10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                  to                  .

Commission file number 0-15341

Donegal Group Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	23-2424711
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1195 River Road, P.O. Box 302, Marietta, PA 17547

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(717) 426-1931

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☐   No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☑	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐ No  ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbols	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value	DGICA	The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value	DGICB	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 27,668,853 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 5,576,775 shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on November 1, 2023.

DONEGAL GROUP INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q REPORT

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	33
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	34
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	34
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	35
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	35
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	35
Item 5.	Other Information	35
Item 6.	Exhibits	36
Signatures		37

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	September 30, 2023			December 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,358,977 and $0)	$	683,911,746		$	688,439,360
Available for sale, at fair value		566,539,622			523,791,931
Equity securities, at fair value		35,463,958			35,104,840
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value		20,370,551			57,321,111
Total investments		1,306,285,877			1,304,657,242
Cash		23,718,830			25,123,332
Accrued investment income		10,477,007			8,861,292
Premiums receivable		188,633,601			173,846,294
Reinsurance receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,604,771 and $0)		437,888,614			456,522,223
Deferred policy acquisition costs		77,920,996			73,170,230
Deferred tax asset, net		23,790,808			21,603,017
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		173,147,044			160,591,399
Property and equipment, net		2,673,580			2,755,105
Accounts receivable - securities		—			1,842
Federal income taxes recoverable		7,974,138			8,510,897
Goodwill		5,625,354			5,625,354
Other intangible assets		958,010			958,010
Other		1,183,162			1,123,098
Total assets	$	2,260,277,021		$	2,243,349,335
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	$	1,113,354,318		$	1,121,045,758
Unearned premiums		617,325,983			577,653,130
Accrued expenses		4,107,224			4,226,390
Reinsurance balances payable		7,454,490			3,495,824
Borrowings under lines of credit		35,000,000			35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders		—			5,296,990
Due to affiliate		1,189,483			5,173,289
Other		8,505,945			7,864,942
Total liabilities		1,786,937,443			1,759,756,323
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued		—			—
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 30,629,636 and 30,120,263 shares and outstanding 27,627,048 and 27,117,675 shares		306,297			301,203
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares		56,492			56,492
Additional paid-in capital		333,559,263			325,601,647
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(50,295,321	)		(41,703,747	)
Retained earnings		230,939,204			240,563,774
Treasury stock, at cost		(41,226,357	)		(41,226,357	)
Total stockholders’ equity		473,339,578			483,593,012
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,260,277,021		$	2,243,349,335

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

1

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Loss

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	224,392,849		$	206,121,826
Investment income, net of investment expenses		10,536,488			8,568,671
Net investment losses (includes ($237,611) and $371,194 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)		(1,242,521	)		(2,357,634	)
Lease income		85,663			91,679
Installment payment fees		155,771			413,706
Total revenues		233,928,250			212,838,248
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses		156,683,024			155,754,256
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		39,332,000			35,513,000
Other underwriting expenses		37,155,385			33,411,529
Policyholder dividends		1,399,310			1,239,154
Interest		156,318			71,430
Other expenses, net		207,127			218,083
Total expenses		234,933,164			226,207,452
Loss before income tax benefit		(1,004,914	)		(13,369,204	)
Income tax benefit (includes ($49,898) and $77,951 income tax (benefit) expense from reclassification items)		(199,613	)		(2,993,333	)
Net loss	$	(805,301	)	$	(10,375,871	)
Net loss per share:
Class A common stock - basic and diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)
Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.30	)

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Net loss	$	(805,301	)	$	(10,375,871	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Unrealized loss on securities:
Unrealized holding loss during the period, net of income tax benefit of $1,992,787 and $4,572,428		(8,085,494	)		(17,201,046	)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net loss, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($49,898) and $77,951		187,713			(293,243	)
Other comprehensive loss		(7,897,781	)		(17,494,289	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(8,703,082	)	$	(27,870,160	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

2

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of  Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	655,886,046	$	609,498,939
Investment income, net of investment expenses		30,143,025		24,631,398
Net investment gains (losses) (includes ($2,289,648) and $824,409 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)		930,302		(10,810,594	)
Lease income		261,718		294,529
Installment payment fees		648,849		1,161,842
Total revenues		687,869,940		624,776,114
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses		446,023,609		415,245,619
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		115,065,000		104,867,000
Other underwriting expenses		113,715,159		106,753,031
Policyholder dividends		4,088,288		4,176,649
Interest		463,911		464,188
Other expenses, net		968,976		991,671
Total expenses		680,324,943		632,498,158
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)		7,544,997		(7,722,044	)
Income tax expense (benefit) (includes ($480,826) and $173,126 income tax (benefit) expense from reclassification items)		1,149,279		(2,283,445	)
Net income (loss)	$	6,395,718	$	(5,438,599	)
Net income (loss) per share:
Class A common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.20	$	(0.17	)
Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.17	$	(0.16	)

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Net income (loss)	$	6,395,718		$	(5,438,599	)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Unrealized loss on securities:
Unrealized holding loss during the period, net of income tax benefit of $3,353,482 and $13,185,692		(13,204,298	)		(49,603,320	)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (loss), net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($480,826) and $173,126		1,808,822			(651,283	)
Other comprehensive loss		(11,395,476	)		(50,254,603	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(4,999,758	)	$	(55,693,202	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022		30,120,263		5,649,240	$	301,203	$	56,492	$	325,601,647	$	(41,703,747	)	$	240,563,774		$	(41,226,357	)	$	483,593,012
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		35,045		—		350		—		440,746		—			—			—			441,096
Share-based compensation		143,004		—		1,431		—		2,218,355		—			—			—			2,219,786
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			5,203,596			—			5,203,596
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(7,057	)		—			(7,057	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		114,724		—			(114,724	)		—			—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated guidance for credit losses at January 1, 2023		—		—		—		—		—		—			(1,895,902	)		—			(1,895,902	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—		4,007,638			—			—			4,007,638
Balance, March 31, 2023		30,298,312		5,649,240	$	302,984	$	56,492	$	328,375,472	$	(37,696,109	)	$	243,749,687		$	(41,226,357	)	$	493,562,169
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		44,664		—		447		—		668,933		—			—			—			669,380
Share-based compensation		195,893		—		1,958		—		2,966,842		—			—			—			2,968,800
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			1,997,423			—			1,997,423
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,498,873	)		—			(5,498,873	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		61,749		—			(61,749	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(7,505,333	)		—			—			(7,505,333	)
Balance, June 30, 2023		30,538,869		5,649,240	$	305,389	$	56,492	$	332,072,996	$	(45,201,442	)	$	240,186,488		$	(41,226,357	)	$	486,193,566
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		28,912		—		289		—		354,337		—			—			—			354,626
Share-based compensation		61,855		—		619		—		1,030,458		—			—			—			1,031,077
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(805,301	)		—			(805,301	)
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,536,609	)		—			(5,536,609	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		101,472		—			(101,472	)		—			—
Reclassification of held to maturity transfer		—		—		—		—		—		2,803,902			(2,803,902	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(7,897,781	)		—			—			(7,897,781	)
Balance, September 30, 2023		30,629,636		5,649,240	$	306,297	$	56,492	$	333,559,263	$	(50,295,321	)	$	230,939,204		$	(41,226,357	)	$	473,339,578

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, December 31, 2021		28,756,203		5,649,240	$	287,562	$	56,492	$	304,889,481	$	3,283,551		$	263,745,358		$	(41,226,357	)	$	531,036,087
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		33,407		—		335		—		423,665		—			—			—			424,000
Share-based compensation		900		—		9		—		256,451		—			—			—			256,460
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			13,145,029			—			13,145,029
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,490	)		—			(5,490	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		98,409		—			(98,409	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(20,590,225	)		—			—			(20,590,225	)
Balance, March 31, 2022		28,790,510		5,649,240	$	287,906	$	56,492	$	305,668,006	$	(17,306,674	)	$	276,786,488		$	(41,226,357	)	$	524,265,861
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		54,743		—		547		—		736,349		—			—			—			736,896
Share-based compensation		775,898		—		7,759		—		11,476,429		—			—			—			11,484,188
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(8,207,757	)		—			(8,207,757	)
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,086,617	)		—			(5,086,617	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		59,216		—			(59,216	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(12,170,089	)		—			—			(12,170,089	)
Balance, June 30, 2022		29,621,151		5,649,240	$	296,212	$	56,492	$	317,940,000	$	(29,476,763	)	$	263,432,898		$	(41,226,357	)	$	511,022,482
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		23,454		—		235		—		270,887		—			—			—			271,122
Share-based compensation		195,322		—		1,953		—		3,013,995		—			—			—			3,015,948
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(10,375,871	)		—			(10,375,871	)
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,235,993	)		—			(5,235,993	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		138,907		—			(138,907	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(17,494,289	)		—			—			(17,494,289	)
Balance, September 30, 2022		29,839,927		5,649,240	$	298,400	$	56,492	$	321,363,789	$	(46,971,052	)	$	247,682,127		$	(41,226,357	)	$	481,203,399

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$	6,395,718		$	(5,438,599	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items		3,215,399			3,747,654
Net investment (gains) losses		(930,302	)		10,810,594
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses		(7,691,440	)		30,505,293
Unearned premiums		39,672,853			22,394,901
Premiums receivable		(14,787,307	)		(12,881,975	)
Deferred acquisition costs		(4,750,766	)		(6,355,269	)
Deferred income taxes		600,019			(2,645,695	)
Reinsurance receivable		17,501,773			3,564,454
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		(12,555,645	)		11,222,717
Accrued investment income		(1,615,715	)		(1,608,978	)
Due to affiliate		(3,983,806	)		(1,342,121	)
Reinsurance balances payable		3,958,666			(16,695	)
Current income taxes		536,759			(4,150,265	)
Accrued expenses		(119,166	)		282,286
Other, net		580,936			1,811,243
Net adjustments		19,632,258			55,338,144
Net cash provided by operating activities		26,027,976			49,899,545
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity		(25,226,609	)		(68,902,605	)
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale		(131,155,483	)		(101,328,478	)
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale		(5,128,994	)		(12,488,733	)
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity		29,144,970			41,194,285
Available for sale		41,318,216			60,346,490
Sales of fixed maturities:
Available for sale		28,154,556			6,568,154
Sales of equity securities, available for sale		8,080,764			17,498,036
Net (purchases) sales of property and equipment		(44,701	)		28,289
Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments		36,950,560			(23,968,454	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(17,906,721	)		(81,053,016	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Cash dividends paid		(16,339,529	)		(15,243,368	)
Issuance of common stock		6,813,772			15,348,793
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(9,525,757	)		105,425
Net decrease in cash		(1,404,502	)		(31,048,046	)
Cash at beginning of period		25,123,332			57,709,375
Cash at end of period	$	23,718,830		$	26,661,329
Cash paid during period - Interest	$	463,911		$	464,188
Net cash paid during period - Taxes	$	—		$	4,500,000

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Unaudited)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1 - Organization

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”) and the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and The Peninsula Insurance Company, and our affiliates write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states.

At September 30, 2023, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

At September 30, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

In addition, Donegal Mutual has  100% quota-share reinsurance agreements with Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from these companies into the underwriting pool.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

7

2 - Basis of Presentation

Our financial information for the interim periods included in this Form 10-Q Report is unaudited; however, our financial information we include in this Form 10-Q Report reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of our management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for those interim periods. Our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations we expect for the year ending December 31, 2023.

We recommend you read the interim financial statements we include in this Form 10-Q Report in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

3 - Net Income (Loss) Per Share

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that whenever our board of directors declares a dividend on our Class B common stock, our board of directors shall simultaneously declare a dividend on our Class A common stock that is payable to the holders of our Class A common stock at the same time and as of the same record date at a rate that is at least 10% greater than the rate at which our board of directors declared a dividend on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method to compute our net income (loss) per share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines net income (loss) per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends we have declared and an allocation of our remaining undistributed net income (loss) using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023						2022
	Class A			Class B			Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net loss per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net loss	$	(671	)	$	(134	)	$	(8,714	)	$	(1,662	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Basic net loss per share	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.30	)
Diluted net loss per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net loss	$	(671	)	$	(134	)	$	(8,714	)	$	(1,662	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		—			—			—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Diluted net loss per share	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.30	)

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	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023				2022
	Class A		Class B		Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	5,421	$	975	$	(4,529	)	$	(910	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,391		5,577		26,216			5,577
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.16	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	5,421	$	975	$	(4,529	)	$	(910	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,391		5,577		26,216			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		117		—		—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,508		5,577		26,216			5,577
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.16	)

We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted net income per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded		—		—		2,245,435		—

We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three months ended September 30, 2023 because we sustained a net loss for the period. We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 because we sustained a net loss for the respective periods.

