Fair Value Measurements

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, a three-level hierarchy of measurements based upon observable and unobservable inputs is used to arrive at fair value. Observable inputs are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our assumptions about valuation based on the best information available in the circumstances. Depending on the inputs, we classify each fair value measurement as follows:


•	Level 1—based upon quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets,


•	Level 2—based upon quoted prices for similar instruments, prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, or model-derived valuations, all of whose significant inputs are observable, and


•	Level 3—based upon one or more significant unobservable inputs.

The following section describes key inputs and assumptions in our valuation methodologies:

Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Equivalents—We classify highly liquid investments, with an original maturity of 90 days or less, including U.S. Treasury bills, federal agency securities, and commercial paper, as cash equivalents. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash approximate fair value because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments.

Marketable Securities—Our marketable securities portfolios are classified as available-for-sale and primarily include investments in U.S. government securities and commercial paper with an original maturity greater than 90 days. We use quoted prices from active markets to determine fair value.

Derivative Assets and Liabilities—We measure the fair value of derivatives assuming that the unit of account is an individual derivative transaction and that each derivative could be sold or transferred on a stand-alone basis. We classify within Level 2 our derivatives that are traded over-the-counter and valued using internal models based on observable market inputs. In certain cases, market data is not available and we estimate inputs such as in situations where trading in a particular commodity is not active. Measurements based upon these unobservable inputs are classified within Level 3. For more information regarding derivatives, see Note 13, Financial Instruments and Commodity Contracts.

Guarantees—We provide certain guarantees of payments and residual values to specific counterparties. Fair value of these guarantees is based upon internally developed models that utilize current market-based assumptions and historical data. We classify these liabilities within Level 3. For more information regarding guarantees, see Note 14, Commitments and Contingencies.

The following table presents the financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis:



	As of October 31, 2016								As of October 31, 2015
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Marketable securities:
U.S. Treasury bills	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	53	$	—	$	—	$	53
Other	40		—		—		40		106		—		—		106
Derivative financial instruments:
Commodity forward contracts^(A)	—		2		—		2		—		—		—		—
Foreign currency contracts^(A)	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		1
Interest rate caps^(B)	—		1		—		1		—		—		—		—
Total assets	$	46	$	3	$	—	$	49	$	159	$	1	$	—	$	160
Liabilities
Derivative financial instruments:
Commodity forward contracts^(C)	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	2
Foreign currency contracts^(C)	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		2
Guarantees	—		—		23		23		—		—		10		10
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	23	$	23	$	—	$	4	$	10	$	14

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(A)	The asset value of commodity forward contracts and foreign currency contracts is included in Other current assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(B)	The asset value of interest rate caps is included in Other noncurrent assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.


(C)	The liability value of commodity forward contracts and foreign currency contracts is included in Other current liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table presents the changes for those financial instruments classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy:



(in millions)	October 31, 2016			October 31, 2015
Guarantees, at beginning of period	$	(10	)	$	(8	)
Transfers out of Level 3	—			—
Issuances	(17		)	(5		)
Settlements	4			3
Guarantees, at end of period	$	(23	)	$	(10	)
Change in unrealized gains on assets (liabilities) still held	$	—		$	—

The following table presents the financial instruments measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:



(in millions)	October 31, 2016			October 31, 2015
Level 2 financial instruments
Carrying value of impaired finance receivables ^(A)	$	15		$	21
Specific loss reserve	(8		)	(9		)
Fair value	$	7		$	12

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(A)

Certain impaired finance receivables are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. An impairment charge is recorded for the amount by which the carrying value of the receivables exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral, net of remarketing costs. Fair values of the underlying collateral are determined by reference to dealer vehicle value publications adjusted for certain market factors.

In the second quarter of 2014, for the purpose of impairment evaluation we measured the implied fair value of our Brazilian engine reporting unit's goodwill and the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset, a trademark. Our Brazilian engine reporting unit's goodwill was determined to be fully impaired and resulted in a non-cash charge of $142 million. In addition, the related trademark, with a carrying value of $43 million was determined to be impaired and a non-cash charge of $7 million was recognized. The impairment charges were included in Asset impairment charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We utilized the income approach to determine the fair value of these Level 3 assets. For more information, see Note 7, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net.

