LOANS AND LEASES

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Receivables [Abstract]

LOANS AND LEASES

NOTE 4 — LOANS AND LEASES

Unless otherwise noted, loans held for sale are not included in the following tables. Leases in the following tables include finance leases, but exclude operating lease equipment.

Loans by Class

dollars in millions	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	5,109	$	3,918
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	16,842		15,471
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	16,194		14,995
Commercial and industrial	31,640		29,794
Leases	2,014		2,054
Total commercial	71,799		66,232
Consumer
Residential mortgage	23,152		22,776
Revolving mortgage	2,567		2,165
Consumer auto	1,523		1,442
Consumer other	986		1,176
Total consumer	28,228		27,559
SVB
Global fund banking	27,904		25,553
Investor dependent - early stage	997		1,403
Investor dependent - growth stage	2,196		2,897
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	9,097		9,658
Total SVB	40,194		39,511
Total loans and leases	$	140,221	$	133,302

Refer to Note 1—Significant Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation for discussion of the changes in loan classes.

At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, accrued interest receivable on loans included in other assets was $603 million and $625 million, respectively, and was excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The discount on acquired loans is accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Discount accretion income, which primarily related to the SVBB Acquisition, was $505 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, including $81 million for unfunded commitments. Discount accretion income, which primarily related to the SVBB Acquisition, was $733 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, including $128 million for unfunded commitments.

The following table presents selected components of the amortized cost of loans, including the unamortized discount on acquired loans.

Components of Amortized Cost

dollars in millions	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
Deferred fees, including unamortized costs and unearned fees on non-PCD loans	$	(91)	$	(72)
Net unamortized discount on acquired loans
Non-PCD	$	1,504	$	1,860
PCD	94		176
Total net unamortized discount	$	1,598	$	2,036

The aging and nonaccrual status of the outstanding loans and leases by class at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are provided in the tables below. Loans and leases less than 30 days past due are considered current, as various grace periods allow borrowers to make payments within a stated period after the due date and remain in compliance with the respective agreement.

Loans and Leases - Delinquency and Nonaccrual Status (1) (2)

dollars in millions	December 31, 2024
	Accruing Loans
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater		Total Past Due		Current		Total Accruing		Nonaccrual Loans		Total
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	21	$	1	$	1	$	23	$	5,077	$	5,100	$	9	$	5,109
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	30		9		2		41		16,739		16,780		62		16,842
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	43		27		78		148		15,621		15,769		425		16,194
Commercial and industrial	118		39		16		173		31,182		31,355		285		31,640
Leases	33		11		2		46		1,937		1,983		31		2,014
Total commercial	245		87		99		431		70,556		70,987		812		71,799
Consumer
Residential mortgage	172		27		7		206		22,798		23,004		148		23,152
Revolving mortgage	20		4		—		24		2,519		2,543		24		2,567
Consumer auto	12		3		—		15		1,500		1,515		8		1,523
Consumer other	5		3		3		11		974		985		1		986
Total consumer	209		37		10		256		27,791		28,047		181		28,228
SVB
Global fund banking	—		—		—		—		27,904		27,904		—		27,904
Investor dependent - early stage	8		1		—		9		947		956		41		997
Investor dependent - growth stage	2		—		—		2		2,148		2,150		46		2,196
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	52		1		—		53		8,940		8,993		104		9,097
Total SVB	62		2		—		64		39,939		40,003		191		40,194
Total loans and leases	$	516	$	126	$	109	$	751	$	138,286	$	139,037	$	1,184	$	140,221
	December 31, 2023
	Accruing Loans
	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater		Total Past Due		Current		Total Accruing		Nonaccrual Loans		Total
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	43	$	8	$	1	$	52	$	3,864	$	3,916	$	2	$	3,918
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	19		2		8		29		15,382		15,411		60		15,471
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	97		160		39		296		14,288		14,584		411		14,995
Commercial and industrial	152		41		59		252		29,348		29,600		194		29,794
Leases	51		13		7		71		1,952		2,023		31		2,054
Total commercial	362		224		114		700		64,834		65,534		698		66,232
Consumer
Residential mortgage	125		25		4		154		22,495		22,649		127		22,776
Revolving mortgage	13		2		—		15		2,129		2,144		21		2,165
Consumer auto	9		2		—		11		1,426		1,437		5		1,442
Consumer other	8		3		3		14		1,161		1,175		1		1,176
Total consumer	155		32		7		194		27,211		27,405		154		27,559
SVB
Global fund banking	—		—		—		—		25,553		25,553		—		25,553
Investor dependent - early stage	8		9		2		19		1,347		1,366		37		1,403
Investor dependent - growth stage	—		1		—		1		2,859		2,860		37		2,897
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	27		3		—		30		9,585		9,615		43		9,658
Total SVB	35		13		2		50		39,344		39,394		117		39,511
Total loans and leases	$	552	$	269	$	123	$	944	$	131,389	$	132,333	$	969	$	133,302

