Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Accounting Policies and Basis of Presentation	ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION Nature of Operations First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “BancShares”) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware and conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB,” or the "Bank”), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina. BancShares and its subsidiaries operate 529 branches in 19 states predominantly located in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Western United States (the “U.S.”). BancShares seeks to meet the financial needs of individuals and commercial entities in its market areas through a wide range of retail and commercial banking services. Loan services include various types of commercial, business and consumer lending. Deposit services include checking, savings, money market and time deposit accounts. First Citizens Wealth Management provides holistic, goals-based advisory services encompassing a broad range of client deliverables. These deliverables include wealth planning, discretionary investment advisory services, insurance, brokerage, defined benefit and defined contribution services, private banking, trust, fiduciary, philanthropy and special asset services. Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The accounting and reporting policies of BancShares are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and general practices within the banking industry. The consolidated financial statements of BancShares include the accounts of BancShares, certain partnership interests and variable interest entities. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation. BancShares operates with centralized management and combined reporting; therefore, BancShares does not have multiple reportable segments. Variable interest entities (“VIE”) are legal entities that either do not have sufficient equity to finance their activities without the support from other parties or whose equity investors lack a controlling financial interest. BancShares has investments in certain partnerships and limited liability entities that have been evaluated and determined to be VIEs. Consolidation of a VIE is appropriate if a reporting entity holds a controlling financial interest in the VIE and is the primary beneficiary. BancShares is not the primary beneficiary and does not hold a controlling interest in the VIEs as it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance. As such, assets and liabilities of these entities are not consolidated into the financial statements of BancShares. The recorded investment in these entities is reported within other assets. Reclassifications In certain instances, amounts reported in prior years’ consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Such reclassifications had no effect on previously reported shareholders’ equity or net income. Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions impacting the amounts reported. Actual results could differ from those estimates. BancShares considers the allowance for credit losses to be a significant estimate. Business Combinations BancShares accounts for all business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets and assumed liabilities are included with the acquirer’s accounts as of the date of acquisition, with any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired recognized as either finite lived intangibles or capitalized as goodwill. In addition, acquisition-related and restructuring costs are recognized as period expenses as incurred. Refer to Note B, Business Combinations, for additional information. On January 3, 2022, BancShares completed its previously announced merger (the “CIT Merger”) with CIT Group Inc. (“CIT”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 15, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of September 30, 2021 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”). Refer to Note W, Subsequent Events, for further information. Overnight Investments Overnight investments primarily comprise of interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold. Interest-bearing cash held at the Federal Reserve at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $9.03 billion and $4.27 billion, respectively. Overnight investments have initial maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of overnight investments approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature. Debt Securities BancShares classifies debt securities as held to maturity (“HTM”) or available for sale (“AFS”). Debt securities are classified as HTM when BancShares has the intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. HTM securities are reported at amortized cost. Other debt securities are classified as AFS and reported at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, reported in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”). Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts for debt securities are recorded in interest income. Realized gains and losses from the sale of debt securities are determined by specific identification on a trade date basis and are included in noninterest income. BancShares performs pre-purchase due diligence and evaluates the credit risk of AFS and HTM debt securities purchased directly into BancShares' portfolio or via acquisition. If securities have evidence of more than insignificant credit deterioration since issuance, they are designated as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”). PCD debt securities are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, which includes an associated allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) that is added to the purchase price or fair value to arrive at the Day 1 amortized cost basis. Excluding the ACL, the difference between the purchase price and the Day 1 amortized cost is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the securities using the effective interest method. For AFS debt securities, management performs a quarterly analysis of the investment portfolio to evaluate securities currently in an unrealized loss position for potential credit-related impairment. If BancShares intends to sell a security, or does not have the intent and ability to hold a security before recovering the amortized cost, the entirety