at end of period	$	1,004		$	1,284		$	2,044

Contract Receivable Concentrations

Significant concentrations of contract receivables and the allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019				July 31, 2018
Region	Contract Receivables		Allowance for Doubtful Accounts		Contract Receivables		Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	20,211	$	489	$	21,580	$	569
South American operations		5,880		515		5,319		715
Totals	$	26,091	$	1,004	$	26,899	$	1,284

The allowance for doubtful accounts for the Company’s South American operations represented 9% and 13% of related contract receivables at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Unstable local economies that adversely impacted certain of our South American clients in recent years demonstrated signs of stabilizing during fiscal year 2019.  Management continues to monitor trends and events that may adversely impact the realizability of recorded receivables from our South American clients.

Disaggregation of Revenues

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s gross revenue, disaggregated by operating segment and contract type.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Gross revenue from time and materials contracts:
U.S. operations	$	40,478	$	38,562	$	47,732
South American operations		27		-		-
Total gross revenue from time and materials contracts	$	40,505	$	38,562	$	47,732
Gross revenue from fixed price contracts:
U.S. operations	$	13,113	$	14,313	$	16,232
South American operations		17,861		18,949		15,541
Total gross revenue from fixed price contracts	$	30,974	$	33,262	$	31,773
Gross revenue from cost-plus contracts:
U.S. operations	$	17,031	$	18,860	$	16,578
South American operations		-		-		-
Total gross revenue from cost-plus contracts	$	17,031	$	18,860	$	16,578
Gross revenue from all contracts:
U.S. operations	$	70,622	$	71,735	$	80,542
South American operations		17,888		18,949		15,541
Consolidated gross revenue	$	88,510	$	90,684	$	96,083

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Customer Deposits

Customer deposits of $3.6 million and $3.2 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, represent cash advances received from customers for future services.

8. Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

Variable Interest Entities

As of July 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company consolidated one majority owned subsidiary that was deemed to be a VIE.  The financial position of this VIE as of July 31, 2019 and 2018 is summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019			July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	3,549		$	2,359
Noncurrent assets		781			878
Total assets	$	4,330		$	3,237
Current liabilities	$	5,728		$	5,408
Noncurrent liabilities		12			32
Total liabilities		5,740			5,440
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder’s equity		(708	)		(1,051	)
Noncontrolling interests shareholders’ equity		(702	)		(1,152	)
Total shareholders’ equity		(1,410	)		(2,203	)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	4,330		$	3,237

Total gross revenue of the consolidated VIE was $12.1 million, $10.0 million and $8.9 million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  With the exception of restricted cash of $0.3 million included in noncurrent assets at July 31, 2019 and 2018 (refer to Note 5), all assets of the VIE were available for the general operations of the VIE.

Equity Method Investment

The Company’s equity method investment in GAC had a carrying value of $1.7 Million and $2.1 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  The Company’s ownership percentage was 52.48% and 55.10% at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  The equity method investment in GAC is included within the Company’s South American operating segment.

Activity recorded for the Company’s equity method investment in GAC is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Equity investment carrying value at beginning of period	$	2,058		$	1,463	$	1,944
GAC net income attributable to EEI		346			595		368
EEI’s portion of other comprehensive loss recorded by GAC		(414	)		---		---
Gain on dilution of investment in GAC		17			---		---
EEI’s portion of dividends declared by GAC		(349	)		---		(849	)
Equity investment carrying value at end of period	$	1,658		$	2,058	$	1,463

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GAC’s financial position is summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019		July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	5,671	$	5,713
Noncurrent assets		1,215		501
Total assets	$	6,886	$	6,214
Current liabilities	$	3,232	$	2,620
Noncurrent liabilities		847		593
Total liabilities		4,079		3,213
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder’s equity		1,806		1,678
Noncontrolling interest in shareholders’ equity		1,001		1,323
Total shareholders’ equity		2,807		3,001
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6,886	$	6,214

GAC’s results of operations are summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue	$	12,912		$	11,987		$	7,737
Direct cost of services and subcontract costs	(8,353		)	(7,286		)	(4,633		)
Income from operations		924			1,381			568
Net income		637			1,079			668
Net income attributable to EEI		346			595			368

9. Property, Buildings and Equipment, net

Property, buildings and equipment is summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Land and land improvements	$	393		$	393
Buildings and building improvements		7,471			7,455
Field equipment		1,949			1,970
Computer equipment		4,015			4,156
Computer software		2,981			2,940
Office furniture and equipment		1,964			2,142
Vehicles		884			1,134
Other		662			479
		20,319			20,669
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(17,066	)		(16,799	)
Property, buildings and equipment, net	$	3,253		$	3,870

10. Goodwill

Goodwill of $0.9 million is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment assessment at July 31, 2019 and 2018, and determined that the fair value of the reporting units to which goodwill is assigned exceeded its book value at both dates.  As a result, no impairment of goodwill was identified as of July 31, 2019 or 2018.

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11. Lines of Credit

Unsecured lines of credit are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$	284	$	---
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations		1,635		1,668
Total amounts used under lines of credit		1,919		1,668
Remaining amounts available under lines of credit		33,681		33,932
Total unsecured lines of credit	$	35,600	$	35,600

The Company’s U.S. operations are supported by two line of credit arrangements:

• $19.0 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019; no outstanding cash advances as of July 31, 2019 or 2018; letters of credit of less than $0.1 million were outstanding at July 31, 2019 and 2018; interest rate based on LIBOR plus 275 basis points; and

• $13.5 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019; no outstanding cash advances as of July 31, 2019 or 2018; letters of credit of less than $0.1 million outstanding at July 31, 2019 and 2018; interest rate based on LIBOR plus 200 basis points.

The Company’s South American operations are supported by two line of credit arrangements:

• $2.0 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019 to support operations in Peru; no outstanding cash advances as of July 31, 2019 or 2018; letters of credit of $1.0 million was outstanding as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; interest rate is affirmed by or negotiated with the lender annually; and

• $1.1 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019 to support operations in Brazil; combined balance of outstanding cash advances of $ 0.3 million and $0 as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; letters of credit of $0.6 million were outstanding as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; interest rate based on a Brazilian government economic index.

12. Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

Debt and capital lease obligations are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Bank loan (interest rate of 3.86% at July 31, 2019)		17			28
Capital lease obligations (interest rates ranging from 4.8% to 17.07% at July 31, 2019)		37			80
		54			108
Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations		(41	)		(54	)
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations	$	13		$	54

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt and capital lease obligations as of July 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

Fiscal Year Ending July 31,	Amount
	(in thousands)
2020	$	41
2021		13
Total	$	54

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13. Income Taxes

Income before income tax provision is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	(1,302	)	$	(948	)	$	4,758
Foreign operations (primarily South American operations)		528			1,102			(80	)
(Loss) income before income tax provision	$	(774	)	$	154		$	4,678

The Company’s income tax (benefit) provision is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Current income tax provision (benefit):
Federal	$	78		$	(62	)	$	(149	)
State		90			26			42
Foreign		494			228			282
Total current		662			192			175
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal		(24	)		289			1,653
State		1			(75	)		308
Foreign		(1,303	)		(148	)		31
Total deferred		(1,326	)		66			1,992
Total income tax (benefit) provision	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), which significantly revised U.S. corporate income tax regulations including, among other things, lowering U.S. corporate income tax rates and implementing a territorial tax system.  The Tax Act lowered our statutory federal tax rate from 34.0% (effective through December 31, 2017) to 21.0% (effective January 1, 2018).  As the Company has a July 31 fiscal year-end, the lower corporate income tax rate was phased in, resulting in an average statutory federal tax rate of approximately 26.5% for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2018, and 21.0% for subsequent fiscal years.

The statutory U.S. income tax rate was 21.0%, 26.5% and 34% during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  A reconciliation of the income tax provision using the statutory U.S. income tax rate compared with the actual income tax provision reported on the consolidated statements of operations is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Income tax (benefit) provision at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate	$	(163	)	$	41		$	1,590
Tax on Foreign Earnings		138			129			---
Change in Tax Rates under Tax Act		16			322			---
International rate differences		80			27			33
Peru non-deductible expenses		---			14			53
Foreign dividend income		---			---			240
Income from “pass-through” entities taxable to noncontrolling partners		(16	)		---			(1	)
Re-evaluation and settlements of tax contingencies		---			---			(33	)
Transaction Costs		69			---			---
Change in valuation allowance		(1,241	)		(19	)		98
State taxes, net of federal benefit		75			(32	)		200
Other foreign taxes, net of federal benefit		109			(95	)		(111	)
Other permanent differences		269			(129	)		98
Income tax (benefit) provision, as reported on the consolidated statements of operations	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

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The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	1,413		$	1,081
Accrued compensation and expenses		623			611
Federal benefit from foreign accounting differences		448			460
Contract and other reserves		253			311
Foreign tax credit		296			296
Capital loss carryforwards		234			143
Fixed assets and intangibles		57			---
Other		155			202
Deferred tax assets		3,479			3,104
Less: valuation allowance		(859	)		(2,006	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	2,620		$	1,098
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fixed assets and intangibles	$	---		$	(39	)
Federal expense on state deferred taxes		(62	)		(60	)
Federal expense from foreign accounting differences		(2	)		(7	)
Unremitted foreign earnings		(417	)		(206	)
Other		(9	)		3
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(490	)	$	(309	)

As of July 31, 2019, the Company has net operating losses attributable to operations in the U.S., Brazil and Peru. Foreign and U.S. net operating losses at July 31, 2019 were approximately $3.0 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Net operating losses in Brazil and U.S. federal net operating losses may be carried forward indefinitely and a portion of the net operating losses in Peru expire in four years, while the remainder have an indefinite life.  U.S. state net operating losses have expiration dates in various years starting in fiscal year 2023 through and including a portion with an indefinite life.

The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions of the Tax Act require the Company to include in the U.S. income from foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary’s tangible assets.  During fiscal year 2019, its first year of applicability, the Company included $0.6 million of GILTI income in the U.S.  The Company has elected to account for GILTI in the period in which it is incurred, and therefore has not provided any deferred tax impacts of GILTI in its consolidated financial statements for fiscal year 2019.

The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets and provides for a valuation allowance when necessary.  Activity within the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,006		$	2,020
Additions during the period		420			60
Reductions during period		(1,567	)		(74	)
Balance at end of period	$	859		$	2,006

As of July 31, 2019, the valuation allowance maintained by the Company primarily related to: (i) net operating losses related to operations in Peru, the utilization of which is dependent on future earnings; (ii) excess foreign tax credit carryforwards, the utilization of which is dependent on future foreign source income; and (iii) capital loss carryforwards, the utilization of which is dependent on future capital gains.  Additions to the valuation allowance during fiscal year 2019 primarily related to the establishment of a valuation allowance recorded on deferred tax assets related to operating losses from operations in Peru and a capital loss incurred on the sale of operations in Ecuador.  During the fiscal year 2019, based on available evidence including recent cumulated losses, management determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets in Peru will not be realized and therefore established a valuation allowance.

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During fiscal year 2016, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets related to net operating losses in Brazil.  During fiscal year 2019, based on available evidence including recent cumulative operating income, management determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets in Brazil will be realized and therefore reversed the related $1.6 million valuation allowance.

During the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $0.2 million $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of income taxes applicable to undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries in Chile and Peru that will not be indefinitely reinvested in those operations.  The Company intends to recover the undistributed earnings through future dividend repatriations.  As part of Tax Act, all foreign earnings were taxed in the U.S. through December 31, 2017.  The Company had $4.1 million, $6.3 million and $5.6 million of taxed, but undistributed foreign earnings at July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  At July 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $2.3 million and $1.0 million of foreign earnings, occurring after January 1, 2018, that will be subject to a full dividend received deduction when distributed.

The Company files numerous consolidated and separate income tax returns in U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions.  The Company’s U.S. federal tax matters for fiscal years 2016 through 2019 remain subject to examination by the IRS.  The Company’s state, local and foreign tax matters for fiscal years 2015 through 2019 remain subject to examination by the respective tax authorities.  No waivers have been executed that would extend the period subject to examination beyond the period prescribed by statute.

The Company had no uncertain tax positions (“UTPs”) at July 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company recognizes interest accrued related to liabilities for UTPs in other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company recorded $0.1 million or less in each of the fiscal years ending July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The Company recorded final adjustments for the tax effects of the Tax Act during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018, and all tax effects of the Tax Act were recorded in its consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2018.

14. Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Allowance for project disallowances	$	490	$	687
Other		896		695
Total other accrued liabilities	$	1,386	$	1,382

Activity within the allowance for project disallowances is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	687		$	687	$	1,819
Reduction of reserves recorded in prior fiscal years		(197	)		---		(1,132	)
Balance at end of period	$	490		$	687	$	687

The reductions in the allowance for project disallowances during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, which were recorded as additions to gross revenue on the consolidated statements of operations, resulted from final settlements of allowances recorded in prior fiscal years.  The settlements resulted in cash payments of $0.2 million during fiscal year 2019 and less than $0.1 million during fiscal year 2017.

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15. Incentive Compensation

Stock Award Plan

EEI adopted the 1998 Stock Award Plan effective March 16, 1998.  This plan, together with supplemental plans that were subsequently adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors, are referred to as the “Stock Award Plan”.  The Stock Award Plan is not a qualified plan under Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.  Under the Stock Award Plan, directors, officers and other key employees of EEI or any of its subsidiaries may be awarded Class A Common Stock as compensation for services rendered to the Company or its subsidiaries, based upon the fair market value of the common stock at the time of the award.  The Stock Award Plan authorizes the Company’s Board of Directors to determine the vesting period and the circumstances under which the awards may be forfeited.  In October 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the current supplemental plan, the 2016 Stock Award Plan.  This plan permits awards of up to 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock for a period of up to five years until its termination in October 2021. 

During fiscal year 2019, EEI awarded a total of 15,767 shares of Class A Common Stock under the 2016 Stock Award Plan, valued at $0.2 million, under the following compensation arrangements:

• 10,367 shares of Class A Common Stock valued at $0.1 million were awarded to certain Directors as a portion of their annual compensation.  These shares will vest upon expiration of certain restrictions regarding transfer of the shares that expire in April 2020.

• 3,400 shares of Class A Common Stock valued at less than $0.1 million were awarded to the Company’s Executive Chairman, Marshall Heinberg in accordance with the terms of a compensation agreement approved by the Board of Directors.  These shares vested immediately upon issuance.

• 2,000 shares of Class A Common Stock valued at less than $0.1 million were awarded to the Company’s former Chief Administrative Officer, in accordance with the terms of her compensation agreement.  These shares vested immediately upon issuance.

16. Shareholders’ Equity

Class A and Class B Common Stock

The relative rights, preferences and limitations of the Company’s Class A and Class B Common Stock are summarized as follows: Holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to elect 25% of the Board of Directors so long as the number of outstanding Class A Common Stock is at least 10% of the combined total number of outstanding Class A and Class B Common Stock. Holders of Class A common shares have one-tenth the voting power of Class B Common Stock with respect to most other matters.

In addition, holders of Class A Common Stock are eligible to receive dividends in excess of (and not less than) those paid to holders of Class B Common Stock. Holders of Class B Common Stock have the option to convert at any time, each share of Class B Common Stock into one share of Class A Common Stock. Upon sale or transfer, shares of Class B Common Stock will automatically convert into an equal number of shares of Class A Common Stock, except that sales or transfers of Class B Common Stock to an existing holder of Class B Common Stock or to an immediate family member will not cause such shares to automatically convert into Class A Common Stock.

Restrictive Shareholder Agreement

Messrs. Gerhard J. Neumaier (deceased), Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank, and Gerald A. Strobel entered into a Stockholders’ Agreement dated May 12, 1970, as amended January 24, 2011, which governs the sale of certain shares of EEI common stock (now classified as Class B Common Stock) owned by them, certain children of those individuals and any such shares subsequently transferred to their spouses and/or children outright or in trust for their benefit upon the demise of a signatory to the Agreement (“Permitted Transferees”).  The Agreement provides that prior to accepting a bona fide offer to purchase some or all of their shares of Class B Common Stock governed by the Agreement, that the selling party must first allow the other signatories to the Agreement (not including any Permitted Transferee) the opportunity to acquire on a pro rata basis, with right of over-allotment, all of such shares covered by the offer on the same terms and conditions proposed by the offer.

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Concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank, Gerald A. Strobel, Marshall A. Heinberg, Michael C. Gross, Michael El-Hillow, the Gerhard J. Neumaier Testamentary Trust, Justin C. Jacobs and Mill Road Capital II, L.P. (the “Supporting Stockholders”) entered into voting and support agreements with WSP (the “Voting Agreements”) with respect to all Company Shares and other Subject Securities (as defined in the Voting Agreements) beneficially owned or owned of record by the Supporting Stockholders (the “Voting Agreement Shares”).  Upon the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Shareholders’ Agreement and the Voting Agreements shall terminate.

Cash Dividends

The Company declared and paid cash dividends of $1.7 million during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017.  The Company recorded declared but unpaid dividends of $0.9 million as of July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Stock Repurchase Program

In August 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a program for repurchase of 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Stock Repurchase Program”).  As of July 31, 2019, the Company had repurchased 122,918 shares of Class A Common Stock, and 77,082 shares had yet to be repurchased under the Stock Repurchase Program.  The Company did not acquire any shares of Class A Common Stock under the Stock Repurchase Program during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Unrealized net foreign currency translation losses	$	(2,098	)	$	(1,880	)
Unrealized net investment (losses) gains on available for sale investments		-			(5	)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(2,098	)	$	(1,885	)

17. Operating Lease Commitments

The Company rents certain office facilities and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases and certain other facilities for servicing project sites over the term of the related long-term government contracts.  Lease agreements may contain step rent provisions and/or free rent concessions.   Lease payments based on a price index result in rent expense recognized on a straight line or substantially equivalent basis and are included in the calculation of minimum lease payments.  Gross rental expense associated with lease commitments was $3.1 million, $3.2 million and $3.3 million during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Future minimum rental commitments under operating leases as of July 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

Fiscal Year Ending July 31,	Amount
	(in thousands)
2020	$	2,139
2021		1,635
2022		1,156
2023		1,005
2024		647
Thereafter		96
Total	$	6,678

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18. Defined Contribution Plans

Contributions to the EEI Defined Contribution Plan and EEI Supplemental Retirement Plan are discretionary and determined annually by its Board of Directors.  The total expense under these plans was $1.2 million, $1.3 million, and $1.5 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

19. Earnings Per Share

The computation of basic and diluted EPS is included in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823
Less: Dividend declared		1,728			1,724			1,719
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)	$	(2,282	)	$	(2,032	)	$	1,104
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		4,316,316			4,304,574			4,294,501
Distributed earnings per share	$	0.40		$	0.40		$	0.40
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings) per share		(0.53	)		(0.47	)		0.26
Total (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.07	)	$	0.66

20. Segment Reporting

Management generally assesses operating performance and makes strategic decisions based on the geographic regions in which the Company does business.  The Company reports separate operating segment information for its U.S. and South American operations.  Gross revenue, net income (loss) attributable to EEI and total assets by operating segment are summarized in the following tables.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue:
U.S. operations	$	70,622	$	71,882	$	80,659
South American operations		17,888		18,802		15,424
Consolidated gross revenue	$	88,510	$	90,684	$	96,083

Gross revenue from U.S. federal government contracts were $14.1 million, $15.8 million and $21.9 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Net (loss) income attributable to EEI:
U.S. operations (a)	$	(543	)	$	(651	)	$	3,688
South American operations (b)		(11	)		343			(865	)
Consolidated net (loss) income attributable to EEI	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823

(a) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.8 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(b) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

50

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Total Assets:
U.S. operations	$	43,842	$	43,823
South American operations		7,968		9,006
Consolidated total assets	$	51,810	$	52,829

21. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a named defendant in legal actions arising out of the normal course of business.  The Company is not a party to any pending legal proceeding, the resolution of which the management believes will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, or to any other pending legal proceedings other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to its business.  The Company maintains liability insurance against risks arising out of the normal course of business.

On February 4, 2011, the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation of Brazil (the “Institute”) issued a Notice of Infraction to ecology and environment do brasil Ltda. (“E&E Brazil”), a majority-owned consolidated subsidiary of EEI.  The Notice of Infraction concerned the taking and collecting of wild animal specimens without authorization by the competent authority and imposed a fine of approximately 0.5 million Reals against E&E Brazil.   The Institute also filed Notices of Infraction against four employees of E&E Brazil alleging the same claims and imposed fines against those individuals that, in the aggregate, were equal to the fine imposed against E&E Brazil.  No claim has been made against EEI.  

E&E Brazil has filed court claims appealing the administrative decisions of the Institute for E&E Brazil’s employees that: (a) deny the jurisdiction of the Institute; (b) state that the Notice of Infraction is constitutionally vague; and (c) affirmatively state that E&E Brazil had obtained the necessary permits for the surveys and collections of specimens under applicable Brazilian regulations and that the protected conservation area is not clearly marked to show its boundaries.  The claim of violations against one of the four employees was dismissed.  The remaining three employees have fines assessed against them that are being appealed through the federal courts. Violations against E&E Brazil are pending agency determination.  At July 31, 2019, the Company recorded a reserve of approximately $0.4 million in other accrued liabilities related to these claims.

On October 8 and 14, 2019, two complaints challenging the Merger were filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Jordan Rosenblatt v. Ecology & Environment, Inc., et al. and Randall Meidenbauer. v. Ecology & Environment Inc. et al., respectively. The Rosenblatt complaint was filed as a putative class action on behalf of the public shareholders of the Company, while the Meidenbauer complaint was filed as an individual action on behalf of the named plaintiff only. Both complaints name as defendants the Company and the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Rosenblatt complaint generally alleges violations of federal securities laws with respect to purported disclosure deficiencies in the preliminary proxy statement for the Merger that the Company filed with the SEC on September 26, 2019, and the Meidenbauer complaint generally alleges violations of federal securities laws with respect to purported disclosure deficiencies in the definitive proxy statement for the Merger that the Company filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019. The complaints seek various forms of relief, including a preliminary injunction preventing the Company from proceeding with the stockholders meeting or the consummation of the Merger until the alleged material information omitted from the proxy statement is disclosed, rescission of the Merger if it is consummated, damages, attorneys’ fees and expenses. The defendants have not yet responded to the complaints but believe that the claims asserted against them are without merit.

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Item 9.  Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None to report.

Item 9A.  Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Securities Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.  Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, our management, with the participation of our Acting Principal Executive Officer and Acting Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 promulgated under the Exchange Act.  Our Acting Principal Executive Officer and Acting Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at July 31, 2019.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f).  Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP and includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that our transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation with our management, including our Acting Principal Executive Officer and Acting Chief Financial Officer, we assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this report based on the framework in “Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.  Based upon this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of July 31, 2019.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.  Accordingly, even effective internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving their control objectives.

Remediation of Material Weaknesses

With input from the Audit Committee, management developed and implemented a remediation plan to address the material weaknesses that were reported in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2018.  Specifically, the following controls were established during fiscal year 2019 and were deemed by management to be effective at July 31, 2019:

• Management has documented its assessment regarding ownership and control of all subsidiaries, as well as its conclusions regarding appropriate accounting for investments in subsidiaries (i.e., consolidation versus equity method accounting);

• Management has enhanced its procedures, accounting and disclosure of accounting policies for revenue recognition related to its contracts with customers;

• Third-party advisors with adequate expertise and experience were engaged as part of reaching conclusions around more technical accounting topics such as ASC 842, Leases; and

• Management has enhanced its procedures and accounting to ensure appropriate cutoff of revenue and expenses at reported balance sheet dates.  These enhancements included the implementation of a formal communication process with operational personnel to ensure all subcontract costs were properly identified and accrued.

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than the remediation efforts identified above to address the prior year material weaknesses, there were no changes in internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.

By:	/s/Marshall A. Heinberg	By:	/s/Peter F. Sorci
	Marshall A. Heinberg Acting Principal Executive Officer		Peter F. Sorci Acting Chief Financial Officer

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Item 9B.  Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10.  Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant

The names, ages and positions of the executive officers and Directors of the Company are included in the following table.

Name	Age	Position
Marshall A. Heinberg	62	Chairman of the Board, Director and Executive Chairman
Ronald L. Frank	81	Director
Frank B. Silvestro	82	Director
Michael C. Gross	59	Director
Justin C. Jacobs	45	Director
Michael El-Hillow	68	Director
Todd M. Musterait	48	President of United States Operations
Kurt Zmich	50	Senior Vice President, U.S. Operations (resigned effective November 2, 2019)
Peter F. Sorci	59	Acting Chief Financial Officer

Each Director is elected to hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders and until his or her successor is elected and qualified.  Executive officers are elected annually and serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors.  Specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills for each Director and executive officer follow.