(1)    Accrued interest that was reversed when the loan went to nonaccrual status was $14 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024 and $10 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

(2)    Nonaccrual loans for which there was no related ALLL totaled $303 million at December 31, 2024 and $138 million at December 31, 2023.

OREO and repossessed assets were $64 million as of December 31, 2024 and $62 million as of December 31, 2023.

Credit Quality Indicators

Loans and leases are monitored for credit quality on a recurring basis. Commercial loans and leases and consumer loans have different credit quality indicators as a result of the unique characteristics of the loan classes being evaluated. The credit quality indicators for commercial loans and leases are developed through a review of individual borrowers on an ongoing basis. Commercial loans are evaluated periodically with more frequent evaluations done on criticized loans. The indicators as of the date presented are based on the most recent assessment performed and are defined below:

Pass – A pass rated asset is not adversely classified because it does not display any of the characteristics for adverse classification.

Special mention – A special mention asset has potential weaknesses which deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, such potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or collateral position at some future date. Special mention assets are not adversely classified and do not warrant adverse classification.

Substandard – A substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the borrower or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets classified as substandard generally have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. These assets are characterized by the distinct possibility of loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful – An asset classified as doubtful has all the weaknesses inherent in an asset classified substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values.

Loss – Assets classified as loss are considered uncollectible and of such little value it is inappropriate to be carried as an asset. This classification is not necessarily equivalent to any potential for recovery or salvage value, but rather it is not appropriate to defer a full charge-off even though partial recovery may be affected in the future.

Ungraded – Ungraded loans represent loans not included in the individual credit grading process due to their relatively small balances or borrower type. The majority of ungraded loans at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, relate to business credit cards. Business credit card loans are subject to automatic charge-off when they become 120 days past due in the same manner as unsecured consumer lines of credit.

The credit quality indicator for consumer loans is based on delinquency status of the borrower as of the date presented. As the borrower becomes more delinquent, the likelihood of loss increases. An exemption is applied to government guaranteed loans as the principal repayments are insured by the Federal Housing Administration and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and thus remain on accrual status regardless of delinquency status.

The following tables summarize the commercial and SVB loans disaggregated by year of origination and by risk rating. The consumer loan delinquency status by year of origination is also presented below. The tables reflect the amortized cost of the loans and include PCD loans.

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

December 31, 2024
Risk Classification:	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Commercial construction
Pass	$	1,095	$	1,854	$	1,276	$	287	$	152	$	52	$	148	$	—	$	4,864
Special Mention	—		80		35		—		7		24		—		—		146
Substandard	—		8		47		20		7		17		—		—		99
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial construction	1,095		1,942		1,358		307		166		93		148		—		5,109
Owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass	2,721		2,445		2,747		2,581		2,199		2,988		223		29		15,933
Special Mention	22		46		70		58		32		61		9		—		298
Substandard	30		34		136		82		73		245		10		1		611
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total owner occupied commercial mortgage	2,773		2,525		2,953		2,721		2,304		3,294		242		30		16,842
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass	2,879		3,082		2,744		2,041		1,598		2,134		119		3		14,600
Special Mention	—		66		293		43		4		86		—		—		492
Substandard	12		15		171		39		116		653		—		—		1,006
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		20		76		—		—		96
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	2,891		3,163		3,208		2,123		1,738		2,949		119		3		16,194
Commercial and industrial
Pass	9,677		4,862		3,417		2,042		1,101		1,408		6,886		62		29,455
Special Mention	92		53		178		245		25		69		114		—		776
Substandard	61		127		225		106		167		207		274		4		1,171
Doubtful	5		23		35		15		1		18		6		—		103
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		135		—		135
Total commercial and industrial	9,835		5,065		3,855		2,408		1,294		1,702		7,415		66		31,640
Leases
Pass	739		506		300		147		96		46		—		—		1,834
Special Mention	13		17		29		5		4		—		—		—		68
Substandard	21		29		23		13		9		8		—		—		103
Doubtful	1		3		2		2		1		—		—		—		9
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total leases	774		555		354		167		110		54		—		—		2,014
Total commercial	$	17,368	$	13,250	$	11,728	$	7,726	$	5,612	$	8,092	$	7,924	$	99	$	71,799

