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Investments (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Investments Schedule [Abstract]  
Investment Portfolio by Major Security Type
The following tables present the composition of our investment portfolio by major security type, consistent with our internal classification of how we manage, monitor, and measure the portfolio:
 
($ in millions)
Cost

Gross Unrealized Gains

Gross Unrealized Losses

Net Realized Gains (Losses)1 

Fair Value

% of Total Fair Value

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
$
2,425.4

$
4.4

$
(0.6
)
$
0

$
2,429.2

11.6
%
State and local government obligations
2,677.6

47.5

(3.7
)
0

2,721.4

13.0

Foreign government obligations
18.6

0

0

0

18.6

0.1

Corporate debt securities
3,713.2

11.3

(33.0
)
0.1

3,691.6

17.6

Residential mortgage-backed securities
1,726.0

22.1

(20.6
)
(0.8
)
1,726.7

8.3

Agency residential pass-through obligations
90.3

0.1

(1.1
)
0

89.3

0.4

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
2,665.7

16.9

(29.4
)
0

2,653.2

12.7

Other asset-backed securities
1,771.1

1.4

(5.1
)
0.5

1,767.9

8.4

Redeemable preferred stocks
260.0

17.6

(43.3
)
0

234.3

1.1

Total fixed maturities
15,347.9

121.3

(136.8
)
(0.2
)
15,332.2

73.2

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
674.2

122.8

(15.7
)
1.3

782.6

3.7

Common equities
1,494.3

1,170.4

(14.2
)
0

2,650.5

12.7

Short-term investments
2,172.0

0

0

0

2,172.0

10.4

Total portfolio2,3
$
19,688.4

$
1,414.5

$
(166.7
)
$
1.1

$
20,937.3

100.0
%
($ in millions)
Cost

Gross Unrealized Gains

Gross Unrealized Losses

Net Realized Gains (Losses)1 

Fair Value

% of Total Fair Value

December 31, 2014
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
$
2,641.1

$
27.3

$
(1.3
)
$
0

$
2,667.1

14.0
%
State and local government obligations
2,095.7

44.6

(1.1
)
0

2,139.2

11.2

Foreign government obligations
14.2

0

0

0

14.2

0.1

Corporate debt securities
2,813.9

32.9

(10.4
)
0.3

2,836.7

14.9

Residential mortgage-backed securities
1,635.5

34.5

(10.8
)
(0.7
)
1,658.5

8.7

Agency residential pass-through obligations
0

0

0

0

0

0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
2,278.7

39.3

(2.6
)
0.2

2,315.6

12.2

Other asset-backed securities
1,634.9

3.8

(0.8
)
0.8

1,638.7

8.6

Redeemable preferred stocks
260.2

24.7

(5.7
)
0

279.2

1.5

Total fixed maturities
13,374.2

207.1

(32.7
)
0.6

13,549.2

71.2

Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
590.4

201.1

(6.4
)
42.4

827.5

4.4

Common equities
1,289.2

1,213.2

(10.1
)
0

2,492.3

13.1

Short-term investments
2,149.0

0

0

0

2,149.0

11.3

Total portfolio2,3
$
17,402.8

$
1,621.4

$
(49.2
)
$
43.0

$
19,018.0

100.0
%

1 Represents net holding period gains (losses) on certain hybrid securities (discussed below).
2 Our portfolio reflects the effect of unsettled security transactions and collateral on open derivative positions; at December 31, 2015, $23.1 million was included in "other assets," compared to $31.3 million in "other liabilities" at December 31, 2014.
3 The total fair value of the portfolio included $1.3 billion and $1.9 billion at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, of securities held in a consolidated, non-insurance subsidiary of the holding company, net of any unsettled security transactions.
Hybrid Securities
Included in our fixed-maturity and equity securities are hybrid securities, which are reported at fair value at December 31:
 
(millions)
2015

 
2014

Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
Corporate debt securities
$
49.1

 
$
139.8

Residential mortgage-backed securities
144.3

 
120.7

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
17.3

 
31.2

Other asset-backed securities
11.3

 
13.7

Total fixed maturities
222.0

 
305.4

Equity securities:
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
50.7

 
122.3

Total hybrid securities
$
272.7

 
$
427.7
Composition of Fixed Maturities by Maturity
 The composition of fixed maturities by maturity at December 31, 2015, was:
 