4 - Reinsurance

Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual have participated in a pooling agreement since 1986 under which they pool their direct premiums written, and Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual then share the underwriting results of the pool in accordance with the terms of the pooling agreement. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual participate in a consolidated third-party reinsurance program. The coverage and parameters of the program are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The program utilizes several different reinsurers. They require their reinsurers to maintain an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries have in place for 2023:

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• excess of loss reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover losses over a set retention of $3.0 million for all losses other than workers’compensation and a retention of $2.0 million for workers’ compensation losses; and

• catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $25.0 million up to aggregate losses of $175.0 million per occurrence.

For property insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $37.0 million per loss over a set retention of $3.0 million. For liability insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $72.0 million per occurrence over a set retention of $3.0 million. For workers’ compensation insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $18.0 million on any one life over a set retention of $2.0 million.

In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovers 100% of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $3.0 million up to aggregate losses of $22.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provides additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $6.0 million. The purpose of the agreement is to lessen the effects of an accumulation of losses arising from one event to levels that are appropriate given each subsidiary’s size, underwriting profile and surplus.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

In order to write automobile insurance in the state of Michigan, Atlantic States and MICO are required to be members of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association (“MCCA”).  The MCCA provides reinsurance to Atlantic States and MICO for personal automobile and commercial automobile personal injury claims in the state of Michigan over a set retention.

We report reinsurance receivable net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We base the allowance upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We use a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses.

5 - Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2023 were as follows:

	Carrying Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Amortized Cost			Gross Unrealized Gains			Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
					(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	91,484	$	55		$	91,539		$	—		$	12,921		$	78,618
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		379,764		298			380,062			454			75,269			305,247
Corporate securities		202,797		1,000			203,797			—			24,284			179,513
Mortgage-backed securities		9,867		6			9,873			—			748			9,125
Totals	$	683,912	$	1,359		$	685,271		$	454		$	113,222		$	572,503

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	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	88,636	$	—	$	6,485	$	82,151
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		42,173		7		6,634		35,546
Corporate securities		212,323		—		19,300		193,023
Mortgage-backed securities		285,619		—		29,799		255,820
Totals	$	628,751	$	7	$	62,218	$	566,540

At September 30, 2023, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $225.4 million and an amortized cost of $280.9 million. Our holdings at September 30, 2023 also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $115.4 million and an amortized cost of $141.3 million. With respect to both categories of those bonds at September 30, 2023, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of our holdings of either bond category. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 47% and 36%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on the carrying values of these investments at September 30, 2023. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2023 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	103,362	$	1	$	10,566	$	92,797
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		382,097		1,810		60,494		323,413
Corporate securities		190,949		—		20,510		170,439
Mortgage-backed securities		12,031		—		635		11,396
Totals	$	688,439	$	1,811	$	92,205	$	598,045

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	68,538	$	109	$	5,125	$	63,522
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		45,448		34		5,326		40,156
Corporate securities		218,041		8		15,211		202,838
Mortgage-backed securities		239,886		155		22,765		217,276
Totals	$	571,913	$	306	$	48,427	$	523,792

At December 31, 2022, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $240.7 million and an amortized cost of $283.5 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $122.9 million and an amortized cost of $144.0 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, 2022. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 48% and 35%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2022. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2022 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

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We have segregated within accumulated other comprehensive loss the net unrealized losses of $15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassification date for fixed maturities reclassified from available for sale to held to maturity. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $ 225,070 and $415,153 in other comprehensive loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net unrealized losses of $1.5 million and $4.7 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive loss.

We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2023 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	22,133	$	22,012
Due after one year through five years		106,022		98,950
Due after five years through ten years		251,366		217,144
Due after ten years		295,877		225,272
Mortgage-backed securities		9,873		9,125
Total held to maturity	$	685,271	$	572,503
Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	40,101	$	39,458
Due after one year through five years		175,077		161,274
Due after five years through ten years		102,498		89,399
Due after ten years		25,456		20,589
Mortgage-backed securities		285,619		255,820
Total available for sale	$	628,751	$	566,540

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at September 30, 2023 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	27,953	$	8,014	$	503	$	35,464

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	30,771	$	5,666	$	1,332	$	35,105

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We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Gross realized gains:
Fixed maturities	$	—		$	326		$	295		$	998
Equity securities		108			400			393			1,243
Real estate		—			—			—			477
		108			726			688			2,718
Gross realized losses:
Fixed maturities		237			73			2,585			173
Equity securities		424			249			475			1,073
		661			322			3,060			1,246
Net realized (losses) gains		(553	)		404			(2,372	)		1,472
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities		(735	)		117			3,940			123
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities		80			(2,879	)		(547	)		(12,406	)
Fixed maturities - credit impairment charges		(35	)		—			(91	)		—
Net investment (losses) gains	$	(1,243	)	$	(2,358	)	$	930		$	(10,811	)

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at September 30, 2023 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	51,076	$	1,224	$	109,693	$	18,182
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		38,870		1,965		281,436		79,938
Corporate securities		33,707		2,325		338,829		41,259
Mortgage-backed securities		89,676		3,221		175,269		27,326
Totals	$	213,329	$	8,735	$	905,227	$	166,705

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We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	90,245	$	5,327	$	47,238	$	10,364
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		261,465		49,327		47,945		16,493
Corporate securities		298,706		22,272		72,959		13,449
Mortgage-backed securities		143,886		10,941		69,879		12,459
Totals	$	794,302	$	87,867	$	238,021	$	52,765

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and, as applicable, the recognition of declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to an available-for-sale debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we establish an allowance for credit loss. We then recognize the amount of the allowance in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. We regularly review the allowance for credit losses and recognize changes in the allowance in our results of operations. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. We held 931 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2023. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.

We amortize premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

6 - Segment Information

We evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that various state insurance departments prescribe or permit. Our management uses SAP to measure the performance of our insurance subsidiaries instead of United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude.

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Financial data by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	135,432		$	127,497
Personal lines		88,961			78,625
GAAP premiums earned		224,393			206,122
Net investment income		10,536			8,569
Investment losses		(1,243	)		(2,358	)
Other		242			505
Total revenues	$	233,928		$	212,838
Loss before income tax benefit:
Underwriting gain (loss):
Commercial lines	$	9,957		$	(12,100	)
Personal lines		(20,016	)		(9,126	)
SAP underwriting loss		(10,059	)		(21,226	)
GAAP adjustments		(118	)		1,430
GAAP underwriting loss		(10,177	)		(19,796	)
Net investment income		10,536			8,569
Investment losses		(1,243	)		(2,358	)
Other		(121	)		216
Loss before income tax benefit	$	(1,005	)	$	(13,369	)

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	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	399,427		$	378,680
Personal lines		256,459			230,819
GAAP premiums earned		655,886			609,499
Net investment income		30,143			24,631
Investment gains (losses)		930			(10,811	)
Other		911			1,457
Total revenues	$	687,870		$	624,776
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit):
Underwriting loss:
Commercial lines	$	(4,024	)	$	(16,873	)
Personal lines		(24,950	)		(12,654	)
SAP underwriting loss		(28,974	)		(29,527	)
GAAP adjustments		5,968			7,984
GAAP underwriting loss		(23,006	)		(21,543	)
Net investment income		30,143			24,631
Investment gains (losses)		930			(10,811	)
Other		(522	)		1
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	$	7,545		$	(7,722	)

7 - Borrowings

Lines of Credit

In August 2020, we entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) that related to a $20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At September 30, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at an interest rate equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%.

Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. Atlantic States has a fixed-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was outstanding at September 30, 2023. The cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and is due in August 2024. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at September 30, 2023.

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned	$	1,591,800
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $42,167,218)		47,017,596
Borrowing capacity currently available		4,456,902

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8 - Share–Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, and use a fair-value-based method for the recording of related compensation expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the dividend yield and the expected volatility.

We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $182,185 and $158,966 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $38,259 and $33,383, respectively. We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $683,439 and $644,751 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $143,522 and $135,398, respectively. At September 30, 2023, we had $966,925 of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 1.5 years.

We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 of $ 848,891 and $2.9 million, respectively. We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 of $5.5 million and $14.1 million, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $ 13,501 and $65,030 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $126,644 and $329,842 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 

9 - Fair Value Measurements

We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the inputs, or assumptions, we use in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

Level 3 – unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly-traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services and include these investments in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our fixed maturity investments and non-publicly traded equity securities as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that could be realized if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. These pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to verify that the estimates we obtain from the pricing services are representative of fair values based upon our investment personnel’s general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security types and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel periodically review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At September 30, 2023, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at September 30, 2023, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

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We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. We classify these items as Level 1.

The carrying values we report in our balance sheet for premium receivables, reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and loss expenses and reinsurance balances payable approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts we report in our balance sheets for our borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

We evaluate our assets and liabilities to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period.

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at September 30, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	82,151	$	—	$	82,151	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		35,546		—		35,546		—
Corporate securities		193,023		—		193,023		—
Mortgage-backed securities		255,820		—		255,820		—
Equity securities		35,464		33,472		1,992		—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$	602,004	$	33,472	$	568,532	$	—

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2022:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	63,522	$	—	$	63,522	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		40,156		—		40,156		—
Corporate securities		202,838		—		202,838		—
Mortgage-backed securities		217,276		—		217,276		—
Equity securities		35,105		32,821		2,284		—
Totals	$	558,897	$	32,821	$	526,076	$	—

18

10 - Income Taxes

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Tax years 2016 through 2022 remained open for examination at September 30, 2023. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of our tax assets. We established a valuation allowance of $8.1 million for our net state operating loss carryforward. We have determined that we are not required to establish a valuation allowance for our other deferred tax assets of $43.4 million and $39.8 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, because it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and the implementation of tax planning strategies.

11 - Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

The establishment of appropriate liabilities for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liabilities for losses and loss expenses will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1	$	1,121,046		$	1,077,620
Less reinsurance recoverable		(451,184	)		(451,261	)
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1		1,132			—
Net balance at January 1		670,994			626,359
Incurred related to:
Current year		461,799			445,855
Prior years		(15,775	)		(30,609	)
Total incurred		446,024			415,246
Paid related to:
Current year		230,214			209,051
Prior years		204,842			170,129
Total paid		435,056			379,180
Net balance at end of period		681,962			662,425
Plus reinsurance recoverable		431,392			445,701
Balance at end of period	$	1,113,354		$	1,108,126

19

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $15.8 million and $30.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2023 development represented 2.4% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity primarily in the commercial automobile, personal automobile and homeowners lines of business. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 development represented 4.9% of the December 31, 2021 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity in nearly all lines of business. The majority of the 2022 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider the material lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.

Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, the IBNR reserves of our insurance subsidiaries include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an ‘‘a priori,’’ or expected, loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies and before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method from which the actuaries select loss development factor assumptions. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of the estimates each of these methods produce.

The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns and economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date at which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to predict loss frequency accurately and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business.

20

12 - Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities

The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2023 and 2022 and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023					At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period		$	685,402	$	1,324	$	700,335	$	—
Current period change for expected credit losses					35				—
Balance at end of period		$	683,912	$	1,359	$	696,392	$	—

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	688,439	$	—	$	668,105	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1				1,268				—
Current period change for expected credit losses				91				—
Balance at end of period	$	683,912	$	1,359	$	696,392	$	—

Reinsurance Receivable

The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023					At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period		$	460,681	$	1,567	$	445,151	$	—
Current period change for expected credit losses					38				—
Balance at end of period		$	437,889	$	1,605	$	451,847	$	—

21

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	456,522	$	—	$	455,411	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1				1,132				—
Current period change for expected credit losses				473				—
Balance at end of period	$	437,889	$	1,605	$	451,847	$	—

13 -  Impact of New Accounting Standards

In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, and our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023 resulted in an after-tax decrease in retained earnings of $1.9 million. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

22

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

We recommend that you read the following information in conjunction with the historical financial information and the footnotes to that financial information we include in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We also recommend you read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present our financial statements on a consolidated basis in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the liabilities of our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts of these liabilities may differ from the estimates we provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current consolidated results of operations.

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.

23

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in subsequent years due to a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher used automobile values, lengthening of repair completion times, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of building materials, availability of skilled labor, the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items.  To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at September 30, 2023. At September 30, 2023, for every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $6.8 million.