SVB - Risk Classifications by Class

December 31, 2024
Risk Classification:	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Global fund banking
Pass	$	892	$	179	$	147	$	20	$	14	$	12	$	26,588	$	36	$	27,888
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	—		—		5		8		2		—		1		—		16
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total global fund banking	892		179		152		28		16		12		26,589		36		27,904
Investor dependent - early stage
Pass	293		201		94		5		—		—		97		3		693
Special Mention	8		8		3		—		—		—		—		—		19
Substandard	44		83		62		17		—		—		41		—		247
Doubtful	15		16		6		—		—		—		1		—		38
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total investor dependent - early stage	360		308		165		22		—		—		139		3		997
Investor dependent - growth stage
Pass	842		439		258		32		—		—		218		—		1,789
Special Mention	9		20		3		—		—		—		26		—		58
Substandard	78		90		102		14		1		—		20		—		305
Doubtful	11		3		22		5		—		—		3		—		44
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total investor dependent - growth stage	940		552		385		51		1		—		267		—		2,196
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent
Pass	2,136		1,433		1,205		347		120		—		2,147		5		7,393
Special Mention	53		183		77		57		4		—		89		—		463
Substandard	94		220		389		226		28		—		180		—		1,137
Doubtful	—		—		7		—		—		—		97		—		104
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	2,283		1,836		1,678		630		152		—		2,513		5		9,097
Total SVB	$	4,475	$	2,875	$	2,380	$	731	$	169	$	12	$	29,508	$	44	$	40,194

Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

December 31, 2024
Days Past Due:	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Residential mortgage
Current	$	2,178	$	2,968	$	5,264	$	5,148	$	2,913	$	4,353	$	4	$	—	$	22,828
30-59 days	3		13		19		23		31		95		—		—		184
60-89 days	1		3		5		2		2		28		—		—		41
90 days or greater	—		4		6		7		9		73		—		—		99
Total residential mortgage	2,182		2,988		5,294		5,180		2,955		4,549		4		—		23,152
Revolving mortgage
Current	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,420		108		2,528
30-59 days	—		—		—		—		—		—		16		6		22
60-89 days	—		—		—		—		—		—		1		5		6
90 days or greater	—		—		—		—		—		—		3		8		11
Total revolving mortgage	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,440		127		2,567
Consumer auto
Current	617		358		277		155		68		27		—		—		1,502
30-59 days	3		3		3		2		1		1		—		—		13
60-89 days	1		1		1		1		—		—		—		—		4
90 days or greater	1		1		1		1		—		—		—		—		4
Total consumer auto	622		363		282		159		69		28		—		—		1,523
Consumer other
Current	147		144		99		30		6		18		531		—		975
30-59 days	1		—		—		—		—		1		3		—		5
60-89 days	—		—		1		—		—		—		2		—		3
90 days or greater	—		—		—		—		—		1		2		—		3
Total consumer other	148		144		100		30		6		20		538		—		986
Total consumer	$	2,952	$	3,495	$	5,676	$	5,369	$	3,030	$	4,597	$	2,982	$	127	$	28,228

The following tables represent current credit quality indicators by origination year as of December 31, 2023:

Commercial Loans - Risk Classifications by Class

December 31, 2023
Risk Classification:	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Commercial construction
Pass	$	1,062	$	1,615	$	620	$	226	$	63	$	57	$	39	$	4	$	3,686
Special Mention	—		10		6		81		47		—		—		—		144
Substandard	—		47		5		31		—		5		—		—		88
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total commercial construction	1,062		1,672		631		338		110		62		39		4		3,918
Owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass	2,544		2,859		2,902		2,467		1,666		2,107		193		31		14,769
Special Mention	26		19		24		28		43		72		1		—		213
Substandard	7		91		99		61		45		176		10		—		489
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total owner occupied commercial mortgage	2,577		2,969		3,025		2,556		1,754		2,355		204		31		15,471
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage
Pass	3,132		3,150		2,212		1,860		1,148		1,930		80		3		13,515
Special Mention	14		45		33		96		171		90		9		—		458
Substandard	2		48		27		127		365		330		—		—		899
Doubtful	—		—		2		13		67		39		2		—		123
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	3,148		3,243		2,274		2,096		1,751		2,389		91		3		14,995
Commercial and industrial
Pass	8,472		4,858		3,347		1,660		952		1,351		6,818		34		27,492
Special Mention	105		134		149		89		69		26		194		—		766
Substandard	92		236		144		217		127		258		264		4		1,342
Doubtful	2		19		5		—		12		20		13		—		71
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		123		—		123
Total commercial and industrial	8,671		5,247		3,645		1,966		1,160		1,655		7,412		38		29,794
Leases
Pass	732		499		290		209		91		35		—		—		1,856
Special Mention	18		22		20		7		4		1		—		—		72
Substandard	28		32		21		19		6		8		—		—		114
Doubtful	3		4		3		1		1		—		—		—		12
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total leases	781		557		334		236		102		44		—		—		2,054
Total commercial	$	16,239	$	13,688	$	9,909	$	7,192	$	4,877	$	6,505	$	7,746	$	76	$	66,232

SVB - Risk Classifications by Class

December 31, 2023
Risk Classification:	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Global fund banking
Pass	$	453	$	202	$	40	$	36	$	14	$	3	$	24,702	$	66	$	25,516
Special Mention	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Substandard	—		7		9		3		—		—		18		—		37
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total global fund banking	453		209		49		39		14		3		24,720		66		25,553
Investor dependent - early stage
Pass	421		453		85		4		1		—		99		2		1,065
Special Mention	8		14		1		—		—		—		—		—		23
Substandard	40		138		51		3		—		—		51		—		283
Doubtful	12		12		3		—		—		1		4		—		32
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total investor dependent - early stage	481		617		140		7		1		1		154		2		1,403
Investor dependent - growth stage
Pass	1,034		967		217		25		8		2		198		5		2,456
Special Mention	6		25		—		—		—		—		—		—		31
Substandard	66		192		83		7		1		—		27		—		376
Doubtful	—		12		20		—		—		—		2		—		34
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total investor dependent - growth stage	1,106		1,196		320		32		9		2		227		5		2,897
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent
Pass	2,370		2,238		833		293		80		44		2,598		—		8,456
Special Mention	99		103		36		66		—		—		92		—		396
Substandard	51		185		254		76		25		—		175		—		766
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		10		30		—		40
Ungraded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	2,520		2,526		1,123		435		105		54		2,895		—		9,658
Total SVB	$	4,560	$	4,548	$	1,632	$	513	$	129	$	60	$	27,996	$	73	$	39,511