Mr. Marshall A. Heinberg was elected as a Director in April 2017.  He was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee in June 2017.  On September 18, 2018, the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Heinberg as Executive Chairman, a provisional office presiding over the principal officers of the Company responsible for the performance of the Company’s global business in accordance with the Board of Directors’ strategic initiatives.  In September 2019, the Board of Directors reappointed Mr. Heinberg as Executive Chairman.  Mr. Heinberg began his investment banking career in 1987 in the Corporate Finance Division of Oppenheimer & Co., Inc., which was acquired by Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (“CIBC”) in 1997.  Mr. Heinberg served as Head of the Investment Banking Department and as a Senior Managing Director of Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. from 2008 until July 2012, and as the Head of U.S. Investment Banking at CIBC World Markets from 2001 until 2008.  Mr. Heinberg is the founder and Managing Director of MAH Associates, LLC, which provides strategic advisory and consulting services, a director of Union Carbide Corporation, Universal Biosensors and Galmed Pharmaceuticals and serves as a Senior Advisor to Burford Capital.  Mr. Heinberg has a B.S. in Economics from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania and a J.D. from Fordham Law School.  During his career, he has worked on several financing and merger and acquisition transactions with many leading environmental engineering and consulting firms.  His experience managing a professional services business and in various investment banking, capital markets and advisory roles provide valuable experience and perspective to the Board of Directors.

Mr. Ronald L. Frank is a co-founder of the Company and has served at various times as Corporate Secretary, Treasurer, Vice President of Finance, Executive Vice President and a Director since the Company’s inception in 1970.   He retired from his positions as Executive Vice President and Secretary effective August 1, 2019.  He continues to serve as a Director of the Company, Chairman of the Pension Review Committee, Trustee to the Defined Contribution Plan and as a contracted consultant to the Company.  Mr. Frank has a B.S. in Engineering and a M.A. in Physics.  With over forty years of work experience in managing the Company and knowledge of its markets and customers, Mr. Frank is uniquely qualified to serve as Director.

Mr. Frank B. Silvestro is a co-founder of the Company and has served at various times as a Vice President, Executive Vice President and Director since the Company’s inception in 1970.  He became Executive Vice President in 1986 and was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors in 2013.  Mr. Silvestro retired from his positions as Executive Vice President effective January 1, 2017 and as Chairman of the Board of Directors effective April 18, 2017.  He continues to serve as a Director of the Company, a member of the Pension Review Committee, Trustee to the Defined Contribution Plan and as a contracted consultant to the Company.  Mr. Silvestro has a B.A. in Physics and an M.A. in Biophysics.  With over forty years of work experience in managing the Company and knowledge of its markets and customers, Mr. Silvestro is uniquely qualified to serve as Director.

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Mr. Michael C. Gross has been a Director of the Company since 2010, and currently serves on the Audit Committee, Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee and Pension Review Committee.  Mr. Gross was employed by the Audit Division of the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance for 32 years until his retirement in March 2016.  He has a B.S. in Accounting and was a licensed property and casualty insurance broker from 2003 until 2016.  Mr. Gross’ accounting and insurance experience provide valuable experience and perspective to the Board of Directors.

Under the terms of a Settlement Agreement dated April 19, 2017 between the Company and Mill Road Capital II GP LLC (“Mill Road”), Mill Road is entitled to designate two individuals to serve as Directors on the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Mill Road Designees”).  Messrs. Jacobs and El-Hillow are currently serving as the Mill Road Designees on the Board of Directors.

Mr. Justin C. Jacobs was elected as a Director in April 2017 and currently serves on the Audit Committee and the Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee.  Mr. Jacobs is a Management Committee Director of Mill Road Capital II, L.P., an investment firm focused on investments in small, publicly traded companies, where he has worked since 2005.  From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Jacobs held various operational positions in numerous portfolio companies at LiveWire Capital, an investment and management group focused on control, operationally-intensive buyouts of small companies.  Mr. Jacobs was an investment professional in the private equity group of The Blackstone Group from 1996 to 1999.  Mr. Jacobs holds a B.S. with dual concentrations in Finance and Accounting from the McIntire School of Commerce at the University of Virginia.  His experience in various investment banking, capital markets and advisory roles provide valuable experience and perspective to the Board of Directors.

Mr. Michael El-Hillow was elected as a Director in April 2017 and was appointed Chairman of the Audit Committee in June 2017.  Mr. El-Hillow served as Chief Financial Officer of Lignetics, Inc., a manufacturer of heating wood pellets, from March 2018 until April 2019.  He served as Chief Financial Officer of National Technical Systems, Inc., an engineering services company, from 2012 until 2017.  Mr. El-Hillow, a certified public accountant, has over two decades of experience serving as a Chief Financial Officer of public companies, including in technology and engineering environments.  He also has sixteen years’ experience working for Ernst & Young in numerous roles, including Audit Partner.  Mr. El-Hillow holds a B.S. in Accounting from the University of Massachusetts and an MBA from Babson College.  His experience in various senior auditing, accounting and finance roles provides valuable financial expertise and perspective to the Board of Directors.

Mr. Todd M. Musterait was named President of United States Operations in September 2018.  Prior to that, Mr. Musterait served as Senior Vice President of Corporate Development from September 2017 to September 2018.  Prior to joining the Company, he served as Vice President and Director of Environment for WSP Global Inc. from 2014 to 2017; Program Manager for HDR from 2013 to 2014; and Director for Rich Products Corporation related to environmental matters from 2010 to 2013.  With 25 years of experience and over a year as an officer of the Company, Mr. Musterait has led U.S. environmental business lines and served on various leadership teams for global integrated consulting environmental and engineering firms. Mr. Musterait holds a Masters degree in Engineering, Civil Engineering, from Clarkson University and a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of New Hampshire.

Mr. Kurt Zmich, age 50, joined the Company as Director of Commercial and Industrial Services in May 2018.  He was promoted to Business Operations Director in November 2018 and to Senior Vice President, U.S. Operations in April 2019.  On October 16, 2019, the Company announced that Mr. Zmich resigned from his position as Senior Vice President, U.S. Operations, effective November 2, 2019.  He is a licensed professional civil engineer with 28 years of experience in environmental and civil engineering, specializing in project management, site investigation and remediation, risk assessment, and environmental due diligence. Prior to joining the Company, he served in several high-level operational positions at WSP USA from January 2014 to May 2018, including Director of Operations – Water and Environment, Director of Operations – Environment, and Senior Vice President West Region – Environment. Mr. Zmich holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) and is a licensed professional engineer in Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin.

Mr. Peter F. Sorci was appointed Acting Chief Financial Officer in April 2018.  Mr. Sorci had been the Company’s Corporate Controller since 2013.  During his career, Mr. Sorci has gained extensive experience in management of various finance and accounting functions, including: Senior Audit Manager for HSBC Bank USA, N.A., a financial institution located in Buffalo, New York from 2011 to 2013; Director of External Reporting for MX Energy Holdings Inc., a retail energy company located in Stamford, Connecticut from 2007 to 2011; and Senior Manager of SEC Reporting for HSBC Bank USA, N.A. from 2005 to 2007.  Mr. Sorci also has previous experience as a Controller and in other senior finance roles.

56

Code of Ethics

The Company has a code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, as well as all other employees, directors, officers, subsidiaries, affiliates, consultants, representatives and agents of the Company.  The code of ethics, which the Company calls its Code of Conduct, was last revised and approved by the Board of Directors on June 1, 2017 and is posted on the Company’s website at www.ene.com.  If the Company makes any substantive amendments to, or grants a waiver (including an implicit waiver) from, a provision of its code of ethics that applies to its principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer, and that relates to any element of the code of ethics definition enumerated in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K, the Company will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver in a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Board of Directors Leadership, Structure and Risk Oversight

The Board of Directors operates under the leadership of its Chairman.  The Board of Directors may appoint a Director as Executive Chairman as an interim executive officer position presiding over the principal officers responsible for the performance of the Company’s business, as dictated by the overall strategy agreed by EEI’s Board of Directors.  Mr. Heinberg was appointed Executive Chairman by the Board of Directors in September 2018 and was reappointed Executive Chairman in September 2019.  EEI believes the current leadership structure provides the appropriate balance of oversight, independence, administration and hands-on involvement in activities of the Board of Directors that are required for the efficient conduct of corporate governance activities.

The Board of Directors has a standing Audit Committee established in accordance with section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act and the requirements of Nasdaq.  Messrs. El-Hillow, Gross and Jacobs serve as members of the Audit Committee.  The Board of Directors has determined Mr. El-Hillow to be an audit committee financial expert and designated him as the Chairman of the Audit Committee.  Messrs. El-Hillow, Gross and Jacobs are each independent, as that term is used in Item 407(a) (as to Messrs. El-Hillow, Gross and Jacobs) and Item 407(d)(5)(i)(B) (as to just Mr. El-Hillow) of Regulation S-K and Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing standards.

The Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing the Company’s risk profile and management’s processes for managing risk.  This oversight is conducted primarily through the Audit Committee.  The Audit Committee focuses on financial risks, including those that could arise from accounting and financial reporting processes, as well as review of the overall risk function and senior management’s establishment of appropriate systems and processes for managing areas of material risk to the Company, including, but not limited to, operational, financial, legal, regulatory and strategic risks.

The Board of Directors has a standing Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee that functions to ensure that the Board of Directors fulfills its legal, ethical and functional responsibilities through adequate corporate and Board governance.  Messrs. Heinberg (Chairman), Jacobs and Gross serve on the Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee.

The Board of Directors considers nominees for Directors recommended by shareholders.  Shareholders wishing to recommend a director candidate for consideration by the Board of Directors can do so by writing to the Secretary of Ecology and Environment Inc., 368 Pleasant View Drive, Lancaster, New York, 14086.  Nominations must be received not later than the close of business on the 120^th day prior to the first anniversary of the previous year’s annual shareholders meeting and not earlier than the close of business on the 180^th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual shareholders meeting. In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period for the giving of a shareholder’s notice as described above.  Nominations must meet the requirements of Article II, Section 4.A.1. of the Company’s Re-stated By-Laws dated February 25, 2016, as amended September 18, 2018 and May 28, 2019.

In evaluating candidates, the Board considers the entirety of each candidate’s credentials to ensure that the Board consists of individuals who collectively provide meaningful counsel to management.  The Board does not maintain a specific diversity policy.  It believes that diversity is an expansive attribute that includes differing points of view, professional experience and expertise, and education, as well as more traditional diversity concepts.  The Board considers the candidates’ character, integrity, experience, understanding of strategy and policy-setting, and reputation for working well with others.  If candidates are recommended by our shareholders, then such candidates will be evaluated using the same criteria.  With respect to nomination of continuing directors for re-election, the individual’s past contributions to the Board are also considered.

The Board of Directors has a standing Pension Review Committee, the principal functions of which are to review changes to retirement plans necessitated by law or regulation and to determine whether retirement plans meet the compensation goals for the Company’s employees as established by the Board of Directors.  Messrs. Frank (Chairman), Silvestro and Gross serve on the Pension Review Committee.

57

Item 11.  Executive Compensation

The Company’s Board of Directors has a Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, which among other matters, is responsible for providing oversight, and recommendations to the entire Board, regarding executive compensation and equity plans and programs to ensure that its officers and senior staff are compensated in a manner that is consistent with its competitively based annual and long-term performance goals.

The Board of Directors as a whole is responsible for establishing and approving our policies governing the compensation of our executive officers.  The Company provides what it believes is a competitive total compensation package to our executive team through a combination of base salary, cash bonuses, equity plan awards and other broad-based benefit programs.  Our compensation philosophy, policies, and practices with respect to all of the Company’s officers, including our Executive Chairman, our prior CEO and president and our two most highly compensated officers as of July 31, 2019, is described below.

Objectives and Philosophy of Our Executive Compensation Program

Our primary objectives with respect to executive compensation are to:

• attract, retain, and motivate talented executives by offering executive compensation that is competitive with our peer group;

• promote the achievement of key financial and strategic performance measures by linking short- and long-term cash and equity incentives to the achievement of measurable corporate and, in some cases, individual performance goals; and

• align the incentives of our executives with the creation of value for our shareholders.

We compete with many other companies for executive personnel.  Accordingly, our Board of Directors will generally target overall compensation for executives to be competitive with that of the Company’s peer group.  Variations to this targeted compensation may occur depending on the experience level of the individual and market factors, such as the demand for executives with similar skills and experience.

Components of Our Executive Compensation Program

The primary elements of our executive compensation program are:

• base salary;

• cash incentive bonuses;

• equity incentive awards;

• severance benefits upon termination without cause; and

• insurance and other employee benefits and compensation.

We do not have a specific policy or target for allocating compensation between short-term and long-term compensation or between cash and non-cash compensation.  Salaries and bonuses of executive officers are reviewed and approved annually by the Board of Directors based primarily upon:

• financial and operational performance of the Company as a whole, as evaluated against annual operating goals established by the Board of Directors;

• individual performance of the executive, as evaluated against individual goals and objectives established by the Board of Directors;

• performance of the executive management team as a whole, as evaluated against corporate goals and objectives established by the Board of Directors; and

• informal benchmarking data, including comparison of our executive compensation to other peer companies.

Bonuses of executive officers may be in the form of cash, awards of Class A Common Stock, or a combination of both.  The allocation between cash and non-cash compensation of executive officers is considered annually on a discretionary basis by the Board of Directors.

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Compensation Pursuant to Plans

Defined Contribution Plan

The Company maintains a Defined Contribution Plan (“the DC Plan”) which is qualified under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended pursuant to which the Company contributes an amount not in excess of 15% of the aggregate compensation of all employees who participate in the DC Plan.  All employees, including the Named Executives, are eligible to participate in the DC Plan, provided that they have attained age 21 and completed one year of employment with at least 1,000 hours of service.  The amounts contributed to the DC Plan by the Company are allocated to participants based on a ratio of each participant’s points to total points of all participants determined as follows: one point per $1,000 of compensation plus two points per year of service completed prior to August 1, 1979, and one point for each year of service completed after August 1, 1979.

Stock Award Plan

EEI adopted the 1998 Stock Award Plan effective March 16, 1998.  This plan, together with supplemental plans that were subsequently adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors, is referred to as the “Stock Award Plan.”  The Stock Award Plan is not a qualified plan under Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.  Under the Stock Award Plan, Directors, officers and other key employees of EEI or any of its subsidiaries may be awarded Class A Common Stock as a bonus for services rendered to the Company or its subsidiaries, based upon the fair market value of the common stock at the time of the award.  The Stock Award Plan authorizes the Company’s Board of Directors to determine the vesting period and the circumstances under which the awards may be forfeited.

In October 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the current supplemental plan, the 2016 Stock Award Plan.  This plan permits awards of up to 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock until its termination in October 2021.

During fiscal year 2019, EEI awarded a total of 15,767 shares of Class A Common Stock under the 2016 Stock Award Plan, valued at $0.2 million, under the following compensation arrangements:

• 10,367 Class A shares valued at $0.1 million were awarded to certain Directors as a portion of their annual compensation.  These shares will vest upon expiration of certain restrictions regarding transfer of the shares that expire in April 2020.

• 3,400 Class A shares valued at less than $0.1 million were awarded to the Company’s Executive Chairman, Marshall Heinberg in accordance with the terms of a compensation agreement approved by the Board of Directors.  These shares vested immediately upon issuance.

• 2,000 Class A shares valued at less than $0.1 million were awarded to the Company’s former Chief Administrative Officer, in accordance with the terms of her compensation agreement.  These shares vested immediately upon issuance.

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Compensation of Named Executive Officers

The following table provides a summary of the annual compensation for those persons who were: (i) the Company’s Executive Chairman, CEO or other individual acting in a similar capacity during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019; and (ii) the two other most highly compensated executive officers employed at July 31, 2019 with annual salary and bonus for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 in excess of $100,000.  The four persons named in the table below are referred to as the “Named Executive Officers.”

SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE
Name and Principal Position	Fiscal Year	Salary		Bonus		Stock Awards		Option Awards		Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation		Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings		All Other Compensation		Total
Marshall A. Heinberg (1)	2019	$	38,959	$	65,000	$	25,973		---		---		---		---	$	129,932
Executive Chairman	2018		---		---		---		---		---		---		---		---
Gerard A. Gallagher III	2019	$	177,108		---		---		---		---		---	$	81,127(2)	$	258,235
CEO and President	2018	$	324,000		---		---		---		---		---	$	11,165(2)	$	335,165
Todd M. Musterait	2019	$	219,615		---		---		---		---		---	$	10,687(3)	$	230,302
President of U.S. Operations	2018	$	157,116		---		---		---		---		---	$	26,736(3)	$	183,852
Kurt Zmich	2019	$	181,865		---		---		---		---		---	$	283	$	182,148
Senior Vice President, Technical Operations	2018	$	25,577		---		---		---		---		---	$	15,046(4)	$	40,623

(1) In October 2018, the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Heinberg as Executive Chairman and, as a result, he has been acting as our Principal Executive Officer.  In connection with his service to the Company, for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019, Mr. Heinberg received: (i) an Executive Chairman fee of $75,000 to be paid ratably over a 12-month period beginning in September 2018, and payable 60 percent in cash (reported in the table above as “Salary”) and 40 percent in shares of Class A Common Stock (reported in the table above as ‘Stock Awards’); and (ii) cash bonus of $65,000, which is reported as “Bonus” in the Summary Compensation Table above.  Mr. Heinberg also received separate compensation as a Director and as Chairman of the Board of Directors, which is summarized below under “Compensation of Directors.”

(2) For Mr. Gallagher, all other compensation primarily includes severance payments ($80,932) for fiscal year 2019; and contributions made by the Company to its Defined Contribution Plan on behalf of Mr. Gallagher ($10,800) for fiscal year 2018.  Mr. Gallagher left the Company in December 2018.

(3) For Mr. Musterait, all other compensation primarily includes contributions made by the Company to its Defined Contribution Plan on behalf of Mr. Musterait ($8,845) and a referral bonus ($1,500) for fiscal year 2019; and a signing bonus ($25,000) and a referral bonus ($1,500) for fiscal year 2018.

(4) For Mr. Zmich, all other compensation primarily includes a signing bonus ($15,000) for fiscal year 2018.  Mr. Zmich resigned from his position as Senior Vice President, U.S. Operations, effective November 2, 2019.

Severance and Retention Agreements

Employment of our executive officers is “at will.” We are not party to any employment agreements with our executive officers which provide for compensation and other additional benefits in the event of termination of employment under certain circumstances in connection with a change of control (which would include the Merger).  If an executive officer’s employment is terminated involuntarily, severance payments are determined based on Company guidelines that apply to all employees.  Total severance compensation would include: (i) accrued salary from the last pay period to date of departure; (ii) pro rata share of vacation accrued to the date of departure; (iii) compensatory time not taken, if any; (iv) severance pay calculated based on a number of weeks of salary corresponding with the length of employment service; and (v) additional amounts, at the discretion of the Board, as special consideration for long-term employees.  As of the end of fiscal year 2018, Mr. Heinberg was not eligible to receive severance.

In connection with the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, the Company entered into retention agreements with Mr. Heinberg, Mr. Musterait and Mr. Zmich (the “Retention Agreements”).  As a result of his resignation, Mr. Zmich will forfeit all payments outlined in his Retention Agreement.  The Retention Agreements provide for the payment of one year’s base compensation for Mr. Heinberg, and six months’ base compensation for Mr. Musterait (the “Retention Payments”).  The Retention Payments are payable in two substantially equal installments on each of the closing of the Merger and the six-month anniversary of the closing of the Merger.  Mr. Heinberg is also entitled to a lump sum payment equal to twelve months’ COBRA premiums, payable on the six-month anniversary of the closing of the Merger.  The Retention Agreements require the individual to remain with the Company to receive payment, unless the Company terminates his position without cause or he terminates his position for good reason, in which case any unpaid amounts will be paid upon termination.  Total Retention Payments are expected to approximate $265,000 and  $113,000 for Messrs. Heinberg and Musterait, respectively.

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Compensation of Directors

Compensation earned by each employee and non-employee director for his or her services during fiscal year 2019 is summarized in the following table:

DIRECTOR COMPENSATION TABLE

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash		Stock Awards		Option Awards	Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation Earnings	Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings	All Other Compensation		Total
Marshall A. Heinberg	$	75,000	$	50,000	---	---	---		---	$	125,000
Frank B. Silvestro	$	50,000		---	---	---	---	$	50,000	$	100,000
Ronald L. Frank (1)		---		---	---	---	---		---		---
Michael C. Gross	$	35,000	$	15,000	---	---	---		---	$	50,000
Michael El-Hillow	$	42,000	$	18,000	---	---	---		---	$	60,000
Justin C. Jacobs	$	35,000	$	15,000	---	---	---		---	$	50,000
Stephanie W. Abramson (2)	$	26,667	$	15,000	---	---	---		---	$	41,667

(1) As an employee director, Mr. Frank did not receive any director compensation during fiscal year 2019.  He retired from his position as Executive Vice President and Secretary effective August 1, 2019.

(2) Ms. Abramson served as a director from April 2018 until her death in May 2019.

In May 2018, the Board of Directors approved, retroactive to April 18, 2018, annual director compensation for the twelve months ending April 17, 2019, as follows:

• Each non-employee director received a base annual director fee of $50,000.

• Mr. Heinberg received additional fees of $65,000 and $10,000 for his roles as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chairman of the Governance, Nominating and Compensation Committee, respectively.

• Mr. El-Hillow received an additional fee of $10,000 for his role as Chairman of the Audit Committee.

• Total director fees payable to Messrs. Heinberg, El-Hillow, Jacobs and Gross and Ms. Abramson were payable 60 percent in cash and 40 percent in shares of Class A Common Stock.  In May 2018, the Company issued 1,721 shares of Class A Common Stock to Mr. Gross, Mr. Jacobs, and Ms. Abramson, and 4,303 shares and 2,065 shares of Class A Common Stock to Mr. Heinberg, and Mr. El-Hillow, respectively.  These shares vested in April 2019 upon expiration of certain restrictions regarding transfer of the shares.

• Directors holding more than 100,000 shares of Common Stock (Class A and/or Class B) have the option to decline being paid 40 percent of their director compensation in Common Stock and choose to take their compensation completely in cash.  Mr. Silvestro elected to take his director compensation completely in cash.

Due to delays in filing its 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and its quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the first three quarters of fiscal year 2019, the Company’s annual shareholder meeting was postponed from April 2019 until July 2019, which also effectively extended the annual term of directors to July 2019.  For the three months ended July 31, 2019, the Board of Directors approved the following compensation to directors:

• Mr. Heinberg received an additional of $31,250, of which $18,750 (60%) was paid in cash and $12,500 (40%) was paid in Class A Common Stock, which vested immediately upon issuance.

• Messrs. Silvestro, El-Hillow, Gross and Jacobs and Ms. Abramson received an additional $12,500, $15,000, $12,500, $12,500 and $4,167, respectively, of cash compensation.

As an employee director, Mr. Frank did not receive any director compensation during fiscal year 2019.  In addition to his director fees, Mr. Silvestro also earns consulting fees, which are reported under all other compensation in the Director Compensation Table below.

In addition to the amounts described above in the Director Compensation Table, Mr. Heinberg also received compensation in connection with his duties and responsibilities as the Company’s Executive Chairman, which is described above in the Summary Compensation Table for Named Executive Officers.

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Item 12.     Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholders Matters

The number of outstanding shares of Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock of the Company beneficially owned by each person known by the Company to be the beneficial owner of more than 5 percent of the then outstanding shares of Common Stock as of October 4, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock
Name and Address (1)	Nature and Amount of Beneficial Ownership (2) (3)	Percent of Class as Adjusted (3)	Nature and Amount of Beneficial Ownership (2) (3)	Percent Of Class
Frank B. Silvestro*	297,052	8.7%	292,052	24.5%
Ronald L. Frank*	234,978	7.0%	196,291	16.5%
Gerald A. Strobel (4)	219,604	6.5%	219,604	18.4%
Gerhard J. Neumaier Testamentary Trust	97,039	3.0%	97,039	8.1%
Kirsten Shelly	115,558	3.6%	115,558	9.7%
Edward W. Wedbush (5)	188,039	6.0%	---	---
Mill Road Capital II, L.P. (6)(7)	467,765	14.9%	---	---
North Star Investment Management Corporation (8)	285,855	9.1%	---	---
Harbert Discovery Fund, LP (9)	278,009	8.9%	---	---
Minerva Advisors (10)	196,853	6.3%	---	---

*See Footnotes in the Security Ownership of Management table below.

(1)   The address for Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank and Gerald A. Strobel is c/o Ecology and Environment Inc., 368 Pleasant View Drive, Lancaster, New York 14086, unless otherwise indicated.  The address for the Gerhard J. Neumaier Testamentary Trust U/A Fourth is 248 Mill Road, East Aurora, New York 14052.  The address for Kirsten Shelly is 12 Running Brook Drive, Lancaster, New York 14086.  The address for Edward W. Wedbush is P.O. Box 30014, Los Angeles, CA 90030-0014. The address for Mill Road Capital II, L.P. is 382 Greenwich Avenue, Suite One, Greenwich, CT 06830.  The address for North Star Investment Management Corporation is 20 N. Wacker Drive, Suite 1416, Chicago, Illinois 60606.  The address for Harbert Discovery Fund, LP is 2100 Third Avenue North, Suite 600, Birmingham, AL 35203.  The address for WSP Global Inc. is 1600 Rene Levesque Blvd. W., 10^th floor, Montreal (Quebec), Canada H3H 1P9.  The address for Minerva Advisors LLC is 50 Monument Road, Suite 201, Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004.