The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

Excluding the impact of severe weather events and the COVID-19 pandemic, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as rising inflation and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims and lengthening of repair completion times for property and automobile claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability for losses and loss expenses.

Atlantic States’ participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse risk development relating to the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each company has a pro-rata share of the entire pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

24

Our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(in thousands)
Commercial lines:
Automobile	$	168,342	$	174,833
Workers’ compensation		123,361		120,539
Commercial multi-peril		213,902		203,567
Other		28,022		23,071
Total commercial lines		533,627		522,010
Personal lines:
Automobile		108,285		108,715
Homeowners		27,467		28,481
Other		12,583		10,656
Total personal lines		148,335		147,852
Total commercial and personal lines		681,962		669,862
Plus reinsurance recoverable		431,392		451,184
Total liabilities for losses and loss expenses	$	1,113,354	$	1,121,046

We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident-year development by line of business and applied those changes to our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves as a whole. The range we selected does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most likely scenario. The following table sets forth the estimated effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we considered in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries:

25

Percentage Change in Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance			Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at September 30, 2023		Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at September 30, 2023(1)			Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2022		Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at December 31, 2022(1)
(dollars in thousands)
	(10.0	)%	$	613,766		11.4	%	$	602,876		10.9	%
	(7.5	)		630,815		8.5			619,622		8.2
	(5.0	)		647,864		5.7			636,369		5.5
	(2.5	)		664,913		2.8			653,115		2.7
Base				681,962		—			669,862		—
	2.5			699,011		(2.8	)		686,609		(2.7	)
	5.0			716,060		(5.7	)		703,355		(5.5	)
	7.5			733,109		(8.5	)		720,102		(8.2	)
	10.0			750,158		(11.4	)		736,848		(10.9	)

(1) Net of income tax effect.

Non-GAAP Information

We prepare our consolidated financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Our insurance subsidiaries also prepare financial statements based on statutory accounting principles state insurance regulators prescribe or permit (“SAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because the SAP financial measures include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude. Our calculation of non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures other companies use, so investors should exercise caution when comparing our non-GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures other companies use.

Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments utilizing SAP financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries. The SAP financial measures we utilize are net premiums written and statutory combined ratio.

Net Premiums Written

We define net premiums written as the amount of full-term premiums our insurance subsidiaries record for policies effective within a given period less premiums our insurance subsidiaries cede to reinsurers. Net premiums earned is the most comparable GAAP financial measure to net premiums written. Net premiums earned represent the sum of the amount of net premiums written and the change in net unearned premiums during a given period.  Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as revenue over the terms of their policies, which are one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding 12-month period compared to the comparable period one year earlier.

The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

26

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Net premiums earned	$	224,393		$	206,122	$	655,886	$	609,499
Change in net unearned premiums		(5,207	)		107		27,117		33,618
Net premiums written	$	219,186		$	206,229	$	683,003	$	643,117

Statutory Combined Ratio

The combined ratio is a standard measurement of underwriting profitability for an insurance company. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, net investment gains or losses, federal income taxes or other non-operating income or expense. A combined ratio of less than 100% generally indicates underwriting profitability.

The statutory combined ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure that is based upon amounts determined under SAP. We calculate our statutory combined ratio as the sum of:

• the statutory loss ratio, which is the ratio of calendar-year net incurred losses and loss expenses, excluding anticipated salvage and subrogation recoveries, to net premiums earned;

• the statutory expense ratio, which is the ratio of expenses incurred for net commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to net premiums written; and

• the statutory dividend ratio, which is the ratio of dividends to holders of workers’ compensation policies to net premiums earned.

The calculation of our statutory combined ratio differs from the calculation of our GAAP combined ratio. In calculating our GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on net premiums earned instead of net premiums written. Differences between our GAAP loss ratio and our statutory loss ratio result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for our GAAP loss ratio but not for our statutory loss ratio.

Combined Ratios

The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

27

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)
Loss ratio - core losses		56.7	%		60.8	%		56.0	%		58.8	%
Loss ratio - weather-related losses		11.5			9.4			9.1			7.7
Loss ratio - large fire losses		4.9			8.4			5.3			6.6
Loss ratio - net prior-year reserve development		(3.3	)		(3.0	)		(2.4	)		(5.0	)
Loss ratio		69.8			75.6			68.0			68.1
Expense ratio		34.1			33.4			34.9			34.7
Dividend ratio		0.6			0.6			0.6			0.7
Combined ratio		104.5	%		109.6	%		103.5	%		103.5	%
Statutory Combined Ratios
Commercial lines:
Automobile		86.5	%		107.0	%		94.8	%		98.7	%
Workers’ compensation		97.7			105.9			93.1			93.9
Commercial multi-peril		114.8			125.0			113.8			114.9
Other		76.2			85.9			82.7			81.9
Total commercial lines		97.5			112.1			100.2			102.4
Personal lines:
Automobile		109.8			103.1			106.1			100.2
Homeowners		128.9			125.0			111.2			118.8
Other		46.4			54.6			81.3			49.9
Total personal lines		119.4			107.8			107.2			103.4
Total commercial and personal lines		105.2			110.1			102.9			102.8

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Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the third quarter of 2023 were $224.4 million, an increase of $18.3 million, or 8.9%, compared to $206.1 million for the third quarter of 2022, primarily reflecting solid premium retention and renewal premium increases.

Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the third quarter of 2023 were $219.2 million, an increase of $13.0 million, or 6.3%, from the $206.2 million of net premiums written for the third quarter of 2022. Commercial lines net premiums written decreased $2.1 million, or 1.8%, for the third quarter of 2023 compared to the third quarter of 2022. Personal lines net premiums written increased $15.1 million, or 17.7%, for the third quarter of 2023 compared to the third quarter of 2022. We attribute the decrease in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to planned attrition in states we are exiting or have targeted for profit improvement and lower new business writings, offset partially by strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers’ compensation. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to renewal premium increases and strong policy retention.

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $10.5 million for the third quarter of 2023, an increase of $1.9 million, or 23.0%, compared to $8.6 million for the third quarter of 2022. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in the average investment yield relative to the third quarter of 2022.

Net Investment Losses. Net investment losses for the third quarters of 2023 and 2022 were $1.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively. The net investment losses for the third quarters of 2023 and 2022, respectively, resulted primarily from the net change in unrealized gains and losses within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the third quarter of 2023 or 2022.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 69.8% for the third quarter of 2023, a decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 75.6% for the third quarter of 2022. We attribute this decrease primarily to decreased core losses and large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, offset partially by increased weather-related losses. Loss ratios for both periods for the automobile and property lines of business reflected the impact of higher costs of labor, parts and materials. Weather-related losses were $25.7 million, or 11.5 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2023, compared to $19.4 million, or 9.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2022. The impact of weather-related loss activity to the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2023 was higher than our previous five-year average of 9.3 percentage points for third quarter weather-related losses and the highest quarterly impact we have experienced over the past five years. Large fire losses for the third quarter of 2023 were $11.0 million, or 4.9 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $17.4 million, or 8.4 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2022. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 60.9% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 74.9% for the third quarter of 2022, primarily due to decreases in the commercial automobile, workers’ compensation and commercial multi-peril loss ratios. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries increased to 86.8% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 78.7% for the third quarter of 2022. We attribute this increase primarily to an increase in the personal automobile and homeowners loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development for the third quarter of 2023 of approximately $7.3 million that decreased the loss ratio by 3.3 percentage points, compared to $6.2 million that decreased the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2022 by 3.0 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the commercial automobile, personal automobile and other commercial lines of business for the third quarter of 2023, with the majority of the impact relating to reserves for accident years 2019 through 2022.

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 34.1% for the third quarter of 2023, compared to 33.4% for the third quarter of 2022. The increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected higher technology costs related to our ongoing systems modernization initiatives for the third quarter of 2023 compared to the prior-year quarter.

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Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 104.5% and 109.6% for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. We attribute the decrease in the combined ratio primarily to a decrease in the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2023 compared to the third quarter of 2022.

Income Tax Benefit. We recorded an income tax benefit of $199,613 and $3.0 million for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022, respectively. The income tax benefit for the third quarter of 2023 and 2022 represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Net Loss and Net Loss Per Share. Our net loss for the third quarter of 2023 was $805,301, or $.02 per share of Class A common stock and $.02 per share of Class B common stock, compared to a net loss of $10.4 million, or $.33 per share of Class A common stock and $.30 per share of Class B common stock, for the third quarter of 2022. We had 27.6 million and 26.8 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the first nine months of 2023 were $655.9 million, an increase of $46.4 million, or 7.6%, compared to $609.5 million for the first nine months of 2022, primarily reflecting solid premium retention and renewal premium increases.

Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the first nine months of 2023 were $683.0 million, an increase of $39.9 million, or 6.2%, from the $643.1 million of net premiums written for the first nine months of 2022. Commercial lines net premiums written decreased $0.6 million, or 0.2%, for the first nine months of 2023 compared to the first nine months of 2022. Personal lines net premiums written increased $40.5 million, or 17.2%, for the first nine months of 2023 compared to the first nine months of 2022. We attribute the decrease in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to planned attrition in states we are exiting or have targeted for profit improvement, lower new business writings and reinsurance reinstatement premiums on our property excess of loss reinsurance program, offset partially by strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers’ compensation. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to renewal premium increases and strong policy retention.

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $30.1 million for the first nine months of 2023, an increase of $5.5 million, or 22.4%, compared to $24.6 million for the first nine months of 2022. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in the average investment yield relative to the first nine months of 2022.

Net Investment Gains (Losses). Net investment gains for the first nine months of 2023 were $930,302, compared to net investment losses of $10.8 million for the first nine months of 2022. The net investment gains and losses for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively, resulted primarily from the net change in unrealized gains and losses within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the first nine months of 2023 or 2022.

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Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 68.0% for the first nine months of 2023, a modest decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 68.1% for the first nine months of 2022. We attribute this decrease primarily to decreased core losses and large fire losses, virtually offset by increased weather-related losses and a decreased benefit of net favorable development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years. Loss ratios for both periods for the automobile and property lines of business reflected the impact of higher costs of labor, parts and materials. Weather-related losses of $59.5 million, or 9.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2023, increased from $47.0 million, or 7.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2022. The impact of weather-related loss activity to the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2023 was higher than our previous five-year average of 7.7 percentage points for weather-related losses incurred in the first nine months. Large fire losses for the first nine months of 2023 were $34.7 million, or 5.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $40.4 million, or 6.6 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2022. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 63.9% for the first nine months of 2023, compared to 66.1% for the first nine months of 2022, primarily due to decreases in the commercial automobile, workers’ compensation and commercial multi-peril loss ratios. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries increased to 75.2% for the first nine months of 2023, compared to 72.5% for the first nine months of 2022. We attribute this increase primarily to an increase in the personal automobile loss ratio. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development for the first nine months of 2023 of approximately $15.8 million that decreased the loss ratio by 2.4 percentage points, compared to $30.6 million that decreased the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2022 by 5.0 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the commercial automobile, personal automobile and homeowners lines of business for the first nine months of 2023, with the majority of the impact relating to reserves for accident years 2019 through 2022.

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 34.9% for the first nine months of 2023, compared to 34.7% for the first nine months of 2022. The modest increase in the expense ratio primarily reflected higher technology costs related to our ongoing systems modernization initiatives for the first nine months of 2023 compared to the first nine months of 2022.

Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 103.5% for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022. The unchanged combined ratio reflected modest decreases in the loss ratio and dividend ratio, offset by a modest increase in the expense ratio for the first nine months of 2023 compared to the first nine months of 2022.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit). We recorded income tax expense of $1.1 million for the first nine months of 2023, representing an effective tax rates of 15.2%. We recorded an income tax benefit of $2.3 million for the first nine months of 2022. The income tax expense and benefit for the first nine months of 2023 and 2022, respectively, represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Net Income (Loss) and Net Income (Loss) Per Share. Our net income for the first nine months of 2023 was $6.4 million, or $.20 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.17 per share of Class B common stock, compared to a net loss of $5.4 million, or $.17 per share of Class A common stock and $.16 per share of Class B common stock, for the first nine months of 2022. We had 27.6 million and 26.8 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of an entity’s ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as such obligations and needs arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows we generate from our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results, investment income and investment maturities.

Our operations have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow to fund our commitments and add to our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns and enhancing our liquidity. The impact of the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States has historically been cash-flow positive because of the consistent underwriting profitability of the pool. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States settle their respective obligations to each other under the pool monthly, thereby resulting in cash flows substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from each company writing the business directly. We have not experienced any unusual variations in the timing of claim payments associated with the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We maintain significant liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of readily marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach, so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective, thereby providing an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Our operating activities provided net cash flows in the first nine months of 2023 and 2022 of $26.0 million and $49.9 million, respectively.

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At September 30, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at an interest rate equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%. At September 30, 2023, Atlantic States had a $35.0 million outstanding advance with the FHLB of Pittsburgh that carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74%.

We estimate the timing of claim payments associated with the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. We show these liabilities net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses to reflect expected future cash flows related to such liabilities. Amounts Atlantic States assumes pursuant to the pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ gross liabilities for losses and loss expenses, and amounts Atlantic States cedes pursuant to the pooling agreement represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlement of Atlantic States’ assumed liabilities from the pool in monthly settlements of pooled activity, as we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Although Donegal Mutual and we do not anticipate any changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore would not impact the timing of expected payments by Atlantic States for its percentage share of pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.

We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SEC and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through September 30, 2023.

On October 19, 2023, our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $.17 per share of our Class A common stock and $.1525 per share of our Class B common stock, payable on November 15, 2023 to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 1, 2023. We are not subject to any restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are state law restrictions on the payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries to us.  Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are our principal source of cash for payment of dividends to our stockholders. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk based capital (“RBC”) requirements that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2022 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin.  Our insurance subsidiaries paid dividends to us of $6.0 million during the first nine months of 2023. Amounts remaining available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities in 2023 are $26.4 million from Atlantic States, $6.5 million from Southern, $0 from Peninsula and $7.5 million from MICO, or a total of approximately $40.4 million.

At September 30, 2023, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.

Equity Price Risk

Our portfolio of marketable equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to the risk of loss resulting from an adverse change in prices. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of equity securities.

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Credit Risk

Our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, our portfolio of short-term investments is subject to credit risk, which we define as the potential loss in market value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities. We also limit the percentage and amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in the securities of any one issuer.

Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and casualty insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies. We bill the majority of this business directly to the insured, although we bill a portion of our commercial business through licensed insurance agents to whom our insurance subsidiaries extend credit in the normal course of business.

Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business it cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our market risk generally represents the risk of gain or loss that may result from the potential change in the fair value of the securities we hold in our investment portfolio as a result of fluctuations in prices and interest rates and, to a lesser extent, our debt obligations. We manage our interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the average duration of our investment portfolio and the approximate duration of our liabilities, i.e., policy claims of our insurance subsidiaries and our debt obligations.

 There have been no material changes to our quantitative or qualitative market risk exposure from December 31, 2022 through September 30, 2023.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at September 30, 2023, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and our disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Donegal Mutual implemented a new application system that Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries began to utilize during 2021 for the allocation of expenses and, beginning in 2022, for reinsurance premiums and commissions. Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries expanded the utilization of this application system in 2023 to include the preparation of financial statements based on SAP state insurance regulators prescribe or permit. The SAP financial statements of our insurance subsidiaries serve as the starting point for our financial statements prepared using GAAP. The new application system provides for further automation of, and enhanced internal controls over, these processes. The implementation of the new system is part of a multi-year accounting systems and process modernization initiative Donegal Mutual is implementing to achieve various benefits for Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries, including streamlined financial reporting workflows and a more efficient control environment.

Such changes resulted in changes to procedures related to our financial reporting. Prior to the implementation of the new systems, we identified and designed new internal controls that we incorporated into our internal controls over financial reporting. Following the implementation, we validated these new controls according to our established processes. We did not implement these changes in internal controls to respond to any actual or perceived significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting.

Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

We base all statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historic facts on our current expectations. Such statements are forward-looking in nature (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) and necessarily involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements we make may be identified by our use of words such as “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate” and similar expressions. Our actual results could vary materially from our forward-looking statements. The factors that could cause our actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements we have previously made include, but are not limited to, adverse litigation and other trends that could increase our loss costs (including labor shortages and escalating medical, automobile and property repair costs), adverse and catastrophic weather events (including from changing climate conditions), our ability to maintain profitable operations (including our ability to underwrite risks effectively and charge adequate premium rates), prolonged economic challenges resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, the adequacy of the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries, the availability and successful operation of the information technology systems our insurance subsidiaries utilize, the successful development of new information technology systems to allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively, business and economic conditions in the areas in which we and our insurance subsidiaries operate, interest rates, competition from various insurance and other financial businesses, terrorism, the availability and cost of reinsurance, legal and judicial developments (including those related to COVID-19 business interruption coverage exclusions), changes in regulatory requirements, our ability to attract and retain independent insurance agents, changes in our A.M. Best rating and the other risks that we describe from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We disclaim any obligation to update such statements or to announce publicly the results of any revisions that we may make to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Part II. Other Information

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K that we filed with the SEC on March 6, 2023. There have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form 10-K Report during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

34

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Period	(a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased	(b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)	(c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	(d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
Month #1 July 1-31, 2023	Class A – None Class B – None	Class A – None Class B – None	Class A – None Class B – None
Month #2 August 1-31, 2023	Class A – 167,876 Class B – None	Class A – $14.76 Class B – None	Class A – 167,876 Class B – None	(1)
Month #3 September 1-30, 2023	Class A – 17,141 Class B – None	Class A – $14.66 Class B – None	Class A – 17,141 Class B – None	(1)
Total	Class A – 185,017 Class B – None	Class A – $14.76 Class B – None	Class A – 185,017 Class B – None

(1) Donegal Mutual purchased these shares pursuant to its announcement on April 29, 2022 that it will, at its discretion,         purchase shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions.  Such announcement did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program.

Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not Applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No.	Description
Exhibit 31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer	Filed herewith
Exhibit 31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer	Filed herewith
Exhibit 32.1	Statement of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code	Filed herewith
Exhibit 32.2	Statement of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith
Exhibit 104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)	Filed herewith

36

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	DONEGAL GROUP INC.
November 3, 2023	By:	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
		Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer

November 3, 2023	By:	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
		Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

37

EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Kevin G. Burke, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 of Donegal Group Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 3, 2023	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
		Kevin G. Burke,
		President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Jeffrey D. Miller, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 of Donegal Group Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 3, 2023	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
		Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President
		and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF

PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Donegal Group Inc. (the “Company”), on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), Kevin G. Burke, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, does hereby certify, pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350), that to his knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 3, 2023	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
	Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-32.2

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Donegal Group Inc. (the “Company”), on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2023, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), Jeffrey D. Miller, the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, does hereby certify, pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350), that to his knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 3, 2023	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
	Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President
	and Chief Financial Officer

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	Sep. 30, 2023	Nov. 01, 2023
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Document Type	10-Q
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Sep. 30, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q3
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	0-15341
Entity Registrant Name	Donegal Group Inc.
Entity Central Index Key	0000800457
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	23-2424711
Entity Address, Address Line One	1195 River Road
Entity Address, Address Line Two	P.O. Box 302
Entity Address, City or Town	Marietta
Entity Address, State or Province	PA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	17547
City Area Code	717
Local Phone Number	426-1931
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Common Class A [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	DGICA
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		27,668,853
Common Class B [Member]
Entity Listings [Line Items]
Title of 12(b) Security	Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value
Trading Symbol	DGICB
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		5,576,775

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Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,358,977 and $0)	$ 683,911,746	$ 688,439,360
Available for sale, at fair value	566,539,622	523,791,931
Equity securities, at fair value	35,463,958	35,104,840
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value	20,370,551	57,321,111
Total investments	1,306,285,877	1,304,657,242
Cash	23,718,830	25,123,332
Accrued investment income	10,477,007	8,861,292
Premiums receivable	188,633,601	173,846,294
Reinsurance receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,604,771 and $0)	437,888,614	456,522,223
Deferred policy acquisition costs	77,920,996	73,170,230
Deferred tax asset, net	23,790,808	21,603,017
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	173,147,044	160,591,399
Property and equipment, net	2,673,580	2,755,105
Accounts receivable - securities	0	1,842
Federal income taxes recoverable	7,974,138	8,510,897
Goodwill	5,625,354	5,625,354
Other intangible assets	958,010	958,010
Other	1,183,162	1,123,098
Total assets	2,260,277,021	2,243,349,335
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	1,113,354,318	1,121,045,758
Unearned premiums	617,325,983	577,653,130
Accrued expenses	4,107,224	4,226,390
Reinsurance balances payable	7,454,490	3,495,824
Borrowings under lines of credit	35,000,000	35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders	$ 0	$ 5,296,990
Other Liability, Related Party, Type [Extensible Enumeration]	srt:AffiliatedEntityMember	srt:AffiliatedEntityMember
Total liabilities	$ 1,786,937,443	$ 1,759,756,323
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued	0	0
Additional paid-in capital	333,559,263	325,601,647
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(50,295,321)	(41,703,747)
Retained earnings	230,939,204	240,563,774
Treasury stock, at cost	(41,226,357)	(41,226,357)
Total stockholders' equity	473,339,578	483,593,012
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	2,260,277,021	2,243,349,335
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock	306,297	301,203
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock	56,492	56,492
Related Party [Member]
Liabilities
Due to affiliate	1,189,483	5,173,289
Other	1,189,483	5,173,289
Nonrelated Party [Member]
Liabilities
Due to affiliate	8,505,945	7,864,942
Other	$ 8,505,945	$ 7,864,942

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Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, allowance for expected credit losses	$ 1,358,977	$ 0
Reinsurance receivable, allowance for expected credit losses	$ 1,604,771	$ 0
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	2,000,000	2,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	50,000,000	50,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	30,629,636	30,120,263
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	27,627,048	27,117,675
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	5,649,240	5,649,240
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	5,576,775	5,576,775

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Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$ 224,392,849	$ 206,121,826	$ 655,886,046	$ 609,498,939
Investment income, net of investment expenses	10,536,488	8,568,671	30,143,025	24,631,398
Net investment gains (losses)	(1,242,521)	(2,357,634)	930,302	(10,810,594)
Lease income	85,663	91,679	261,718	294,529
Installment payment fees	155,771	413,706	648,849	1,161,842
Total revenues	233,928,250	212,838,248	687,869,940	624,776,114
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses	156,683,024	155,754,256	446,023,609	415,245,619
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	39,332,000	35,513,000	115,065,000	104,867,000
Other underwriting expenses	37,155,385	33,411,529	113,715,159	106,753,031
Policyholder dividends	1,399,310	1,239,154	4,088,288	4,176,649
Interest	156,318	71,430	463,911	464,188
Other expenses, net	207,127	218,083	968,976	991,671
Total expenses	234,933,164	226,207,452	680,324,943	632,498,158
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	(1,004,914)	(13,369,204)	7,544,997	(7,722,044)
Income tax expense (benefit)	(199,613)	(2,993,333)	1,149,279	(2,283,445)
Net income (loss)	$ (805,301)	$ (10,375,871)	$ 6,395,718	$ (5,438,599)
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.33)	$ 0.2	$ (0.17)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	(0.02)	(0.33)	0.2	(0.17)
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic (in dollars per share)	(0.02)	(0.3)	0.17	(0.16)
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.3)	$ 0.17	$ (0.16)

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Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Revenues:
Investment gains (losses)	$ (1,242,521)	$ (2,357,634)	$ 930,302	$ (10,810,594)
Income tax expense (benefit)	(199,613)	(2,993,333)	1,149,279	(2,283,445)
Reclassification out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income [Member]
Revenues:
Investment gains (losses)	(237,611)	371,194	(2,289,648)	824,409
Income tax expense (benefit)	$ (49,898)	$ 77,951	$ (480,826)	$ 173,126

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss [Abstract]
Net income (loss)	$ (805,301)	$ (10,375,871)	$ 6,395,718	$ (5,438,599)
Unrealized loss on securities:
Unrealized holding loss during the period, net of income tax benefit	(8,085,494)	(17,201,046)	(13,204,298)	(49,603,320)
Reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income (loss), net of income tax (benefit) expense	187,713	(293,243)	1,808,822	(651,283)
Other comprehensive loss	(7,897,781)	(17,494,289)	(11,395,476)	(50,254,603)
Comprehensive loss	$ (8,703,082)	$ (27,870,160)	$ (4,999,758)	$ (55,693,202)

