Restructurings and Impairments

Restructuring charges recorded are based on restructuring plans that have been committed to by management and are, in part, based upon management's best estimates of future events. Changes to the estimates may require future adjustments to the restructuring liabilities.

Restructuring Liability

The following tables summarize the activity in the restructuring liability, which includes amounts related to discontinued operations and excludes pension and other postretirement contractual termination benefits:



(in millions)	Balance at October 31, 2013		Additions		Payments			Adjustments			Balance at October 31, 2014
Employee termination charges	$	15	$	15	$	(19	)	$	(3	)	$	8
Employee relocation costs	—		1		(1		)	—			—
Lease vacancy	18		—		(8		)	1			11
Other	1		2		(2		)	—			1
Restructuring liability	$	34	$	18	$	(30	)	$	(2	)	$	20



(in millions)	Balance at October 31, 2012		Additions		Payments			Adjustments			Balance at October 31, 2013
Employee termination charges	$	72	$	12	$	(64	)	$	(5	)	$	15
Employee relocation costs	—		3		(3		)	—			—
Lease vacancy	17		6		(9		)	4			18
Other	—		5		(4		)	—			1
Restructuring liability	$	89	$	26	$	(80	)	$	(1	)	$	34

The following table reconciles our restructuring charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:



(in millions)	2014		2013		2012
Restructuring charges related to continuing operations	$	42	$	25	$	107
Restructuring charges related to discontinued operations	—		—		1
Total restructuring charges	$	42	$	25	$	108

Cost-Reductions and Other Strategic Initiatives

From time to time, we announce actions to control spending across the Company with targeted reductions of certain costs. We are focused on continued reductions in discretionary spending, including but not limited to reductions resulting from efficiencies, and prioritizing or eliminating certain programs or projects.

Voluntary separation program and reduction-in-force actions

In the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company offered the majority of our U.S.-based non-represented salaried employees the opportunity to apply for a voluntary separation program ("VSP"). Along with the employees who chose to participate in the VSP, we used attrition and an involuntary reduction-in-force to eliminate additional positions in order to meet our targeted reductions goal. In addition to these actions in the U.S., our Brazilian operations utilized an involuntary reduction-in-force to eliminate positions. As a result of these actions, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $66 million in personnel costs for employee termination and related benefits and $7 million of employee relocation and other costs, of which all was paid in 2012 and 2013.

In the fourth quarter of 2013, the Company leveraged efficiencies identified through redesigning our organizational structure and began implementing new cost-reduction initiatives, including an enterprise-wide reduction-in-force. As a result of these actions, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $11 million in personnel costs for employee termination and related benefits, of which a portion was paid in 2013.

In the second quarter of 2014, the Company initiated new cost-reduction actions, including an enterprise-wide reduction-in-force. As a result of these actions, the Company recognized restructuring charges of $8 million in personnel costs for employee termination and related benefits, the majority of which has been paid during 2014. The Company expects the remaining restructuring charges will be paid throughout 2015.

Engineering Integration

In the second quarter of 2012, the Company vacated the premises of its former world headquarters in Warrenville, Illinois and recorded a charge of $16 million, consisting of $19 million for the recognition of the fair value of the lease vacancy obligation, partially offset by $3 million for the reversal of deferred rent expense. This charge was recorded in Corporate and recognized in Restructuring charges. The cash payments associated with the lease vacancy obligation are expected to be completed in January of 2016.

North American Manufacturing Restructuring Activities

We continue to focus on improving our core North America Truck and North America Parts businesses. We continue to evaluate our portfolio of assets, with the purpose of closing or divesting non-core/non-strategic businesses, and identifying opportunities to restructure our business and rationalize our Manufacturing operations in an effort to optimize our cost structure. The Company is currently evaluating its portfolio of assets to validate their strategic and financial fit. To allow us to increase our focus on our North America core businesses, we are evaluating product lines, businesses, and engineering programs that fall outside of our core businesses. We are using a ROIC methodology, combined with an assessment of the strategic fit to our core businesses, to identify areas that are not performing to our expectations. For those areas, we are evaluating whether to fix, divest, or close. These actions could result in additional restructuring and other related charges in the future, including but not limited to: (i) impairments, (ii) costs for employee and contractor termination and other related benefits, and (iii) charges for pension and other postretirement contractual benefits and curtailments. These charges could be significant.