In addition, in 2014, the Truck segment recorded asset impairment charges of $33 million, which were primarily related to potential sales of assets requiring assessment of impairment for certain intangible and long-lived assets, reflecting our ongoing evaluation of our portfolio of assets to validate their strategic and financial fit. These charges were included in Asset impairment charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations. We utilized the market approach to determine the fair values of these Level 2 and Level 3 assets.

In addition to the methods and assumptions we use for the financial instruments recorded at fair value as discussed above, we use the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value for our other financial instruments that are not marked to market on a recurring basis. The carrying amounts of Cash and cash equivalents, Restricted cash, and Accounts payable approximate fair values because of the short-term maturity and highly liquid nature of these instruments. Finance receivables generally consist of retail and wholesale accounts and retail and wholesale notes. The carrying amounts of Trade and other receivables and retail and wholesale accounts approximate fair values as a result of the short-term nature of the receivables. The carrying amounts of wholesale notes approximate fair values as a result of the short-term nature of the wholesale notes and their variable interest rate terms. Due to the nature of the aforementioned financial instruments, they have been excluded from the fair value amounts presented in the table below.

The fair values of our retail notes are estimated by discounting expected cash flows at estimated current market rates. The fair values of our retail notes are classified as Level 3 financial instruments.

The fair values of our debt instruments classified as Level 1 were determined using quoted market prices. The 6.5% Tax Exempt Bonds, due 2040, are traded, but the trading market is illiquid, and as a result, the Loan Agreement underlying the Tax Exempt Bonds is classified as Level 2. The fair values of our Level 3 debt instruments are generally determined using internally developed valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow modeling. Inputs such as discount rates and credit spreads reflect our estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the instrument and may be unobservable.

The following tables present the carrying values and estimated fair values of financial instruments:



	As of October 31, 2016
	Estimated Fair Value								Carrying Value
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Retail notes	$	—	$	—	$	153	$	153	$	151
Notes receivable	—		—		1		1		1
Liabilities
Debt:
Manufacturing operations
Senior Secured Term Loan Credit Facility, as Amended, due 2020	—		—		1,037		1,037		1,009
8.25% Senior Notes, due 2022	1,180		—		—		1,180		1,173
4.50% Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes, due 2018^(A)	—		—		189		189		189
4.75% Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes, due 2019^(A)	—		—		382		382		383
Financing arrangements	—		—		17		17		37
Loan Agreement related to 6.50% Tax Exempt Bonds, due 2040	—		233		—		233		220
Financed lease obligations	—		—		52		52		52
Other	—		—		26		26		28
Financial Services operations
Asset-backed debt issued by consolidated SPEs, at various rates, due serially through 2022	—		—		754		754		753
Bank credit facilities, at fixed and variable rates, due dates from 2017 through 2021	—		—		851		851		861
Commercial paper, at variable rates, program matures in 2017	96		—		—		96		96
Borrowings secured by operating and finance leases, at various rates, due serially through 2021	—		—		98		98		98



	As of October 31, 2015
	Estimated Fair Value								Carrying Value
(in millions)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets
Retail notes	$	—	$	—	$	170	$	170	$	166
Notes receivable	—		—		3		3		3
Liabilities
Debt:
Manufacturing operations
Senior Secured Term Loan Credit Facility, as Amended, due 2020	—		—		1,014		1,014		1,014
8.25% Senior Notes, due 2022	998		—		—		998		1,168
4.50% Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes, due 2018^(A)	—		—		148		148		184
4.75% Senior Subordinated Convertible Notes, due 2019^(A)	—		—		289		289		373
Financing arrangements	—		—		17		17		43
Loan Agreement related to 6.50% Tax Exempt Bonds, due 2040	—		233		—		233		220
Financed lease obligations	—		—		111		111		111
Other	—		—		45		45		43
Financial Services operations
Asset-backed debt issued by consolidated SPEs, at various rates, due serially through 2018	—		—		865		865		864
Bank credit facilities, at fixed and variable rates, due dates from 2016 through 2020	—		—		1,048		1,048		1,062
Commercial paper, at variable rates, program matures in 2017	86		—		—		86		86
Borrowings secured by operating and finance leases, at various rates, due serially through 2020	—		—		80		80		81

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(A)	The carrying value represents the consolidated financial statement amount of the debt which excludes the allocation of the conversion feature to equity, while the fair value is based on internally developed valuation techniques such as discounted cash flow modeling for Level 3 convertible notes which include the equity feature.