 (2)   Each named individual or corporation is deemed to be the beneficial owners of securities that may be acquired within 60 days through the exercise of exchange or conversion rights.  The shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion by any such shareholder are not included in calculating the number of shares or percentage of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by any other shareholder.  Further, as reported in a Schedule 13D filed on September 9, 2019, WSP Global Inc. may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of 540,187 shares of Class A Common Stock and 828,435 shares of Class B Common Stock beneficially owned by the Supporting Stockholders that are parties to voting agreements entered into as of August 28, 2019 (the “Voting Agreements”).  As a result of certain provisions contained in the Voting Agreements, Messrs. Silvestro, Frank, Strobel, Heinberg, Gross, El-Hillow and Jacobs, Mill Road Capital II, L.P. and the Gerhard J. Neumaier Testamentary Trust U/A Fourth are each a Supporting Stockholder.

 (3)   There are 3,138,323 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding and 1,191,678 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding as of October 4, 2019.For each named individual, the percentage in the “Class A Common Stock — Percent of Class as Adjusted” column is based upon the total shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding, plus shares of Class B Common Stock that may be converted at any time by that holder to Class A Common Stock on a per person basis.  The shares of Class B Common Stock assumed to be converted to Class A Common Stock for any named individual are not included in the calculation of the percentage of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by any other named individual.

(4)   Includes 704 shares of Class B Common Stock held in equal amounts by Mr. Strobel as custodian for two of his children, as to which he disclaims beneficial ownership.  Subject to the terms of the Restrictive Agreement.  See “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners-Restrictive Agreement.”

 (5)   Includes shares owned by subsidiaries and affiliates of Edward W. Wedbush based upon a Schedule 13G filed on February 15, 2013.

 (6)   Includes shares owned by subsidiaries and affiliates of Mill Road Capital II, L.P. (“MRC”) based upon a Schedule 13D/A filed on August 30, 2019.  The shares reported are directly held by MRC; see also Footnote (7) below.  Mill Road Capital II GP LLC (MRC “GP”) is the sole general partner of MRC and has sole authority to vote (or direct the vote of), and to dispose (or direct the disposal) of, these shares on behalf of MRC.  Both Messrs. Thomas E. Lynch and Scott Scharfman are management committee directors of the GP and have shared authority to vote (or direct the vote of), and to dispose (or direct the disposal of), these shares on behalf of the GP.  Each of the subsidiaries and affiliates of MRC listed in the Form 4 filed on August 6, 2019 disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares except to the extent of his or its pecuniary interest therein, if any.

 (7) Includes MRC’s acquisition of an indirect pecuniary interest in 4,693 shares of Class A Common Stock, including 1,376 shares of restricted stock granted by the Company to Mr. Justin Jacobs in accordance with Rule 16b-3(d) as compensation for serving as a member of the Company’s board of directors.  The shares of restricted stock will vest on April 22, 2020.  Pursuant to a pre-existing contractual obligation, Mill Road Capital Management LLC, an affiliate of MRC that does not have Section 13(d) beneficial ownership of any shares of the Company, has the right to receive the economic benefit of the reported shares and, accordingly, Mr. Jacobs has no direct pecuniary interest in such shares.  Each of the subsidiaries and affiliates of MRC listed in the Form 4 filed on August 6, 2019 may be deemed to have an indirect pecuniary interest in the reported shares.  Each of the subsidiaries and affiliates of MRC listed in the Form 4 filed on May 18, 2018 disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares except to the extent of his or its pecuniary interest therein, if any.

 (8)   Includes shares owned by North Star Investment Management Corporation based upon a Schedule 13G filed on January 8, 2018.

(9)   Includes shares owned by Harbert Discovery Fund, LP based upon a Schedule 13D/A filed on December 18, 2018.

(10) Includes 194,753 shares directly owned by Minerva Advisors LLC based on a Schedule 13-F filed on August 1, 2019. Also includes 2,100 shares directly owned by David P. Cohen, President of Minerva Advisors LLC, based on a Schedule 13G filed on April 4, 2019.

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Security Ownership of Management

Beneficial ownership of the Company’s Class A Common Stock and Class B Common Stock as of October 4, 2019, by (i) each Director of the Company; (ii) the Named Executive Officers; and (iii) all Directors and officers of the Company as a group are summarized in the following table.

	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock
Name (1)	Nature and Amount of Beneficial Ownership (2) (3)	Percent of Class as Adjusted (4)	Nature and Amount of Beneficial Ownership (2) (3)	Percent of Class
Frank B. Silvestro (7)	297,052	8.7%	292,052	24.5%
Ronald L. Frank (5)(7)	234,978	7.0%	196,291	16.5%
Marshall A. Heinberg	15,944	*	---	---
Michael C. Gross (6)	31,211	*	23,449	2.0%
Justin C. Jacobs (8)	---	---	---	---
Michael El-Hillow	5,472	*	---	---
Todd M. Musterait	100	*	---	---
Kurt Zmich	---	---	---	---
Gerard A. Gallagher III (9)	---	---	---	---
Directors and Officers as a Group (10 individuals)	584,757	16.0%	511,792	42.9%

* Less than 1.0%

(1)   The address of each of the above shareholders, other than Gerard A. Gallagher III, is c/o Ecology and Environment Inc., 368 Pleasant View Drive, Lancaster, New York 14086. The address for Gerard A. Gallagher III is 3514 Community Drive, Jupiter, Florida 33458.

(2)   Pursuant to Rule 13d-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, beneficial ownership of a security consists of sole or shared voting power (including the power to vote or direct the vote) or sole or shared investment power (including the power to dispose or direct the disposition) with respect to a security whether through any contract, arrangement, understanding, relationship or otherwise.  Unless otherwise indicated, the shareholders identified in this table have sole voting and investment power of the shares beneficially owned by them.

(3)   Each named person and all Directors and officers as a group are deemed to be the beneficial owners of securities that may be acquired within 60 days through the exercise of exchange or conversion rights.  The shares of Class A Common Stock issuable upon conversion by any such shareholder are not included in calculating the number of shares or percentage of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by any other shareholder.

(4)   There are 3,138,323 shares of Class A Common Stock issued and outstanding and 1,191,678 shares of Class B Common Stock issued and outstanding as of October 4, 2019.  For each named individual, the percentage in the “Class A Common Stock — Percent of Class as Adjusted” column is based upon the total shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding, plus shares of Class B Common Stock that may be converted at any time by that holder to Class A Common Stock on a per person basis. The shares of Class B Common Stock assumed to be converted to Class A Common Stock for any named individual are not included in the calculation of the percentage of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by any other named individual.

(5)   Includes 8,640 shares of Class A Common Stock owned by Mr. Frank’s individual retirement account and 6,265 shares of Class A Common Stock owned by Mr. Frank’s 401(k) plan account.

(6)   Mr. Gross is one of three co-trustees of an inter vivos trust established by his parents for their benefit that own these shares of Class B Common Stock and is a one-third contingent remainder beneficiary of both trusts’ assets, which include an aggregate total of 17,848 of such shares, of which he disclaims beneficial interest in 11,899 of those shares.

(7)   Subject to the terms of the Restrictive Agreement.  See “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners-Restrictive Agreement.”

(8)   Mr. Jacobs is a Management Committee Director of MRC GP, the sole general partner of MRC. MRC GP has shared power to vote and dispose of the 467,765 shares of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by MRC, of which 1,000 shares are held of record by MRC. Mr. Jacobs may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of the shares of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by MRC; however, Mr. Jacobs disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The shares of Class A Common Stock beneficially owned by MRC include the acquisition of an indirect pecuniary interest in 4,693 shares of Class A Common Stock, including 1,376 shares of E&E Restricted Stock, granted by E&E to Mr. Justin Jacobs in accordance with Rule 16b-3(d) as compensation for serving as a member of the Board of Directors. The shares of E&E Restricted Stock will vest on April 22, 2020. Pursuant to a pre-existing contractual obligation, Mill Road Capital Management LLC, an affiliate of MRC that does not have Section 13(d) beneficial ownership of any shares of E&E, has the right to receive the economic benefit of the reported shares and, accordingly, Mr. Jacobs has no direct pecuniary interest in such shares. Each of the subsidiaries and affiliates of MRC listed in the Form 4 filed on August 6, 2019 may be deemed to have an indirect pecuniary interest in the reported shares. Each of the subsidiaries and affiliates of MRC listed in the Form 4 on August 6, 2019 disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares except to the extent of his or its pecuniary interest therein, if any.

(9)   Mr. Gallagher, who previously served as E&E’s principal executive officer and thus is a named executive officer for the most recently completed fiscal year, ceased to be employed by E&E as of December 17, 2018.

Restrictive Agreement

Messrs. Gerhard J. Neumaier (deceased), Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank, and Gerald A. Strobel entered into a Stockholders’ Agreement dated May 12, 1970, as amended January 24, 2011 (the “Shareholders’ Agreement”), which governs the sale of certain shares of EEI common stock (now classified as Class B Common Stock) owned by them, certain children of those individuals and any such shares subsequently transferred to their spouses and/or children outright or in trust for their benefit upon the demise of a signatory to the Agreement (“Permitted Transferees”).  The Agreement provides that prior to accepting a bona fide offer to purchase some or all of their shares of Class B Common Stock governed by the Agreement, that the selling party must first allow the other signatories to the Agreement (not including any Permitted Transferee) the opportunity to acquire on a pro rata basis, with right of over-allotment, all of such shares covered by the offer on the same terms and conditions proposed by the offer.

63

Concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank, Gerald A. Strobel, Marshall A. Heinberg, Michael C. Gross, Michael El-Hillow, the Gerhard J. Neumaier Testamentary Trust, Justin C. Jacobs and Mill Road Capital II, L.P. (the “Supporting Stockholders”) entered into voting and support agreements with WSP (the “Voting Agreements”) with respect to all Company Shares and other Subject Securities (as defined in the Voting Agreements) beneficially owned or owned of record by the Supporting Stockholders (the “Voting Agreement Shares”).  Upon the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Shareholders’ Agreement and the Voting Agreements shall terminate.

Agreement and Plan of Merger

Consummation of the Merger described in Item 1 of this Annual Report will affect the security ownership of all persons and entities disclosed in this Item 12.  Refer to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 28, 2019 and the Company’s definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019 for additional information.

Item 13.     Certain Relationships and Related Transactions

Directors Marshall A. Heinberg, Michael El-Hillow, Michael C. Gross and Justin C. Jacobs are independent, as that term is used in Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K and Rule 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq listing standards.  During fiscal year 2019, there were no reportable transactions between the Company and any related person, as that term is defined in Item 404(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 14.      Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The Audit Committee meets with the Company’s independent registered accounting firm to approve the annual scope of accounting services to be performed, including all audit, audit-related, and non-audit services, and the related fee estimates.  The Audit Committee also meets with the Company’s independent registered accounting firm on a quarterly basis, following completion of their quarterly reviews and annual audit before our earnings announcements, to review the results of their work.  As appropriate, management and our independent registered accounting firm update the Audit Committee with material changes to any service engagement and related fee estimates as compared to amounts previously approved.  Under its charter, the Audit Committee has the authority and responsibility to review and approve, in advance, any audit and proposed permissible non-audit services to be provided to the Company by its independent registered public accounting firm.

The aggregate fees billed by Ernst & Young LLP to the Company for audit and audit-related services during fiscal years 2019 and 2018 are summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Audit fees	$	791	$	1,172
Audit-related fees		-		25
Tax fees		4		4
Total	$	795	$	1,201

Audit Fees

Audit fees include aggregate fees billed for the audit of the annual financial statements included in this Annual Report, reviews of the financial statements included in the Company’s quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and expenses incurred related to audit services.

Audit-Related Fees

Audit-related fees include aggregate fees billed for services rendered for indirect rate audits.  

Tax Fees

Tax fees include all tax-related services.

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PART IV

Item 15.  Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(a)	1.	Financial Statements
			Page
		Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	26
		Consolidated Balance Sheets at July 31, 2019 and 2018	27
		Consolidated Statements of Operations for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	28
		Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	29
		Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	30
		Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017	31
		Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	32
	2.	Financial Statement Schedules
		All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

3. Exhibits

Exhibit No.	Description
2.1	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated as of August 28, 2019 (8)
3.1	Certificate of Incorporation (1)
3.2	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation filed on March 23, 1970 (1)
3.3	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation filed on January 19, 1982 (1)
3.4	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation filed on January 29, 1987 (1)
3.5	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation filed on February 10, 1987 (1)
3.6	Certificate of Change under Section 805-A of the Business Corporation Law filed August 18, 1988 (2)
3.7	Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation filed on March 1, 2016 (5)
3.8	Re-stated By-Laws, Amended by Board Resolutions on September 18, 2018 and May 28, 2019 (9)
4.1	Specimen Class A Common Stock Certificate (1)
4.2	Specimen Class B Common Stock Certificates (1)
10.1	Stockholders’ Agreement among Gerhard J. Neumaier, Ronald L. Frank, Frank B. Silvestro and Gerald A. Strobel dated May 12, 1970 (1)
10.2	Ecology and Environment Inc. Defined Contribution Plan Agreement dated July 25, 1980 as amended on April 28, 1981 and July 21, 1983 and restated effective August 1, 1984 (1)
10.3	1998 Ecology and Environment Inc. Stock Award Plan and Amendments (3)
10.4	2016 Ecology and Environment Inc. Stock Award Plan (6)
10.5	Amendment No. 1 dated January 24, 2011 to the Stockholders’ Agreement among Gerhard J. Neumaier, Ronald L. Frank, Frank B. Silvestro and Gerald A. Strobel dated May 12, 1970 (4)
10.6	Form of Voting and Support Agreement between WSP Global Inc. and each supporting stockholder (8)
14.1	Code of Conduct (7)
21.1	Schedule of Subsidiaries as of July 31, 2019 (9)
23.1	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm – Ernst & Young LLP (9)
31.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (9)
31.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (9)
32.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (9)
32.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (9)

Footnotes
(1)	Filed as exhibits to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended by Amendment Nos. 1 and 2, (Registration No. 33-11543), and incorporated herein by reference.
(2)	Filed as exhibits to the Company’s Form 10-K for Fiscal Year Ending July 31, 1988 and incorporated herein by reference.
(3)	Filed as exhibits to the Company’s Form 10-K for Fiscal Year Ending July 31, 2002 and incorporated herein by reference.
(4)	Filed as exhibits to the Company’s 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ending July 31, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference.
(5)	Filed as exhibits to the Company’s 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ending July 31, 2016 and incorporated herein by reference.
(6)	Filed as Annex B to the Company’s Definitive Proxy Statement (Schedule 14A) dated March 7, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference.
(7)	Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 8-K dated June 1, 2017 and incorporated herein by reference.
(8)	Filed as an exhibit to the Company’s Form 8-K dated August 28, 2019, and incorporated herein by reference.
(9)	Filed herewith.

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Item 16.  Form 10-K Summary

Not Applicable.

66

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC.
Dated:     October 29, 2019	/s/ Marshall A. Heinberg
	Marshall A. Heinberg Acting Principal Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Signature	Title	Date
/s/ Marshall A. Heinberg
Marshall A. Heinberg	Chairman of the Board, Directors, Executive Chairman, and Acting Principal Executive Officer	October 29, 2019
/s/ Peter F. Sorci
Peter F. Sorci	Acting Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer	October 29, 2019
/s/ Ronald L. Frank
Ronald L. Frank	Director	October 29, 2019
/s/ Frank B. Silvestro
Frank B. Silvestro	Director	October 29, 2019
/s/ Michael C. Gross
Michael C. Gross	Director	October 29, 2019
/s/ Michael El-Hillow
Michael El-Hillow	Director	October 29, 2019
/s/ Justin C. Jacobs
Justin C. Jacobs	Director	October 29, 2019

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EX-3.8

Exhibit 3.8

Amended by Board

Resolutions Dated

September 18, 2018 and

May 28, 2019

ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC.

* * * * * RE-STATED BY - LAWS * * * * *

ARTICLE I OFFICES

Section 1.          The office of the Corporation shall be located in the County of Erie, State of New York.

Section 2.          The Corporation may also have offices at such other places both within and without the State of New York as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.

ARTICLE II ANNUAL AND SPECIAL MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS

Section 1.          All meetings of Shareholders for the election of Directors shall be held in the County of Erie, State of New York, at such place as may be fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors.

Section 2.          The annual meeting of Shareholders shall be held at any time during the period January 1 through April 30 at a time selected by the Board of Directors, or such other date selected by the Board of Directors during the calendar year, at which time the Shareholders shall elect a Board of Directors by a majority of votes cast of candidates nominated by the Board of Directors and/or a shareholder pursuant to Section 4, and transact such other business as may properly be brought before the meeting.

Section 3.          Written or printed notice of the annual meeting stating the place, date and hour of the meeting shall be delivered not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by the persons calling the meeting, to each Shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting.

Section 4.          Notice of Shareholder Business and Nominations.

A. Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

1. Nominations for Election to the Board of Directors.

(a)          Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made prior to an annual meeting of shareholders by holders of Class A shares with respect to Class A Directors and by holders of Class B shares with respect to Class B Directors only:

(i)          pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) at the direction of the Board of

Directors; or

(ii)          by any shareholder of the Corporation who:

(x)          was a shareholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Section 4A 1 and at the time of the annual meeting;

(y)          is entitled to vote at the meeting; and

(z)          complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 4A 1 as to such nomination.

This clause (ii) shall be the exclusive means for a shareholder to make nominations before an annual meeting of shareholders.

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(b)          Without qualification, for any nominations to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a shareholder pursuant to Section 4 A 1(a)(ii), the shareholder must have given Timely Notice (as defined below) thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation.  To be timely, a shareholder’s notice shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting and not earlier than the close of business on the 180th day prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting of shareholders; (such notice, within such time periods, shall constitute “Timely Notice”).  In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period for the giving of a shareholder’s notice as described above.  However, in a situation in which, as a result of the adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the date on which the annual meeting actually occurred, the ability of a shareholder to comply with the Timely Notice requirement would be impracticable, as determined by the Board, an exception to the Timely Notice deadline shall be established by the Board for the following year’s annual meeting, which revised Timely Notice deadline shall be at least 120 days prior to distribution of the public notice of the proxy statement and the announcement of the next annual meeting (the “Timely Notice Exception”).  The Timely Notice Exception deadline shall be disclosed to shareholders in a public announcement or the proxy statement for the current year’s annual meeting.

(c)          To be in proper written form, a shareholder’s notice to the Secretary must set forth:

(i)          as to each person whom the shareholder proposes to nominate for election as a director:

(w)          the name, age, business address and residence address of the person;

(x)          the principal occupation or employment of the person;

(y)          the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Company which are owned beneficially or of record by the person; and

(z)          any other information relating to the person that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; and

(ii)          as to the shareholder giving the notice:

(v)          the name and record address of such shareholder;

(w)          the class or series and number of shares of capital stock of the Company which are owned beneficially or of record by such shareholder;

(x)          a description of all arrangements or understandings between such shareholder and each proposed nominee and any other person or persons (including their names) pursuant to which the nomination(s) are to be made by such shareholder;

(y)          a representation that such shareholder intends to appear at the meeting by a proxy, or by a qualified representative of shareholder, to nominate the persons named in its notice; and

(z)          any other information relating to such shareholder that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for election of directors pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

Such notice must be accompanied by a written consent of each proposed nominee being named as a nominee and to serve as a director if elected.

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(d)          Notwithstanding anything in the second sentence of this Section 4 A 1(b) to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation is increased and there is no public announcement by the Corporation naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the size of the increased Board of Directors, at least one hundred (140) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year’s annual meeting, a shareholder’s notice required by this Section 4 A 1 shall also be considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which such public announcement is first made by the Corporation.

2. Proposals of Business to be Brought Before an Annual Meeting.

(a)          The proposal of business to be considered by the shareholders may be made prior to an annual meeting of shareholders only:

(i)          pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) at the direction of the Board of Directors; or

(ii)          by any shareholder of the Corporation who:

(x)          was a shareholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Section 4 A 2 and at the time of the annual meeting; and

(y)          complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 4 A 2 as to such business.

 This clause (ii) shall be the exclusive means for a shareholder to submit business (other than matters properly brought under Rule 14a-8 under the Exchange Act and included in the Corporation’s notice of meeting) before an annual meeting of shareholders.

(b)          Without qualification, for any business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by a shareholder pursuant to Section 4 A 2(a)(ii), the shareholder must have given Timely Notice, or if applicable, Timely Notice Exception (as defined in Section 4 A 1(b) above), thereof in writing to the Secretary of the Corporation and such business must otherwise be a proper matter for shareholder action.  In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of an annual meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period for the giving of a shareholder’s notice as described above.

(c)          To be in proper form, a shareholder’s notice to the Secretary must:

(i)          set forth, as to the shareholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made:

(x)          the name and address of such shareholder, as they appear on the Corporation’s books, and of such beneficial owner, if any;

(y)          the Shareholder Ownership Information (as defined in Section 4 A 1(c) above) with respect to such shareholder of record and any beneficial owner on whose behalf the proposal is made; and

(z)          any other information relating to such shareholder and beneficial owner, if any, that would be required to be disclosed in a proxy statement or other filings required to be made in connection with solicitations of proxies for the proposal pursuant to Section 14 of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; and

(ii)          set forth:

(x)          a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting (including the text of any resolutions proposed for consideration), the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest of such shareholder and beneficial owner, if any, in such business; and

(y)          a description of all agreements, arrangements and understandings between such shareholder and beneficial owner, if any, and any other person or persons (including their names) in connection with the proposal of such business by such shareholder.

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3. Submission of Questionnaire, Representation and Agreement.  To be eligible to be a nominee for election or re-election as a director of the Corporation, a person must deliver (in accordance with the time periods prescribed for delivery of notice under Section 4 of this Article II or within 10 days after receipt from Secretary) to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation a written questionnaire with respect to the background and qualification of such person and the background of any other person or entity on whose behalf the nomination is being made (which questionnaire shall be provided by the Secretary upon written request in substantially the same form as that filled out by the existing Board of Directors for the Corporation’s annual proxy statement) and a written representation and agreement (in the form provided by the Secretary upon written request) that such person:

(a)          is not and will not become a party to:

(i)          any agreement, arrangement or understanding with, and has not given any commitment or assurance to, any person or entity as to how such person, if elected as a director of the Corporation, will act or vote on any issue or question (a “Voting Commitment”) that has not been disclosed to the Corporation;

(ii)          any Voting Commitment that could limit or interfere with such person’s ability to comply, if elected as a director of the Corporation, with such person’s fiduciary duties under applicable law; or

(iii)          any conflicting fiduciary duty.

(b)          is not and will not become a party to any agreement, arrangement or understanding with any person or entity other than the Corporation with respect to any direct or indirect compensation, reimbursement or indemnification in connection with service or action as a director that has not been disclosed therein; and

(c)          in such person’s individual capacity and on behalf of any person or entity on whose behalf the nomination is being made, would be in compliance, if elected as a director of the Corporation, and will comply with all applicable publicly disclosed corporate governance, conflict of interest, confidentiality and stock ownership and trading policies and guidelines of the Corporation.

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B. Special Meetings of Shareholders.

1. Special Meetings of the Shareholders, for any purpose or purposes, unless otherwise prescribed by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation, may be called by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or the holders of not less than a majority of all the shares entitled to vote at the meeting based upon the shares weighted voting rights.

2. Only such business shall be conducted at a special meeting of shareholders as shall have been brought before the meeting pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting.  Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors may be made at a special meeting of shareholders at which directors are to be elected pursuant to the Corporation’s notice of meeting:

(a)          by or at the direction of the Board of Directors; or

(b)          provided that the Board of Directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting, by any shareholder of the Corporation who:

(i)          is a shareholder of record at the time of giving of notice provided for in this Section 4 (B) and at the time of the special meeting;

(ii)          is entitled to vote at the meeting; and

(iii)          complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 4 (B) as to such nomination.  In the event the Corporation calls a special meeting of shareholders for the purpose of electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such shareholder entitled to vote in such election of directors may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be) for election to such position(s) as specified in the Corporation’s notice of meeting, if the shareholder’s notice required by Section 4 A 1(c) with respect to any nomination (including the completed and signed questionnaire, representation and agreement required by Section 4 of this Article II) shall be delivered to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the Corporation not earlier than the close of business on the 120th day prior to the date of such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the later of the 90th day prior to the date of such special meeting or, if the first public announcement of the date of such special meeting is less than one hundred (100) days prior to the date of such special meeting, the 10th day following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of such special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be elected at such meeting.  In no event shall any adjournment or postponement of a special meeting or the announcement thereof commence a new time period (or extend any time period) for the giving of a shareholder’s notice as described above.

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C. General.

1. Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 4 shall be eligible to serve as directors and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of shareholders as shall have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 4, except as otherwise provided by the Restated Certificate of Incorporation, or these Bylaws.  Except as otherwise provided by statute, the Restated Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, the chairman of the meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination or any business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made or proposed, as the case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in this Section 4 and, if any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance with this Section 4, to declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall be disregarded.  Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 4 C, if the shareholder (or a proxy or a qualified representative of the shareholder) does not appear at the annual or special meeting of shareholders of the Corporation to present a nomination or business, such nomination shall be disregarded and such proposed business shall not be transacted, notwithstanding that proxies in respect of such vote may have been received by the Corporation.

2. In evaluating candidates the Board will consider the entirety of each candidate’s credentials to ensure that the Board consists of individuals who collectively provide meaningful counsel to management. With respect to nomination of existing Directors for re-election, the individual’s past contributions to the Board will also be considered.