(millions)
Cost

 
Fair Value

Less than one year
$
4,532.3

 
$
4,530.9

One to five years
6,758.0

 
6,734.7

Five to ten years
3,934.1

 
3,940.3

Ten years or greater
119.1

 
121.9

Total1
$
15,343.5

 
$
15,327.8


1 Excludes $4.4 million related to our open interest rate swap positions.
Gross Unrealized Losses by Major Security
The following tables show the composition of gross unrealized losses by major security type and by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:
 
 
Total No. of Sec.

Total
Fair
Value
Gross Unrealized Losses

Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)
No. of Sec.

Fair
Value

Unrealized Losses

 
No. of Sec.

Fair
 Value

Unrealized Losses

December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
22

$
897.1

$
(0.6
)
22

$
897.1

$
(0.6
)
 
0

$
0

$
0

State and local government obligations
290

606.7

(3.7
)
264

500.7

(2.6
)
 
26

106.0

(1.1
)
Corporate debt securities
215

2,580.6

(33.0
)
197

2,294.6

(25.2
)
 
18

286.0

(7.8
)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
188

1,294.7

(20.6
)
115

493.4

(3.7
)
 
73

801.3

(16.9
)
Agency residential pass-through obligations
61

84.9

(1.1
)
61

84.9

(1.1
)
 
0

0

0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
207

2,046.5

(29.4
)
171

1,694.6

(25.8
)
 
36

351.9

(3.6
)
Other asset-backed securities
101

1,548.6

(5.1
)
92

1,472.0

(4.5
)
 
9

76.6

(0.6
)
Redeemable preferred stocks
9

199.4

(43.3
)
6

119.4

(14.5
)
 
3

80.0

(28.8
)
Total fixed maturities
1,093

9,258.5

(136.8
)
928

7,556.7

(78.0
)
 
165

1,701.8

(58.8
)
Equity securities:


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
10

301.8

(15.7
)
5

124.2

(1.7
)
 
5

177.6

(14.0
)
Common equities
64

164.8

(14.2
)
60

161.4

(14.2
)
 
4

3.4

0

Total equity securities
74

466.6

(29.9
)
65

285.6

(15.9
)
 
9

181.0

(14.0
)
Total portfolio
1,167

$
9,725.1

$
(166.7
)
993

$
7,842.3

$
(93.9
)
 
174

$
1,882.8

$
(72.8
)
 
 
Total No. of Sec.

Total
Fair
Value

Gross
Unrealized
Losses

Less than 12 Months
 
12 Months or Greater
($ in millions)
No. of Sec.

Fair
Value

Unrealized
Losses

 
No. of Sec.

Fair
Value

Unrealized
Losses

December 31, 2014
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
11

$
428.2

$
(1.3
)
5

$
150.7

$
(0.3
)
 
6

$
277.5

$
(1.0
)
State and local government obligations
46

234.2

(1.1
)
28

177.9

(0.4
)
 
18

56.3

(0.7
)
Corporate debt securities
53

843.2

(10.4
)
43

647.5

(6.1
)
 
10

195.7

(4.3
)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
70

844.2

(10.8
)
33

465.2

(3.1
)
 
37

379.0

(7.7
)
Agency residential pass-through obligations
0

0

0

0

0

0

 
0

0

0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
63

723.4

(2.6
)
54

667.5

(1.4
)
 
9

55.9

(1.2
)
Other asset-backed securities
44

741.8

(0.8
)
42

715.7

(0.7
)
 
2

26.1

(0.1
)
Redeemable preferred stocks
3

103.0

(5.7
)
1

33.0

(1.0
)
 
2

70.0

(4.7
)
Total fixed maturities
290

3,918.0

(32.7
)
206

2,857.5

(13.0
)
 
84

1,060.5

(19.7
)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
8

231.4

(6.4
)
5

143.2

(3.6
)
 
3

88.2

(2.8
)
Common equities
20

68.4

(10.1
)
19

61.8

(9.6
)
 
1

6.6

(0.5
)
Total equity securities
28

299.8

(16.5
)
24

205.0

(13.2
)
 
4

94.8

(3.3
)
Total portfolio
318

$
4,217.8

$
(49.2
)
230

$
3,062.5

$
(26.2
)
 
88

$
1,155.3

$
(23.0
)
Total Non-Credit Portion of Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, Reflecting Orginal Non-Credit Loss at the Time Credit Impairment
The following table shows the total non-credit portion of the OTTI recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income, reflecting the original non-credit loss at the time the credit impairment was determined:
 
 
December 31,
(millions)
2015

2014

Fixed maturities:
 
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
$
(43.3
)
$
(44.1
)
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
(0.6
)
(0.6
)
Total fixed maturities
$
(43.9
)
$
(44.7
)
OTTI Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings
The following tables provide rollforwards of the amounts related to credit losses recognized in earnings for the periods ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, for which a portion of the OTTI losses were also recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income at the time the credit impairments were determined and recognized:
 
(millions)
Residential
Mortgage-
Backed

Commercial
Mortgage-
Backed

Total

Balance at December 31, 2014
$
12.7

$
0.4

$
13.1

Credit losses for which an OTTI was previously recognized
0

0

0

Reductions for securities sold/matured
(1.4
)
0

(1.4
)
Change in recoveries of future cash flows expected to be collected1,2
1.1

0

1.1

Reductions for previously recognized credit impairments
written-down to fair value3 
0

0

0

Balance at December 31, 2015
$
12.4

$
0.4

$
12.8

(millions)
Residential
Mortgage-
Backed

Commercial
Mortgage-
Backed

Total

Balance at December 31, 2013
$
19.2

$
0.4

$
19.6

Credit losses for which an OTTI was previously recognized
0

0

0

Reductions for securities sold/matured
(0.1
)
0

(0.1
)
Change in recoveries of future cash flows expected to be collected1,2
(6.4
)
0

(6.4
)
Reductions for previously recognized credit impairments
written-down to fair value3 
0

0

0

Balance at December 31, 2014
$
12.7

$
0.4

$
13.1


(millions)
Residential
Mortgage-
Backed

Commercial
Mortgage-
Backed

Total

Balance at December 31, 2012
$
27.1

$
0.6

$
27.7

Credit losses for which an OTTI was previously recognized
0.1

0

0.1

Reductions for securities sold/matured
0

0

0

Change in recoveries of future cash flows expected to be collected1,2
(7.8
)
(0.2
)
(8.0
)
Reductions for previously recognized credit impairments
written-down to fair value3 
(0.2
)
0

(0.2
)
Balance at December 31, 2013
$
19.2

$
0.4

$
19.6


1 Reflects expected recovery of prior period impairments that will be accreted into income over the remaining life of the security.
2 Includes $2.9 million, $4.3 million, and $2.6 million at December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively, recognized in income in excess of the cash flows expected to be collected at the time of the write-downs.
3 Reflects reductions of prior credit impairments where the current credit impairment requires writing securities down to fair value (i.e., no remaining non-credit loss).
Components of Net Realized Gains (Losses)
The components of net realized gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, were:
 
(millions)
2015

2014

2013

Gross realized gains on security sales
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
$
17.5

$
24.0

$
8.5

State and local government obligations
7.8

9.3

7.7

Corporate and other debt securities
31.2

37.2

47.7

Residential mortgage-backed securities
4.9

2.7

3.0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
15.7

17.0

10.0

Redeemable preferred stocks
0.1

2.7

0

Total fixed maturities
77.2

92.9

76.9

Equity securities:
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
65.3

90.0

126.3

Common equities
50.4

107.3

68.6

Subtotal gross realized gains on security sales
192.9

290.2

271.8

Gross realized losses on security sales
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
(0.9
)
(7.6
)
(3.7
)
State and local government obligations
(0.3
)
(0.5
)
0

Corporate and other debt securities
(5.0
)
(2.8
)
(6.2
)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
(0.4
)
(0.2
)
0

Agency residential pass-through obligations
(0.4
)
0

0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
(1.3
)
(8.3
)
(1.8
)
Redeemable preferred stocks
0