of the unrealized loss is immediately recorded in earnings to the extent that it exceeds the associated allowance for credit losses previously established. For the remaining securities, an analysis is performed to determine if any portion of the unrealized loss recorded relates to credit impairment. If credit-related impairment exists, the amount is recorded through the ACL and related provision. This review includes indicators such as changes in credit rating, delinquency, bankruptcy or other significant news event impacting the issuer. BancShares’ portfolio of HTM debt securities is made up of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities. Given the historically strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, BancShares determined zero expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio. Equity Securities Investments in equity securities having readily determinable fair values are stated at fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on these securities are determined by specific identification and are included in noninterest income. Non-marketable equity securities are securities with no readily determinable fair values and are measured at cost. BancShares evaluates its non-marketable equity securities for impairment and recoverability of the recorded investment by considering positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience. Impairment is assessed at each reporting period and if identified, is recognized in noninterest expense. Non-marketable equity securities were $9.6 million and $11.6 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in other assets. Other Securities Membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) network requires ownership of FHLB restricted stock. This stock is restricted as it may only be sold to the FHLB and all sales must be at par. Accordingly, the FHLB restricted stock is carried at cost, less any applicable impairment charges and is recorded within other assets. FHLB restricted stock was $40.5 million and $45.4 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Additionally, BancShares holds 353,577 shares of Visa Class B common stock. Visa Class B shares are not considered to have a readily determinable fair value and are recorded at $0. Investments in Qualified Affordable Housing Projects BancShares has investments in qualified affordable housing projects primarily for the purposes of fulfilling Community Reinvestment Act requirements and obtaining tax credits. These investments are accounted for using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of the investment is amortized in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received, and the net investment performance is recognized in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. All investments held in qualified affordable housing projects qualify for the proportional amortization method and totaled $156.6 million and $163.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in other assets. Loans Held For Sale BancShares elected to apply the fair value option for residential mortgage loans originated to be sold to investors. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are recognized within mortgage income. Interest on loans held for sale is recorded within interest income on loans and leases on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Loans and Leases BancShares’ accounting methods for loans and leases depends on whether they are originated or purchased, and if purchased, whether or not the loans reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination as of the date of acquisition. Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans Non-Purchased Credit Deteriorated (“Non-PCD”) loans consist of loans originated by BancShares and loans purchased from other institutions that do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration at acquisition. Originated loans for which management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment and carried at the principal amount outstanding net of any unearned income, charge-offs and unamortized fees and costs. Nonrefundable fees collected and certain direct costs incurred related to loan originations are deferred and recorded as an adjustment to loans outstanding. The net amount of the nonrefundable fees and costs is amortized to interest income over the contractual lives using methods that approximate a constant yield. Purchased loans which do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration at acquisition are classified as non-PCD loans. These loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition and an initial allowance is recorded on these assets as provision expense at the date of acquisition. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Purchased Credit Deteriorated Loans Purchased loans which reflect a more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination as of the date of acquisition are classified as PCD and are recorded at acquisition-date amortized cost, which is the purchase price or fair value in a business combination, plus BancShares' initial ACL which results in a gross up of the loan balance. Excluding the ACL, the difference between the unpaid principal balance and the acquisition date amortized cost is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. The performance of all loans within the BancShares portfolio is subject to a number of external risks, including but not limited to changes in the overall health of the economy, declines in real estate or other collateral values, changes in the demand for products and services and personal events, such as death, disability or change in marital status. BancShares evaluates and reports its non-PCD and PCD loan portfolios separately, and each non-PCD portfolio is further divided into commercial and consumer segments based on the type of borrower, purpose, collateral and/or BancShares' underlying credit management processes. Additionally, non-PCD commercial and consumer loans are assigned to loan classes, which further disaggregate the loan portfolio. PCD loans are reported as a single loan segment and class. Upon adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC” or the “Codification”) 326, owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate were segregated into separate classes within the commercial segment. Similarly, consumer auto