Restructurings and Impairments

Restructuring charges are recorded based on restructuring plans that have been committed to by management and are, in part, based upon management's best estimates of future events. Changes to the estimates may require future adjustments to the restructuring liabilities.

Restructuring Liability

The following tables summarize the activity in the restructuring liability, which includes amounts related to discontinued operations and excludes pension and other postretirement contractual termination benefits:



(in millions)	Balance at October 31, 2015		Additions		Payments			Adjustments		Balance at July 31, 2016
Employee termination charges	$	62	$	4	$	(58	)	$	2	$	10
Lease vacancy	5		—		(4		)	—		1
Other	1		—		—			—		1
Restructuring liability	$	68	$	4	$	(62	)	$	2	$	12



(in millions)	Balance at October 31, 2014		Additions		Payments			Adjustments			Balance at July 31, 2015
Employee termination charges	$	8	$	17	$	(7	)	$	(2	)	$	16
Lease vacancy	11		—		(6		)	—			5
Other	1		2		(2		)	—			1
Restructuring liability	$	20	$	19	$	(15	)	$	(2	)	$	22

North American Manufacturing Restructuring Activities

We continue to focus on our core Truck and Parts businesses and evaluate our portfolio of assets to validate their strategic and financial fit. This allows us to close or divest non-strategic businesses, and identify opportunities to restructure our business and rationalize our Manufacturing operations in an effort to optimize our cost structure. For those areas that fall outside our strategic businesses, we are evaluating alternatives which could result in additional restructuring and other related charges in the future, including but not limited to: (i) impairments, (ii) costs for employee and contractor termination and other related benefits, and (iii) charges for pension and other postretirement contractual benefits and curtailments. These charges could be significant.

Chatham restructuring activities

In the third quarter of 2011, we committed to close our Chatham, Ontario heavy truck plant, which had been idled since June 2009. At that time, we recognized curtailment and contractual termination charges related to postretirement plans. Based on a ruling regarding pension benefits received from the Financial Services Tribunal in Ontario, Canada, in the third quarter of 2014, we recognized additional charges of $14 million related to the 2011 closure of the Chatham, Ontario plant. We appealed this ruling, but it was upheld in a July 3, 2015 decision issued by the Divisional Court of Ontario. On July 23, 2015, we filed a notice of motion for leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal for Ontario, which was perfected on August 25, 2015 through an additional filing. On December 21, 2015, the Ontario Court of Appeal denied the motion for leave to appeal. On April 25, 2016, we filed a qualified partial wind-up report for approval by the Financial Services Commission of Ontario. Potential charges in future periods could range from $0 million to $60 million, primarily related to pension, postretirement costs and termination benefits, which are subject to governmental approval, employee negotiation, acceptance rates and the resolution of disputes related thereto. In addition, we are continuing to evaluate the impact of the ruling on prior plan administration practices, and, as a result, we have recognized $5 million of charges in the third quarter of 2016. We do not expect material future charges.

Foundry Facilities

In December 2014, we announced the closure of our Indianapolis, Indiana foundry facility; on June 30, 2015, we closed this facility; and on August 19, 2016, we sold this facility. In addition, on April 30, 2015, we sold our Waukesha, Wisconsin foundry operations. As a result of these actions, the Truck segment recognized charges of $3 million and $28 million in the three and nine months ended July 31, 2015, respectively, for the acceleration of depreciation of certain assets related to foundry and engine facilities. These charges are reported within Costs of products sold in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Cost-Reductions and Other Strategic Initiatives

From time to time, we have announced, and we may continue to announce, actions to control spending across the Company with targeted reductions of certain costs. We are focused on continued reductions in discretionary spending, including reductions resulting from efficiencies, and prioritizing or eliminating certain programs or projects.

In the third quarter of 2015, we initiated new cost-reduction actions, including a reduction-in-force in the U.S. and Brazil. As a result of these actions, we recognized restructuring charges of $13 million in personnel costs for employee termination and related benefits, which will primarily be paid throughout 2016.

Asset Impairments

The following table reconciles our Asset impairment charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:



	Three Months Ended July 31,				Nine Months Ended July 31,
(in millions)	2016		2015		2016		2015
Intangible asset impairment charge	$	1	$	3	$	1	$	3
Other asset impairment charges related to continuing operations	11		4		16		12
Total asset impairment charges	$	12	$	7	$	17	$	15

As a result of the economic downturn in Brazil causing declines in actual and forecasted results, we tested the indefinite-lived intangible asset of our Brazilian engine reporting unit for potential impairment. As a result, in the third quarters of 2016 and 2015, we determined that the trademark asset carrying value was impaired, resulting in charges of $1 million and $3 million, respectively. For more information, see Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

In the nine months ended July 31, 2016, we recorded $3 million of asset impairment charges in the Truck segment related to the sale of Pure Power Technologies, a components business focused on air and fuel systems, in February 2016.

In the third quarters of 2016 and 2015, we concluded we had triggering events related to certain long-lived assets in the Truck segment. As a result, certain long-lived assets were determined to be impaired, resulting in a charges of $11 million and $3 million, respectively. Additionally, in the first quarter of 2015, we concluded that we had a triggering event related to certain operating leases. As a result, the Truck segment recorded $7 million of asset impairment charges.

All of these charges are recognized in Asset impairment charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations.