Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, are as follows:



	2013			2012
	(in thousands)
Deferred income tax assets:
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$	291		$	305
Accrued expenses	6,980			6,655
Stock-based compensation	648			579
Insurance accruals	26,000			27,549
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale investments	—			449
Indirect tax benefits of unrecognized tax benefits	4,846			5,658
Other	1,889			1,011
Total gross deferred tax assets	40,654			42,206
Less valuation allowance	—			(449		)
Net deferred tax assets	40,654			41,757
Deferred income tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	(85,849		)	(77,177		)
Goodwill	(1,835		)	(1,351		)
Prepaid expenses	(741		)	(738		)
	(88,425		)	(79,266		)
Net deferred tax liability	$	(47,771	)	$	(37,509	)

The deferred tax amounts above have been classified in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2013 and 2012 as follows:



	2012			2011
	(in thousands)
Current assets, net	$	14,177		$	13,797
Long-term liabilities, net	(61,948		)	(51,306		)
	$	(47,771	)	$	(37,509	)

The Company had no recorded valuation allowance at December 31, 2013 and $0.4 million at December 31, 2012, related to the Company’s deferred tax asset associated specifically with unrealized losses on auction rate securities. This valuation allowance was recorded as the Company did not have historical capital gains to generate capital gains sufficient to utilize the entire deferred tax asset generated by the fair value adjustment. As the fair value adjustment was recorded through accumulated other comprehensive loss, the associated valuation allowance was also recorded through accumulated other comprehensive loss. The above mentioned allowance did not impact the consolidated statement of comprehensive income for the years December 31, 2013, 2012, and 2011 as the deferred tax asset was fully reserved prior to changes in fair value adjustments recorded in 2013 and 2012. The Company has not recorded a valuation allowance against any other deferred tax assets. In management’s opinion, it is more likely than not that the Company will be able to utilize these deferred tax assets in future periods as a result of the Company’s history of profitability, taxable income, and reversal of deferred tax liabilities.

Income tax expense consists of the following:



	2013		2012			2011
	(in thousands)
Current income taxes:
Federal	$	30,560	$	38,148		20,460
State	1,152		1,636			2,195
	31,712		39,784			22,655
Deferred income taxes:
Federal	7,192		(5,890		)	16,587
State	3,070		140			(1,844		)
	10,262		(5,750		)	14,743
Total	$	41,974	$	34,034		$	37,398

The income tax provision differs from the amount determined by applying the U.S. federal tax rate as follows:



	2013			2012			2011
	(in thousands)
Federal tax at statutory rate (35%)	$	39,395		$	33,451		37,565
State taxes, net of federal benefit	3,242			1,554			981
Non-taxable interest income	(20		)	(48		)	(104		)
Uncertain income tax penalties and interest, net	(766		)	(616		)	(1,159		)
Other	123			(307		)	115
	$	41,974		$	34,034		$	37,398

At December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the Company had a total of $13.4 million and $15.7 million in gross unrecognized tax benefits, respectively. Of this amount, $8.6 million and $10.1 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate as of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. Unrecognized tax benefits were a net decrease of $2.3 million and $0.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, due mainly to the expiration of certain statutes of limitation net of additions and settlements with respective states. This had the effect of reducing the effective state tax rate during these respective periods. The total net amount of accrued interest and penalties for such unrecognized tax benefits was $6.7 million and $7.4 million at December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012 and is included in income taxes payable per the consolidated balance sheet. Net interest and penalties included in income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 was a benefit of approximately $0.7 million, $0.6 million, and $1.2 million respectively. Income tax expense is increased each period for the accrual of interest on outstanding positions and penalties when the uncertain tax position is initially recorded. Income tax expense is reduced in periods by the amount of accrued interest and penalties associated with reversed uncertain tax positions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations, when applicable or when a position is settled. Income tax expense was reduced during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 due to reversals of interest and penalties due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations and settlements, net of additions for interest and penalty accruals during the same period. These unrecognized tax benefits relate to risks associated with state income tax filing positions for the Company’s corporate subsidiaries.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:



	2013			2012
	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1,	$	15,723		$	16,062
Additions based on tax positions related to current year	843			1,146
Additions for tax positions of prior years	616			1,075
Reductions for tax positions of prior years	(300		)	(134		)
Reductions due to lapse of applicable statute of limitations	(1,984		)	(2,426		)
Settlements	(1,466		)	—
Balance at December 31,	$	13,432		$	15,723

A number of years may elapse before an uncertain tax position is audited and ultimately settled. It is difficult to predict the ultimate outcome or the timing of resolution for uncertain tax positions. It is reasonably possible that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits could significantly increase or decrease within the next twelve months. These changes could result from the expiration of the statute of limitations, examinations or other unforeseen circumstances. The Company does not have any outstanding litigation related to tax matters. At this time, management’s best estimate of the reasonably possible change in the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits to be a decrease of approximately $0.4 million to a decrease of $1.4 million during the next twelve months mainly due to the expiration of certain statute of limitations, net of additions. The federal statute of limitations remains open for the years 2010 and forward. Tax years 2003 and forward are subject to audit by state tax authorities depending on the tax code and administrative practice of each state.