3. The Board of Directors shall be entitled to make such rules or regulations for the conduct of meetings of shareholders as it shall deem necessary, appropriate, convenient or desirable.  Subject to such rules and regulations of the Board of Directors, if any, the chairman of the meeting shall have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures, and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are necessary, appropriate, convenient or desirable for the proper conduct of the meeting, including, without limitation, establishing an agenda or order of business for the meeting, rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of those present, limitations on participation in such meeting to shareholders of record of the Corporation and their duly authorized and constituted proxies, and such other persons as the chairman of the meeting shall permit, restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof, limitations on the time allotted to questions or comment by participants and regulation of the opening and closing of the polls for balloting on matters which are to be voted on by ballot.  Unless, and to the extent, otherwise determined by the Board of Directors or the chairman of the meeting, meetings of shareholders shall not be required to be held in accordance with rules of parliamentary procedure.

4. For purposes of this Section 4, “public announcement” shall mean disclosure in a press release reported by a national news service or in a document publicly filed by the Corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13, 14 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

5. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 4, a shareholder shall also comply with all applicable requirements of the Exchange Act and the rules and regulations thereunder with respect to the matters set forth in this Section 4; provided, however, that any references in these Bylaws to the Exchange Act or the rules promulgated thereunder are not intended to and shall not limit the requirements applicable to nominations to be considered pursuant to Sections 4A 1 or 4B, or proposals as to any other business to be considered pursuant to Section 4A 2.  Nothing in this By-law shall be deemed to affect any rights of shareholders to request inclusion of proposals in the Corporation’s proxy statement pursuant to Rule 14a8 under the Exchange Act.

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ARTICLE III QUORUM AND VOTING OF STOCK

Section 1.          The holders of one-third (1/3) of the shares of stock issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the Shareholders for the transaction of business.  If, however, such quorum shall not be present or represented at any meeting of the Shareholders, the Shareholders present in person or represented by proxy shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present or represented.  At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally notified.

Section 2.          If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of a majority of the total of Class B (1 vote) and Class A (1/10^th of 1 vote) shares of stock represented at the meeting shall be the act of the Shareholders, unless the vote of a greater or lesser number of shares of stock is required by law, or the Certificate of Incorporation.

Section 3.          Each outstanding share of stock having voting power shall be entitled to vote for each matter at a meeting of Shareholders.  At all Shareholder meetings, and for all matters other than the election of A and B Directors and the establishment of a quorum, each class B share is entitled to one (1) vote, while each class A share is entitled to one-tenth (1/10^th) of a vote.  A Shareholder may vote either in person prior to the start of the shareholder meeting or by valid proxy executed in writing by the Shareholder.

Section 4.          The Board of Directors in advance of any Shareholders’ meeting may appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting or any adjournment thereof.  If inspectors are not so appointed, the person presiding at a Shareholders’ meeting may, and, on the request of any Shareholder entitled to vote thereat, shall appoint one or more inspectors.  In case any person appointed as inspector fails to appear or act, the vacancy may be filled by the Board in advance of the meeting or at the meeting by the person presiding thereat.  Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector at such meeting with strict impartiality and according to the best of his ability.

Section 5.          Whenever Shareholders are required or permitted to take any action by vote, such action may be taken without a meeting only upon unanimous written vote of consent, setting forth the action so taken, signed by the holders of all outstanding shares entitled to vote thereon.

Section 6.          If voting on a matter duly presented to Shareholders in a proxy statement prior to a Shareholders’ meeting, any votes by proxy or in-person must be received by the voting inspector, at a minimum ten minutes prior to the scheduled and noticed meeting time for said Shareholders’ meeting.

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ARTICLE IV  DIRECTORS

Section 1.          The number of Directors of the Corporation shall be no fewer than seven, unless and until otherwise determined by a vote of the entire Board of Directors.  Directors shall be at least thirty five (35) years of age and need not be residents of the State of New York or Shareholders of the Corporation.  The Directors shall be elected at the annual meeting of the Shareholders, except as herein provided, and each Director elected shall serve until the next succeeding annual meeting and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified.  Class A Directors and Class B Directors shall only be elected by shareholders of each respective Class (i.e.: Class A shareholders can only vote for Class A Directors and Class B shareholders can only vote for Class B Directors).  The number of Class A Directors shall be at least 25% of the seats of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may increase its number upon a vote of approval of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the Directors, and only if the resulting whole number of “A” Directors is at least 25% of the total number of Directors.  Each of the Directors of each class shall be elected by greater than 50% of the votes cast by shareholders of that class in the election. With regard to the election of Directors, votes may be cast in favor, against or abstained; votes that are abstained will be excluded entirely from the vote and will have no effect. Accordingly, abstentions will not affect the outcome of the election.  If a Director nominee or an existing Director does not receive greater than 50% of votes cast for his respective class in the election or re-election, said Director nominee is either not elected or immediately removed from the Board and is not eligible for appointment by the Board of Directors to fill a vacancy for that election year.

Section 2.          If there exists a control group, as defined by the stock exchange where the Corporation’s shares are listed (e.g.: NASDAQ), then the entire Board shall have a minimum of three independent Directors, as defined under applicable law and/or regulation.  If no such control group exists, then there shall be a minimum of four (4) independent Directors, or a majority of independent Directors, if the number of overall Directors is increased. During Board meetings each Director shall have one (1) vote regardless of class designation, except as otherwise stated in these By-laws.  In the instance where the quorum of the Board of Directors is an even number and there is a tied vote, then the matter must be tabled until the matter may be voted on by the full Board of Directors.  The Board of Directors shall appoint representatives to all subsidiary boards of directors/managers to protect and further its Corporate interests at subsidiary companies.

Section 3.          Any or all of the Directors may be removed, with or without cause, at any time by the majority vote of the respective class of Shareholders at the annual or a special shareholder meeting called for that purpose.

Section 4.          Newly created Directorships resulting from an increase in the Board of Directors and all vacancies occurring in the Board of Directors, either as a Class A Director or a Class B Director, including vacancies caused by removal without cause, may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining Directors of the representative class, though less than a quorum of the entire Board of Directors, by the sole remaining Director in such class or, in the event that there are no remaining directors in such class, by the vote of the majority of the other directors, or by the sole remaining director in each instance, regardless of any quorum requirements set out in these By-laws. If a Director is legally incompetent, or is removed, with or without cause, said Director may not vote for his replacement.  If there is a tie in an appointment within a class of Directors to fill a vacancy, then a favorable vote of the majority of the full Board is required to appoint that interim Director.

A Director elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected for the unexpired portion of the term of his predecessor in office.  A Director elected to fill a newly created Directorship shall serve until the next succeeding annual or special meeting of Shareholders.

Section 5.          The operations of the Corporation, from a strategic perspective, including that of its subsidiary companies, shall be overseen by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may exercise all such powers of the Corporation and do all such lawful acts as are not by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-laws directed or required to be exercised or done by the Shareholders.

Section 6.          The Board of Directors, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Directors then in office, and irrespective of any personal interest of any of its members, shall have authority to establish reasonable compensation of all Directors for services to the Corporation as Directors, Officers, Retirement Plan Trustees or other such services.

Section 7.          The Board of Directors must approve the establishment of, dissolution of, change of ownership in, or merger/acquisition of any subsidiary, which shall include any international joint venture.  Joint Venture entities established only for certain domestic projects or programs are required to be authorized by the Board of Directors.

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ARTICLE V MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Section 1.          Meetings of the Board of Directors, regular or special, may be held either within or outside the State of New York.

Section 2.          The first meeting of each newly elected Board of Directors shall be held immediately following the annual meeting and no notice of such meeting shall be necessary to the newly elected Directors in order to legally constitute the meeting, provided a quorum shall be present, or it may convene at such place and time as shall be fixed by the consent in writing of all the Directors.  The first order of business of the newly elected Board is to appoint a Chairman.  Annually the newly elected Board of Directors elects one member to be the Chairman of the Board.  The Chairman of the Board shall be appointed at the first Board of Directors meeting after the annual shareholders meeting, and shall preside as such for the remainder of the year.  If, however, for any special meeting of the Board of Directors, the Board may appoint another Chairman for that meeting, confirmed by two-thirds vote of the Board of Directors.

Section 3.          Directors shall attend and participate in all Board meetings and shareholder meetings.  Participation by remote means must be approved by all the Directors and shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.  For Board votes, each Director is entitled to cast one vote except as excluded by a requirement for a Class A Shares or Class B Shares vote.  Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held quarterly and may be held upon such notice, or without notice, and at such time and at such place as shall be determined by the Board.  The independent Directors must have an executive session meeting prior to each Board of Directors meeting.

Section 4.          Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the Chairman, provided that notice is provided to each Director not less than five nor more than twenty days, either personally or by mail or by email, prior to the special meeting date; special meetings shall be called by the Secretary in like manner and on like notice on the written request of two Directors.  The limited business of such special meetings must be included in said notice.

Section 5.          Notice of a special meeting need not be given to any Director who submits a signed waiver of notice before the meeting, or who attends the meeting without protesting, prior thereto or at its commencement, the lack of notice.  The business to be transacted at, or the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors needs to be specified in the notice of such meeting.

Section 6.          A majority of the Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business unless a greater or lesser number is required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation.  The vote of a majority of the Directors present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors, unless the vote of a greater number is required by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation.  If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of Directors, the Directors present may adjourn the meeting, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.

Section 7.          At all meetings of the Board of Directors, with the exception of a special meeting of the Board of Directors called by the Secretary where the agenda is set by the Directors that called for the special meeting,  the Chairman will set the agenda in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer(s) and other Directors.

Section 8.           Each Director owes a duty of loyalty and duty of care to the Corporation; for example, a Director shall recuse himself from voting on a resolution or the appointment, promotion or compensation of an Officer, if he has a familial relationship. 

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ARTICLE VI  COMMITTEES

Section 1.          The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by a majority of the entire Board, may designate the creation of an audit committee, the pension committee, governance committee and other committees, each consisting of three or more Directors (except for temporary special committees), and each of which, to the extent provided in the resolution, shall have all the authority of the Board, except as otherwise required by law. Vacancies in the membership of the committee shall be filled by the Board of Directors at a regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors.  Committees shall keep regular minutes of its proceedings and report the same to the full Board when required.

Section 2.          The audit committee shall be comprised of at least three independent Directors, one of which must qualify as a financial expert.  The primary purpose of an audit committee is to provide oversight of the financial reporting process, the audit process, the system of internal controls and applicable regulatory compliance.

Section 3.          The governance committee shall be comprised of not less than three (3) Directors including the Chairman, two (2) of which must be independent Directors and appointed by majority vote of the Directors.  The purpose of the governance committee is to ensure that the Board fulfills its legal, ethical, and functional responsibilities through adequate corporate and Board governance, including but not limited to recommending to the Board the following: Board policies and procedures; a Board nomination process; appropriate compensation for the Board and Officers; development of corporate compliance programs; evaluations of Officers; and Board members’ performance.   The Chairman shall also preside over the Governance Committee.

Section 4.          The pension committee shall be comprised of members of the Board of Directors as may be appointed by majority vote of the Directors.

ARTICLE VII  NOTICES

Section 1.          Whenever, under the provisions of the statutes or of the Certificate of Incorporation or of these By-laws, notice is required to be given to any Director or Shareholder, it shall not be construed to mean personal notice, but such notice may be given in writing, by mail, email or courier, addressed to such Director or Shareholder, at his address as it appears on the records of the Corporation, with postage thereon prepaid, and such notice shall be deemed to be given at the time when the same shall be deposited in the United States mail.  Notice to Directors may also be given by facsimile or email.

Section 2.          Whenever any notice of a meeting is required to be given under the provisions of the statutes or under the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice.

ARTICLE VIII OFFICERS

Section 1.          The officers of the Corporation may include, as determined by the Board of Directors, a Chief Executive Officer, a President, one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary and a Chief Financial Officer, each of whom shall be selected by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may elect such other officers as it may from time to time determine. Two or more offices may be held by the same person.  Each officer of the Corporation shall exercise the powers and shall perform the duties incident to his office, subject to the direction of the Board of Directors.

Section 2.          Annually, each officer shall be elected and hold office from the time of his/her election and qualification, to the time at which his/her successor is elected and qualified, unless he/she shall die or resign or shall be removed at any time sooner.  Any officer of the Corporation may resign at any time by giving written notice of such resignation to the Board of Directors, the President or the Secretary of the Corporation. Any such resignation shall take effect at the time specified therein or, if no time be specified, upon receipt thereof by the Board of Directors or one of the above-named officers; and, unless specified therein, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any officer may be removed at any time, with or without cause, by the vote of two directors if there are three directors or less, or the vote of a majority of the whole Board of Directors if there are more than three directors. Any vacancy however caused in any office of the Corporation may be filled by the Board of Directors.

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EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN

Section 3.          The Board of Directors may appoint a Director as Executive Chairman as an interim position presiding over the Executive Officers responsible for the performance of the Corporation’s business, as dictated by the overall strategy agreed by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.

ARTICLE IX CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES

Section 1.          The shares of the Corporation shall be represented either by certificates signed by the Chairman of the Board or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or the Chief Financial Officer or an Assistant Treasurer of the Corporation and shall be sealed with the seal of the Corporation or a facsimile thereof, or in uncertificated form through the Direct Registration System.

When the Corporation is authorized to issue shares of more than one class there shall be set forth upon the face or back of the certificate, or the certificate shall have a statement that the Corporation will furnish to any Shareholder upon request and without charge, a full statement of the designation, relative rights, preferences, and limitations of the shares of each class authorized to be issued and, if the Corporation is authorized to issue any class of preferred shares in series, the designation, relative rights, preferences and limitations of each such series so far as the same have been fixed and the authority of the Board of Directors to designate and fix the relative rights, preferences and limitations of other series.

Section 2.          The signatures of the Officers of the Corporation upon a certificate may be facsimiles if the certificate is countersigned by a transfer agent or registered by a registrar other than the Corporation itself or an employee of the Corporation.  In case any Officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such Officer before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect as if he were such Officer at the date of issue.

LOST CERTIFICATES

Section 3.          The Board of Directors may direct a new certificate to be issued in place of any certificate theretofore issued by the Corporation alleged to have been lost or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new certificate, the Board of Directors, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, may prescribe such terms and conditions as it deems expedient, and may require such indemnities as it deems adequate, to protect the Corporation from any claim that may be made against it with respect to any such certificate alleged to have been lost or destroyed.

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TRANSFERS OF SHARES

Section 4.           (a)           Subject to Paragraph (b) of this Section 4 of Article IX, upon surrender to the Corporation or the transfer agent of the Corporation of a certificate for shares duly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignment or authority to transfer, it shall be the duty of the Corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, and to cancel the old certificate; every such transfer shall be entered on the transfer book of the Corporation.

(b)          The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any share or shares as the holder in fact thereof and accordingly shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share on the part of any other person whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof except as expressly provided by law.

(c)          In the case of uncertificated transfer of shares, upon receipt of proper transfer instructions from the registered holder of the shares or by such person’s attorney lawfully constituted in writing, and compliance with appropriate procedures for transferring shares in uncertificated form, the transfer agent of the Corporation shall then effect the transfer of such shares in accordance with such instructions through the Direct Registration System.

(d)          No transfer of shares shall be valid as against the Corporation for any purpose until it shall have been entered in the stock records of the Corporation by an entry showing from and to whom transferred.

FIXING RECORD DATE

Section 5.          For the purpose of determining Shareholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of Shareholders or any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to or dissent from any proposal without a meeting, or for the purpose of determining Shareholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or the allotment of any rights, or for the purpose of any other action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a date as the record date for any such determination of Shareholders.  Such date shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the date of any meeting nor more than sixty days prior to any other action. When a determination of Shareholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of Shareholders has been made as provided in this section, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof, unless the Board fixes a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

REGISTERED SHAREHOLDERS

Section 6.          The Corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and to hold liable for calls and assessments a person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share of shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of New York.

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LIST OF SHAREHOLDERS

Section 7.          A list of Shareholders as of the record date, certified by the corporate Officer responsible for its preparation or by a transfer agent, shall be available  at any meeting upon the request there at, or prior thereto, of any Shareholder in order to verify whether a given person(s) is a Shareholder.  If the right to vote at any meeting is challenged, the inspectors of election, or person presiding there at, shall require such list of Shareholders to be produced as evidence of the right of the persons challenged to vote at such meeting and all persons who appear from such list to be Shareholders entitled to vote there at may vote at such meeting. Shareholder lists maintained by the Corporation are confidential.  Relevant portions of the shareholder lists may be shown to shareholders to address voting challenges by verifying that the names of particular shareholders entitled to vote appear thereon, but the shareholder list will only be provided to third parties if required by legal process or on a strict need to know basis for good cause shown and business purposes of the Corporation.

ARTICLE X GENERAL PROVISIONS INDEMNIFICATION

Section 1.          Indemnification. The Corporation shall indemnify to the fullest extent now or hereafter provided for or permitted by the New York Business Corporation Law, or any successor statute, each person (as hereinafter described) involved in, or made or threatened to be made a party to, any action, suit, claim or proceeding, arbitration, alternative dispute resolution mechanism, investigation, administrative or legislative hearing or any other actual, threatened, pending or completed proceeding, whether civil or criminal, or whether formal or informal, and including an action by or in the right of any other Corporation of any type or kind, domestic or foreign, or any partnership, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise, whether profit or non-profit, in which the Corporation has an interest (the “Related Enterprise”), and including appeals therein, which any such person of the Corporation served in any capacity at the request of  the Corporation, by reason of the fact that such person, such person’s testator or intestate: (i) is or was a Director or Officer of the Corporation; or (ii) while serving as a Director or Officer of the Corporation, is or was serving, at the request of the Corporation, at any Related Enterprise, in any capacity against any and all judgments, fines, penalties, amounts paid in settlement, and expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually and reasonably incurred as a result of or in connection with any such proceeding, or any appeal therein. Written notice of any such proceeding described above for which indemnification may be sought by any person shall be given to the Corporation as soon as practicable.

Section 2.          Extent of Rights. The rights to indemnification and advancement of expenses granted by or pursuant to this Article XI: (i) shall continue to exist after the repeal or modification of this Article XI with respect to events occurring prior thereto; and (ii) shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a Director or Officer and shall inure to the benefit of the estate, spouse, heirs, executors, administrators or assigns of such person.

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DIVIDENDS

Section 3.          Subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation relating thereto, if any, dividends may be declared by the Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting, pursuant to law.  Dividends may be paid in cash, in shares of the capital stock or in the Corporation’s bonds or its property, including the shares or bonds of other Corporations subject to any provisions of law and of the Certificate of Incorporation.

Section 4.          Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of any funds of the Corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the Directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a reserve fund to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, or for such other purpose as the Directors shall think conducive to the interest of the Corporation, and the Directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created.

CHECKS

Section 5.          All checks or demands for money and notes of the Corporation shall be signed by such Officer or Officers or such other person or persons as the Board of Directors may from time to time designate.

FISCAL YEAR

Section 6.          The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.

SEAL

Section 7.          The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the Corporation, the year of its organization and the words “Corporate Seal, New York”.  The seal may be used by causing it ora facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or in any manner reproduced.

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ARTICLE XI AMENDMENTS

Section 1.          These By-laws may be amended or repealed or new By-laws may be adopted at any regular or special meeting of Shareholders at which a quorum is present or represented, by the vote of the holders of shares entitled to vote in the election of any Directors, provided notice of the proposed alteration, amendment or repeal be contained in the notice of such meeting.

Section 2.          The Board of Directors shall have power to make, adopt, alter, amend and repeal, from time to time, By-laws of the Corporation; provided, however, that the Shareholders entitled to vote with respect thereto as in this Article XI above-provided, may alter, amend or repeal By-laws made by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors, however, shall have no power to change the quorum for meetings of Shareholders or of the Board of Directors, or to change any provisions of the By-laws with respect to the removal of Directors or the filling of vacancies in the Board resulting from the removal by the Shareholders.  If any by-law regulating an impending election of Directors is adopted, amended or repealed by the Board of Directors, there shall be set forth in the notice of the next meeting of Shareholders for the election of Directors, the by-law so adopted, amended or repealed, together with a concise statement of the changes made.

ARTICLE XII MISCELLANEOUS

Section 1.          ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES IN THE STATE OF ALASKA.  In order to comply with AS Sec.08.48.241, the Corporation is maintaining a currently registered Alaska Civil Engineer, David Paul Albers, who has been designated by the Board of Directors to be in responsible charge of all civil engineering performed by the Corporation in the State of Alaska.  As the engineer in charge, David Paul Albers shall have full authority with regard to professional engineering decisions and engineering projects conducted by the Corporation in the State of Alaska, and shall have responsibility for engineering decisions made by other Alaska registered engineers under his direction of supervision.

Section 2.          Precedence of the Certificate of Incorporation as Restated.  To the extent there is any inconsistency between these By-laws and the Corporation’s Certificate of Incorporation Restated dated February 23, 1996, then said Certificate of Incorporation Restated shall be controlling.

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EX-21.1

Exhibit 21.1

Subsidiaries of Ecology and Environment Inc. (the “Company”) as of July 31, 2019

		Percentage of Subsidiary Capital Stock Owned by the Company
1.	Ecology & Environment Engineering, Inc. (a Colorado corporation)	100%
2.	Gestión Ambiental Consultores S.A. (a corporation formed under the laws of Chile)	52.48%
3.	ecology and environment do brasil Ltda. (a limited liability partnership formed under the laws of Brazil)	72%
4.	Walsh Environmental, LLC (a limited liability company formed under the laws of Colorado)	100%
5.	Gustavson Associates, LLC (a limited liability company formed under the laws of Colorado)	83.6%  (a)
6.	Walsh Peru, S.A. Ingenieros y Cientificos Consultores (a corporation formed under the laws of Peru)	74.78%  (a)

   (a)          Listed percentage owned by Walsh Environmental, LLC. (“Walsh”)

EX-23.1

Exhibit 23.1

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

We consent to the incorporation by reference in the following Registration Statements:

(1) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-30085) pertaining to the Ecology and Environment Inc. 401(k) Plan, and

(2) Registration Statement (Form S-8 No. 333-224010) pertaining to the Ecology and Environment Inc. 2016 Stock Award Plan;

of our report dated October 29, 2019, with respect to the consolidated financial statements of Ecology and Environment Inc. included in this Annual Report (Form 10-K) of Ecology and Environment Inc. for the year ended July 31, 2019.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Buffalo, New York

October 29, 2019

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER

I, Marshall A. Heinberg, certify that:

1.          I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 of Ecology and Environment Inc.;

2.          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operation and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.          The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)          Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)          Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)          Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)          Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

5.          The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)          All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)          Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

		ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC.
Date:	October 29, 2019	/s/ Marshall A. Heinberg
		Marshall A. Heinberg Acting Principal Executive Officer

EX-31.2

Exhibit 31.2

CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL FINANCIAL OFFICER

I, Peter F. Sorci, certify that:

1.          I have reviewed this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 of Ecology and Environment Inc.;

2.          Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.          Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operation and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4.          The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a)          Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)          Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)          Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d)          Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

5.          The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)          All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)          Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

		ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC.
Date:	October 29, 2019	/s/  Peter F. Sorci
		Peter F. Sorci Acting Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

Certification of Principal Executive Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Marshall A. Heinberg, the acting principal executive officer of Ecology and Environment Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge that the Form 10-K of the Company for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 accompanying this certification (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and the results of operations of the Company.  This Certification is made to comply with the provisions of Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and is not intended to be used for any other purpose.

		ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC.
Date:	October 29, 2019	/s/ Marshall A. Heinberg
		Marshall A. Heinberg Acting Principal Executive Officer

EX-32.2

Exhibit 32.2

Certification of Principal Financial Officer

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, As Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

I, Peter F. Sorci, the acting principal financial officer of Ecology and Environment Inc. (the “Company”), hereby certify pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, to the best of my knowledge that the Form 10-K of the Company for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 accompanying this certification (the “Report”) fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and that the information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and the results of operations of the Company.  This Certification is made to comply with the provisions of Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and is not intended to be used for any other purpose.

Date:     October 29, 2019	ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT INC. /s/ Peter F. Sorci
	Peter F. Sorci Acting Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

XML

Lines of Credit (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Lines of Credit [Abstract]

Unsecured Lines of Credit

Unsecured lines of credit are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$	284	$	---
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations		1,635		1,668
Total amounts used under lines of credit		1,919		1,668
Remaining amounts available under lines of credit		33,681		33,932
Total unsecured lines of credit	$	35,600	$	35,600

XML

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,344	$	13,496
Restricted cash included in other assets		248		250
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	13,592	$	13,746

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation, Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of EEI and its consolidated wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries.  All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”)

The Company’s majority owned subsidiaries are deemed to be VIEs when, on a stand-alone basis, they lack sufficient capital to finance the activities of the VIE.  The Company consolidates investments in VIEs if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  The Company uses a qualitative approach to determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, which considers factors that indicate the Company has significant influence and control over the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance.  These factors include representation on the investee’s board of directors, management representation, authority to make decisions, substantive participating rights of the minority shareholders and ownership interest.