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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (Parenthetical) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Unrealized loss on securities:
Income tax benefit on unrealized holding loss arising during the period	$ 1,992,787	$ 4,572,428	$ 3,353,482	$ 13,185,692
Income tax expense on reclassification adjustment for losses (gains)	$ (49,898)	$ 77,951	$ (480,826)	$ 173,126

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Consolidated Statement of Stockholders' Equity - USD ($)	Common Stock [Member] Class A Common Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member] Class A Common Stock [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Common Stock [Member] Class B Common Stock [Member]	Common Stock [Member] Class B Common Stock [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Additional Paid-In Capital [Member]	Additional Paid-In Capital [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member]	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member]	Retained Earnings [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member]	Treasury Stock [Member] Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]	Total	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 287,562		$ 56,492		$ 304,889,481		$ 3,283,551		$ 263,745,358		$ (41,226,357)		$ 531,036,087
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	28,756,203		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 335		$ 0		423,665		0		0		0		424,000
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	33,407		0
Share-based compensation	$ 9		$ 0		256,451		0		0		0		256,460
Share-based compensation (in shares)	900		0
Net income (loss)	$ 0		$ 0		0		0		13,145,029		0		13,145,029
Cash dividends declared	0		0		0		0		(5,490)		0		(5,490)
Grant of stock options	0		0		98,409		0		(98,409)		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0		0		(20,590,225)		0		0		(20,590,225)
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 287,906		$ 56,492		305,668,006		(17,306,674)		276,786,488		(41,226,357)		524,265,861
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	28,790,510		5,649,240
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 287,562		$ 56,492		304,889,481		3,283,551		263,745,358		(41,226,357)		531,036,087
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021	28,756,203		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)													(5,438,599)
Other comprehensive income (loss)													(50,254,603)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 298,400		$ 56,492		321,363,789		(46,971,052)		247,682,127		(41,226,357)		481,203,399
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	29,839,927		5,649,240
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2022	$ 287,906		$ 56,492		305,668,006		(17,306,674)		276,786,488		(41,226,357)		524,265,861
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2022	28,790,510		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 547		$ 0		736,349		0		0		0		736,896
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	54,743		0
Share-based compensation	$ 7,759		$ 0		11,476,429		0		0		0		11,484,188
Share-based compensation (in shares)	775,898		0
Net income (loss)	$ 0		$ 0		0		0		(8,207,757)		0		(8,207,757)
Cash dividends declared	0		0		0		0		(5,086,617)		0		(5,086,617)
Grant of stock options	0		0		59,216		0		(59,216)		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0		0		(12,170,089)		0		0		(12,170,089)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2022	$ 296,212		$ 56,492		317,940,000		(29,476,763)		263,432,898		(41,226,357)		511,022,482
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2022	29,621,151		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 235		$ 0		270,887		0		0		0		271,122
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	23,454		0
Share-based compensation	$ 1,953		$ 0		3,013,995		0		0		0		3,015,948
Share-based compensation (in shares)	195,322		0
Net income (loss)	$ 0		$ 0		0		0		(10,375,871)		0		(10,375,871)
Cash dividends declared	0		0		0		0		(5,235,993)		0		(5,235,993)
Grant of stock options	0		0		138,907		0		(138,907)		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0		0		(17,494,289)		0		0		(17,494,289)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2022	$ 298,400		$ 56,492		321,363,789		(46,971,052)		247,682,127		(41,226,357)		481,203,399
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2022	29,839,927		5,649,240
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 301,203		$ 56,492		325,601,647		(41,703,747)		240,563,774		(41,226,357)		483,593,012
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	30,120,263		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 350		$ 0		440,746		0		0		0		441,096
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	35,045		0
Share-based compensation	$ 1,431		$ 0		2,218,355		0		0		0		2,219,786
Share-based compensation (in shares)	143,004		0
Net income (loss)	$ 0		$ 0		0		0		5,203,596		0		5,203,596
Cash dividends declared	0		0		0		0		(7,057)		0		(7,057)
Grant of stock options	0		0		114,724		0		(114,724)		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0		0		4,007,638		0		0		4,007,638
Ending balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 302,984		$ 56,492		328,375,472		(37,696,109)		243,749,687		(41,226,357)		493,562,169
Ending balance (ASU 2016-13 [Member]) at Mar. 31, 2023		$ 0		$ 0		$ 0		$ 0		$ (1,895,902)		$ 0		$ (1,895,902)
Ending balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	30,298,312		5,649,240
Ending balance (in shares) (ASU 2016-13 [Member]) at Mar. 31, 2023		0		0
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2022	$ 301,203		$ 56,492		325,601,647		(41,703,747)		240,563,774		(41,226,357)		483,593,012
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022	30,120,263		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income (loss)													6,395,718
Other comprehensive income (loss)													(11,395,476)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 306,297		$ 56,492		333,559,263		(50,295,321)		230,939,204		(41,226,357)		473,339,578
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	30,629,636		5,649,240
Beginning balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 302,984		$ 56,492		328,375,472		(37,696,109)		243,749,687		(41,226,357)		493,562,169
Beginning balance (in shares) at Mar. 31, 2023	30,298,312		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 447		$ 0		668,933		0		0		0		669,380
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	44,664		0
Share-based compensation	$ 1,958		$ 0		2,966,842		0		0		0		2,968,800
Share-based compensation (in shares)	195,893		0
Net income (loss)	$ 0		$ 0		0		0		1,997,423		0		1,997,423
Cash dividends declared	0		0		0		0		(5,498,873)		0		(5,498,873)
Grant of stock options	0		0		61,749		0		(61,749)		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0		0		(7,505,333)		0		0		(7,505,333)
Ending balance at Jun. 30, 2023	$ 305,389		$ 56,492		332,072,996		(45,201,442)		240,186,488		(41,226,357)		486,193,566
Ending balance (in shares) at Jun. 30, 2023	30,538,869		5,649,240
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)	$ 289		$ 0		354,337		0		0		0		354,626
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans) (in shares)	28,912		0
Share-based compensation	$ 619		$ 0		1,030,458		0		0		0		1,031,077
Share-based compensation (in shares)	61,855		0
Net income (loss)	$ 0		$ 0		0		0		(805,301)		0		(805,301)
Cash dividends declared	0		0		0		0		(5,536,609)		0		(5,536,609)
Grant of stock options	0		0		101,472		0		(101,472)		0		0
Reclassification of held to maturity transfer	0		0		0		2,803,902		(2,803,902)		0		0
Other comprehensive income (loss)	0		0		0		(7,897,781)		0		0		(7,897,781)
Ending balance at Sep. 30, 2023	$ 306,297		$ 56,492		$ 333,559,263		$ (50,295,321)		$ 230,939,204		$ (41,226,357)		$ 473,339,578
Ending balance (in shares) at Sep. 30, 2023	30,629,636		5,649,240

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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income (loss)	$ 6,395,718	$ (5,438,599)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items	3,215,399	3,747,654
Net investment (gains) losses	(930,302)	10,810,594
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses	(7,691,440)	30,505,293
Unearned premiums	39,672,853	22,394,901
Premiums receivable	(14,787,307)	(12,881,975)
Deferred acquisition costs	(4,750,766)	(6,355,269)
Deferred income taxes	600,019	(2,645,695)
Reinsurance receivable	17,501,773	3,564,454
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	(12,555,645)	11,222,717
Accrued investment income	(1,615,715)	(1,608,978)
Due to affiliate	(3,983,806)	(1,342,121)
Reinsurance balances payable	3,958,666	(16,695)
Current income taxes	536,759	(4,150,265)
Accrued expenses	(119,166)	282,286
Other, net	580,936	1,811,243
Net adjustments	19,632,258	55,338,144
Net cash provided by operating activities	26,027,976	49,899,545
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity	(25,226,609)	(68,902,605)
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale	(131,155,483)	(101,328,478)
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale	(5,128,994)	(12,488,733)
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity	29,144,970	41,194,285
Available for sale	41,318,216	60,346,490
Sales of fixed maturities:
Available for sale	28,154,556	6,568,154
Sales of equity securities, available for sale	8,080,764	17,498,036
Net (purchases) sales of property and equipment	(44,701)	28,289
Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments	36,950,560	(23,968,454)
Net cash used in investing activities	(17,906,721)	(81,053,016)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Cash dividends paid	(16,339,529)	(15,243,368)
Issuance of common stock	6,813,772	15,348,793
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities	(9,525,757)	105,425
Net decrease in cash	(1,404,502)	(31,048,046)
Cash at beginning of period	25,123,332	57,709,375
Cash at end of period	23,718,830	26,661,329
Cash paid during period - Interest	463,911	464,188
Net cash paid during period - Taxes	$ 0	$ 4,500,000

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Organization

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization [Abstract]

Organization

1 - Organization

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”) and the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and The Peninsula Insurance Company, and our affiliates write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states.

At September 30, 2023, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

At September 30, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

In addition, Donegal Mutual has  100% quota-share reinsurance agreements with Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from these companies into the underwriting pool.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

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Basis of Presentation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Basis of Presentation [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

2 - Basis of Presentation

Our financial information for the interim periods included in this Form 10-Q Report is unaudited; however, our financial information we include in this Form 10-Q Report reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of our management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for those interim periods. Our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations we expect for the year ending December 31, 2023.

We recommend you read the interim financial statements we include in this Form 10-Q Report in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Net Income (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]

Net Income (Loss) Per Share

3 - Net Income (Loss) Per Share

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that whenever our board of directors declares a dividend on our Class B common stock, our board of directors shall simultaneously declare a dividend on our Class A common stock that is payable to the holders of our Class A common stock at the same time and as of the same record date at a rate that is at least 10% greater than the rate at which our board of directors declared a dividend on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method to compute our net income (loss) per share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines net income (loss) per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends we have declared and an allocation of our remaining undistributed net income (loss) using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023						2022
	Class A			Class B			Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net loss per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net loss	$	(671	)	$	(134	)	$	(8,714	)	$	(1,662	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Basic net loss per share	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.30	)
Diluted net loss per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net loss	$	(671	)	$	(134	)	$	(8,714	)	$	(1,662	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		—			—			—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Diluted net loss per share	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.30	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023				2022
	Class A		Class B		Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	5,421	$	975	$	(4,529	)	$	(910	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,391		5,577		26,216			5,577
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.16	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	5,421	$	975	$	(4,529	)	$	(910	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,391		5,577		26,216			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		117		—		—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,508		5,577		26,216			5,577
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.16	)

We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted net income per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded		—		—		2,245,435		—

We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three months ended September 30, 2023 because we sustained a net loss for the period. We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 because we sustained a net loss for the respective periods.

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Reinsurance

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Reinsurance [Abstract]

Reinsurance

4 - Reinsurance

Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual have participated in a pooling agreement since 1986 under which they pool their direct premiums written, and Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual then share the underwriting results of the pool in accordance with the terms of the pooling agreement. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual participate in a consolidated third-party reinsurance program. The coverage and parameters of the program are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The program utilizes several different reinsurers. They require their reinsurers to maintain an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries have in place for 2023:

• excess of loss reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover losses over a set retention of $3.0 million for all losses other than workers’compensation and a retention of $2.0 million for workers’ compensation losses; and

• catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $25.0 million up to aggregate losses of $175.0 million per occurrence.

For property insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $37.0 million per loss over a set retention of $3.0 million. For liability insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $72.0 million per occurrence over a set retention of $3.0 million. For workers’ compensation insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $18.0 million on any one life over a set retention of $2.0 million.

In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovers 100% of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $3.0 million up to aggregate losses of $22.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provides additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $6.0 million. The purpose of the agreement is to lessen the effects of an accumulation of losses arising from one event to levels that are appropriate given each subsidiary’s size, underwriting profile and surplus.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

In order to write automobile insurance in the state of Michigan, Atlantic States and MICO are required to be members of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association (“MCCA”).  The MCCA provides reinsurance to Atlantic States and MICO for personal automobile and commercial automobile personal injury claims in the state of Michigan over a set retention.

We report reinsurance receivable net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We base the allowance upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We use a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses.

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Investments

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Investments [Abstract]

Investments

5 - Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2023 were as follows:

	Carrying Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Amortized Cost			Gross Unrealized Gains			Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
					(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	91,484	$	55		$	91,539		$	—		$	12,921		$	78,618
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		379,764		298			380,062			454			75,269			305,247
Corporate securities		202,797		1,000			203,797			—			24,284			179,513
Mortgage-backed securities		9,867		6			9,873			—			748			9,125
Totals	$	683,912	$	1,359		$	685,271		$	454		$	113,222		$	572,503

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	88,636	$	—	$	6,485	$	82,151
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		42,173		7		6,634		35,546
Corporate securities		212,323		—		19,300		193,023
Mortgage-backed securities		285,619		—		29,799		255,820
Totals	$	628,751	$	7	$	62,218	$	566,540

At September 30, 2023, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $225.4 million and an amortized cost of $280.9 million. Our holdings at September 30, 2023 also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $115.4 million and an amortized cost of $141.3 million. With respect to both categories of those bonds at September 30, 2023, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of our holdings of either bond category. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 47% and 36%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on the carrying values of these investments at September 30, 2023. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2023 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	103,362	$	1	$	10,566	$	92,797
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		382,097		1,810		60,494		323,413
Corporate securities		190,949		—		20,510		170,439
Mortgage-backed securities		12,031		—		635		11,396
Totals	$	688,439	$	1,811	$	92,205	$	598,045

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	68,538	$	109	$	5,125	$	63,522
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		45,448		34		5,326		40,156
Corporate securities		218,041		8		15,211		202,838
Mortgage-backed securities		239,886		155		22,765		217,276
Totals	$	571,913	$	306	$	48,427	$	523,792

At December 31, 2022, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $240.7 million and an amortized cost of $283.5 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $122.9 million and an amortized cost of $144.0 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, 2022. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 48% and 35%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2022. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2022 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

We have segregated within accumulated other comprehensive loss the net unrealized losses of $15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassification date for fixed maturities reclassified from available for sale to held to maturity. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $ 225,070 and $415,153 in other comprehensive loss during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, net unrealized losses of $1.5 million and $4.7 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive loss.

We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2023 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	22,133	$	22,012
Due after one year through five years		106,022		98,950
Due after five years through ten years		251,366		217,144
Due after ten years		295,877		225,272
Mortgage-backed securities		9,873		9,125
Total held to maturity	$	685,271	$	572,503
Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	40,101	$	39,458
Due after one year through five years		175,077		161,274
Due after five years through ten years		102,498		89,399
Due after ten years		25,456		20,589
Mortgage-backed securities		285,619		255,820
Total available for sale	$	628,751	$	566,540

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at September 30, 2023 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	27,953	$	8,014	$	503	$	35,464

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	30,771	$	5,666	$	1,332	$	35,105

We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Gross realized gains:
Fixed maturities	$	—		$	326		$	295		$	998
Equity securities		108			400			393			1,243
Real estate		—			—			—			477
		108			726			688			2,718
Gross realized losses:
Fixed maturities		237			73			2,585			173
Equity securities		424			249			475			1,073
		661			322			3,060			1,246
Net realized (losses) gains		(553	)		404			(2,372	)		1,472
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities		(735	)		117			3,940			123
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities		80			(2,879	)		(547	)		(12,406	)
Fixed maturities - credit impairment charges		(35	)		—			(91	)		—
Net investment (losses) gains	$	(1,243	)	$	(2,358	)	$	930		$	(10,811	)

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at September 30, 2023 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	51,076	$	1,224	$	109,693	$	18,182
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		38,870		1,965		281,436		79,938
Corporate securities		33,707		2,325		338,829		41,259
Mortgage-backed securities		89,676		3,221		175,269		27,326
Totals	$	213,329	$	8,735	$	905,227	$	166,705

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	90,245	$	5,327	$	47,238	$	10,364
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		261,465		49,327		47,945		16,493
Corporate securities		298,706		22,272		72,959		13,449
Mortgage-backed securities		143,886		10,941		69,879		12,459
Totals	$	794,302	$	87,867	$	238,021	$	52,765

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and, as applicable, the recognition of declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to an available-for-sale debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we establish an allowance for credit loss. We then recognize the amount of the allowance in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. We regularly review the allowance for credit losses and recognize changes in the allowance in our results of operations. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. We held 931 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2023. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.

We amortize premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

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Segment Information

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Information [Abstract]

Segment Information

6 - Segment Information

We evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that various state insurance departments prescribe or permit. Our management uses SAP to measure the performance of our insurance subsidiaries instead of United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude.

Financial data by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	135,432		$	127,497
Personal lines		88,961			78,625
GAAP premiums earned		224,393			206,122
Net investment income		10,536			8,569
Investment losses		(1,243	)		(2,358	)
Other		242			505
Total revenues	$	233,928		$	212,838
Loss before income tax benefit:
Underwriting gain (loss):
Commercial lines	$	9,957		$	(12,100	)
Personal lines		(20,016	)		(9,126	)
SAP underwriting loss		(10,059	)		(21,226	)
GAAP adjustments		(118	)		1,430
GAAP underwriting loss		(10,177	)		(19,796	)
Net investment income		10,536			8,569
Investment losses		(1,243	)		(2,358	)
Other		(121	)		216
Loss before income tax benefit	$	(1,005	)	$	(13,369	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	399,427		$	378,680
Personal lines		256,459			230,819
GAAP premiums earned		655,886			609,499
Net investment income		30,143			24,631
Investment gains (losses)		930			(10,811	)
Other		911			1,457
Total revenues	$	687,870		$	624,776
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit):
Underwriting loss:
Commercial lines	$	(4,024	)	$	(16,873	)
Personal lines		(24,950	)		(12,654	)
SAP underwriting loss		(28,974	)		(29,527	)
GAAP adjustments		5,968			7,984
GAAP underwriting loss		(23,006	)		(21,543	)
Net investment income		30,143			24,631
Investment gains (losses)		930			(10,811	)
Other		(522	)		1
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	$	7,545		$	(7,722	)

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Borrowings

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Borrowings [Abstract]

Borrowings

7 - Borrowings

Lines of Credit

In August 2020, we entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) that related to a $20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At September 30, 2023, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at an interest rate equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%.

Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. Atlantic States has a fixed-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was outstanding at September 30, 2023. The cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 1.74% and is due in August 2024. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at September 30, 2023.

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned	$	1,591,800
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $42,167,218)		47,017,596
Borrowing capacity currently available		4,456,902

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Share-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Share-Based Compensation [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

8 - Share–Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, and use a fair-value-based method for the recording of related compensation expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the dividend yield and the expected volatility.

We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $182,185 and $158,966 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $38,259 and $33,383, respectively. We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $683,439 and $644,751 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $143,522 and $135,398, respectively. At September 30, 2023, we had $966,925 of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 1.5 years.

We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 of $ 848,891 and $2.9 million, respectively. We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 of $5.5 million and $14.1 million, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $ 13,501 and $65,030 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $126,644 and $329,842 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. 

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Fair Value Measurements

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements [Abstract]

Fair Value Measurements

9 - Fair Value Measurements

We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the inputs, or assumptions, we use in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

Level 3 – unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly-traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services and include these investments in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our fixed maturity investments and non-publicly traded equity securities as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that could be realized if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. These pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to verify that the estimates we obtain from the pricing services are representative of fair values based upon our investment personnel’s general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security types and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel periodically review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At September 30, 2023, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at September 30, 2023, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. We classify these items as Level 1.

The carrying values we report in our balance sheet for premium receivables, reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and loss expenses and reinsurance balances payable approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts we report in our balance sheets for our borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

We evaluate our assets and liabilities to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period.

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at September 30, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	82,151	$	—	$	82,151	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		35,546		—		35,546		—
Corporate securities		193,023		—		193,023		—
Mortgage-backed securities		255,820		—		255,820		—
Equity securities		35,464		33,472		1,992		—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$	602,004	$	33,472	$	568,532	$	—

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2022:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	63,522	$	—	$	63,522	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		40,156		—		40,156		—
Corporate securities		202,838		—		202,838		—
Mortgage-backed securities		217,276		—		217,276		—
Equity securities		35,105		32,821		2,284		—
Totals	$	558,897	$	32,821	$	526,076	$	—

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Income Taxes

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Income Taxes [Abstract]

Income Taxes

10 - Income Taxes

At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. Tax years 2016 through 2022 remained open for examination at September 30, 2023. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of our tax assets. We established a valuation allowance of $8.1 million for our net state operating loss carryforward. We have determined that we are not required to establish a valuation allowance for our other deferred tax assets of $43.4 million and $39.8 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, because it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and the implementation of tax planning strategies.

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Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses [Abstract]

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

11 - Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

The establishment of appropriate liabilities for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liabilities for losses and loss expenses will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1	$	1,121,046		$	1,077,620
Less reinsurance recoverable		(451,184	)		(451,261	)
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1		1,132			—
Net balance at January 1		670,994			626,359
Incurred related to:
Current year		461,799			445,855
Prior years		(15,775	)		(30,609	)
Total incurred		446,024			415,246
Paid related to:
Current year		230,214			209,051
Prior years		204,842			170,129
Total paid		435,056			379,180
Net balance at end of period		681,962			662,425
Plus reinsurance recoverable		431,392			445,701
Balance at end of period	$	1,113,354		$	1,108,126

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $15.8 million and $30.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2023 development represented 2.4% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity primarily in the commercial automobile, personal automobile and homeowners lines of business. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO. The 2022 development represented 4.9% of the December 31, 2021 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity in nearly all lines of business. The majority of the 2022 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider the material lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.

Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, the IBNR reserves of our insurance subsidiaries include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an ‘‘a priori,’’ or expected, loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies and before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method from which the actuaries select loss development factor assumptions. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of the estimates each of these methods produce.

The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns and economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date at which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to predict loss frequency accurately and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business.

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Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

12 - Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities

The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2023 and 2022 and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023					At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period		$	685,402	$	1,324	$	700,335	$	—
Current period change for expected credit losses					35				—
Balance at end of period		$	683,912	$	1,359	$	696,392	$	—

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	688,439	$	—	$	668,105	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1				1,268				—
Current period change for expected credit losses				91				—
Balance at end of period	$	683,912	$	1,359	$	696,392	$	—

Reinsurance Receivable

The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023					At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period		$	460,681	$	1,567	$	445,151	$	—
Current period change for expected credit losses					38				—
Balance at end of period		$	437,889	$	1,605	$	451,847	$	—

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	456,522	$	—	$	455,411	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1				1,132				—
Current period change for expected credit losses				473				—
Balance at end of period	$	437,889	$	1,605	$	451,847	$	—

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Impact of New Accounting Standards

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Impact of New Accounting Standards [Abstract]

Impact of New Accounting Standards

13 -  Impact of New Accounting Standards

In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, and our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023 resulted in an after-tax decrease in retained earnings of $1.9 million. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

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Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023
Insider Trading Arrangements [Line Items]
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false

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Organization (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Organization [Abstract]

Organization

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”) and the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and The Peninsula Insurance Company, and our affiliates write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England, Southern and Southwestern states.