(3.2
)
(0.1
)
Total fixed maturities
(8.3
)
(22.6
)
(11.8
)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
(3.2
)
0

(0.1
)
Common equities
(38.4
)
(7.3
)
(0.6
)
Subtotal gross realized losses on security sales
(49.9
)
(29.9
)
(12.5
)
Net realized gains (losses) on security sales
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
16.6

16.4

4.8

State and local government obligations
7.5

8.8

7.7

Corporate and other debt securities
26.2

34.4

41.5

Residential mortgage-backed securities
4.5

2.5

3.0

Agency residential pass-through obligations
(0.4
)
0

0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
14.4

8.7

8.2

Redeemable preferred stocks
0.1

(0.5
)
(0.1
)
Total fixed maturities
68.9

70.3

65.1

Equity securities:
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
62.1

90.0

126.2

Common equities
12.0

100.0

68.0

Subtotal net realized gains (losses) on security sales
143.0

260.3

259.3

Other-than-temporary impairment losses
 
 
 
Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
Residential mortgage-backed securities
0

0

(0.6
)
Total fixed maturities
0

0

(0.6
)
Equity securities:
 
 
 
Common equities
(8.7
)
(7.2
)
(5.5
)
Subtotal other-than-temporary impairment losses
(8.7
)
(7.2
)
(6.1
)
Other gains (losses)
 
 
 
Hybrid securities
(1.3
)
30.5

6.4

Derivative instruments
(20.7
)
(64.1
)
56.6

Litigation settlements
0.4

4.7

2.2

Subtotal other gains (losses)
(21.6
)
(28.9
)
65.2

Total net realized gains (losses) on securities
$
112.7

$
224.2

$
318.4
Components of Net Investment Income
The components of net investment income for the years ended December 31, were:
 
(millions)
2015

2014

2013

Fixed maturities:
 
 
 
U.S. government obligations
$
28.3

$
46.2

$
50.2

State and local government obligations
60.7

50.1

48.0

Foreign government obligations
0.4

0.4

0.2

Corporate debt securities
102.4

82.1

98.8

Residential mortgage-backed securities
52.2

44.9

28.1

Agency residential pass-through obligations
2.1

0

0

Commercial mortgage-backed securities
74.6

66.0

74.8

Other asset-backed securities
22.0

16.7

16.7

Redeemable preferred stocks
15.0

15.5

21.2

Total fixed maturities
357.7

321.9

338.0

Equity securities:
 
 
 
Nonredeemable preferred stocks
43.7

38.6

36.2

Common equities
51.0

46.6

45.8

Short-term investments
2.2

1.3

2.0

Investment income
454.6

408.4

422.0

Investment expenses
(22.8
)
(18.9
)
(18.8
)
Net investment income
$
431.8

$
389.5

$
403.2
Derivative Instruments
The following table shows the status of our derivative instruments at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013:
 
(millions)
 
Balance Sheet2
Comprehensive
Income Statement
 
Notional Value1
 
 
Assets
(Liabilities)
Fair Value
Pretax Net Realized
Gains (Losses)
 
 
 
 
 
Years ended
 
December 31,
 
 
December 31,
December 31,
Derivatives
designated as:
2015

2014

2013

Purpose
Classification
2015

2014

2015

2014

2013

Hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Closed:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ineffective cash flow hedge
$
18

$
44

$
54

Manage
interest
rate risk
NA
$
0

$
0

$
0.2

$
0.5

$
0.8

Non-hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
750

750

750

Manage portfolio duration
Investments - fixed
maturities
4.4

15.8

(23.4
)
(64.6
)
59.8

Closed:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
0

0

1,263

Manage
portfolio
duration
NA
0

0

0

0

(4.0
)
U.S. Treasury Note futures
691

0

0

Manage
portfolio
duration
NA
0

0

2.5

0

0

Total
NA

NA

NA

 
 
$
4.4

$
15.8

$
(20.7
)
$
(64.1
)
$
56.6


1 The amounts represent the value held at year end for open positions and the maximum amount held during the year for closed positions.
2 To the extent we hold both derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty that are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement, we expect that we will report them on a gross basis on our balance sheets, consistent with our historical presentation.

NA = Not Applicable