Chatham restructuring activities

In the third quarter of 2011, the Company committed to close its Chatham, Ontario heavy truck plant, which had been idled since June 2009. Potential additional charges in future periods could range from $0 million to $60 million, primarily related to pension, postretirement costs and termination benefits, which are subject to employee negotiation, acceptance rates and the resolution of disputes related thereto. Based on a ruling received from the Financial Services Tribunal in Ontario, Canada, in the third quarter of 2014, the Company recognized additional charges of $14 million related to the 2011 closure of its Chatham, Ontario plant. The Company has appealed this ruling. See Note 11, Postretirement benefits for further discussion.

Garland Facility closure

In the fourth quarter of 2012, the Company committed to plans for the closure of its Garland, Texas truck manufacturing operations (the "Garland Facility"). Beginning in early 2013, the Company began transitioning production from the Garland Facility to other North America operations that produce similar models. In the second quarter of 2013, production at the Garland Facility ceased. In the first and second quarters of 2013, we recognized charges of $12 million and $8 million, respectively, for the acceleration of depreciation of certain assets related to the facility that impacted Cost of products sold in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Huntsville Facility

In February 2014, the Company announced plans to consolidate its mid-range engine manufacturing footprint and relocate mid-range engine production from its Huntsville, Alabama, facility ("Huntsville Facility") to its Melrose Park, Illinois facility ("Melrose Park Facility"). As a result, in the first quarter of 2014, the North America Truck segment recognized restructuring charges of $1 million for personnel costs related to employee terminations and $2 million for inventory reserves related to the idled production equipment at the Huntsville Facility that impacted Cost of products sold in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Foundry Facilities

In the fourth quarter of 2014, as part of our ROIC evaluation, we anticipated an exit from our Indianapolis, Indiana foundry facility and certain assets in our Waukesha, Wisconsin foundry operations were impaired and certain other charges were recorded. As a result, the North America Truck segment recognized restructuring charges of $13 million, which are included in Restructuring charges in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. The restructuring charges consist of $2 million in personnel costs for employee termination and related benefits and $11 million of charges for pension and other postretirement contractual termination benefits. We expect the restructuring charges relating to employee terminations will be paid over the next year. Also in the fourth quarter of 2014, the North America Truck segment recognized $7 million for inventory reserves related to the foundry facilities that impacted Cost of products sold in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

In addition, the North America Truck segment recognized $7 million of charges for impairments of property and equipment. The Waukesha asset group was reviewed for recoverability by comparing the carrying value to estimated future undiscounted cash flows and those carrying values were determined not to be fully recoverable. We utilized the market approach to determine the fair value of the asset group. These charges were recorded in Asset impairment charges in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations. In addition to the charges in the fourth quarter of 2014, we could incur additional charges up to $40 million for accelerated depreciation related to the exit of the Indianapolis foundry facility and related impacts during 2015.

Alabama Facility Sublease

In January 2012, the Company began leasing an existing manufacturing facility in Cherokee, Alabama and purchased certain machinery and equipment within the facility. In the second quarter of 2013, we signed an agreement to sublease a portion of such facility. The term of the sublease agreement runs through the remaining term of our operating lease, which ends in 2021.

Asset Impairments

The following table reconciles our impairment charges in our Consolidated Statements of Operations:



(in millions)	2014		2013		2012
Goodwill impairment charge^(A)	$	142	$	81	$	—
Indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment charge	7		—		—
Other asset impairment charges related to continuing operations	34		20		16
Other asset impairment charges related to discontinued operations	—		4		28
Total asset impairment charges	$	183	$	105	$	44

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(A)	For more information, see Note 8, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net, and includes $4 million related to discontinued operations in 2013.

In the first quarter of 2014, the Company concluded it had a triggering event related to potential sales of assets requiring assessment of impairment for certain intangible and long-lived assets in the North America Truck segment. As a result, certain amortizing intangible assets and long-lived assets were determined to be fully impaired, resulting in an impairment charge of $19 million that was recognized in the year ended October 31, 2014 in Asset impairment charges in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The 2013 other asset impairment charges primarily consisted of $19 million for the impairment of assets that resulted from the discontinuation of certain engineering programs. The 2012 charges primarily consisted of $38 million for the impairment of certain intangible assets as a result of the Company's decision to discontinue accepting orders for its WCC business and take certain actions to idle the business. For more information, see Note 2, Discontinued Operations and Other Divestitures.