Equity Method Investments

VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary, and other investee companies over which the Company does not influence or control the activities that most significantly impact the investee company’s economic performance, are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.  Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations.  The Company’s share of the earnings of the investee company is reported as earnings from equity method investment in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.   The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee is reported as equity method investment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee is reduced by the Company’s share of dividends declared by an investee company.

If the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding.  When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions as of the date of the financial statements, which affect the reported values of assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities.  Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Investment Securities

Prior to August 1, 2018, unrealized gains or losses related to investment securities were recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of comprehensive income.  Subsequent to adoption of ASU 2016-01 effective August 1, 2018 (refer to Note 2 of these consolidated financial statements), unrealized gains or losses related to investment securities are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.  The cost basis of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.  Reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income resulting from disposition of investment securities are included within other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Investment securities include mutual funds that are valued at the net asset value (“NAV”) of shares held by the Company at period end.  Mutual funds held by the Company are open-end mutual funds that are registered with the SEC.  These funds are required to publish their daily NAV and to transact at that price.  The mutual funds held by the Company are deemed to be actively traded.

Revenue Recognition and Contract Receivables

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is derived from environmental consulting work, which is principally derived from the sale of labor hours.  Revenue reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations represent services rendered for which the Company maintains a primary contractual relationship with its customers.  Included in revenue are certain services outside the Company’s normal operations which the Company has elected to subcontract to other contractors.  

The Company’s consulting work is performed under a mix of time and materials, fixed price and cost-plus contracts.

The Company accounts for time and material contracts over the period of performance, predominately based on labor hours incurred.  Under time and materials contracts, there is no predetermined fee.  Instead, the Company negotiates hourly billing rates and charges the clients based upon actual hours expended on a project.  In addition, any direct project expenditures are passed through to the client and are typically reimbursed.  Time and materials contracts may contain “not to exceed” provisions that effectively cap the amount of revenue that the Company can bill to the client.  In order to record revenue that exceeds the billing cap, the Company must obtain approval from the client for expanded scope or increased pricing.

The Company accounts for fixed price contracts over time, based on progress determined by the ratio of efforts expended to date in proportion to total efforts expected to be expended over the life of a contract. This revenue recognition method requires the use of estimates and judgment regarding a project’s expected revenue and the extent of progress towards completion.  The Company makes periodic estimates of progress towards project completion by analyzing efforts expended to date, plus an estimate of the amount of effort expected to be incurred until the completion of the project.  Revenue is then calculated on a cumulative basis (project-to-date) as the proportion of efforts-expended.  The revenue for the current period is calculated as cumulative revenue less project revenue already recognized.  If an estimate of efforts expended at completion on any contract indicates that a loss will be incurred, the entire estimated loss is charged to operations in the period the loss becomes evident.

Cost-plus contracts provide for payment of allowable incurred efforts expended, to the extent prescribed in the contract, plus fees that are recorded as revenue.  These contracts establish an estimate of total efforts to be expended and an invoicing ceiling that the contractor may not exceed without the approval of the client.  Revenue earned from cost-plus contracts is recognized over the period of performance.

Substantially all of the Company’s cost-plus contracts are with federal governmental agencies and, as such, are subject to audits after contract completion.  Government audits have been completed and final rates have been negotiated through fiscal year 2014.  The Company records an allowance for project disallowances in other accrued liabilities for potential disallowances resulting from government audits (refer to Note 14 of these consolidated financial statements).  Allowances for project disallowances are recorded as adjustments to revenue when the amounts are estimable.  Resolution of these amounts is dependent upon the results of government audits and other formal contract close-out procedures. 

Change orders can occur when changes in scope are made after project work has begun and can be initiated by either the Company or its clients.  Claims are amounts in excess of the agreed contract price which the Company seeks to recover from a client for customer delays and/or errors or unapproved change orders that are in dispute.  The Company recognizes costs related to change orders and claims as incurred.  Revenue and profit are recognized on change orders when it is probable that the change order will be approved, and the amount can be reasonably estimated.  Revenue is recognized only up to the amount of costs incurred on contract claims when realization is probable, estimable and reasonable support from the customer exists.

The Company expenses all bid and proposal and other pre-contract costs as incurred.  Out of pocket expenses such as travel, meals, field supplies, and other costs billed direct to contracts are included in both revenue and cost of professional services.  Sales and cost of sales within the Company’s South American operations exclude value added tax (VAT) assessments by governmental authorities, which the Company collects from its customers and remits to governmental authorities.

Billed contract receivables represent amounts billed to clients in accordance with contracted terms but not collected as of the end of the reporting period.  Billed contract receivables may include: (i) amounts billed for revenue from efforts expended and fees that have been earned in accordance with contractual terms; and (ii) progress billings in accordance with contractual terms that include revenue not yet earned as of the end of the reporting period.

Unbilled contract receivables, which represent an unconditional right to payment subject only to the passage of time, represent amounts billable to clients in accordance with contracted terms that have not been billed as of the end of the reporting period.  Unbilled contract receivables that are not expected to be billed and collected within one year from the balance sheet date are reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company reduces contract receivables by recording an allowance for doubtful accounts to account for the estimated impact of collection issues resulting from a client’s inability or unwillingness to pay valid obligations to the Company.  The resulting provision for doubtful accounts is recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Property, Buildings and Equipment, Depreciation and Amortization

Property, buildings and equipment are stated at the lower of depreciated or amortized cost or fair value.  Land and land improvements are not depreciated or amortized.  Methods of depreciation or amortization and useful lives for all other long-lived assets are summarized in the following table.

	Depreciation / Amortization Method	Useful Lives
Buildings	Straight-line	32-40 Years
Building Improvements	Straight-line	7-15 Years
Field Equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer software	Straight-line	3-10 Years
Office furniture and equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Vehicles	Straight-line	3-5 Years
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line	(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements are amortized for book purposes over the terms of the leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.  Expenditures for improvements are capitalized when either the value or useful life of the related asset have been increased.  When property or equipment is retired or sold, any gain or loss on the transaction is reflected in the current year’s earnings.

The Company capitalizes costs of software acquisition and development projects, including costs related to software design, configuration, coding, installation, testing and parallel processing. Capitalized software costs are recorded in fixed assets, net of accumulated amortization, on the consolidated balance sheets.  Capitalized software costs are evaluated for recoverability/impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The costs of computer software obtained or developed for internal use is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software.  Amortization begins when the software and all related software modules on which it is functionally dependent are ready for their intended use.  Amortization expense is recorded in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.  Goodwill is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  Goodwill is subject to an annual assessment for impairment by comparing the estimated fair values of reporting units to which goodwill has been assigned to the recorded book value of the respective reporting units.  The Company estimates the fair value of reporting units using a discounted cash flows methodology that includes assumptions for future cash flows that are dependent on internal forecasts, the long-term rate of growth for the Company’s business, the life over which cash flows will occur, and the Company’s weighted average cost of capital.  Goodwill is also assessed for impairment between annual assessments whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets when events occur, or circumstances change that would more likely than not impair the value of the asset.  Recoverability is assessed by estimating the future net cash flows (undiscounted) expected to result from the asset, including eventual disposition, and comparing the resulting future cash flows to the carrying value of the asset.  If the future net cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the difference between the asset’s carrying value and fair value.

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability approach to account for income taxes.  This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities except for the enactment of changes in tax laws or rates.  Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the recorded net deferred tax assets will be realized.  Since in some cases management has utilized estimates, the amount of the net deferred tax asset considered realizable could be reduced in the near term.  

Income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes, determined using the applicable statutory rates.  A deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards, and a deferred tax liability is recognized for all taxable temporary differences.

The Company’s deferred tax assets principally result from timing differences in the recognition of entity operating losses, contract reserves and accrued expenses.  The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets and provides for a valuation allowance when necessary.

U.S. GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement principles for financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return.  A tax position is a position in a previously filed tax filing or a position expected to be taken in a future tax filing that is reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities.  Tax positions shall be recognized only when it is more likely than not (likelihood of greater than 50%), based on technical merits, that the position will be sustained. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold should be measured using a probability weighted approach as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in selling, general and administrative expenses.  Whether the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is met for a tax position, is a matter of judgment based on the individual facts and circumstances of that position evaluated in light of all available evidence.  

Defined Contribution Plans

EEI has a non-contributory defined contribution plan providing deferred benefits for substantially all of its U.S. employees (the “EEI Defined Contribution Plan”).  The annual expense of the EEI Defined Contribution Plan is based on a percentage of eligible wages as authorized by EEI’s Board of Directors.

EEI also has a supplemental retirement plan that provides post-retirement health care coverage for EEI’s founders and their spouses.  As of July 31, 2019, two founders, their spouses and the spouse of a deceased founder were receiving healthcare coverage under this plan.  The annual expense associated with this plan is determined based on discounted annual cost estimates over the estimated life expectancy of the founders and their spouses.

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing the net income attributable to EEI common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  After consideration of all the rights and privileges of the Class A and Class B stockholders (defined in Note 15 of these consolidated financial statements), the Company allocates undistributed earnings between the classes on a one-to-one basis when computing earnings per share.  As a result, basic and fully diluted earnings per Class A and Class B share are equal amounts.

The Company has determined that its unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities.  These securities are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method.  As a result, unvested restricted shares are included in the weighted average shares outstanding calculation.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) represents the change in shareholders’ equity during a period, excluding changes arising from transactions with shareholders.  Comprehensive income includes net income from the consolidated statements of operations, plus other comprehensive income during a reporting period.  Other comprehensive income (loss) represents the net effect of accounting transactions that are recognized directly in shareholders’ equity, such as unrealized net income or losses resulting from currency translation adjustments from foreign operations and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities.

Foreign Currencies and Inflation

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations.  Translation adjustments are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income until the related assets and liabilities are settled or otherwise disposed of.  Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in net foreign exchange (loss) gain in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred. 

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries located in highly inflationary economies are remeasured as if the functional currency were the U.S. dollar.  The remeasurement of local currencies into U.S. dollars creates transaction adjustments which are included in net income.  The Company did not record any highly inflationary economy adjustments during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company discloses noncontrolling interests as a separate component of consolidated shareholders’ equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  Earnings and other comprehensive income (loss) are separately attributed to both the controlling and noncontrolling interests.  The Company calculates earnings per share based on net income (loss) attributable to the Company’s controlling interests.

The Company considers acquiring additional interests in majority owned subsidiaries when noncontrolling shareholders express their intent to sell their interests.  The Company settles and records acquisitions of noncontrolling interests at amounts that approximate fair value.  Purchases of noncontrolling interests are recorded as reductions of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

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Contract Receivables, net

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Contract Receivables, net [Abstract]

Contract Receivables, net

7. Contract Receivables, net

Adoption of ASC Topic 606

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 effective August 1, 2018.  Gross revenue for reporting periods beginning after July 31, 2018 is recognized under ASC Topic 606.  Gross revenue for previous reporting periods was recognized in accordance with historic accounting under U.S. GAAP, as summarized in revenue recognition policies included in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report.

The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 using the modified retrospective method.  As a practical expedient allowed under ASC Topic 606, the Company applied the new guidance only to contracts that were not completed as of the date of initial application.  The Company did not record any cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of August 1, 2018 and did not record any material adjustment to gross revenue for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 as a result of applying the guidance in ASC Topic 606.

Contract Receivables, net and Contract Assets

Contract receivables, net are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Contract receivables:
Billed	$	12,405		$	12,905
Unbilled		13,686			13,994
		26,091			26,899
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(1,004	)		(1,284	)
Contract receivables, net	$	25,087		$	25,615

The Company anticipates that substantially all billed contract receivables will be collected over the next twelve months.  Billed contract receivables included contractual retainage balances of $0.8 million and $1.4 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Management anticipates that the unbilled contract receivables and retainage balances at July 31, 2019, will be substantially billed and collected within one year.  

Management identified contract receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, of less than $0.1 million and $0.5 million as of July 31, 2019 and July 31, 2018, respectively, that are not expected to be collected within one year.  These net receivables represent long-term assets that are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company may record contract assets for the right to receive consideration from customers when that right is conditional based on future performance under a contract.  Contract assets are transferred to billed contract receivables when the right to consideration becomes unconditional.  The Company did not record any contract assets at July 31, 2019 or 2018.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Activity within the allowance for doubtful accounts is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,284		$	2,044		$	6,792
Provision for doubtful accounts during the period		182			813			682
Write-offs and recoveries of allowance recorded in prior periods		(676	)		(943	)		(5,430	)
Reclassification of allowance (to) from noncurrent assets		214			(630	)		---
Balance at end of period	$	1,004		$	1,284		$	2,044

Contract Receivable Concentrations

Significant concentrations of contract receivables and the allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019				July 31, 2018
Region	Contract Receivables		Allowance for Doubtful Accounts		Contract Receivables		Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	20,211	$	489	$	21,580	$	569
South American operations		5,880		515		5,319		715
Totals	$	26,091	$	1,004	$	26,899	$	1,284

The allowance for doubtful accounts for the Company’s South American operations represented 9% and 13% of related contract receivables at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  Unstable local economies that adversely impacted certain of our South American clients in recent years demonstrated signs of stabilizing during fiscal year 2019.  Management continues to monitor trends and events that may adversely impact the realizability of recorded receivables from our South American clients.

Disaggregation of Revenues

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s gross revenue, disaggregated by operating segment and contract type.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Gross revenue from time and materials contracts:
U.S. operations	$	40,478	$	38,562	$	47,732
South American operations		27		-		-
Total gross revenue from time and materials contracts	$	40,505	$	38,562	$	47,732
Gross revenue from fixed price contracts:
U.S. operations	$	13,113	$	14,313	$	16,232
South American operations		17,861		18,949		15,541
Total gross revenue from fixed price contracts	$	30,974	$	33,262	$	31,773
Gross revenue from cost-plus contracts:
U.S. operations	$	17,031	$	18,860	$	16,578
South American operations		-		-		-
Total gross revenue from cost-plus contracts	$	17,031	$	18,860	$	16,578
Gross revenue from all contracts:
U.S. operations	$	70,622	$	71,735	$	80,542
South American operations		17,888		18,949		15,541
Consolidated gross revenue	$	88,510	$	90,684	$	96,083

Customer Deposits

Customer deposits of $3.6 million and $3.2 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, represent cash advances received from customers for future services.

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Lines of Credit

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Lines of Credit [Abstract]

Lines of Credit

11. Lines of Credit

Unsecured lines of credit are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$	284	$	---
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations		1,635		1,668
Total amounts used under lines of credit		1,919		1,668
Remaining amounts available under lines of credit		33,681		33,932
Total unsecured lines of credit	$	35,600	$	35,600

The Company’s U.S. operations are supported by two line of credit arrangements:

• $19.0 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019; no outstanding cash advances as of July 31, 2019 or 2018; letters of credit of less than $0.1 million were outstanding at July 31, 2019 and 2018; interest rate based on LIBOR plus 275 basis points; and

• $13.5 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019; no outstanding cash advances as of July 31, 2019 or 2018; letters of credit of less than $0.1 million outstanding at July 31, 2019 and 2018; interest rate based on LIBOR plus 200 basis points.

The Company’s South American operations are supported by two line of credit arrangements:

• $2.0 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019 to support operations in Peru; no outstanding cash advances as of July 31, 2019 or 2018; letters of credit of $1.0 million was outstanding as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; interest rate is affirmed by or negotiated with the lender annually; and

• $1.1 million available line of credit at July 31, 2019 to support operations in Brazil; combined balance of outstanding cash advances of $0.3 million and $0 as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; letters of credit of $0.6 million were outstanding as of July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively; interest rate based on a Brazilian government economic index.

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Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Consolidated Statements of Operations [Abstract]
Revenue, net	$ 88,510	$ 90,684	$ 96,083
Cost of professional services and other direct operating expenses	34,228	33,855	36,179
Subcontract costs	15,859	17,191	15,975
Selling, general and administrative expenses	38,820	39,257	38,139
Depreciation and amortization	1,022	1,083	994
(Loss) income from operations	(1,419)	(702)	4,796
Equity investment income	346	595	368
Net interest income	237	114	29
Net foreign exchange gain (loss)	4	(11)	(86)
Proxy contest costs, net	0	0	(375)
Other income (expense)	58	158	(54)
(Loss) Income before income tax provision	(774)	154	4,678
Income tax (benefit) provision	(664)	258	2,167
Net income (loss)	(110)	(104)	2,511
Net (income) loss attributable to the noncontrolling interest	(444)	(204)	312
Net (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$ (554)	$ (308)	$ 2,823
Net (loss) income per common share: basic and diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.13)	$ (0.07)	$ 0.66
Weighted average common shares outstanding: basic and diluted (in shares)	4,316,316	4,304,574	4,294,501

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Contract Receivables, net, Disaggregation of Revenues (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	$ 88,510	$ 90,684	$ 96,083
U.S. Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	70,622	71,735	80,542
South American Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	17,888	18,949	15,541
Time and Materials [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	40,505	38,562	47,732
Time and Materials [Member] | U.S. Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	40,478	38,562	47,732
Time and Materials [Member] | South American Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	27	0	0
Fixed Price [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	30,974	33,262	31,773
Fixed Price [Member] | U.S. Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	13,113	14,313	16,232
Fixed Price [Member] | South American Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	17,861	18,949	15,541
Cost-Plus [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	17,031	18,860	16,578
Cost-Plus [Member] | U.S. Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	17,031	18,860	16,578
Cost-Plus [Member] | South American Operations [Member]
Disaggregation of Revenue [Abstract]
Gross revenue	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity [Abstract]
Cash dividends declared (in dollars per share)	$ 0.40	$ 0.40	$ 0.40

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Property, Buildings and Equipment, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 20,319	$ 20,669
Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(17,066)	(16,799)
Property, buildings and equipment, net	3,253	3,870
Land and Land Improvements [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	393	393
Building and Building Improvements [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	7,471	7,455
Field Equipment [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	1,949	1,970
Computer Equipment [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	4,015	4,156
Computer Software [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	2,981	2,940
Office Furniture and Equipment [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	1,964	2,142
Vehicles [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	884	1,134
Other [Member]
Property, buildings and equipment [Abstract]
Property, plant and equipment, gross	$ 662	$ 479

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	5 Months Ended	7 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Income before income tax provision [Abstract]
U.S. operations			$ (1,302)	$ (948)	$ 4,758
Foreign operations (primarily South American operations)			528	1,102	(80)
(Loss) Income before income tax provision			(774)	154	4,678
Current income tax provision (benefit) [Abstract]
Federal			78	(62)	(149)
State			90	26	42
Foreign			494	228	282
Total current			662	192	175
Deferred income tax provision (benefit) [Abstract]
Federal			(24)	289	1,653
State			1	(75)	308
Foreign			(1,303)	(148)	31
Total deferred			(1,326)	66	1,992
Total income tax (benefit) provision			$ (664)	$ 258	$ 2,167
Statutory federal tax rate	34.00%	21.00%	21.00%	26.50%	34.00%
Reconciliation of income tax provision from statutory U.S. income tax rate to the effective income tax rate [Abstract]
Income tax (benefit) provision at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate			$ (163)	$ 41	$ 1,590
Tax on Foreign Earnings			138	129	0
Change in Tax Rates under Tax Act			16	322	0
International rate differences			80	27	33
Peru non-deductible expenses			0	14	53
Foreign dividend income			0	0	240
Income from "pass-through" entities taxable to noncontrolling partners			(16)	0	(1)
Re-evaluation and settlements of tax contingencies			0	0	(33)
Transaction costs			69	0	0
Change in valuation allowance			(1,241)	(19)	98
State taxes, net of federal benefit			75	(32)	200
Other foreign taxes, net of federal benefit			109	(95)	(111)
Other permanent differences			269	(129)	98
Total income tax (benefit) provision			(664)	258	2,167
Deferred tax assets [Abstract]
Net operating loss carryforwards						$ 1,413	$ 1,081
Accrued compensation and expenses						623	611
Federal benefit from foreign accounting differences						448	460
Contract and other reserves						253	311
Foreign tax credit						296	296
Capital loss carryforwards						234	143
Fixed assets and intangibles						57	0
Other						155	202
Deferred tax assets						3,479	3,104
Less: Valuation allowance	$ (2,020)	$ (2,006)	$ (859)	(2,006)	(2,020)	(859)	(2,006)	$ (2,020)
Net deferred tax assets						2,620	1,098
Deferred tax liabilities [Abstract]
Fixed assets and intangibles						0	(39)
Federal expense on state deferred taxes						(62)	(60)
Federal expense from foreign accounting differences						(2)	(7)
Unremitted foreign earnings						(417)	(206)
Other						(9)	3
Net deferred tax liabilities						(490)	(309)
Foreign operating loss carryforwards						3,000
State operating loss carryforwards						1,400
Net operating loss carryforwards expiration period			4 years
Provision of global intangible low taxed income, amount			$ 600
Deferred tax assets valuation allowance [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 2,020		2,006	2,020
Additions during the period			420	60
Reductions during period			(1,567)	(74)
Balance at end of period		$ 2,006	859	2,006	2,020
Amount of undistributed income that will not be indefinitely reinvested in foreign operations						200	200	600
Undistributed foreign earnings						4,100	6,300	$ 5,600
Foreign earnings			2,300	1,000
Uncertain tax positions [Abstract]
Uncertain tax positions						$ 0	$ 0
Maximum [Member]
Uncertain tax positions [Abstract]
Interest accrued related to liabilities for uncertain tax positions			$ 100	$ 100	$ 100
IRS [Member]
Income Tax Examination [Abstract]
Income tax examination, year subject to examination			2019 2018 2017 2016
State, Local and Foreign [Member]
Income Tax Examination [Abstract]
Income tax examination, year subject to examination			2019 2018 2017 2016 2015

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Operating Lease Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Operating Lease Commitments [Abstract]
Gross rental expense	$ 3,100	$ 3,200	$ 3,300
Future minimum rental commitments [Abstract]
2020	2,139
2021	1,635
2022	1,156
2023	1,005
2024	647
Thereafter	96
Total	$ 6,678

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Commitments and Contingencies (Details) $ in Thousands, R$ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019 USD ($) Employee	Oct. 14, 2019 Complaints	Jul. 31, 2019 BRL (R$)	Jul. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Loss Contingencies [Abstract]
Other accrued liabilities | $	$ 1,386			$ 1,382
Subsequent Event [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Abstract]
Number of complaints challenging merger were filed | Complaints		2
Pending Litigation [Member] | Ecology and Environment do Brasil LTDA [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Abstract]
Loss contingency, estimate of possible loss | R$			R$ 0.5
Number of employees individually served with notices of infraction	4
Settled Litigation [Member] | Ecology and Environment do Brasil LTDA [Member]
Loss Contingencies [Abstract]
Number of employees individually served with claim of violations dismissed	1
Number of employees that have fines assessed against them, which are being appealed	3
Other accrued liabilities | $	$ 400

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019 Founder
Defined Contribution Plans [Abstract]
Number of founders	2
Buildings [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Buildings [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	32 years
Buildings [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	40 years
Building Improvements [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Building Improvements [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	7 years
Building Improvements [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	15 years
Field Equipment [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Field Equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	3 years
Field Equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	7 years
Computer Equipment [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Computer Equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	3 years
Computer Equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	7 years
Computer Software [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Computer Software [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	3 years
Computer Software [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	10 years
Office Furniture and Equipment [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Office Furniture and Equipment [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	3 years
Office Furniture and Equipment [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	7 years
Vehicles [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Vehicles [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	3 years
Vehicles [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Useful lives	5 years
Leasehold Improvements [Member]
Depreciation/ amortization method and useful lives [Abstract]
Depreciation/ amortization method	Straight-line
Useful lives		[1]

[1] Leasehold improvements are amortized for book purposes over the terms of the leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.

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Earnings Per Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Computation of Basic Earnings Per Share

The computation of basic and diluted EPS is included in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823
Less: Dividend declared		1,728			1,724			1,719
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)	$	(2,282	)	$	(2,032	)	$	1,104
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		4,316,316			4,304,574			4,294,501
Distributed earnings per share	$	0.40		$	0.40		$	0.40
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings) per share		(0.53	)		(0.47	)		0.26
Total (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.07	)	$	0.66

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Incentive Compensation

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Incentive Compensation [Abstract]

Incentive Compensation

15. Incentive Compensation

Stock Award Plan

EEI adopted the 1998 Stock Award Plan effective March 16, 1998.  This plan, together with supplemental plans that were subsequently adopted by the Company’s Board of Directors, are referred to as the “Stock Award Plan”.  The Stock Award Plan is not a qualified plan under Section 401(a) of the Internal Revenue Code.  Under the Stock Award Plan, directors, officers and other key employees of EEI or any of its subsidiaries may be awarded Class A Common Stock as compensation for services rendered to the Company or its subsidiaries, based upon the fair market value of the common stock at the time of the award.  The Stock Award Plan authorizes the Company’s Board of Directors to determine the vesting period and the circumstances under which the awards may be forfeited.  In October 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the current supplemental plan, the 2016 Stock Award Plan.  This plan permits awards of up to 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock for a period of up to five years until its termination in October 2021. 

During fiscal year 2019, EEI awarded a total of 15,767 shares of Class A Common Stock under the 2016 Stock Award Plan, valued at $0.2 million, under the following compensation arrangements:

• 10,367 shares of Class A Common Stock valued at $0.1 million were awarded to certain Directors as a portion of their annual compensation.  These shares will vest upon expiration of certain restrictions regarding transfer of the shares that expire in April 2020.

• 3,400 shares of Class A Common Stock valued at less than $0.1 million were awarded to the Company’s Executive Chairman, Marshall Heinberg in accordance with the terms of a compensation agreement approved by the Board of Directors.  These shares vested immediately upon issuance.

• 2,000 shares of Class A Common Stock valued at less than $0.1 million were awarded to the Company’s former Chief Administrative Officer, in accordance with the terms of her compensation agreement.  These shares vested immediately upon issuance.

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Earnings Per Share

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

19. Earnings Per Share

The computation of basic and diluted EPS is included in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823
Less: Dividend declared		1,728			1,724			1,719
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)	$	(2,282	)	$	(2,032	)	$	1,104
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted		4,316,316			4,304,574			4,294,501
Distributed earnings per share	$	0.40		$	0.40		$	0.40
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings) per share		(0.53	)		(0.47	)		0.26
Total (loss) earnings per share	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.07	)	$	0.66

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Segment Reporting (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands		12 Months Ended
		Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Segment Reporting Information [Abstract]
Gross revenue		$ 88,510	$ 90,684	$ 96,083
Consolidated net (loss) income attributable to EEI		(554)	(308)	2,823
Depreciation and amortization expense		1,022	1,083	994
Assets		51,810	52,829
United States [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Abstract]
Gross revenue		70,622	71,882	80,659
Consolidated net (loss) income attributable to EEI	[1]	(543)	(651)	3,688
Depreciation and amortization expense		800	800	800
Assets		43,842	43,823
United States [Member] | Government Contract [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Abstract]
Gross revenue		14,100	15,800	21,900
South America [Member]
Segment Reporting Information [Abstract]
Gross revenue		17,888	18,802	15,424
Consolidated net (loss) income attributable to EEI	[2]	(11)	343	(865)
Depreciation and amortization expense		200	300	$ 200
Assets		$ 7,968	$ 9,006

[1] Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.8 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

[2] Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Debt and Capital Lease Obligations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations [Abstract]
Total	$ 54	$ 108
Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations	(41)	(54)
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations	13	54
Long-term Debt, by Maturity [Abstract]
2020	41
2021	13
Total	54	108
Bank Loan [Member]
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations [Abstract]
Total	$ 17	28
Interest rate	3.86%
Long-term Debt, by Maturity [Abstract]
Total	$ 17	28
Capital Lease Obligations [Member]
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations [Abstract]
Total	37	80
Long-term Debt, by Maturity [Abstract]
Total	$ 37	$ 80
Capital Lease Obligations [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations [Abstract]
Interest rate	4.80%
Capital Lease Obligations [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations [Abstract]
Interest rate	17.07%

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Shareholders' Equity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017	Aug. 31, 2010
Cash Dividends [Abstract]
Cash dividends declared	$ 1,728	$ 1,724	$ 1,719
Dividends paid	1,700	1,700	1,700
Dividends declared but unpaid	865	863	$ 860
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss [Abstract]
Unrealized net foreign currency translation losses	(2,098)	(1,880)
Unrealized net investment (losses) gains on available for sale investments	0	(5)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$ (2,098)	$ (1,885)
Class A [Member]
Class A and Class B common stock [Abstract]
Percentage equity holders entitled to elect Board of Directors	25.00%
Minimum percentage of the number of outstanding Class A common stock to combined classes of shares	10.00%
Voting power of Class A common share holders to the Class B common stock holders	0.1
Number of Class B shares to be converted into Class A shares (in shares)	1
Stock Repurchase [Abstract]
Number of shares authorized to be repurchased (in shares)	122,918			200,000
Remaining number of shares authorized to be repurchased (in shares)	77,082
Number of share acquired (in shares)	0	0	0

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Significant Transactions During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019 (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 28, 2019	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Class A [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Class B [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)		$ 0.01	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses [Member] | U.S. Operations [Member]
Staff Reduction Programs [Abstract]
Employee severance and termination costs			$ 1,000
Expenses Associated with Restatements of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Incremental audit, tax and legal expenses			$ 1,000
Merger Agreement [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Expenses related to merger agreement		$ 300
Subsequent Event [Member] | Merger Agreement [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Minimum amount of merger expenses considered for special dividend	$ 3,050
Termination fee	$ 4,000
Subsequent Event [Member] | Merger Agreement [Member] | Class A [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01
Common stock, conversion into cash (in dollars per share)	15.00
Subsequent Event [Member] | Merger Agreement [Member] | Class B [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	0.01
Common stock, conversion into cash (in dollars per share)	15.00
Subsequent Event [Member] | Merger Agreement [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Agreement and Plan of Merger [Abstract]
Special dividend payable (in dollars per share)	$ 0.50
Reimbursement of expenses	$ 1,750

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Segment Reporting (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Revenue from External Customers by Geographic Areas

Gross revenue, net income (loss) attributable to EEI and total assets by operating segment are summarized in the following tables.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue:
U.S. operations	$	70,622	$	71,882	$	80,659
South American operations		17,888		18,802		15,424
Consolidated gross revenue	$	88,510	$	90,684	$	96,083

Gross revenue from U.S. federal government contracts were $14.1 million, $15.8 million and $21.9 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Net (loss) income attributable to EEI:
U.S. operations (a)	$	(543	)	$	(651	)	$	3,688
South American operations (b)		(11	)		343			(865	)
Consolidated net (loss) income attributable to EEI	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823

(a) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.8 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(b) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Assets by Geographic Areas

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Total Assets:
U.S. operations	$	43,842	$	43,823
South American operations		7,968		9,006
Consolidated total assets	$	51,810	$	52,829

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Other Accrued Liabilities

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Other Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Other Accrued Liabilities

14. Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Allowance for project disallowances	$	490	$	687
Other		896		695
Total other accrued liabilities	$	1,386	$	1,382

Activity within the allowance for project disallowances is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	687		$	687	$	1,819
Reduction of reserves recorded in prior fiscal years		(197	)		---		(1,132	)
Balance at end of period	$	490		$	687	$	687

The reductions in the allowance for project disallowances during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, which were recorded as additions to gross revenue on the consolidated statements of operations, resulted from final settlements of allowances recorded in prior fiscal years.  The settlements resulted in cash payments of $0.2 million during fiscal year 2019 and less than $0.1 million during fiscal year 2017.

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Defined Contribution Plans

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Defined Contribution Plans [Abstract]

Defined Contribution Plans

18. Defined Contribution Plans

Contributions to the EEI Defined Contribution Plan and EEI Supplemental Retirement Plan are discretionary and determined annually by its Board of Directors.  The total expense under these plans was $1.2 million, $1.3 million, and $1.5 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Debt and Capital Lease Obligations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Debt and Capital Lease Obligations [Abstract]

Debt Inclusive of Capital Lease Obligations

Debt and capital lease obligations are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Bank loan (interest rate of 3.86% at July 31, 2019)		17			28
Capital lease obligations (interest rates ranging from 4.8% to 17.07% at July 31, 2019)		37			80
		54			108
Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations		(41	)		(54	)
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations	$	13		$	54

Aggregate Maturities of Long-term Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt and capital lease obligations as of July 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

Fiscal Year Ending July 31,	Amount
	(in thousands)
2020	$	41
2021		13
Total	$	54

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Contract Receivables, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Contract Receivables, net [Abstract]

Contract Receivables, Net

Contract receivables, net are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Contract receivables:
Billed	$	12,405		$	12,905
Unbilled		13,686			13,994
		26,091			26,899
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(1,004	)		(1,284	)
Contract receivables, net	$	25,087		$	25,615

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Activity within the allowance for doubtful accounts is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,284		$	2,044		$	6,792
Provision for doubtful accounts during the period		182			813			682
Write-offs and recoveries of allowance recorded in prior periods		(676	)		(943	)		(5,430	)
Reclassification of allowance (to) from noncurrent assets		214			(630	)		---
Balance at end of period	$	1,004		$	1,284		$	2,044

Contract Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts by Geographical Areas

Significant concentrations of contract receivables and the allowance for doubtful accounts are summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019				July 31, 2018
Region	Contract Receivables		Allowance for Doubtful Accounts		Contract Receivables		Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	20,211	$	489	$	21,580	$	569
South American operations		5,880		515		5,319		715
Totals	$	26,091	$	1,004	$	26,899	$	1,284

Disaggregation of Revenues

The following table provides a summary of the Company’s gross revenue, disaggregated by operating segment and contract type.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018		2017
Gross revenue from time and materials contracts:
U.S. operations	$	40,478	$	38,562	$	47,732
South American operations		27		-		-
Total gross revenue from time and materials contracts	$	40,505	$	38,562	$	47,732
Gross revenue from fixed price contracts:
U.S. operations	$	13,113	$	14,313	$	16,232
South American operations		17,861		18,949		15,541
Total gross revenue from fixed price contracts	$	30,974	$	33,262	$	31,773
Gross revenue from cost-plus contracts:
U.S. operations	$	17,031	$	18,860	$	16,578
South American operations		-		-		-
Total gross revenue from cost-plus contracts	$	17,031	$	18,860	$	16,578
Gross revenue from all contracts:
U.S. operations	$	70,622	$	71,735	$	80,542
South American operations		17,888		18,949		15,541
Consolidated gross revenue	$	88,510	$	90,684	$	96,083

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Goodwill

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Goodwill [Abstract]

Goodwill

10. Goodwill

Goodwill of $0.9 million is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment assessment at July 31, 2019 and 2018, and determined that the fair value of the reporting units to which goodwill is assigned exceeded its book value at both dates.  As a result, no impairment of goodwill was identified as of July 31, 2019 or 2018.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

2. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) establishes changes to U.S. GAAP in the form of accounting standards updates (“ASUs”) to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification.  The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs when they are issued by FASB.  ASUs listed below were either adopted by the Company during fiscal year 2019 or will be adopted as each ASU becomes effective during future reporting periods.  ASUs not listed below were assessed to be not applicable to the Company’s operations or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Accounting Pronouncements Adopted During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019

In May 2014, FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”).  ASU 2014-09, as amended by subsequent ASUs that amended and clarified the guidance in ASU 2014-09, forms the basis for FASB ASC Topic 606 (“ASC Topic 606”), which superseded previous authoritative U.S. GAAP guidance regarding revenue recognition.  The Company adopted ASC Topic 606 effective August 1, 2018.  Refer to Note 7 of these consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the Company’s adoption of ASC Topic 606.

In January 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”).  The amendments in ASU 2016-01 address certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments.  In February 2018, FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10) – Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which clarified certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01.  Under the new guidance, entities are no longer able to classify equity investments as either trading or available for sale (“AFS”) and may no longer recognize unrealized holding gains and losses in other comprehensive income on equity securities that were classified as AFS under previous U.S. GAAP.  The Company adopted the applicable provisions of ASU 2016-01 effective August 1, 2018 by recording a cumulative effect adjustment of less than $0.1 million to beginning retained earnings and beginning accumulated other comprehensive income on the consolidated balance sheets.  The cumulative effect adjustment is also separately reported on the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

In August 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) – Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”).  The amendments included in this update provide guidance regarding eight specific cash flow classification issues that are not specifically addressed in previous U.S. GAAP, only one of which was deemed applicable to the Company’s cash flow reporting.  Issue 6 of ASU 2016-15 requires that reporting entities elect an accounting policy to classify distributions received from equity method investees using one of two possible approaches:

• the “cumulative earnings approach,” under which, subject to certain limitations, distributions received from equity investees are considered returns on investment and classified as cash inflows from operating activities; or

• the “nature of the distribution approach,” under which distributions received from equity investees should be classified on the basis of the nature of the activity or activities of the investee that generated the distribution as either a return on investment (classified as a cash inflow from operating activities) or a return of investment (classified as a cash inflow from investing activities).

The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-15 effective August 1, 2018 and elected the “cumulative earnings approach.”  The Company received $0.2 million of dividends from its equity method investee during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2019 that are included in cash flows from operating activities.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted as of July 31, 2019

In March 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”).  The main difference between previous U.S. GAAP and ASU 2016-02 (together with subsequent ASUs that amended and clarified the guidance in ASU 2016-02) is the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous U.S. GAAP.  ASU 2016-02 provides specific guidance for determining whether a contractual arrangement contains a lease, lease classification by lessees and lessors, initial and subsequent measurement of leases by lessees and lessors, sale and leaseback transactions, transition, and financial statement disclosures.  The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2016-02 effective August 1, 2019, using the modified retrospective approach.  Management will apply the transition method which does not require adjustments to comparative periods or require modified disclosures for those comparative periods for fiscal year 2020.  ASU 2016-02 provides several optional practical expedients for transition.  Management elected all available transition practical expedients, other than the use-of-hindsight.  ASU 2016-02 also provides practical expedients for ongoing accounting after transition.  Management elected the short-term lease recognition exemption which allows non-recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less.  Management has also elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components for arrangements that contain leases.

Management is finalizing the Company’s implementation of the guidance in ASU 2016-02, including changes to accounting policies, systems and controls, and implementing new software capable of producing the required data for accounting and disclosure purposes.  The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s results of operations or liquidity.  The Company expects to recognize new right-of-use assets and lease liabilities associated with operating leases of approximately $5.9 million to $6.5 million in the first quarter of fiscal year 2020.

In June 2016, FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) (“ASU 2016-13”).  The amendments included in this update affect entities holding financial assets, including trade receivables and investment securities available for sale, that are not accounted for at fair value through net income.  ASU 2016-13, as amended by subsequent updates that amended and clarified the guidance in ASU 2016-13, requires a financial asset (or a group of financial assets) measured at amortized cost basis to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected.  The amendments included in this update also provide guidance for measurement of expected credit losses and for presentation of increases or decreases of expected credit losses on the statement of operations.  ASU No. 2016-13 will be effective for the Company beginning August 1, 2020.  Early adoption is permitted for the Company beginning August 1, 2019.  Management is currently assessing the provisions of ASU 2016-13 and has not yet estimated its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350) – Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”).  The amendments included in this update simplify the subsequent measurement of goodwill by revising the steps required during the registrant’s annual goodwill impairment test.  This accounting standard update will be effective for the Company beginning August 1, 2021.  Management is currently assessing the provisions of ASU 2017-04 and has not yet estimated its impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Fair Value of Financial Instruments [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

6. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial assets or liabilities are measured using inputs from the three levels of the fair value hierarchy.  The Company classifies assets and liabilities within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement.  Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.  The Company has not elected a fair value option on any assets or liabilities. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 Inputs – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities. Generally, this includes debt and equity securities that are traded on an active exchange market (e.g., New York Stock Exchange) as well as certain U.S. Treasury and U.S. Government and agency mortgage-backed securities that are highly liquid and are actively traded in over-the-counter markets.  

Level 2 Inputs – Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where the significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, credit risks, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.  

Level 3 Inputs – Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable.  The unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use.

The Company monitors the availability of observable market data to assess the appropriate classification of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy.  Changes in economic conditions or model-based valuation techniques may require the transfer of financial instruments from one fair value level to another.  In such instances, the transfer is reported at the beginning of the reporting period.  There were no transfers in or out of levels 1, 2 or 3 during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

The carrying amount of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash approximated fair value at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  These assets were classified as level 1 instruments at both dates.

Investment securities of $1.6 million and $1.5 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, primarily included mutual funds invested in U.S. municipal bonds, which the Company may immediately redeem without prior notice.  These mutual funds are valued at the NAV of shares held by the Company at period end as a practical expedient to estimate fair value.  These mutual funds are deemed to be actively traded, are required to publish their daily NAV and are required to transact at that price.

The Company recorded unrealized investment losses or gains of less than $0.1 million in other income on the consolidated statement of operations for fiscal year 2019 and in accumulated other comprehensive loss at July 31, 2018 and 2017.  The Company did not record any sales of investment securities during the twelve months ended July 31, 2019 or 2018.

Long-term debt consists of bank loans and capitalized equipment leases.  Lines of credit consist of borrowings for working capital requirements.  The carrying amount of these liabilities approximated fair value at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  These liabilities were classified as level 2 instruments at both dates.  Refer to Note 11 and Note 12 of these consolidated financial statements for additional disclosures regarding the Company’s lines of credit, debt and capital lease obligations.

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Contract Receivables, net, Contract Receivable Concentrations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Contract Receivable Concentrations [Abstract]
Contracts Receivables	$ 26,091	$ 26,899
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	$ 1,004	$ 1,284
Contract receivables	9.00%	13.00%
United States [Member]
Contract Receivable Concentrations [Abstract]
Contracts Receivables	$ 20,211	$ 21,580
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	489	569
South America [Member]
Contract Receivable Concentrations [Abstract]
Contracts Receivables	5,880	5,319
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts	$ 515	$ 715

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Organization and Basis of Presentation

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Organization and Basis of Presentation [Abstract]

Organization and Basis of Presentation

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Ecology and Environment Inc., (“EEI” or the “Parent Company”) was incorporated in 1970 as a global broad-based environmental consulting firm whose underlying philosophy is to provide professional services worldwide so that sustainable economic and human development may proceed with acceptable impact on the environment.  During fiscal year 2019, EEI and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) included six active wholly-owned and majority-owned operating subsidiaries in four countries (the United States of America, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador), and one majority-owned equity investment in Chile.  The Company’s staff is comprised of individuals representing numerous scientific, engineering, health, and social disciplines working together in multidisciplinary teams to provide innovative environmental solutions.  The majority of employees hold bachelor’s and/or advanced degrees in such areas as chemical, civil, mechanical, sanitary, soil, structural and transportation engineering, biology, geology, hydrogeology, ecology, urban and regional planning and oceanography.  The Company’s client list includes governments, industries, multinational corporations, organizations, and private companies. 

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).  The financial statements reflect all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of such information.  All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. 

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Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment, Equity Method Investment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Equity Method Investment, Financial Statement, Reported Amounts [Abstract]
Equity investment carrying value at beginning of period	$ 2,058
GAC net income attributable to EEI	346	$ 595	$ 368
Equity investment carrying value at end of period	$ 1,658	$ 2,058
GAC [Member]
Equity Method Investment [Abstract]
Ownership percentage	52.48%	55.10%
Equity Method Investment, Financial Statement, Reported Amounts [Abstract]
Equity investment carrying value at beginning of period	$ 2,058	$ 1,463	1,944
GAC net income attributable to EEI	346	595	368
EEI's portion of other comprehensive loss recorded by GAC	(414)	0	0
Gain on dilution of investment in GAC	(17)	0	0
EEI's portion of dividends declared by GAC	(349)	0	(849)
Equity investment carrying value at end of period	1,658	2,058	1,463
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information [Abstract]
Current assets	5,671	5,713
Noncurrent assets	1,215	501
Total assets	6,886	6,214
Current liabilities	3,232	2,620
Noncurrent liabilities	847	593
Total liabilities	4,079	3,213
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder's equity	1,806	1,678
Noncontrolling interest in shareholders' equity	1,001	1,323
Total shareholders' equity	2,807	3,001
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	6,886	6,214
Equity Method Investment, Summarized Financial Information, Income Statement [Abstract]
Gross revenue	12,912	11,987	7,737
Direct cost of services and subcontract costs	(8,353)	(7,286)	(4,633)
Income from operations	924	1,381	568
Net income	637	1,079	668
Net income attributable to EEI	$ 346	$ 595	$ 368

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Document and Entity Information - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Oct. 04, 2019	Jan. 31, 2019
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Registrant Name	ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT INC
Entity Central Index Key	0000809933
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--07-31
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	No
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 36,355,884
Document Type	10-K
Amendment Flag	false
Document Period End Date	Jul. 31, 2019
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2019
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Address, State or Province	NY
Common Class A [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		3,138,323
Common Class B [Member]
Document Information [Line Items]
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		1,191,678

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net income (loss) including noncontrolling interests	$ (110)	$ (104)	$ 2,511
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(273)	(85)	174
Unrealized investment losses, net	0	(20)	(18)
Comprehensive (loss) income	(383)	(209)	2,667
Comprehensive (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests	(389)	(189)	290
Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$ (772)	$ (398)	$ 2,957

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Investment securities available for sale	$ 1,577	$ 1,497
Maximum [Member]
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Unrealized investment losses or gains	$ 100	$ 100	$ 100

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Oct. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Dividends from equity method investments	$ 200
ASU 2016-01 [Member] | Retained Earnings [Member]
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Cumulative effect of adoption			$ (5)
ASU 2016-01 [Member] | Retained Earnings [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Cumulative effect of adoption	(100)
ASU 2016-01 [Member] | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Cumulative effect of adoption			$ 5
ASU 2016-01 [Member] | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Cumulative effect of adoption	$ 100
ASU 2016-02 [Member] | Plan [Member] | Minimum [Member]
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Right-of-use assets		$ 5,900
Lease liabilities		5,900
ASU 2016-02 [Member] | Plan [Member] | Maximum [Member]
Recent Accounting Pronouncements [Abstract]
Right-of-use assets		6,500
Lease liabilities		$ 6,500

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Operating Lease Commitments (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Operating Lease Commitments [Abstract]

Future Minimum Rental Commitments

Future minimum rental commitments under operating leases as of July 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

Fiscal Year Ending July 31,	Amount
	(in thousands)
2020	$	2,139
2021		1,635
2022		1,156
2023		1,005
2024		647
Thereafter		96
Total	$	6,678

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Other Accrued Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Other Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]
Allowance for project disallowances	$ 490	$ 687	$ 687	$ 490	$ 687
Other				896	695
Total other accrued liabilities				$ 1,386	$ 1,382
Allowance for Project Disallowances [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	687	687	1,819
Reduction of reserves recorded in prior fiscal years	(197)	0	(1,132)
Balance at end of period	$ 490	$ 687	687
Maximum [Member]
Allowance for Project Disallowances [Roll Forward]
Reduction of reserves recorded in prior fiscal years			$ 100

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Defined Contribution Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Defined Contribution Plans [Abstract]
Total plan expense	$ 1.2	$ 1.3	$ 1.5

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Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Debt and Capital Lease Obligations [Abstract]

Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

12. Debt and Capital Lease Obligations

Debt and capital lease obligations are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Bank loan (interest rate of 3.86% at July 31, 2019)		17			28
Capital lease obligations (interest rates ranging from 4.8% to 17.07% at July 31, 2019)		37			80
		54			108
Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations		(41	)		(54	)
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations	$	13		$	54

The aggregate maturities of long-term debt and capital lease obligations as of July 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

Fiscal Year Ending July 31,	Amount
	(in thousands)
2020	$	41
2021		13
Total	$	54

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Shareholders' Equity

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Shareholders' Equity [Abstract]

Shareholders' Equity

16. Shareholders’ Equity

Class A and Class B Common Stock

The relative rights, preferences and limitations of the Company’s Class A and Class B Common Stock are summarized as follows: Holders of Class A Common Stock are entitled to elect 25% of the Board of Directors so long as the number of outstanding Class A Common Stock is at least 10% of the combined total number of outstanding Class A and Class B Common Stock. Holders of Class A common shares have one-tenth the voting power of Class B Common Stock with respect to most other matters.

In addition, holders of Class A Common Stock are eligible to receive dividends in excess of (and not less than) those paid to holders of Class B Common Stock. Holders of Class B Common Stock have the option to convert at any time, each share of Class B Common Stock into one share of Class A Common Stock. Upon sale or transfer, shares of Class B Common Stock will automatically convert into an equal number of shares of Class A Common Stock, except that sales or transfers of Class B Common Stock to an existing holder of Class B Common Stock or to an immediate family member will not cause such shares to automatically convert into Class A Common Stock.

Restrictive Shareholder Agreement

Messrs. Gerhard J. Neumaier (deceased), Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank, and Gerald A. Strobel entered into a Stockholders’ Agreement dated May 12, 1970, as amended January 24, 2011, which governs the sale of certain shares of EEI common stock (now classified as Class B Common Stock) owned by them, certain children of those individuals and any such shares subsequently transferred to their spouses and/or children outright or in trust for their benefit upon the demise of a signatory to the Agreement (“Permitted Transferees”).  The Agreement provides that prior to accepting a bona fide offer to purchase some or all of their shares of Class B Common Stock governed by the Agreement, that the selling party must first allow the other signatories to the Agreement (not including any Permitted Transferee) the opportunity to acquire on a pro rata basis, with right of over-allotment, all of such shares covered by the offer on the same terms and conditions proposed by the offer.

Concurrently with the execution and delivery of the Merger Agreement, Frank B. Silvestro, Ronald L. Frank, Gerald A. Strobel, Marshall A. Heinberg, Michael C. Gross, Michael El-Hillow, the Gerhard J. Neumaier Testamentary Trust, Justin C. Jacobs and Mill Road Capital II, L.P. (the “Supporting Stockholders”) entered into voting and support agreements with WSP (the “Voting Agreements”) with respect to all Company Shares and other Subject Securities (as defined in the Voting Agreements) beneficially owned or owned of record by the Supporting Stockholders (the “Voting Agreement Shares”).  Upon the closing of the transaction contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the Shareholders’ Agreement and the Voting Agreements shall terminate.