Consumer Loans - Delinquency Status by Class

December 31, 2023
Days Past Due:	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Residential mortgage
Current	$	3,155	$	5,588	$	5,521	$	3,174	$	1,381	$	3,702	$	13	$	—	$	22,534
30-59 days	3		16		15		7		10		85		—		—		136
60-89 days	1		1		5		4		1		21		—		—		33
90 days or greater	1		4		2		6		1		59		—		—		73
Total residential mortgage	3,160		5,609		5,543		3,191		1,393		3,867		13		—		22,776
Revolving mortgage
Current	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,056		80		2,136
30-59 days	—		—		—		—		—		—		11		4		15
60-89 days	—		—		—		—		—		—		1		2		3
90 days or greater	—		—		—		—		—		—		6		5		11
Total revolving mortgage	—		—		—		—		—		—		2,074		91		2,165
Consumer auto
Current	525		427		261		131		56		28		—		—		1,428
30-59 days	1		3		2		1		1		1		—		—		9
60-89 days	1		1		1		—		—		—		—		—		3
90 days or greater	—		1		1		—		—		—		—		—		2
Total consumer auto	527		432		265		132		57		29		—		—		1,442
Consumer other
Current	215		170		52		8		5		21		690		—		1,161
30-59 days	1		1		—		—		—		—		6		—		8
60-89 days	—		—		—		—		—		1		2		—		3
90 days or greater	—		—		—		—		—		2		2		—		4
Total consumer other	216		171		52		8		5		24		700		—		1,176
Total consumer	$	3,903	$	6,212	$	5,860	$	3,331	$	1,455	$	3,920	$	2,787	$	91	$	27,559

Gross Charge-offs

Gross charge-off vintage disclosures by origination year and loan class are summarized in the following tables:

Year Ended December 31, 2024
	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		2019 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Commercial
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12	$	—	$	—	$	12
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	—		—		—		—		36		81		—		—		117
Commercial and industrial	17		46		81		19		5		17		63		1		249
Leases	2		6		7		7		3		4		—		—		29
Total commercial	19		52		88		26		44		114		63		1		407
Consumer
Residential mortgage	—		—		—		—		—		1		—		—		1
Revolving mortgage	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		1		1
Consumer auto	1		2		2		1		—		—		—		—		6
Consumer other	—		2		1		1		—		1		17		—		22
Total consumer	1		4		3		2		—		2		17		1		30
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	—		41		66		18		2		—		7		—		134
Investor dependent - growth stage	—		14		37		10		1		6		2		—		70
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	—		2		—		—		—		2		12		—		16
Total SVB	—		57		103		28		3		8		21		—		220
Total loans and leases	$	20	$	113	$	194	$	56	$	47	$	124	$	101	$	2	$	657

Year Ended December 31, 2023
	Term Loans by Origination Year														Revolving Converted to Term Loans
dollars in millions	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		2018 & Prior		Revolving				Total
Commercial
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	—	$	1
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	—		—		—		—		66		21		—		—		87
Commercial and industrial	31		90		40		53		15		16		55		1		301
Leases	2		10		7		3		2		1		—		—		25
Total commercial	33		100		47		56		83		38		56		1		414
Consumer
Residential mortgage	—		—		—		—		—		2		—		—		2
Consumer auto	1		1		1		1		—		—		—		—		4
Consumer other	7		1		1		—		—		—		13		—		22
Total consumer	8		2		2		1		—		2		13		—		28
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	2		30		29		3		—		—		11		—		75
Investor dependent - growth stage	22		37		25		12		—		—		1		—		97
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	6		—		—		—		—		—		18		—		24
Total SVB	30		67		54		15		—		—		30		—		196
Total loans and leases	$	71	$	169	$	103	$	72	$	83	$	40	$	99	$	1	$	638

Loan Modifications for Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulties

As part of BancShares’ ongoing credit risk management practices, BancShares attempts to work with borrowers when necessary to extend or modify loan terms to better align with the borrowers’ current ability to repay. BancShares’ modifications granted to debtors experiencing financial difficulties typically take the form of term extensions, interest rate reductions, payment delays, principal forgiveness, or a combination thereof. Modifications are made in accordance with internal policies and guidelines to conform to regulatory guidance.

The following tables present the amortized cost of loan modifications made to debtors experiencing financial difficulty, disaggregated by class and type of loan modification. The tables also provide financial effects by type of such loan modifications for the respective loan class.

Amortized Cost of Loans Modified during the year ended December 31, 2024

dollars in millions	Term Extension (1)		Payment Delay		Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension(1) and Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension(1) and Payment Delay		Other Combinations(2)		Total		Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	11	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12	0.22	%
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	37		10		4		1		2		—		54		0.32
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	184		6		—		9		26		—		225		1.39
Commercial and industrial	88		31		30		14		2		—		165		0.52
Total commercial	320		48		34		24		30		—		456		0.64
Consumer
Residential mortgage	10		—		2		2		—		—		14		0.06
Revolving mortgage	9		—		—		1		—		—		10		0.38
Total consumer	19		—		2		3		—		—		24		0.08
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	—		27		—		—		12		1		40		3.94
Investor dependent - growth stage	7		37		—		—		15		—		59		2.67
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	55		67		—		—		—		—		122		1.35
Total SVB	62		131		—		—		27		1		221		0.55
Total loans and leases	$	401	$	179	$	36	$	27	$	57	$	1	$	701	0.50	%

(1) Term extensions include modifications in which the balloon principal payment was deferred to a later date or the loan amortization period was extended.

(2) Consists of $1 million of Investor dependent - early stage loans modified with a term extension, interest rate reduction, and payment delay.

Amortized Cost of Loans Modified during the year ended December 31, 2023

dollars in millions	Term Extension (1)		Payment Delay		Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension(1) and Interest Rate Reduction		Term Extension(1) and Payment Delay		Other Combinations(2)		Total		Percent of Total Loan Class
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4	0.10	%
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	16		—		2		—		—		—		18		0.11
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	258		—		—		40		—		—		298		1.99
Commercial and industrial	106		10		—		5		—		—		121		0.41
Total commercial	384		10		2		45		—		—		441		0.67
Consumer
Residential mortgage	8		—		—		3		—		3		14		0.06
Revolving mortgage	2		—		—		1		—		—		3		0.12
Total consumer	10		—		—		4		—		3		17		0.06
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	3		17		—		—		—		6		26		1.88
Investor dependent - growth stage	8		28		—		—		—		—		36		1.24
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	72		—		—		—		7		—		79		0.81
Total SVB	83		45		—		—		7		6		141		0.36
Total loans and leases	$	477	$	55	$	2	$	49	$	7	$	9	$	599	0.45	%

(1) Term extensions include modifications in which the balloon principal payment was deferred to a later date or the loan amortization period was extended.

(2) Consists of $6 million of Investor dependent - early stage loans modified with a term extension, interest rate reduction, and payment delay as well as $3 million of Residential mortgages modified with a payment delay and interest rate reduction.

Financial Effects of Loan Modifications made during the year ended December 31, 2024

dollars in millions	Weighted Average Term Extension (in Months)	Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction		Weighted Average Payment Delay (in Months)	Amount of Principal Forgiven
Commercial
Commercial construction	6	0.60	%	5	$	—
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	30	1.42		7	—
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	20	0.78		40	—
Commercial and industrial	23	0.79		9	—
Leases	11	—		6	—
Total commercial	21	0.84		21	—
Consumer
Residential mortgage	71	1.89		11	—
Revolving mortgage	37	4.27		—	—
Consumer auto	31	0.53		—	—
Consumer other	60	9.66		—	—
Total consumer	56	2.73		11	—
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	10	2.75		7	—
Investor dependent - growth stage	12	—		8	—
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	12	—		12	—
Total SVB	12	2.75		10	—
Total loans and leases	21	1.00	%	13	$	—

Financial Effects of Loan Modifications made during the year ended December 31, 2023

dollars in millions	Weighted Average Term Extension (in Months)	Weighted Average Interest Rate Reduction		Weighted Average Payment Delay (in Months)	Amount of Principal Forgiven
Commercial
Commercial construction	9	—	%	—	$	—
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	17	3.52		—	—
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	12	3.00		—	—
Commercial and industrial	20	2.04		7	—
Leases	16	—		—	—
Total commercial	14	2.93		7	—
Consumer
Residential mortgage	78	4.13		6	—
Revolving mortgage	59	2.81		—	—
Consumer auto	27	0.69		—	—
Consumer other	53	9.42		—	—
Total consumer	74	4.08		6	—
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	9	1.00		5	—
Investor dependent - growth stage	9	—		5	—
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	4	—		5	—
Total SVB	5	1.00		5	—
Total loans and leases	14	2.89	%	6	$	—

Borrowers experiencing financial difficulties are typically identified in our credit risk management process before loan modifications occur. An assessment of whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty is reassessed or performed on the date of a modification. Since the effect of most modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty is already included in the ALLL because of the measurement methodologies used to estimate the ALLL, a change to the ALLL is generally not recorded upon modification. Upon BancShares’ determination that a modified loan (or portion of a loan) has subsequently been deemed uncollectible, the loan (or a portion of the loan) is charged off.