At September 30, 2023, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

At September 30, 2023, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

In addition, Donegal Mutual has  100% quota-share reinsurance agreements with Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from these companies into the underwriting pool.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

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Impact of New Accounting Standards (Policies)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Impact of New Accounting Standards [Abstract]

Impact of New Accounting Standards

In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, and our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023 resulted in an after-tax decrease in retained earnings of $1.9 million. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Net Income (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]

Reconciliation of Numerators and Denominators Used in Basic and Diluted Per Share Computations

The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023						2022
	Class A			Class B			Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net loss per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net loss	$	(671	)	$	(134	)	$	(8,714	)	$	(1,662	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Basic net loss per share	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.30	)
Diluted net loss per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net loss	$	(671	)	$	(134	)	$	(8,714	)	$	(1,662	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		—			—			—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,595			5,577			26,781			5,577
Diluted net loss per share	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.33	)	$	(0.30	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023				2022
	Class A		Class B		Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	5,421	$	975	$	(4,529	)	$	(910	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,391		5,577		26,216			5,577
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.16	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	5,421	$	975	$	(4,529	)	$	(910	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,391		5,577		26,216			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		117		—		—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,508		5,577		26,216			5,577
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	(0.17	)	$	(0.16	)

Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation of Earnings Per Share

We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted net income per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded		—		—		2,245,435		—

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Investments (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Investments [Abstract]

Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2023 were as follows:

	Carrying Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Amortized Cost			Gross Unrealized Gains			Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value
					(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	91,484	$	55		$	91,539		$	—		$	12,921		$	78,618
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		379,764		298			380,062			454			75,269			305,247
Corporate securities		202,797		1,000			203,797			—			24,284			179,513
Mortgage-backed securities		9,867		6			9,873			—			748			9,125
Totals	$	683,912	$	1,359		$	685,271		$	454		$	113,222		$	572,503

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	88,636	$	—	$	6,485	$	82,151
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		42,173		7		6,634		35,546
Corporate securities		212,323		—		19,300		193,023
Mortgage-backed securities		285,619		—		29,799		255,820
Totals	$	628,751	$	7	$	62,218	$	566,540

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	103,362	$	1	$	10,566	$	92,797
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		382,097		1,810		60,494		323,413
Corporate securities		190,949		—		20,510		170,439
Mortgage-backed securities		12,031		—		635		11,396
Totals	$	688,439	$	1,811	$	92,205	$	598,045

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	68,538	$	109	$	5,125	$	63,522
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		45,448		34		5,326		40,156
Corporate securities		218,041		8		15,211		202,838
Mortgage-backed securities		239,886		155		22,765		217,276
Totals	$	571,913	$	306	$	48,427	$	523,792

Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Fixed Maturities by Contractual Maturity

We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2023 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	22,133	$	22,012
Due after one year through five years		106,022		98,950
Due after five years through ten years		251,366		217,144
Due after ten years		295,877		225,272
Mortgage-backed securities		9,873		9,125
Total held to maturity	$	685,271	$	572,503
Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	40,101	$	39,458
Due after one year through five years		175,077		161,274
Due after five years through ten years		102,498		89,399
Due after ten years		25,456		20,589
Mortgage-backed securities		285,619		255,820
Total available for sale	$	628,751	$	566,540

Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Equity Securities

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at September 30, 2023 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	27,953	$	8,014	$	503	$	35,464

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	30,771	$	5,666	$	1,332	$	35,105

Gross Investment Gains and Losses before Applicable Income Taxes

We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Gross realized gains:
Fixed maturities	$	—		$	326		$	295		$	998
Equity securities		108			400			393			1,243
Real estate		—			—			—			477
		108			726			688			2,718
Gross realized losses:
Fixed maturities		237			73			2,585			173
Equity securities		424			249			475			1,073
		661			322			3,060			1,246
Net realized (losses) gains		(553	)		404			(2,372	)		1,472
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities		(735	)		117			3,940			123
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities		80			(2,879	)		(547	)		(12,406	)
Fixed maturities - credit impairment charges		(35	)		—			(91	)		—
Net investment (losses) gains	$	(1,243	)	$	(2,358	)	$	930		$	(10,811	)

Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at September 30, 2023 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	51,076	$	1,224	$	109,693	$	18,182
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		38,870		1,965		281,436		79,938
Corporate securities		33,707		2,325		338,829		41,259
Mortgage-backed securities		89,676		3,221		175,269		27,326
Totals	$	213,329	$	8,735	$	905,227	$	166,705

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2022 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	90,245	$	5,327	$	47,238	$	10,364
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		261,465		49,327		47,945		16,493
Corporate securities		298,706		22,272		72,959		13,449
Mortgage-backed securities		143,886		10,941		69,879		12,459
Totals	$	794,302	$	87,867	$	238,021	$	52,765

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Segment Information (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Segment Information [Abstract]

Financial Data by Segment

Financial data by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	135,432		$	127,497
Personal lines		88,961			78,625
GAAP premiums earned		224,393			206,122
Net investment income		10,536			8,569
Investment losses		(1,243	)		(2,358	)
Other		242			505
Total revenues	$	233,928		$	212,838
Loss before income tax benefit:
Underwriting gain (loss):
Commercial lines	$	9,957		$	(12,100	)
Personal lines		(20,016	)		(9,126	)
SAP underwriting loss		(10,059	)		(21,226	)
GAAP adjustments		(118	)		1,430
GAAP underwriting loss		(10,177	)		(19,796	)
Net investment income		10,536			8,569
Investment losses		(1,243	)		(2,358	)
Other		(121	)		216
Loss before income tax benefit	$	(1,005	)	$	(13,369	)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	399,427		$	378,680
Personal lines		256,459			230,819
GAAP premiums earned		655,886			609,499
Net investment income		30,143			24,631
Investment gains (losses)		930			(10,811	)
Other		911			1,457
Total revenues	$	687,870		$	624,776
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit):
Underwriting loss:
Commercial lines	$	(4,024	)	$	(16,873	)
Personal lines		(24,950	)		(12,654	)
SAP underwriting loss		(28,974	)		(29,527	)
GAAP adjustments		5,968			7,984
GAAP underwriting loss		(23,006	)		(21,543	)
Net investment income		30,143			24,631
Investment gains (losses)		930			(10,811	)
Other		(522	)		1
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	$	7,545		$	(7,722	)

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Borrowings (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member]

Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]

FHLB of Stock Purchased, Collateral Pledged and Assets Related

The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at September 30, 2023.

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned	$	1,591,800
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $42,167,218)		47,017,596
Borrowing capacity currently available		4,456,902

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Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Fair Value Measurements [Abstract]

Investments in Available-for-Sale Fixed Maturity and Equity Securities

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at September 30, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	82,151	$	—	$	82,151	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		35,546		—		35,546		—
Corporate securities		193,023		—		193,023		—
Mortgage-backed securities		255,820		—		255,820		—
Equity securities		35,464		33,472		1,992		—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$	602,004	$	33,472	$	568,532	$	—

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2022:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	63,522	$	—	$	63,522	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		40,156		—		40,156		—
Corporate securities		202,838		—		202,838		—
Mortgage-backed securities		217,276		—		217,276		—
Equity securities		35,105		32,821		2,284		—
Totals	$	558,897	$	32,821	$	526,076	$	—

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Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses [Abstract]

Summary of Insurance Subsidiaries' Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1	$	1,121,046		$	1,077,620
Less reinsurance recoverable		(451,184	)		(451,261	)
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1		1,132			—
Net balance at January 1		670,994			626,359
Incurred related to:
Current year		461,799			445,855
Prior years		(15,775	)		(30,609	)
Total incurred		446,024			415,246
Paid related to:
Current year		230,214			209,051
Prior years		204,842			170,129
Total paid		435,056			379,180
Net balance at end of period		681,962			662,425
Plus reinsurance recoverable		431,392			445,701
Balance at end of period	$	1,113,354		$	1,108,126

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Allowance for Expected Credit Losses (Tables)

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]

Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities

The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2023 and 2022 and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023					At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period		$	685,402	$	1,324	$	700,335	$	—
Current period change for expected credit losses					35				—
Balance at end of period		$	683,912	$	1,359	$	696,392	$	—

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to- Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	688,439	$	—	$	668,105	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1				1,268				—
Current period change for expected credit losses				91				—
Balance at end of period	$	683,912	$	1,359	$	696,392	$	—

Reinsurance Receivable

The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023					At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period		$	460,681	$	1,567	$	445,151	$	—
Current period change for expected credit losses					38				—
Balance at end of period		$	437,889	$	1,605	$	451,847	$	—

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	456,522	$	—	$	455,411	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1				1,132				—
Current period change for expected credit losses				473				—
Balance at end of period	$	437,889	$	1,605	$	451,847	$	—

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Organization (Details)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 Segment
Organization [Abstract]
Number of operating segments	3
Atlantic States [Member]
Organization [Abstract]
Percentage of share in results of pooled business subsidiary	80.00%
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company [Member]
Organization [Abstract]
Voting power percentage of outstanding common stock	71.00%
Premiums and losses related to certain products	100.00%
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company [Member] | Class A Common Stock [Member]
Organization [Abstract]
Stock ownership percentage held by major shareholder	44.00%
Donegal Mutual Insurance Company [Member] | Class B Common Stock [Member]
Organization [Abstract]
Stock ownership percentage held by major shareholder	84.00%

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Net Income (Loss) Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Net Income (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]
Minimum percentage of class A common stock declared dividend excess over class B dividend			10.00%
Class A Common Stock [Member]
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ (671)	$ (8,714)	$ 5,421	$ (4,529)
Denominator: [Abstract]
Weighted-average shares outstanding (in shares)	27,595,000	26,781,000	27,391,000	26,216,000
Basic net income (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.33)	$ 0.2	$ (0.17)
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ (671)	$ (8,714)	$ 5,421	$ (4,529)
Denominator: [Abstract]
Number of shares used in basic computation (in shares)	27,595,000	26,781,000	27,391,000	26,216,000
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities [Abstract]
Director and employee stock options (in shares)	0	0	117,000	0
Number of shares used in diluted computation (in shares)	27,595,000	26,781,000	27,508,000	26,216,000
Diluted net income (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.33)	$ 0.2	$ (0.17)
Class B Common Stock [Member]
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ (134)	$ (1,662)	$ 975	$ (910)
Denominator: [Abstract]
Weighted-average shares outstanding (in shares)	5,577,000	5,577,000	5,577,000	5,577,000
Basic net income (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.3)	$ 0.17	$ (0.16)
Numerator: [Abstract]
Allocation of net income (loss)	$ (134)	$ (1,662)	$ 975	$ (910)
Denominator: [Abstract]
Number of shares used in basic computation (in shares)	5,577,000	5,577,000	5,577,000	5,577,000
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities [Abstract]
Director and employee stock options (in shares)	0	0	0	0
Number of shares used in diluted computation (in shares)	5,577,000	5,577,000	5,577,000	5,577,000
Diluted net income (loss) per share (in dollars per share)	$ (0.02)	$ (0.3)	$ 0.17	$ (0.16)
Options [Member]
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings (Loss) Per Share [Abstract]
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded (in shares)	0	0	2,245,435	0

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Reinsurance (Details) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Loss reinsurance agreement contracts retention amount	$ 3.0
Workers' compensation and retention amount	2.0
Property Insurance [Member]
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	3.0
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	37.0
Liability Insurance [Member]
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	3.0
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	72.0
Workers' Compensation Insurance [Member]
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	2.0
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	$ 18.0
Third Party Reinsurance [Member]
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Percentage of accumulation of losses	100.00%
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	$ 25.0
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	$ 175.0
Atlantic States [Member]
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Percentage of share in results of pooled business subsidiary	80.00%
Donegal Mutual [Member]
Reinsurance Transactions [Abstract]
Percentage of share in results of pooled business owned by third party	20.00%
Percentage of accumulation of losses	100.00%
Catastrophe reinsurance, set retention amount	$ 3.0
Maximum amount of loss coverage under reinsurance agreement of property catastrophe	22.0
Additional coverage amount	$ 6.0

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Investments, Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Jun. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Sep. 30, 2022	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	$ 683,911,746	$ 685,402,000	$ 688,439,360	$ 696,392,000	$ 700,335,000	$ 668,105,000
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	1,358,977	$ 1,324,000	0	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0
Held to maturity, amortized cost	685,271,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	454,000		1,811,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	113,222,000		92,205,000
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	572,503,000		598,045,000
Total available for sale, amortized cost	628,751,000		571,913,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	7,000		306,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	62,218,000		48,427,000
Available for sale, estimated fair value	566,539,622		523,791,931
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	91,484,000		103,362,000
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	55,000
Held to maturity, amortized cost	91,539,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	0		1,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	12,921,000		10,566,000
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	78,618,000		92,797,000
Total available for sale, amortized cost	88,636,000		68,538,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	0		109,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	6,485,000		5,125,000
Available for sale, estimated fair value	82,151,000		63,522,000
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	379,764,000		382,097,000
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	298,000
Held to maturity, amortized cost	380,062,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	454,000		1,810,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	75,269,000		60,494,000
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	305,247,000		323,413,000
Total available for sale, amortized cost	42,173,000		45,448,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	7,000		34,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	6,634,000		5,326,000
Available for sale, estimated fair value	35,546,000		40,156,000
Corporate Securities [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	202,797,000		190,949,000
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	1,000,000
Held to maturity, amortized cost	203,797,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	0		0
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	24,284,000		20,510,000
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	179,513,000		170,439,000
Total available for sale, amortized cost	212,323,000		218,041,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	0		8,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	19,300,000		15,211,000
Available for sale, estimated fair value	193,023,000		202,838,000
Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Values of Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Held to maturity, carrying value	9,867,000		12,031,000
Held to maturity, allowance for credit loss	6,000
Held to maturity, amortized cost	9,873,000
Held to maturity, gross unrealized gains	0		0
Held to maturity, gross unrealized losses	748,000		635,000
Held to maturity, estimated fair value	9,125,000		11,396,000
Total available for sale, amortized cost	285,619,000		239,886,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized gains	0		155,000
Available for sale, gross unrealized losses	29,799,000		22,765,000
Available for sale, estimated fair value	$ 255,820,000		$ 217,276,000

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Investments, Summary (Details) - USD ($)		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2013	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Investments [Abstract]
Net unrealized losses arising prior to reclassification date	$ (15,100,000)
Amortization of other comprehensive loss		$ (225,070)	$ (415,153)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		$ (50,295,321)		$ (41,703,747)
Minimum [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Percentage of which the company held security of any issuer		10.00%		10.00%
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Aggregate fair value of bond held		$ 225,400,000		$ 240,700,000
Amortized cost of bond held		280,900,000		283,500,000
Special Revenue Bonds [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Aggregate fair value of bond held		115,400,000		122,900,000
Amortized cost of bond held		$ 141,300,000		$ 144,000,000
Education Bonds [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Percentage of investments in special revenue bonds		47.00%		48.00%
Water and Sewer Utility Bonds [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Percentage of investments in special revenue bonds		36.00%		35.00%
Accumulated Net Unrealized Investment Losses [Member]
Investments [Abstract]
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		$ (1,500,000)		$ (4,700,000)

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Investments, Amortized Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Fixed Maturities by Contractual Maturity (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Held To Maturity [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, amortized cost	$ 22,133,000
Due after one year through five years, amortized cost	106,022,000
Due after five years through ten years, amortized cost	251,366,000
Due after ten years, amortized cost	295,877,000
Mortgage-backed securities, amortized cost	9,873,000
Held to maturity, amortized cost	685,271,000
Available For Sale [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, amortized cost	40,101,000
Due after one year through five years, amortized cost	175,077,000
Due after five years through ten years, amortized cost	102,498,000
Due after ten years, amortized cost	25,456,000
Mortgage-backed securities, amortized cost	285,619,000
Total available for sale, amortized cost	628,751,000	$ 571,913,000
Held To Maturity [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, estimated fair value	22,012,000
Due after one year through five years, estimated fair value	98,950,000
Due after five years through ten years, estimated fair value	217,144,000
Due after ten years, estimated fair value	225,272,000
Mortgage-backed securities, estimated fair value	9,125,000
Total held to maturity, estimated fair value	572,503,000	598,045,000
Available For Sale [Abstract]
Due in one year or less, estimated fair value	39,458,000
Due after one year through five years, estimated fair value	161,274,000
Due after five years through ten years, estimated fair value	89,399,000
Due after ten years, estimated fair value	20,589,000
Mortgage-backed securities, estimated fair value	255,820,000
Total available for sale, estimated fair value	$ 566,539,622	$ 523,791,931

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Investments, Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Equity Securities (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cost and Estimated Fair Value of Equity Securities [Abstract]
Cost	$ 27,953,000	$ 30,771,000
Gross gains	8,014,000	5,666,000
Gross losses	503,000	1,332,000
Estimated fair value	$ 35,463,958	$ 35,104,840

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Investments, Gross Investment Gains and Losses before Applicable Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	$ 108,000	$ 726,000	$ 688,000	$ 2,718,000
Gross realized losses	661,000	322,000	3,060,000	1,246,000
Net realized (losses) gains	(553,000)	404,000	(2,372,000)	1,472,000
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities			8,014,000		$ 5,666,000
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities			(503,000)		$ (1,332,000)
Net investment (losses) gains	(1,242,521)	(2,357,634)	930,302	(10,810,594)
Fixed Maturities [Member]
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	0	326,000	295,000	998,000
Gross realized losses	237,000	73,000	2,585,000	173,000
Credit impairment charges	(35,000)	0	(91,000)	0
Real Estate [Member]
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	0	0	0	477,000
Equity Securities [Member]
Net Gains and Losses from Investments [Abstract]
Gross realized gains	108,000	400,000	393,000	1,243,000
Gross realized losses	424,000	249,000	475,000	1,073,000
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities		117,000	3,940,000	123,000
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities	(735,000)
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities		$ (2,879,000)	$ (547,000)	$ (12,406,000)
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities	$ 80,000

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Investments, Fixed Maturities with Unrealized Losses (Details) $ in Thousands	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($) Securities	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	$ 213,329	$ 794,302
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	8,735	87,867
More than 12 months, fair value	905,227	238,021
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	$ 166,705	52,765
Number of fixed maturity securities classified as available for sale | Securities	931
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	$ 51,076	90,245
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	1,224	5,327
More than 12 months, fair value	109,693	47,238
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	18,182	10,364
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	38,870	261,465
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	1,965	49,327
More than 12 months, fair value	281,436	47,945
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	79,938	16,493
Corporate Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	33,707	298,706
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	2,325	22,272
More than 12 months, fair value	338,829	72,959
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	41,259	13,449
Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Debt Securities, Fair Value and Unrealized Losses by Fixed Maturities [Abstract]
Less than 12 months, fair value	89,676	143,886
Less than 12 months, unrealized losses	3,221	10,941
More than 12 months, fair value	175,269	69,879
More than 12 months, unrealized losses	$ 27,326	$ 12,459

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Segment Information (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	$ 224,392,849	$ 206,121,826	$ 655,886,046	$ 609,498,939
Net investment income	10,536,488	8,568,671	30,143,025	24,631,398
Investment gains (losses)	(1,242,521)	(2,357,634)	930,302	(10,810,594)
Total revenues	233,928,250	212,838,248	687,869,940	624,776,114
Underwriting gain (loss) [Abstract]
Net investment income	10,536,488	8,568,671	30,143,025	24,631,398
Investment gains (losses)	(1,242,521)	(2,357,634)	930,302	(10,810,594)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	(1,004,914)	(13,369,204)	7,544,997	(7,722,044)
Operating Segments [Member]
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	224,393,000	206,122,000	655,886,000	609,499,000
Net investment income	10,536,000	8,569,000	30,143,000	24,631,000
Investment gains (losses)	(1,243,000)	(2,358,000)	930,000	(10,811,000)
Other	242,000	505,000	911,000	1,457,000
Total revenues	233,928,000	212,838,000	687,870,000	624,776,000
Underwriting gain (loss) [Abstract]
SAP underwriting loss	(10,059,000)	(21,226,000)	(28,974,000)	(29,527,000)
GAAP adjustments	(118,000)	1,430,000	5,968,000	7,984,000
GAAP underwriting loss	(10,177,000)	(19,796,000)	(23,006,000)	(21,543,000)
Net investment income	10,536,000	8,569,000	30,143,000	24,631,000
Investment gains (losses)	(1,243,000)	(2,358,000)	930,000	(10,811,000)
Other	(121,000)	216,000	(522,000)	1,000
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	(1,005,000)	(13,369,000)	7,545,000	(7,722,000)
Commercial Lines [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	135,432,000	127,497,000	399,427,000	378,680,000
Underwriting gain (loss) [Abstract]
SAP underwriting loss	9,957,000	(12,100,000)	(4,024,000)	(16,873,000)
Personal Lines [Member] | Operating Segments [Member]
Premiums earned [Abstract]
Premiums earned	88,961,000	78,625,000	256,459,000	230,819,000
Underwriting gain (loss) [Abstract]
SAP underwriting loss	$ (20,016,000)	$ (9,126,000)	$ (24,950,000)	$ (12,654,000)

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Borrowings, Line of Credit (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Aug. 31, 2020
FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member] | Atlantic States [Member]
Federal Home Loan Bank of Stock Purchased, Collateral Pledged and Assets Related [Abstract]
FHLB stock purchased and owned	$ 1,591,800
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $42,167,218)	47,017,596
Borrowing capacity currently available	4,456,902
FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member] | Atlantic States [Member] | Asset Pledged as Collateral without Right [Member]
Federal Home Loan Bank of Stock Purchased, Collateral Pledged and Assets Related [Abstract]
Collateral pledged at carrying value	42,167,218
Lines of Credit [Member] | Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Abstract]
Unsecured demand line of credit		$ 20,000,000
Outstanding borrowings	0
Line of credit facility remaining borrowing capacity	$ 20,000,000
Lines of Credit [Member] | Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company [Member] | SOFR [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Abstract]
Interest rate	2.11%
Lines of Credit [Member] | FHLB of Pittsburgh [Member] | Atlantic States [Member]
Line of Credit Facility [Abstract]
Federal home loan bank, cash advance at fixed rate advances	$ 35,000,000
Fixed interest rate on advance	1.74%
Debt instrument due date	Aug. 31, 2024

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Share-Based Compensation (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Share-Based Compensation [Abstract]
Compensation expense in stock compensation plans	$ 182,185	$ 158,966	$ 683,439	$ 644,751
Income tax benefit of stock compensation plans	38,259	33,383	143,522	135,398
Unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under the plan	966,925		$ 966,925
Weighted average period of unrecognized compensation expense			1 year 6 months
Cash from option exercises	848,891	2,900,000	$ 5,500,000	14,100,000
Tax benefit for tax deductions related to option exercises	$ 13,501	$ 65,030	$ 126,644	$ 329,842

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Fair Value Measurements (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	$ 566,539,622	$ 523,791,931
Equity securities, at fair value	35,463,958	35,104,840
U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	82,151,000	63,522,000
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	35,546,000	40,156,000
Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	255,820,000	217,276,000
Recurring Basis [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	35,464,000	35,105,000
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	602,004,000	558,897,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	82,151,000	63,522,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	35,546,000	40,156,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	193,023,000	202,838,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	255,820,000	217,276,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	33,472,000	32,821,000
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	33,472,000	32,821,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	1,992,000	2,284,000
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	568,532,000	526,076,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	82,151,000	63,522,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	35,546,000	40,156,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	193,023,000	202,838,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	255,820,000	217,276,000
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Equity securities, at fair value	0	0
Investments in the fair value hierarchy	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | U.S. Treasury Securities and Obligations of U.S. Government Corporations and Agencies [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | Corporate Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	0	0
Recurring Basis [Member] | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) [Member] | Mortgage-Backed Securities [Member]
Fair Value Measurement Inputs and Valuation Techniques [Abstract]
Available for sale, at fair value	$ 0	$ 0

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Abstract]
Other deferred tax assets, net	$ 43.4	$ 39.8
DGI Parent [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Abstract]
Valuation allowance related to the portion of operating loss carryforwards	$ 8.1
Earliest Tax Year [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Abstract]
Tax years open for examination	2016
Latest Tax Year [Member]
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Abstract]
Tax years open for examination	2022

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Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses (Details) - USD ($)	9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Liability for Claims and Claims Adjustment Expense [Abstract]
Balance at January 1	$ 1,121,045,758	$ 1,077,620,000
Less reinsurance recoverable	(451,184,000)	(451,261,000)
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1	1,132,000	0
Net balance at January 1	670,994,000	626,359,000
Incurred related to [Abstract]
Current year	461,799,000	445,855,000
Prior years	(15,775,000)	(30,609,000)
Total incurred	446,024,000	415,246,000
Paid related to [Abstract]
Current year	230,214,000	209,051,000
Prior years	204,842,000	170,129,000
Total paid	435,056,000	379,180,000
Net balance at end of period	681,962,000	662,425,000
Plus reinsurance recoverable	431,392,000	445,701,000
Balance at end of period	$ 1,113,354,318	$ 1,108,126,000
Percentage of development	2.40%	4.90%

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Allowance for Expected Credit Losses, Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 685,402,000	$ 700,335,000	$ 688,439,360	$ 668,105,000
Balance at end of period	683,911,746	696,392,000	683,911,746	696,392,000
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	1,324,000	0	$ 0	$ 0
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible Enumeration]			ASU 2016-13 [Member]	ASU 2016-13 [Member]
Current period change for expected credit losses	35,000	0	$ 91,000	$ 0
Balance at end of period	$ 1,358,977	$ 0	1,358,977	0
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period			$ 1,268,000	$ 0

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Allowance for Expected Credit Losses, Reinsurance Receivable (Details) - USD ($)	3 Months Ended		9 Months Ended
	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022	Sep. 30, 2023	Sep. 30, 2022
Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 460,681,000	$ 445,151,000	$ 456,522,223	$ 455,411,000
Balance at end of period	437,888,614	451,847,000	437,888,614	451,847,000
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period	1,567,000	0	$ 0	$ 0
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible Enumeration]			ASU 2016-13 [Member]	ASU 2016-13 [Member]
Current period change for expected credit losses	38,000	0	$ 473,000	$ 0
Balance at end of period	$ 1,604,771	$ 0	1,604,771	0
Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment [Member]
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses [Abstract]
Balance at beginning of period			$ 1,132,000	$ 0

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Impact of New Accounting Standards (Details) $ in Millions	36 Months Ended
	Dec. 15, 2022 USD ($)
Impact of New Accounting Standard [Abstract]
After tax decrease in retained earnings	$ (1.9)