Cash Dividends

The Company declared and paid cash dividends of $1.7 million during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017.  The Company recorded declared but unpaid dividends of $0.9 million as of July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

Stock Repurchase Program

In August 2010, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a program for repurchase of 200,000 shares of Class A Common Stock (the “Stock Repurchase Program”).  As of July 31, 2019, the Company had repurchased 122,918 shares of Class A Common Stock, and 77,082 shares had yet to be repurchased under the Stock Repurchase Program.  The Company did not acquire any shares of Class A Common Stock under the Stock Repurchase Program during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Unrealized net foreign currency translation losses	$	(2,098	)	$	(1,880	)
Unrealized net investment (losses) gains on available for sale investments		-			(5	)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(2,098	)	$	(1,885	)

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Segment Reporting

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment Reporting

20. Segment Reporting

Management generally assesses operating performance and makes strategic decisions based on the geographic regions in which the Company does business.  The Company reports separate operating segment information for its U.S. and South American operations.  Gross revenue, net income (loss) attributable to EEI and total assets by operating segment are summarized in the following tables.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue:
U.S. operations	$	70,622	$	71,882	$	80,659
South American operations		17,888		18,802		15,424
Consolidated gross revenue	$	88,510	$	90,684	$	96,083

Gross revenue from U.S. federal government contracts were $14.1 million, $15.8 million and $21.9 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Net (loss) income attributable to EEI:
U.S. operations (a)	$	(543	)	$	(651	)	$	3,688
South American operations (b)		(11	)		343			(865	)
Consolidated net (loss) income attributable to EEI	$	(554	)	$	(308	)	$	2,823

(a) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.8 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

(b) Includes depreciation and amortization expense of $0.2 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million for fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Total Assets:
U.S. operations	$	43,842	$	43,823
South American operations		7,968		9,006
Consolidated total assets	$	51,810	$	52,829

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Significant Transactions During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Significant Transactions During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019 [Abstract]

Significant Transactions During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019

4.    Significant Transactions During the Fiscal Year Ended July 31, 2019

Staff Reduction Programs

In December 2018, the Company began to notify employees of a voluntary retirement program.  In February 2019, the Company began to notify affected employees of an involuntary separation program.  These programs (collectively, the “Staff Reduction Programs”), which were being implemented in connection with a corporate restructuring plan within the Company’s U.S. operating segment, were substantially completed by July 31, 2019 and will be completed by December 31, 2019.  During the fiscal year 2019, the Company’s U.S. operating segment recorded and paid approximately $1.0 million of employee severance and termination expenses related to the Staff Reduction Programs, which was reported in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Expenses Associated with Restatements of Financial Statements

During fiscal year 2019, the Company restated audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2016 and 2017 and unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarters ended October 28, 2017, January 27, 2018 and April 28, 2018.  Comparative prior year financial data included in tables and various accounting policies and commentaries included in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K and 2019 Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q was also restated or otherwise revised.  These restatements required extensive internal and external resources to complete, including significant incremental fees paid to the Company’s independent auditors, tax consultants and external legal counsel.  During fiscal year 2019, the Company’s U.S. operating segment recorded and paid incremental audit, tax and legal expenses of approximately $1.0 million as a result of the restatements described above, which were reported as selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Agreement and Plan of Merger

On August 28, 2019, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with WSP Global Inc., a Canadian corporation (“WSP”), and Everest Acquisition Corp., a New York corporation and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of WSP (“Merger Sub”).  Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company will merge with the Merger Sub (the “Merger”) with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation.

At the Effective Time (as defined in the Merger Agreement), each share of the Company’s Class A common stock, $0.01 par value per share and Class B common stock, $0.01 par value per share (collectively, the “Company Shares”), issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Effective Time, (other than shares (i) held by the Company (or held in the Company’s treasury), (ii) held by any wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, (iii) held by WSP, Merger Sub or any other wholly owned subsidiary of WSP or (iv) held by holders of Class B common stock who have made a proper demand for appraisal of the shares in accordance with Section 623 of the New York Business Corporation Law) but including shares that are, as of the Effective Time, unvested and subject to restrictions, will be converted into the right to receive $15.00 in cash, without interest and subject to any required tax withholding. In addition, the Merger Agreement provides that record holders of Company Shares as of the close of business on the last business day prior to the Effective Time, including any shares that are then unvested and subject to restrictions, will receive a one-time special dividend from the Company of up to $0.50 in cash per share to be paid shortly after closing (the “Special Dividend”). The amount of the Special Dividend is subject to pro rata reduction if certain expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the Merger exceed $3.05 million in the aggregate, as further described in the Merger Agreement.

The consummation of the Merger is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of specified closing conditions, including: (i) the approval of the Merger at a meeting of the Company’s shareholders, currently scheduled to occur on November 20, 2019, by the affirmative vote of the holders of two-thirds of the Company Shares that are issued and outstanding on the record date for the shareholders meeting, with Class A and Class B shareholders voting as a single class; (ii) the absence of an order, injunction or law issued by a court or governmental authority of competent jurisdiction that makes the consummation of the Merger illegal; (iii) the absence of legal proceedings brought by a governmental authority of competent jurisdiction seeking to restrain or prohibit the Merger; (iv) the clearance of the Merger by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States without the imposition of any burdensome conditions, as defined in the Merger Agreement; and (v) subject to certain materiality qualifications, the continued accuracy of the Company’s representations and warranties and continued compliance by the Company with covenants and obligations (to be performed at or prior to the closing of the Merger).

If the Merger Agreement is terminated in certain circumstances, the Company may be required to pay WSP a termination fee of $4.0 million or reimburse WSP for certain expenses up to $1.75 million.

The foregoing description of the Merger Agreement does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Merger Agreement, which is attached as Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 28, 2019. Additional information about the Merger and the Merger Agreement is set forth in the Company’s definitive proxy statement filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019.

The Company accrued approximately $0.3 million of expenses during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2019 related to the Merger Agreement.

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Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment [Abstract]

Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

8. Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

Variable Interest Entities

As of July 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company consolidated one majority owned subsidiary that was deemed to be a VIE.  The financial position of this VIE as of July 31, 2019 and 2018 is summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019			July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	3,549		$	2,359
Noncurrent assets		781			878
Total assets	$	4,330		$	3,237
Current liabilities	$	5,728		$	5,408
Noncurrent liabilities		12			32
Total liabilities		5,740			5,440
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder’s equity		(708	)		(1,051	)
Noncontrolling interests shareholders’ equity		(702	)		(1,152	)
Total shareholders’ equity		(1,410	)		(2,203	)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	4,330		$	3,237

Total gross revenue of the consolidated VIE was $12.1 million, $10.0 million and $8.9 million for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  With the exception of restricted cash of $0.3 million included in noncurrent assets at July 31, 2019 and 2018 (refer to Note 5), all assets of the VIE were available for the general operations of the VIE.

Equity Method Investment

The Company’s equity method investment in GAC had a carrying value of $1.7 million and $2.1 million at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.  The Company’s ownership percentage was 52.48% and 55.10% at July 31, 2019 and 2018.  The equity method investment in GAC is included within the Company’s South American operating segment.

Activity recorded for the Company’s equity method investment in GAC is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Equity investment carrying value at beginning of period	$	2,058		$	1,463	$	1,944
GAC net income attributable to EEI		346			595		368
EEI’s portion of other comprehensive loss recorded by GAC		(414	)		---		---
Gain on dilution of investment in GAC		17			---		---
EEI’s portion of dividends declared by GAC		(349	)		---		(849	)
Equity investment carrying value at end of period	$	1,658		$	2,058	$	1,463

GAC’s financial position is summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019		July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	5,671	$	5,713
Noncurrent assets		1,215		501
Total assets	$	6,886	$	6,214
Current liabilities	$	3,232	$	2,620
Noncurrent liabilities		847		593
Total liabilities		4,079		3,213
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder’s equity		1,806		1,678
Noncontrolling interest in shareholders’ equity		1,001		1,323
Total shareholders’ equity		2,807		3,001
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6,886	$	6,214

GAC’s results of operations are summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue	$	12,912		$	11,987		$	7,737
Direct cost of services and subcontract costs	(8,353		)	(7,286		)	(4,633		)
Income from operations		924			1,381			568
Net income		637			1,079			668
Net income attributable to EEI		346			595			368

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Other Accrued Liabilities (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Other Accrued Liabilities [Abstract]

Other Accrued Liabilities

Other accrued liabilities are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Allowance for project disallowances	$	490	$	687
Other		896		695
Total other accrued liabilities	$	1,386	$	1,382

Allowance for Project Disallowances

Activity within the allowance for project disallowances is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	687		$	687	$	1,819
Reduction of reserves recorded in prior fiscal years		(197	)		---		(1,132	)
Balance at end of period	$	490		$	687	$	687

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Property, Buildings and Equipment, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Property, Buildings and Equipment, net [Abstract]

Property, Buildings and Equipment, net

Property, buildings and equipment is summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Land and land improvements	$	393		$	393
Buildings and building improvements		7,471			7,455
Field equipment		1,949			1,970
Computer equipment		4,015			4,156
Computer software		2,981			2,940
Office furniture and equipment		1,964			2,142
Vehicles		884			1,134
Other		662			479
		20,319			20,669
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(17,066	)		(16,799	)
Property, buildings and equipment, net	$	3,253		$	3,870

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Methods of Depreciation or Amortization and Useful Lives for All Other Long-Lived Assets

Methods of depreciation or amortization and useful lives for all other long-lived assets are summarized in the following table.

	Depreciation / Amortization Method	Useful Lives
Buildings	Straight-line	32-40 Years
Building Improvements	Straight-line	7-15 Years
Field Equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer software	Straight-line	3-10 Years
Office furniture and equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Vehicles	Straight-line	3-5 Years
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line	(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements are amortized for book purposes over the terms of the leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.

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Contract Receivables, net, Summary of Contract Receivables, net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Contract Receivables, net [Abstract]
Billed contracts receivable	$ 12,405	$ 12,905
Unbilled contracts receivable	13,686	13,994
Contracts receivable, gross	26,091	26,899
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,004)	(1,284)
Contract receivables, net	25,087	25,615
Contractual retainage balance included under billed contract receivable	$ 800	1,400
Management anticipation for receivables collection	1 year
Contract receivables net, not expected to be collected within one year	$ 100	500
Contract assets	$ 0	$ 0

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Contract Receivables, net, Customer Deposits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Customer Deposits [Abstract]
Customer deposits	$ 3,551	$ 3,191

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Assets
Allowance for doubtful accounts and contract adjustments	$ 1,004	$ 1,284
Property, buildings and equipment, accumulated depreciation	$ 17,066	$ 16,799
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Class A [Member]
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	6,000,000	6,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	3,192,990	3,041,911
Treasury stock (in shares)	64,823	15,789
Class B [Member]
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	1,200,735	1,351,814
Treasury stock (in shares)	0	64,801

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Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Impairment of goodwill	$ 0.0	$ 0.0
Other Assets [Member]
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill	$ 0.9	$ 0.9

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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common Stock [Member] Class A [Member]	Common Stock [Member] Class B [Member]	Capital in Excess of Par Value [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member]	Noncontrolling Interest [Member]	Total
Balance at Jul. 31, 2016	$ 30	$ 14	$ 17,666	$ 21,925	$ (1,929)	$ (1,172)	$ 1,221
Balance (in shares) at Jul. 31, 2016	3,035,778	1,357,947				104,073
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	$ 0	$ 0	0	2,823	0	$ 0	(312)	$ 2,511
Foreign currency translation adjustments	0	0	0	0	152	0	22	174
Cash dividends declared	0	0	0	(1,719)	0	0	0	(1,719)
Unrealized investment losses, net	0	0	0	0	(18)	0	0	(18)
Issuance of stock under stock award plan	0	0	(90)	0	0	$ 135	0
Issuance of stock under stock award plan (in shares)						(11,952)
Tax impact of share based compensation	0	0	(6)	0	0	$ 0	0
Tax impact of noncontrolling interests	0	0	0	(24)	0	0	24
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	0	0	0	0	0	0	(8)
Balance at Jul. 31, 2017	$ 30	$ 14	17,570	23,005	(1,795)	$ (1,037)	947
Balance (in shares) at Jul. 31, 2017	3,035,778	1,357,947				92,121
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)	$ 0	$ 0	0	(308)	0	$ 0	204	(104)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	0	0	0	0	(70)	0	(15)	(85)
Cash dividends declared	0	0	0	(1,724)	0	0	0	(1,724)
Unrealized investment losses, net	0	0	0	0	(20)	0	0	(20)
Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock	$ 0	$ 0	0	0	0	0	0
Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock (in shares)	6,133	(6,133)
Issuance of stock under stock award plan	$ 0	$ 0	(130)	0	0	$ 130	0
Issuance of stock under stock award plan (in shares)						(11,531)
Share-based compensation expense	0	0	127	0	0	$ 0	0
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	0	0	0	0	0	0	(455)
Sale of majority-owned subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests	0	0	(9)	0	0	0	0
Purchase of additional noncontrolling interests	0	0	0	0	0	0	(17)
Balance at Jul. 31, 2018	30	14	17,558	20,973	(1,885)	(907)	664	36,447
Balance at Jul. 31, 2018	$ 30	$ 14	17,558	20,968	(1,880)	$ (907)	664
Balance (in shares) at Jul. 31, 2018	3,041,911	1,351,814				80,590
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-01 | ASU 2016-01 [Member]	$ 0	$ 0	0	(5)	5	$ 0	0
Net income (loss)	0	0	0	(554)	0	0	444	(110)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	0	0	0	0	(218)	0	(55)	(273)
Cash dividends declared	0	0	0	(1,727)	0	0	0	(1,728)
Unrealized investment losses, net								0
Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock	$ 2	$ (2)	0	0	0	0	0
Conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock (in shares)	151,079	(151,079)
Issuance of stock under stock award plan	$ 0	$ 0	(102)	0	0	$ 178	0
Issuance of stock under stock award plan (in shares)						(15,767)
Share-based compensation expense	0	0	100	0	0	$ 0	0
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	0	0	0	0	0	0	(299)
Sale of majority-owned subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests	0	0	(598)	0	0	0	0
Adjustment to investment in Brazil	0	0	(240)	0	0	0	0
Purchase of additional noncontrolling interests	0	0	246	0	0	0	153
Balance at Jul. 31, 2019	$ 32	$ 12	$ 16,964	$ 18,687	$ (2,098)	$ (729)	$ 907	$ 33,775
Balance (in shares) at Jul. 31, 2019	3,192,990	1,200,735				64,823

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash [Abstract]

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

5. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019		2018
	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,344	$	13,496
Restricted cash included in other assets		248		250
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	13,592	$	13,746

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with a maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.  Money market funds of $0 and $0.4 million were included in cash and cash equivalents at July 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Restricted cash included in other assets represents collateral for pending litigation matters in Brazil that are not expected to be resolved within one year from the balance sheet date.

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Property, Buildings and Equipment, net

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Property, Buildings and Equipment, net [Abstract]

Property, Buildings and Equipment, net

9. Property, Buildings and Equipment, net

Property, buildings and equipment is summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Land and land improvements	$	393		$	393
Buildings and building improvements		7,471			7,455
Field equipment		1,949			1,970
Computer equipment		4,015			4,156
Computer software		2,981			2,940
Office furniture and equipment		1,964			2,142
Vehicles		884			1,134
Other		662			479
		20,319			20,669
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(17,066	)		(16,799	)
Property, buildings and equipment, net	$	3,253		$	3,870

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Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment [Abstract]

Financial Position of Variable Interest Entity

The financial position of this VIE as of July 31, 2019 and 2018 is summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019			July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	3,549		$	2,359
Noncurrent assets		781			878
Total assets	$	4,330		$	3,237
Current liabilities	$	5,728		$	5,408
Noncurrent liabilities		12			32
Total liabilities		5,740			5,440
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder’s equity		(708	)		(1,051	)
Noncontrolling interests shareholders’ equity		(702	)		(1,152	)
Total shareholders’ equity		(1,410	)		(2,203	)
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	4,330		$	3,237

Activity Recorded for Equity Method Investment

Activity recorded for the Company’s equity method investment in GAC is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Equity investment carrying value at beginning of period	$	2,058		$	1,463	$	1,944
GAC net income attributable to EEI		346			595		368
EEI’s portion of other comprehensive loss recorded by GAC		(414	)		---		---
Gain on dilution of investment in GAC		17			---		---
EEI’s portion of dividends declared by GAC		(349	)		---		(849	)
Equity investment carrying value at end of period	$	1,658		$	2,058	$	1,463

GAC’s financial position is summarized in the following table.

	July 31, 2019		July 31, 2018
	(in thousands)
Current assets	$	5,671	$	5,713
Noncurrent assets		1,215		501
Total assets	$	6,886	$	6,214
Current liabilities	$	3,232	$	2,620
Noncurrent liabilities		847		593
Total liabilities		4,079		3,213
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder’s equity		1,806		1,678
Noncontrolling interest in shareholders’ equity		1,001		1,323
Total shareholders’ equity		2,807		3,001
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6,886	$	6,214

GAC’s results of operations are summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Gross revenue	$	12,912		$	11,987		$	7,737
Direct cost of services and subcontract costs	(8,353		)	(7,286		)	(4,633		)
Income from operations		924			1,381			568
Net income		637			1,079			668
Net income attributable to EEI		346			595			368

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Consolidation, Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

Consolidation, Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of EEI and its consolidated wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries.  All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Variable Interest Entities (“VIE”)

The Company’s majority owned subsidiaries are deemed to be VIEs when, on a stand-alone basis, they lack sufficient capital to finance the activities of the VIE.  The Company consolidates investments in VIEs if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE.  The Company uses a qualitative approach to determine if the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, which considers factors that indicate the Company has significant influence and control over the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance.  These factors include representation on the investee’s board of directors, management representation, authority to make decisions, substantive participating rights of the minority shareholders and ownership interest.

Equity Method Investments

VIEs for which the Company is not the primary beneficiary, and other investee companies over which the Company does not influence or control the activities that most significantly impact the investee company’s economic performance, are not consolidated and are accounted for under the equity method of accounting.  Under the equity method of accounting, an investee company’s accounts are not reflected within the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and statements of operations.  The Company’s share of the earnings of the investee company is reported as earnings from equity method investment in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.   The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee is reported as equity method investment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee is reduced by the Company’s share of dividends declared by an investee company.

If the Company’s carrying value in an equity method investee company is reduced to zero, no further losses are recorded in the Company’s consolidated financial statements unless the Company guaranteed obligations of the investee company or has committed additional funding.  When the investee company subsequently reports income, the Company will not record its share of such income until it equals the amount of its share of losses not previously recognized.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions as of the date of the financial statements, which affect the reported values of assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities.  Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Investment Securities

Investment Securities

Prior to August 1, 2018, unrealized gains or losses related to investment securities were recorded in the consolidated balance sheets and statements of comprehensive income.  Subsequent to adoption of ASU 2016-01 effective August 1, 2018 (refer to Note 2 of these consolidated financial statements), unrealized gains or losses related to investment securities are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.  The cost basis of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.  Reclassification adjustments out of accumulated other comprehensive income resulting from disposition of investment securities are included within other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations.

Investment securities include mutual funds that are valued at the net asset value (“NAV”) of shares held by the Company at period end.  Mutual funds held by the Company are open-end mutual funds that are registered with the SEC.  These funds are required to publish their daily NAV and to transact at that price.  The mutual funds held by the Company are deemed to be actively traded.

Revenue Recognition and Contract Receivables

Revenue Recognition and Contract Receivables

Substantially all of the Company’s revenue is derived from environmental consulting work, which is principally derived from the sale of labor hours.  Revenue reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations represent services rendered for which the Company maintains a primary contractual relationship with its customers.  Included in revenue are certain services outside the Company’s normal operations which the Company has elected to subcontract to other contractors.  

The Company’s consulting work is performed under a mix of time and materials, fixed price and cost-plus contracts.

The Company accounts for time and material contracts over the period of performance, predominately based on labor hours incurred.  Under time and materials contracts, there is no predetermined fee.  Instead, the Company negotiates hourly billing rates and charges the clients based upon actual hours expended on a project.  In addition, any direct project expenditures are passed through to the client and are typically reimbursed.  Time and materials contracts may contain “not to exceed” provisions that effectively cap the amount of revenue that the Company can bill to the client.  In order to record revenue that exceeds the billing cap, the Company must obtain approval from the client for expanded scope or increased pricing.

The Company accounts for fixed price contracts over time, based on progress determined by the ratio of efforts expended to date in proportion to total efforts expected to be expended over the life of a contract. This revenue recognition method requires the use of estimates and judgment regarding a project’s expected revenue and the extent of progress towards completion.  The Company makes periodic estimates of progress towards project completion by analyzing efforts expended to date, plus an estimate of the amount of effort expected to be incurred until the completion of the project.  Revenue is then calculated on a cumulative basis (project-to-date) as the proportion of efforts-expended.  The revenue for the current period is calculated as cumulative revenue less project revenue already recognized.  If an estimate of efforts expended at completion on any contract indicates that a loss will be incurred, the entire estimated loss is charged to operations in the period the loss becomes evident.

Cost-plus contracts provide for payment of allowable incurred efforts expended, to the extent prescribed in the contract, plus fees that are recorded as revenue.  These contracts establish an estimate of total efforts to be expended and an invoicing ceiling that the contractor may not exceed without the approval of the client.  Revenue earned from cost-plus contracts is recognized over the period of performance.

Substantially all of the Company’s cost-plus contracts are with federal governmental agencies and, as such, are subject to audits after contract completion.  Government audits have been completed and final rates have been negotiated through fiscal year 2014.  The Company records an allowance for project disallowances in other accrued liabilities for potential disallowances resulting from government audits (refer to Note 14 of these consolidated financial statements).  Allowances for project disallowances are recorded as adjustments to revenue when the amounts are estimable.  Resolution of these amounts is dependent upon the results of government audits and other formal contract close-out procedures. 

Change orders can occur when changes in scope are made after project work has begun and can be initiated by either the Company or its clients.  Claims are amounts in excess of the agreed contract price which the Company seeks to recover from a client for customer delays and/or errors or unapproved change orders that are in dispute.  The Company recognizes costs related to change orders and claims as incurred.  Revenue and profit are recognized on change orders when it is probable that the change order will be approved, and the amount can be reasonably estimated.  Revenue is recognized only up to the amount of costs incurred on contract claims when realization is probable, estimable and reasonable support from the customer exists.

The Company expenses all bid and proposal and other pre-contract costs as incurred.  Out of pocket expenses such as travel, meals, field supplies, and other costs billed direct to contracts are included in both revenue and cost of professional services.  Sales and cost of sales within the Company’s South American operations exclude value added tax (VAT) assessments by governmental authorities, which the Company collects from its customers and remits to governmental authorities.

Billed contract receivables represent amounts billed to clients in accordance with contracted terms but not collected as of the end of the reporting period.  Billed contract receivables may include: (i) amounts billed for revenue from efforts expended and fees that have been earned in accordance with contractual terms; and (ii) progress billings in accordance with contractual terms that include revenue not yet earned as of the end of the reporting period.

Unbilled contract receivables, which represent an unconditional right to payment subject only to the passage of time, represent amounts billable to clients in accordance with contracted terms that have not been billed as of the end of the reporting period.  Unbilled contract receivables that are not expected to be billed and collected within one year from the balance sheet date are reported in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company reduces contract receivables by recording an allowance for doubtful accounts to account for the estimated impact of collection issues resulting from a client’s inability or unwillingness to pay valid obligations to the Company.  The resulting provision for doubtful accounts is recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations.

Property, Buildings and Equipment, Depreciation and Amortization

Property, Buildings and Equipment, Depreciation and Amortization

Property, buildings and equipment are stated at the lower of depreciated or amortized cost or fair value.  Land and land improvements are not depreciated or amortized.  Methods of depreciation or amortization and useful lives for all other long-lived assets are summarized in the following table.

	Depreciation / Amortization Method	Useful Lives
Buildings	Straight-line	32-40 Years
Building Improvements	Straight-line	7-15 Years
Field Equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Computer software	Straight-line	3-10 Years
Office furniture and equipment	Straight-line	3-7 Years
Vehicles	Straight-line	3-5 Years
Leasehold improvements	Straight-line	(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements are amortized for book purposes over the terms of the leases or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter.

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.  Expenditures for improvements are capitalized when either the value or useful life of the related asset have been increased.  When property or equipment is retired or sold, any gain or loss on the transaction is reflected in the current year’s earnings.

The Company capitalizes costs of software acquisition and development projects, including costs related to software design, configuration, coding, installation, testing and parallel processing. Capitalized software costs are recorded in fixed assets, net of accumulated amortization, on the consolidated balance sheets.  Capitalized software costs are evaluated for recoverability/impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The costs of computer software obtained or developed for internal use is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software.  Amortization begins when the software and all related software modules on which it is functionally dependent are ready for their intended use.  Amortization expense is recorded in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the future economic benefits arising from assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.  Goodwill is included in other assets on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  Goodwill is subject to an annual assessment for impairment by comparing the estimated fair values of reporting units to which goodwill has been assigned to the recorded book value of the respective reporting units.  The Company estimates the fair value of reporting units using a discounted cash flows methodology that includes assumptions for future cash flows that are dependent on internal forecasts, the long-term rate of growth for the Company’s business, the life over which cash flows will occur, and the Company’s weighted average cost of capital.  Goodwill is also assessed for impairment between annual assessments whenever events or circumstances make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company assesses recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets when events occur, or circumstances change that would more likely than not impair the value of the asset.  Recoverability is assessed by estimating the future net cash flows (undiscounted) expected to result from the asset, including eventual disposition, and comparing the resulting future cash flows to the carrying value of the asset.  If the future net cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the difference between the asset’s carrying value and fair value.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company follows the asset and liability approach to account for income taxes.  This approach requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities except for the enactment of changes in tax laws or rates.  Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that the recorded net deferred tax assets will be realized.  Since in some cases management has utilized estimates, the amount of the net deferred tax asset considered realizable could be reduced in the near term.  

