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Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Oct. 31, 2020

Fair Value Measurements

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, we classify each fair value measurement as follows:


•	Level 1—based upon quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets,


•	Level 2—based upon quoted prices for similar instruments, prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-derived valuations, all of whose significant inputs are observable, and


•	Level 3—based upon one or more significant unobservable inputs.

The following section describes key inputs and assumptions in our valuation methodologies:

Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Equivalents—Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with an original maturity of 90 days or less which may include U.S. government and federal agency securities, commercial paper, and other highly liquid investments. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities—We measure the fair value of derivatives assuming that the unit of account is an individual derivative transaction and that each derivative could be sold or transferred on a stand-alone basis. We classify within Level 2 our derivatives that are traded over-the-counter and valued using internal models based on observable market inputs.

Guarantees—We provide certain guarantees of payments and residual values, to which losses are generally capped, to specific counterparties. The fair value of these guarantees includes a contingent component and a non-contingent component that are based upon internally developed models using unobservable inputs. We classify these liabilities within Level 3. For more information regarding guarantees, see Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies.

Impaired Finance Receivables and Impaired Assets Under Operating Leases—Fair values of the underlying collateral are determined by current and forecasted sales prices, aging of and demand for used trucks, and the mix of sales through various market channels. For more information regarding impaired finance receivables, see Note 5, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts, and for more information regarding impaired assets under operating leases, see Note 3, Restructuring, Impairments and Divestitures.

Impaired Property, Plant and Equipment—We generally measure the fair value by discounting future cash flows expected to be received from the operation of, or disposition of, the asset or asset group that has been determined to be impaired. When appropriate, we utilize alternative methods for the measurement of fair value such as market and cost approaches. For more information regarding the impairment of property, plant and equipment, see Note 3, Restructuring, Impairments and Divestitures.

The following table presents the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:



	As of October 31, 2020								As of October 31, 2019
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Derivative financial instruments:
Commodity forward contracts^(A)	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Foreign currency contracts^(A)	—		5		—		5		—		1		—		1
Total assets	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	1
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments:
Commodity forward contracts^(B)	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	1
Foreign currency contracts^(B)	—		3		—		3		—		2		—		2
Guarantees	—		—		29		29		—		—		27		27
Total liabilities	$	—	$	5	$	29	$	34	$	—	$	3	$	27	$	30

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(A)	The asset values of commodity forward contracts and foreign currency contracts are included in Other current assets and Other noncurrent assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(B)	The liability values of commodity forward contracts and foreign currency contracts are included in Other current liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents the changes for those financial instruments classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy:



(in millions)	October 31, 2020			October 31, 2019
Guarantees at beginning of period	$	(27	)	$	(24	)
Net issuances	(8		)	(6		)
Settlements	6			3
Guarantees at end of period	$	(29	)	$	(27	)

There were no transfers of level 3 financial instruments.

The following table presents the financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:



(in millions)	October 31, 2020			October 31, 2019
Level 2 financial instruments
Impaired finance receivables ^(A)	$	31		$	23
Specific loss reserve	(12		)	(11		)
Fair value	$	19		$	12

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(A)

Certain impaired finance receivables are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. An impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the receivables exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral, net of remarketing costs. Fair values of the underlying collateral are determined by reference to dealer vehicle value publications adjusted for certain market factors.

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use for the financial instruments recorded at fair value as discussed above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value for our other financial instruments that are not marked to market on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts of Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, and Accounts payable approximate fair values because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments. Finance receivables generally consist of retail and wholesale accounts and notes.

The carrying amounts of Trade and other receivables and retail and wholesale accounts approximate fair values as a result of the short-term nature of the receivables. The carrying amounts of wholesale notes approximate fair values as a result of the short-term nature of the wholesale notes and their variable interest rate terms. Due to the nature of the aforementioned financial instruments, they have been excluded from the fair value amounts presented in the table below.

The fair values of our retail notes are estimated by discounting expected cash flows at current market rates. The fair values of our retail notes are classified as Level 3 financial instruments.

The fair values of our debt instruments classified as Level 1 were determined using quoted market prices. The 4.75% Tax-Exempt Bonds, due 2040, are traded, but the trading market is illiquid, and as a result, the Loan Agreement underlying the Tax-Exempt Bonds is classified as Level 2. Trading in our 6.625% Senior Notes and our 9.5% Senior Secured Notes is limited to qualified institutional buyers; therefore, the notes are classified as Level 2. The fair values of our Level 3 debt instruments are generally determined using internally developed valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow modeling. Inputs such as discount rates and credit spreads reflect our estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the instrument and may be unobservable.

The following tables present the carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments:



	As of October 31, 2020
	Estimated Fair Value								Carrying Value
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Retail notes	$	—	$	—	$	223	$	223	$	222
Liabilities
Debt:
Manufacturing operations
Senior Secured Term Loan Credit Agreement, due 2025	—		—		1,538		1,538		1,543
9.5% Senior Secured Notes, due 2025	—		665		—		665		589
6.625% Senior Notes, due 2026	—		1,137		—		1,137		1,087
Loan Agreement related to 4.75% Tax-Exempt Bonds, due 2040	—		227		—		227		223
Financed lease obligations	—		—		46		46		45
Other^(A)	—		—		7		7		7
Financial Services operations
Asset-backed debt issued by consolidated SPEs, due serially through 2022	—		—		726		726		724
Bank credit facilities, due dates from 2021 through 2025	—		—		914		914		940
Borrowings secured by operating and finance leases, due serially through 2024	—		—		171		171		170



	As of October 31, 2019
	Estimated Fair Value								Carrying Value
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Retail notes	$	—	$	—	$	205	$	205	$	208
Liabilities
Debt:
Manufacturing operations
Senior Secured Term Loan Credit Agreement, due 2025	—		—		1,552		1,552		1,556
6.625% Senior Notes, due 2026	—		1,122		—		1,122		1,085
Loan Agreement related to 6.75% Tax-Exempt Bonds, due 2040	—		234		—		234		220
Financed lease obligations	—		—		60		60		60
Other ^(A)	—		—		9		9		9
Financial Services operations
Asset-backed debt issued by consolidated SPEs, due serially through 2022	—		—		995		995		991
Bank credit facilities, due dates from 2021 through 2025	—		—		1,038		1,038		1,059
Commercial paper, at variable rates, program matures in 2022	84		—		—		84		84
Borrowings secured by operating and finance leases, due serially through 2024	—		—		122		122		122

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(A)

Excludes non-financial instrument debt of $2 million as of both October 31, 2020 and 2019.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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