At December 31, 2024, there were $62 million of loans modified in the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, which defaulted subsequent to modification.

The following tables present the amortized cost and performance of loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulties for which the terms of the loan were modified during the referenced periods. The period of delinquency is based on the number of days the scheduled payment is contractually past due.

Modified Loans Payment Status (year ended December 31, 2024)

dollars in millions	Current		30–59 Days Past Due		60–89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	12	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	12
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	51		3		—		—		54
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	220		5		—		—		225
Commercial and industrial	130		1		1		33		165
Total commercial	413		9		1		33		456
Consumer
Residential mortgage	8		2		1		3		14
Revolving mortgage	9		—		—		1		10
Total consumer	17		2		1		4		24
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	29		11		—		—		40
Investor dependent - growth stage	59		—		—		—		59
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	122		—		—		—		122
Total SVB	210		11		—		—		221
Total loans and leases	$	640	$	22	$	2	$	37	$	701

Modified Loans Payment Status (year ended December 31, 2023)

dollars in millions	Current		30–59 Days Past Due		60–89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total
Commercial
Commercial construction	$	4	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	4
Owner occupied commercial mortgage	17		1		—		—		18
Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage	297		—		—		1		298
Commercial and industrial	116		3		1		1		121
Total commercial	434		4		1		2		441
Consumer
Residential mortgage	12		—		1		1		14
Revolving mortgage	3		—		—		—		3
Total consumer	15		—		1		1		17
SVB
Investor dependent - early stage	22		—		—		4		26
Investor dependent - growth stage	36		—		—		—		36
Innovation C&I and cash flow dependent	39		—		—		40		79
Total SVB	97		—		—		44		141
Total loans and leases	$	546	$	4	$	2	$	47	$	599

At December 31, 2024, there were $55 million of commitments to lend additional funds to debtors experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the loan were modified during the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, there were $13 million of commitments to lend additional funds to debtors experiencing financial difficulty for which the terms of the loan were modified during the twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

Loans Pledged

The following table provides information regarding loans pledged as collateral for borrowing capacity through the FHLB of Atlanta, the FRB and FDIC.

Loans Pledged

dollars in millions	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2023
FHLB of Atlanta
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans	$	17,873	$	15,072
Less: advances	—		—
Less: letters of credit	1,450		1,450
Available borrowing capacity	$	16,423	$	13,622
Pledged non-PCD loans	$	30,421	$	25,370
FRB
Lendable collateral value of pledged non-PCD loans	$	5,475	$	5,115
Less: advances	—		—
Available borrowing capacity	$	5,475	$	5,115
Pledged non-PCD loans	$	6,309	$	6,273
FDIC
Lendable collateral value of pledged loans	$	41,282	$	51,179
Less: advances	—		—
Less: Purchase Money Note	35,991		36,072
Available borrowing capacity	$	5,291	$	15,107
Pledged loans	$	41,040	$	51,179

As a member of the FHLB, FCB can access financing based on an evaluation of its creditworthiness, statement of financial position, size and eligibility of collateral. FCB may at any time grant a security interest in, sell, convey or otherwise dispose of any of the assets used for collateral, provided that FCB is in compliance with the collateral maintenance requirement immediately following such disposition.

Under borrowing arrangements with the FRB, BancShares has access to the FRB Discount Window on a secured basis. There were no outstanding borrowings with the FRB Discount Window at December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

In connection with the SVBB Acquisition, FCB and the FDIC entered into financing agreements, including the five-year Purchase Money Note of approximately $36.07 billion, and the Advance Facility Agreement, providing total advances available through March 27, 2025 of up to $70 billion. Refer to Note 2—Business Combinations for further discussion of these agreements and related collateral requirements and limits on usage.