Income tax expense includes U.S. and international income taxes, determined using the applicable statutory rates.  A deferred tax asset is recognized for all deductible temporary differences and net operating loss carryforwards, and a deferred tax liability is recognized for all taxable temporary differences.

The Company’s deferred tax assets principally result from timing differences in the recognition of entity operating losses, contract reserves and accrued expenses.  The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets and provides for a valuation allowance when necessary.

U.S. GAAP prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement principles for financial statement disclosure of tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return.  A tax position is a position in a previously filed tax filing or a position expected to be taken in a future tax filing that is reflected in measuring current or deferred income tax assets and liabilities.  Tax positions shall be recognized only when it is more likely than not (likelihood of greater than 50%), based on technical merits, that the position will be sustained. Tax positions that meet the more likely than not threshold should be measured using a probability weighted approach as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in selling, general and administrative expenses.  Whether the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is met for a tax position, is a matter of judgment based on the individual facts and circumstances of that position evaluated in light of all available evidence.  

Defined Contribution Plans

Defined Contribution Plans

EEI has a non-contributory defined contribution plan providing deferred benefits for substantially all of its U.S. employees (the “EEI Defined Contribution Plan”).  The annual expense of the EEI Defined Contribution Plan is based on a percentage of eligible wages as authorized by EEI’s Board of Directors.

EEI also has a supplemental retirement plan that provides post-retirement health care coverage for EEI’s founders and their spouses.  As of July 31, 2019, two founders, their spouses and the spouse of a deceased founder were receiving healthcare coverage under this plan.  The annual expense associated with this plan is determined based on discounted annual cost estimates over the estimated life expectancy of the founders and their spouses.

Earnings per Share

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing the net income attributable to EEI common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period.  After consideration of all the rights and privileges of the Class A and Class B stockholders (defined in Note 15 of these consolidated financial statements), the Company allocates undistributed earnings between the classes on a one-to-one basis when computing earnings per share.  As a result, basic and fully diluted earnings per Class A and Class B share are equal amounts.

The Company has determined that its unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities.  These securities are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method.  As a result, unvested restricted shares are included in the weighted average shares outstanding calculation.

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Comprehensive income (loss) represents the change in shareholders’ equity during a period, excluding changes arising from transactions with shareholders.  Comprehensive income includes net income from the consolidated statements of operations, plus other comprehensive income during a reporting period.  Other comprehensive income (loss) represents the net effect of accounting transactions that are recognized directly in shareholders’ equity, such as unrealized net income or losses resulting from currency translation adjustments from foreign operations and unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities.

Foreign Currencies and Inflation

Foreign Currencies and Inflation

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at period end for assets and liabilities and average exchange rates during each reporting period for results of operations.  Translation adjustments are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive income until the related assets and liabilities are settled or otherwise disposed of.  Transaction gains and losses that arise from exchange rate fluctuations on transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are included in net foreign exchange (loss) gain in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred. 

The financial statements of foreign subsidiaries located in highly inflationary economies are remeasured as if the functional currency were the U.S. dollar.  The remeasurement of local currencies into U.S. dollars creates transaction adjustments which are included in net income.  The Company did not record any highly inflationary economy adjustments during fiscal years 2019, 2018 or 2017.

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling Interests

The Company discloses noncontrolling interests as a separate component of consolidated shareholders’ equity on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.  Earnings and other comprehensive income (loss) are separately attributed to both the controlling and noncontrolling interests.  The Company calculates earnings per share based on net income (loss) attributable to the Company’s controlling interests.

The Company considers acquiring additional interests in majority owned subsidiaries when noncontrolling shareholders express their intent to sell their interests.  The Company settles and records acquisitions of noncontrolling interests at amounts that approximate fair value.  Purchases of noncontrolling interests are recorded as reductions of shareholders’ equity on the consolidated statements of shareholders’ equity.

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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Before Income Tax Provision

Income before income tax provision is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	(1,302	)	$	(948	)	$	4,758
Foreign operations (primarily South American operations)		528			1,102			(80	)
(Loss) income before income tax provision	$	(774	)	$	154		$	4,678

Income Tax (Benefit) Provision

The Company’s income tax (benefit) provision is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Current income tax provision (benefit):
Federal	$	78		$	(62	)	$	(149	)
State		90			26			42
Foreign		494			228			282
Total current		662			192			175
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal		(24	)		289			1,653
State		1			(75	)		308
Foreign		(1,303	)		(148	)		31
Total deferred		(1,326	)		66			1,992
Total income tax (benefit) provision	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

Reconciliation of Income Tax Provision to Effective Tax Rate

A reconciliation of the income tax provision using the statutory U.S. income tax rate compared with the actual income tax provision reported on the consolidated statements of operations is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Income tax (benefit) provision at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate	$	(163	)	$	41		$	1,590
Tax on Foreign Earnings		138			129			---
Change in Tax Rates under Tax Act		16			322			---
International rate differences		80			27			33
Peru non-deductible expenses		---			14			53
Foreign dividend income		---			---			240
Income from “pass-through” entities taxable to noncontrolling partners		(16	)		---			(1	)
Re-evaluation and settlements of tax contingencies		---			---			(33	)
Transaction Costs		69			---			---
Change in valuation allowance		(1,241	)		(19	)		98
State taxes, net of federal benefit		75			(32	)		200
Other foreign taxes, net of federal benefit		109			(95	)		(111	)
Other permanent differences		269			(129	)		98
Income tax (benefit) provision, as reported on the consolidated statements of operations	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	1,413		$	1,081
Accrued compensation and expenses		623			611
Federal benefit from foreign accounting differences		448			460
Contract and other reserves		253			311
Foreign tax credit		296			296
Capital loss carryforwards		234			143
Fixed assets and intangibles		57			---
Other		155			202
Deferred tax assets		3,479			3,104
Less: valuation allowance		(859	)		(2,006	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	2,620		$	1,098
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fixed assets and intangibles	$	---		$	(39	)
Federal expense on state deferred taxes		(62	)		(60	)
Federal expense from foreign accounting differences		(2	)		(7	)
Unremitted foreign earnings		(417	)		(206	)
Other		(9	)		3
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(490	)	$	(309	)

Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance

Activity within the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,006		$	2,020
Additions during the period		420			60
Reductions during period		(1,567	)		(74	)
Balance at end of period	$	859		$	2,006

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Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 13,344	$ 13,496
Investment securities available for sale	1,577	1,497
Contract receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts and contract adjustments of $1,004 and $1,284, respectively	25,087	25,615
Income tax receivable	912	1,230
Other current assets	2,078	1,752
Total current assets	42,998	43,590
Property, buildings and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $17,066 and $16,799, respectively	3,253	3,870
Deferred income taxes	2,130	789
Equity method investment	1,658	2,058
Other assets	1,771	2,522
Total assets	51,810	52,829
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	6,099	5,635
Lines of credit	284	0
Accrued payroll costs	6,661	6,066
Current portion of long-term debt and capital lease obligations	41	54
Customer deposits	3,551	3,191
Other accrued liabilities	1,386	1,382
Total current liabilities	18,022	16,328
Long-term debt and capital lease obligations	13	54
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, par value $.01 per share (2,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued)	0	0
Capital in excess of par value	16,964	17,558
Retained earnings	18,687	20,973
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(2,098)	(1,885)
Treasury stock, at cost (Class A common: 64,823 and 15,789 shares, respectively; Class B common: 0 and 64,801 shares, respectively)	(729)	(907)
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholders' equity	32,868	35,783
Noncontrolling interests	907	664
Total shareholders' equity	33,775	36,447
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	51,810	52,829
Class A [Member]
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock	32	30
Class B [Member]
Shareholders' equity:
Common stock	$ 12	$ 14

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Lines of Credit (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019 USD ($) Arrangement	Jul. 31, 2018 USD ($)
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$ 284	$ 0
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations	1,635	1,668
Total amounts used under lines of credit	1,919	1,668
Remaining amounts available under lines of credit	33,681	33,932
Total unsecured lines of credit	$ 35,600	35,600
U.S. [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Number of line of credit arrangements | Arrangement	2
U.S. [Member] | U.S. Operations Credit Arrangement One [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$ 0	0
Total unsecured lines of credit	$ 19,000
U.S. [Member] | U.S. Operations Credit Arrangement One [Member] | LIBOR [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.75%
U.S. [Member] | U.S. Operations Credit Arrangement Two [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$ 0	0
Total unsecured lines of credit	$ 13,500
U.S. [Member] | U.S. Operations Credit Arrangement Two [Member] | LIBOR [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Basis spread on variable rate	2.00%
South America [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Number of line of credit arrangements | Arrangement	2
South America [Member] | South American Operations Credit Arrangement One [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	$ 0	0
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations	1,000	1,000
Total unsecured lines of credit	2,000
South America [Member] | South American Operations Credit Arrangement Two [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding cash advances reported as lines of credit	300	0
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations	600	600
Total unsecured lines of credit	1,100
Maximum [Member] | U.S. [Member] | U.S. Operations Credit Arrangement One [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations	100	100
Maximum [Member] | U.S. [Member] | U.S. Operations Credit Arrangement Two [Member]
Unsecured lines of credit [Abstract]
Outstanding letters of credit to support operations	$ 100	$ 100

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$ (110)	$ (104)	$ 2,511
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,022	1,083	994
Provision for deferred income taxes	(1,326)	66	1,992
Share-based compensation expense	100	127	69
Tax impact of share-based compensation	0	0	(6)
(Gain) loss on sale of assets and investment securities	0	17	(81)
Net recovery of contract adjustments	(745)	(830)	(1,178)
Net bad debt expense	92	1,034	164
Changes in:
- contract receivables	806	5,266	572
- other current assets	(431)	155	(178)
- income tax receivable	337	353	134
- equity method investment	(15)	(595)	(158)
- other non-current assets	661	(822)	(485)
- accounts payable	468	(2,023)	259
- accrued payroll costs	590	228	(110)
- income taxes payable	0	(44)	(86)
- billings in excess of revenue	365	807	(78)
- other accrued liabilities	204	(490)	(43)
Net cash provided by operating activities	2,018	4,228	4,292
Cash flows from investing activities:
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest of subsidiaries	0	(27)	0
Proceeds from sale of subsidiaries	0	0	75
Purchase of property, building and equipment	(482)	(772)	(669)
Proceeds from sale of building and equipment	69	43	1,495
Purchase of investment securities	(33)	(31)	(30)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(446)	(787)	871
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(1,726)	(1,721)	(1,720)
Proceeds from debt	0	0	200
Repayment of debt	(53)	(389)	(241)
Net borrowings (repayments) under lines of credit	277	(342)	39
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(299)	(454)	(8)
Net cash used in financing activities	(1,801)	(2,906)	(1,730)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	75	76	(228)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(154)	611	3,205
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	13,746	13,135	9,930
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	13,592	13,746	13,135
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	5	38	139
Income taxes	(50)	140	715
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash items:
Dividends declared and not paid	865	863	860
Proceeds from capital lease obligations	0	59	29
Acquisition of noncontrolling interest of subsidiaries (equipment)	$ (153)	$ 26	$ 0

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Contract Receivables, net, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable [Roll Forward]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 1,284	$ 2,044	$ 6,792
Provision for doubtful accounts during the period	182	813	682
Write-offs and recoveries of allowance recorded in prior periods	(676)	(943)	(5,430)
Reclassification of allowance (to) from noncurrent assets	214	(630)	0
Balance at end of period	$ 1,004	$ 1,284	$ 2,044

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Variable Interest Entities and Equity Method Investment, Variable Interest Entities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Variable Interest Entity, Consolidated, Carrying Amount, Assets and Liabilities, Net [Abstract]
Current assets	$ 42,998	$ 43,590
Total assets	51,810	52,829
Current liabilities	18,022	16,328
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder's equity	32,868	35,783
Noncontrolling interests shareholders' equity	907	664
Total shareholders' equity	33,775	36,447
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	51,810	52,829
Gross revenue	88,510	90,684	$ 96,083
Variable Interest Entity [Member]
Variable Interest Entity, Consolidated, Carrying Amount, Assets and Liabilities, Net [Abstract]
Current assets	3,549	2,359
Noncurrent assets	781	878
Total assets	4,330	3,237
Current liabilities	5,728	5,408
Noncurrent liabilities	12	32
Total liabilities	5,740	5,440
Total Ecology and Environment Inc. shareholder's equity	(708)	(1,051)
Noncontrolling interests shareholders' equity	(702)	(1,152)
Total shareholders' equity	(1,410)	(2,203)
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	4,330	3,237
Gross revenue	12,100	10,000	$ 8,900
Restricted cash	$ 300	$ 300

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Organization and Basis of Presentation (Details)	Jul. 31, 2019 Subsidiary Country
Organization and Basis of Presentation [Abstract]
Number of wholly owned and majority owned operating subsidiaries | Subsidiary	6
Number of countries in which the company operates | Country	4

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Shareholders' Equity (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Shareholders' Equity [Abstract]

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Unrealized net foreign currency translation losses	$	(2,098	)	$	(1,880	)
Unrealized net investment (losses) gains on available for sale investments		-			(5	)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(2,098	)	$	(1,885	)

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Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017	Jul. 31, 2016
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 13,344	$ 13,496
Restricted cash included in other assets	248	250
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	13,592	13,746	$ 13,135	$ 9,930
Money Market Funds [Member]
Short-term Investments [Abstract]
Short-term investments	$ 0	$ 400

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Incentive Compensation (Details) - Class A [Member] - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Oct. 31, 2016
Employee Service Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Shares authorized (in shares)	6,000,000	6,000,000
Shares awarded (in shares)	15,767
Shares awarded, value	$ 0.2
Directors Chairman [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Shares authorized (in shares)			200,000
Directors [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Shares awarded (in shares)	10,367
Shares awarded, value	$ 0.1
Maximum [Member] | Directors Chairman [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Term of the award plan	5 years
Maximum [Member] | Executive Chairman [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Shares awarded (in shares)	3,400
Shares awarded, value	$ 0.1
Maximum [Member] | Chief Administrative Officer [Member]
Employee Service Share-based Compensation [Abstract]
Shares awarded (in shares)	2,000
Shares awarded, value	$ 0.1

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Earnings Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2019	Jul. 31, 2018	Jul. 31, 2017
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net (loss) income attributable to Ecology and Environment Inc.	$ (554)	$ (308)	$ 2,823
Less: Dividend declared	1,728	1,724	1,719
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings)	$ (2,282)	$ (2,032)	$ 1,104
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic and diluted (in shares)	4,316,316	4,304,574	4,294,501
Distributed earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ 0.40	$ 0.40	$ 0.40
Undistributed earnings (distributions in excess of earnings) per share (in dollars per share)	(0.53)	(0.47)	0.26
Total (loss) earnings per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.13)	$ (0.07)	$ 0.66

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Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Commitments and Contingencies [Abstract]

Commitments and Contingencies

21. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is a named defendant in legal actions arising out of the normal course of business.  The Company is not a party to any pending legal proceeding, the resolution of which the management believes will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition or cash flows, or to any other pending legal proceedings other than ordinary, routine litigation incidental to its business.  The Company maintains liability insurance against risks arising out of the normal course of business.

On February 4, 2011, the Chico Mendes Institute of Biodiversity Conservation of Brazil (the “Institute”) issued a Notice of Infraction to ecology and environment do brasil Ltda. (“E&E Brazil”), a majority-owned consolidated subsidiary of EEI.  The Notice of Infraction concerned the taking and collecting of wild animal specimens without authorization by the competent authority and imposed a fine of approximately 0.5 million Reals against E&E Brazil.   The Institute also filed Notices of Infraction against four employees of E&E Brazil alleging the same claims and imposed fines against those individuals that, in the aggregate, were equal to the fine imposed against E&E Brazil.  No claim has been made against EEI.  

E&E Brazil has filed court claims appealing the administrative decisions of the Institute for E&E Brazil’s employees that: (a) deny the jurisdiction of the Institute; (b) state that the Notice of Infraction is constitutionally vague; and (c) affirmatively state that E&E Brazil had obtained the necessary permits for the surveys and collections of specimens under applicable Brazilian regulations and that the protected conservation area is not clearly marked to show its boundaries.  The claim of violations against one of the four employees was dismissed.  The remaining three employees have fines assessed against them that are being appealed through the federal courts. Violations against E&E Brazil are pending agency determination.  At July 31, 2019, the Company recorded a reserve of approximately $0.4 million in other accrued liabilities related to these claims.

On October 8 and 14, 2019, two complaints challenging the Merger were filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, captioned Jordan Rosenblatt v. Ecology & Environment, Inc., et al. and Randall Meidenbauer. v. Ecology & Environment Inc. et al., respectively. The Rosenblatt complaint was filed as a putative class action on behalf of the public shareholders of the Company, while the Meidenbauer complaint was filed as an individual action on behalf of the named plaintiff only. Both complaints name as defendants the Company and the members of the Company’s Board of Directors. The Rosenblatt complaint generally alleges violations of federal securities laws with respect to purported disclosure deficiencies in the preliminary proxy statement for the Merger that the Company filed with the SEC on September 26, 2019, and the Meidenbauer complaint generally alleges violations of federal securities laws with respect to purported disclosure deficiencies in the definitive proxy statement for the Merger that the Company filed with the SEC on October 8, 2019. The complaints seek various forms of relief, including a preliminary injunction preventing the Company from proceeding with the stockholders meeting or the consummation of the Merger until the alleged material information omitted from the proxy statement is disclosed, rescission of the Merger if it is consummated, damages, attorneys’ fees and expenses. The defendants have not yet responded to the complaints but believe that the claims asserted against them are without merit.

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Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Taxes

13. Income Taxes

Income before income tax provision is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
U.S. operations	$	(1,302	)	$	(948	)	$	4,758
Foreign operations (primarily South American operations)		528			1,102			(80	)
(Loss) income before income tax provision	$	(774	)	$	154		$	4,678

The Company’s income tax (benefit) provision is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Current income tax provision (benefit):
Federal	$	78		$	(62	)	$	(149	)
State		90			26			42
Foreign		494			228			282
Total current		662			192			175
Deferred income tax provision (benefit):
Federal		(24	)		289			1,653
State		1			(75	)		308
Foreign		(1,303	)		(148	)		31
Total deferred		(1,326	)		66			1,992
Total income tax (benefit) provision	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”), which significantly revised U.S. corporate income tax regulations including, among other things, lowering U.S. corporate income tax rates and implementing a territorial tax system.  The Tax Act lowered our statutory federal tax rate from 34.0% (effective through December 31, 2017) to 21.0% (effective January 1, 2018).  As the Company has a July 31 fiscal year-end, the lower corporate income tax rate was phased in, resulting in an average statutory federal tax rate of approximately 26.5% for the fiscal year ending July 31, 2018, and 21.0% for subsequent fiscal years.

The statutory U.S. income tax rate was 21.0%, 26.5% and 34% during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  A reconciliation of the income tax provision using the statutory U.S. income tax rate compared with the actual income tax provision reported on the consolidated statements of operations is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Income tax (benefit) provision at the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate	$	(163	)	$	41		$	1,590
Tax on Foreign Earnings		138			129			---
Change in Tax Rates under Tax Act		16			322			---
International rate differences		80			27			33
Peru non-deductible expenses		---			14			53
Foreign dividend income		---			---			240
Income from “pass-through” entities taxable to noncontrolling partners		(16	)		---			(1	)
Re-evaluation and settlements of tax contingencies		---			---			(33	)
Transaction Costs		69			---			---
Change in valuation allowance		(1,241	)		(19	)		98
State taxes, net of federal benefit		75			(32	)		200
Other foreign taxes, net of federal benefit		109			(95	)		(111	)
Other permanent differences		269			(129	)		98
Income tax (benefit) provision, as reported on the consolidated statements of operations	$	(664	)	$	258		$	2,167

The significant components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized in the following table.

	July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	1,413		$	1,081
Accrued compensation and expenses		623			611
Federal benefit from foreign accounting differences		448			460
Contract and other reserves		253			311
Foreign tax credit		296			296
Capital loss carryforwards		234			143
Fixed assets and intangibles		57			---
Other		155			202
Deferred tax assets		3,479			3,104
Less: valuation allowance		(859	)		(2,006	)
Net deferred tax assets	$	2,620		$	1,098
Deferred tax liabilities:
Fixed assets and intangibles	$	---		$	(39	)
Federal expense on state deferred taxes		(62	)		(60	)
Federal expense from foreign accounting differences		(2	)		(7	)
Unremitted foreign earnings		(417	)		(206	)
Other		(9	)		3
Net deferred tax liabilities	$	(490	)	$	(309	)

As of July 31, 2019, the Company has net operating losses attributable to operations in the U.S., Brazil and Peru. Foreign and U.S. net operating losses at July 31, 2019 were approximately $3.0 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Net operating losses in Brazil and U.S. federal net operating losses may be carried forward indefinitely and a portion of the net operating losses in Peru expire in four years, while the remainder have an indefinite life.  U.S. state net operating losses have expiration dates in various years starting in fiscal year 2023 through and including a portion with an indefinite life.

The Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (“GILTI”) provisions of the Tax Act require the Company to include in the U.S. income from foreign subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the foreign subsidiary’s tangible assets.  During fiscal year 2019, its first year of applicability, the Company included $0.6 million of GILTI income in the U.S.  The Company has elected to account for GILTI in the period in which it is incurred, and therefore has not provided any deferred tax impacts of GILTI in its consolidated financial statements for fiscal year 2019.

The Company periodically evaluates the likelihood of realization of deferred tax assets and provides for a valuation allowance when necessary.  Activity within the deferred tax asset valuation allowance is summarized in the following table.

	Fiscal Year Ended July 31,
	2019			2018
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,006		$	2,020
Additions during the period		420			60
Reductions during period		(1,567	)		(74	)
Balance at end of period	$	859		$	2,006

As of July 31, 2019, the valuation allowance maintained by the Company primarily related to: (i) net operating losses related to operations in Peru, the utilization of which is dependent on future earnings; (ii) excess foreign tax credit carryforwards, the utilization of which is dependent on future foreign source income; and (iii) capital loss carryforwards, the utilization of which is dependent on future capital gains.  Additions to the valuation allowance during fiscal year 2019 primarily related to the establishment of a valuation allowance recorded on deferred tax assets related to operating losses from operations in Peru and a capital loss incurred on the sale of operations in Ecuador.  During the fiscal year 2019, based on available evidence including recent cumulated losses, management determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets in Peru will not be realized and therefore established a valuation allowance.

During fiscal year 2016, the Company recorded a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets related to net operating losses in Brazil.  During fiscal year 2019, based on available evidence including recent cumulative operating income, management determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets in Brazil will be realized and therefore reversed the related $1.6 million valuation allowance.

During the fiscal years ended July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the Company recorded $0.2 million $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of income taxes applicable to undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries in Chile and Peru that will not be indefinitely reinvested in those operations.  The Company intends to recover the undistributed earnings through future dividend repatriations.  As part of Tax Act, all foreign earnings were taxed in the U.S. through December 31, 2017.  The Company had $4.1 million, $6.3 million and $5.6 million of taxed, but undistributed foreign earnings at July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.  At July 31, 2019 and 2018, the Company had $2.3 million and $1.0 million of foreign earnings, occurring after January 1, 2018, that will be subject to a full dividend received deduction when distributed.

The Company files numerous consolidated and separate income tax returns in U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions.  The Company’s U.S. federal tax matters for fiscal years 2016 through 2019 remain subject to examination by the IRS.  The Company’s state, local and foreign tax matters for fiscal years 2015 through 2019 remain subject to examination by the respective tax authorities.  No waivers have been executed that would extend the period subject to examination beyond the period prescribed by statute.

The Company had no uncertain tax positions (“UTPs”) at July 31, 2019 and 2018.

The Company recognizes interest accrued related to liabilities for UTPs in other accrued liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and in selling, general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company recorded $0.1 million or less in each of the fiscal years ending July 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (“SAB 118”) to address the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Act. The Company recorded final adjustments for the tax effects of the Tax Act during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2018, and all tax effects of the Tax Act were recorded in its consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended July 31, 2018.

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Operating Lease Commitments

12 Months Ended

Jul. 31, 2019

Operating Lease Commitments [Abstract]

Operating Lease Commitments

17. Operating Lease Commitments

The Company rents certain office facilities and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases and certain other facilities for servicing project sites over the term of the related long-term government contracts.  Lease agreements may contain step rent provisions and/or free rent concessions.   Lease payments based on a price index result in rent expense recognized on a straight line or substantially equivalent basis and are included in the calculation of minimum lease payments.  Gross rental expense associated with lease commitments was $3.1 million, $3.2 million and $3.3 million during fiscal years 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Future minimum rental commitments under operating leases as of July 31, 2019 are summarized in the following table.

Fiscal Year Ending July 31,	Amount
	(in thousands)
2020	$	2,139
2021		1,635
2022		1,156
2023		1,005
2024		647
Thereafter		96
Total	$	6,678