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Income Taxes
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amount of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Such amounts are adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect changes in tax rates expected to be in effect when temporary differences reverse. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred taxes is recognized in the period that the change is enacted. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the Company's deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We had no recorded valuation allowance at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Our effective tax rate was 24.6% and 23.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2020 is due to non-recurring favorable adjustments recognized during the period ended June 30, 2020 net of an increase in the benefit from uncertain tax positions during the period ended June 30, 2021. Our effective tax rate was 25.0% and 24.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change in the effective rate for the six months ended June 30, 2021 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2020 is due to non-recurring favorable adjustments recognized during the period ended June 30, 2020 that were not present in 2021, partially offset by a net increase of current period benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions.
  
We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

At June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, we had a total of $4.6 million and $4.9 million in gross unrecognized tax benefits, respectively included in long-term income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheet. Of this amount, $3.6 million and $3.9 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The net change in unrecognized tax benefits was a decrease of $0.1 million and zero during the three months ended June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020, respectively. The net change in unrecognized tax benefits was a decrease of $0.4 million and a decrease of $0.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The net decrease in unrecognized tax benefits during the six months ended June 30, 2021 and 2020 was mainly due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitations net of additions and adjustments to actual positions on returns filed for prior year. The total net amount of accrued interest and penalties for such unrecognized tax benefits was $0.7 million and $0.9 million at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively and is included in long-term income taxes payable in the consolidated balance sheets. Income tax expense is increased each period for the accrual of interest on outstanding positions and penalties when the uncertain tax position is initially recorded. Income tax expense is reduced in periods by the amount of accrued interest and penalties associated with reversed uncertain tax positions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations, when applicable or when a position is settled.

Net interest and penalties included in income tax expense for the three month period ended June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 was a net benefit of approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. Net interest and penalties included in income tax expense for the six month period ended June 30, 2021 and June 30, 2020 was a net benefit of approximately $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The favorable impact to income tax expense was due to reversals of interest and penalties due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations and settlements, net of additions for interest and penalty accruals during the same period. These unrecognized tax benefits relate to risks associated with state income tax filing positions for our corporate subsidiaries.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
2021
 (in thousands)
Balance at January 1, 2021$4,937 
Additions based on tax positions related to current year354 
Reductions for tax positions of prior years(179)
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations(533)
Balance at June 30, 2021$4,579 

A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and ultimately settled. It is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome or the timing of resolution for uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months. These changes could result from the expiration of the statute of limitations, examinations or other unforeseen circumstances. We do not have any outstanding litigation related to income tax matters. At this time, management’s best estimate of the reasonably possible change in the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits is approximately no change to an increase of $1.0 million during the next twelve months, due to the combination of expiration of certain statute of limitations and estimated additions.  The federal statute of limitations remains open for the years 2018 and forward. Tax years 2011 and forward are subject to audit by state tax authorities depending on the tax code and administrative practice of each state.