Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

At December 31, 2024, the Company had federal and state net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”) of $327.6 million and $262.6 million, respectively, available to offset against future taxable income. Of this amount, $309.8 million of federal NOLs expire in 2025 through 2037. The federal operating losses after 2018 totaling $28.6 million carry forward indefinitely but are only able to offset 80% of taxable income in future years. The California NOLs expire in 2029 through 2042.

As a result of a change in-control that occurred in the LadRx shareholder base, approximately $65.2 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards became substantially limited in their annual availability. Management currently believes that the remaining $262.4 million in federal net operating loss carryforwards, and the $262.6 million in state net operating loss carryforwards, are unrestricted.

As of December 31, 2024, LadRx also had research and development tax credits for federal and state purposes of approximately $15.3 million and $15.3 million, respectively, available for offset against future income taxes, which expire in 2024 through 2043. The credits are subject to change-in-control limitations, which may affect their utilization in future years. Based on an assessment of all available evidence including, but not limited to, the Company’s limited operating history in its core business and lack of profitability, uncertainties of the commercial viability of its technology, the impact of government regulation and healthcare reform initiatives, and other risks normally associated with biotechnology companies, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that these net operating loss carryforwards and credits will not be realized and, as a result, a 100% deferred tax valuation allowance has been recorded against these assets.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net effect of temporary differences between the financial reporting carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and income tax carrying amounts of assets and liabilities. The components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities, all of which are long-term, are as follows (in thousands):

	December 31,
	2024			2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards	$	72,648		$	74,752
Tax credit carryforwards		30,629			30,721
Equipment, furnishings and other		1,872			7
Total deferred tax assets		105,149			105,480
Deferred tax liabilities		—			—
Net deferred tax assets		105,149			105,480
Valuation allowance		(105,149	)		(105,480	)
	$	—		$	—

For all years presented, the Company did not recognize any deferred tax assets or liabilities. The net change in valuation allowance for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $2.1 million and $6.8 million, respectively.

The provision for income taxes differs from the provision computed by applying the Federal statutory rate to net loss before income taxes as follows (in thousands):

	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023
Federal benefit at statutory rate	$	(334	)	$	84
State benefit, net of Federal taxes		(29	)		35
Capitalized R & D		145			—
Prepaid and accrued expenses		53			—
Other permanent differences		184			(189	)
Provision related to change in valuation allowance					(7	)
Federal rate adjustment		—			—
NQ Options		—			—
Current year tax credit		—			—
NOL Adjustments		—			—
Termination/Cancellation of Equity Compensation Awards		—			—
Return to provision		(19	)		77
Other, net		—			—
	$	—		$	—

There have been no changes to the Company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits during the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. Federal jurisdiction and various state jurisdictions. As of the year ended December 31, 2024, the tax returns for 2020 through 2024 remain open to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and for 2020 to 2024 for various state tax authorities.

The Company’s policy is to recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. As of the date of adoption of ASC 740 and the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had accrued no interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions.