We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable.

The following tables disaggregate our external revenue by product type for the year ended October 31, 2019 (in millions):



(in millions)	Truck		Parts		Global Operations		Financial Services		Corporate and Eliminations			Total
Year Ended October 31, 2019
Truck products and services^(A)(B)	$	7,727	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12		$	7,739
Truck contract manufacturing	399		—		—		—		—			399
Used trucks	257		—		—		—		—			257
Engines	—		309		232		—		—			541
Parts	5		1,930		77		—		—			2,012
Extended warranty contracts	113		—		—		—		—			113
Sales of manufactured products, net	8,501		2,239		309		—		12			11,061
Retail financing^(C)	—		—		—		145		(3		)	142
Wholesale financing^(C)	—		—		—		48		—			48
Finance revenues	—		—		—		193		(3		)	190
Sales and revenues, net	$	8,501	$	2,239	$	309	$	193	$	9		$	11,251

(B) Includes military sales of $62 million. In December 2018, we completed the sale of a 70% equity interest in Navistar Defense. See Note 3, Restructurings, Impairments and Divestitures for additional information.

Revenue for our Truck products and services, certain truck contract manufacturing, Used trucks, certain Engines and Parts is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer. Our Trucks, Used trucks, Engines, and Parts have a standard warranty, the estimated cost of which is included in Costs of products sold. Operating lease and borrowing revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease.

Prior to our sale of a 70% equity interest in Navistar Defense, certain truck sales to the U.S. government of non-commercial products manufactured to government specification were recognized over time as the goods were manufactured. Certain truck and other contract manufacturing arrangements, unrelated to Navistar Defense, continue to be recognized over time. We recognize revenue over time when the finished assets have no alternative use and we have a right to payment for work performed in the event of a contract cancellation or when we create or enhance an asset that the customer controls as it is being created or enhanced. We recognize revenue using a cost-based input method because it best depicts our progress in satisfying the performance obligation. The selection of the method requires judgement and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided.

Certain terms or modifications to U.S. and foreign government contracts may have been unpriced; that is, the work to be performed was defined, but the related contract price was to be negotiated at a later date. In situations where we could reliably estimate a profit margin in excess of costs incurred, revenue and gross margin were recorded for delivered contract items. Otherwise, revenue was recognized when the price had been agreed with the applicable government and costs were deferred when it was probable that the costs would be recovered.

An allowance for parts sales returns is recorded as a reduction to revenue based upon estimates using historical information about returns. This includes when we are a reseller of certain service parts that include a core component. A core component is the basic forging or casting, such as an engine block, that can be remanufactured by a certified remanufacturing supplier. When a dealer returns a core component within the specified eligibility period, we refund the core return deposit, which is applied to the customer's account balance.

We sell separately-priced extended warranty contracts that can be purchased for periods ranging from one to ten years. Warranty revenue related to extended warranty contracts is recognized over the life of the contract in proportion to the costs expected to be incurred in satisfying the obligation under the contract. Costs under extended warranty contracts are expensed as incurred. We recognize losses on defined pools of extended warranty contracts when the remaining expected costs for a given pool of contracts exceed the related deferred revenue.

Financial Services operations recognize revenue from retail notes, finance leases, wholesale notes, retail accounts, and wholesale accounts as Finance revenues over the term of the receivables utilizing the effective interest method. Certain direct origination costs and fees are deferred and recognized as adjustments to yield and are reported as part of interest income over the life of the receivable. Loans are impaired when we conclude it is probable the customer will not be able to make full payment according to contractual terms, or when a loan becomes 90 days or more past due. The accrual of interest is suspended on impaired loans. Finance revenues on these loans are recognized only to the extent cash payments are received. We resume accruing interest on these accounts when payments are current according to the terms of the loans and future payments are reasonably assured.

Operating lease revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. Recognition of revenue is suspended when management determines the collection of future revenue is not probable. Recognition of revenue is resumed if collection again becomes probable.

Generally, revenue from our sales is recognized at a point in time when control is transferred to the customer which generally occurs upon shipment from our plants and distribution centers or at the time of delivery to our customers. The standard payment term is less than 30 days, but we may extend payment terms on selected receivables. We have elected the practical expedient that allows us to not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component when the time between cash collection and transfer of control is less than one year.

We recognize price allowances, returns and the cost of incentive programs in the normal course of business based on programs offered to dealers or fleet customers. Estimates are made for sales incentives on certain vehicles in dealer stock inventory based on historical experience and announced special programs. The estimated sales incentives and returns are adjusted at the earlier of when the estimate of consideration we expect to receive changes or the consideration becomes fixed. For contracts where there is more than one performance obligation, discounts are generally allocated to all of the performance obligations in the contract based on their relative standalone selling prices.

Revenue on bill and hold arrangements is not recognized until after the customer is notified that the product (i) has been completed according to customer specifications, (ii) has passed our quality control inspections, (iii) is ready for physical transfer to the customer and (iv) the reason for the bill and hold arrangement is substantive.

We have elected to account for shipping and handling activities that occur subsequent to transfer of control as a fulfillment cost and not as a separate performance obligation. The costs are recognized as an expense in Costs of products sold when control of the related performance obligation has transferred to the customer. As a practical expedient, we do not disclose the transaction price related to order backlogs as they have an original expected duration of less than one year.

Most of our contracts are for a period of less than one year. We have certain long-term contract manufacturing and extended warranty contracts that extend beyond one year. We record deferred revenue, primarily related to extended warranty contracts, when we receive consideration from a customer prior to transferring goods or services under the terms of a sales contract. This deferred revenue represents contract liabilities which are included in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as components of current and long-term liabilities. The amount of manufacturing contract liabilities as of October 31, 2019 is not material to our consolidated financial statements.

The amount of deferred revenue related to extended warranty programs was $279 million, $255 million, and $271 million at October 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. Revenue recognized under our extended warranty programs was $113 million, $104 million, and $144 million for the years ended October 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively. We expect to recognize

revenue under our extended warranty programs of approximately $87 million in 2020, $78 million in 2021, $59 million in 2022, $33 million in 2023, $13 million in 2024 and $9 million thereafter.

We recognize incremental costs to obtain contracts as an asset if they are recoverable. As a practical expedient, we recognize the costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when the related contract period is less than one year. We have no contract costs capitalized as of October 31, 2019.