was segregated into its own class within the consumer segment. These enhancements were made to capture the unique credit characteristics used in BancShares' current expected credit loss (“CECL”) models. Information for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020 are presented in accordance with ASC 326 and reflect changes to the respective classes, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP and have not been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program The Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program (“SBA-PPP”) is one of the centerpieces of the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which was passed on March 27, 2020 in response to the outbreak of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and was supplemented with subsequent legislation. Overseen by the U.S. Treasury Department, the SBA-PPP offered cash-flow assistance to nonprofit and small business employers through guaranteed loans for expenses incurred between February 15, 2020, and August 8, 2020 (“Round 1”). Borrowers are eligible for forgiveness of principal and accrued interest on SBA-PPP loans to the extent that the proceeds were used to cover eligible payroll costs, interest costs, rent, and utility costs over a period of between eight and 24-weeks after the loan was made as long as the borrower retains its employees and their compensation levels. The CARES Act authorized the SBA to temporarily guarantee these loans. The SBA began processing forgiveness payments during the fourth quarter of 2020. The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 was signed into law during the fourth quarter of 2020 and contained provisions for a second round of funding of SBA-PPP loans (“Round 2”). BancShares originated a total of $3.2 billion of Round 1 loans and $1.2 billion of Round 2 loans. As of December 31, 2021, the total remaining balance of SBA-PPP loans was $493.8 million, net of deferred fees, compared to $2.41 billion as of December 31, 2020. Forgiveness for SBA-PPP loans was approximately $3.93 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021. Due to the unique nature of these provisions, SBA-PPP loans have been disclosed as a separate loan class. Origination fees received from the SBA are capitalized into the carrying amount of the loans. The deferred fee income, net of origination costs, is recognized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. The following represent BancShares' classes of loans beginning January 1, 2020 upon adoption of ASC 326 (with the exception of SBA-PPP, which was added during second quarter 2020): Commercial loans and leases Construction and land development - Construction and land development consists of loans to finance land for commercial development of real property and construction of multifamily apartments or other commercial properties. These loans are highly dependent on the supply and demand for commercial real estate as well as the demand for newly constructed residential homes and lots acquired for development. Deterioration in demand could result in decreased collateral values, which could make repayments of outstanding loans difficult for customers. Owner occupied commercial mortgage - Owner occupied commercial mortgages consists of loans to purchase or refinance owner occupied nonresidential properties. This includes office buildings, other commercial facilities and farmland. Commercial mortgages secured by owner occupied properties are primarily dependent on the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at loan origination. While these loans and leases are collateralized by real property in an effort to mitigate risk, it is possible the liquidation of collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation. Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage - Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage consists of loans to purchase or refinance investment nonresidential properties. This includes office buildings and other facilities rented or leased to unrelated parties, as well as farmland and multifamily properties. The primary risk associated with income producing commercial mortgage loans is the ability of the income-producing property that collateralizes the loan to produce adequate cash flow to service the debt. While these loans and leases are collateralized by real property in an effort to mitigate risk, it is possible the liquidation of collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation. Commercial and industrial and leases - Commercial and industrial loans consist of loans or lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory or other general business needs, business credit cards, and lease financing agreements for equipment, vehicles, or other assets. The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial and lease financing loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at origination. Failure to achieve these projections presents risk the borrower will be unable to service the debt consistent with the contractual terms of the loan or lease. SBA-PPP - These loans were originated as part of the SBA-PPP to finance payroll and other costs for nonprofit and small businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These loans are guaranteed by the SBA and borrowers have the ability to qualify for loan forgiveness through the U.S. Treasury. Consumer loans Residential mortgage - Residential mortgage consists of loans to purchase or refinance the borrower’s primary dwelling, secondary residence or vacation home and are often secured by 1-4 family residential properties. Significant and rapid declines in real estate values can result in borrowers having debt levels in excess of the current market value of the collateral. Revolving mortgage - Revolving mortgage consists of home equity lines of credit and other lines of credit or loans secured by first or second liens on the borrower’s primary residence. These loans are secured by both senior and junior liens on the residential real estate and are particularly susceptible to declining collateral values. This risk is elevated for loans secured by junior lines as a substantial decline in value could render the junior lien position effectively unsecured. Construction and land development - Construction and land development consists of loans to construct a borrower’s primary or secondary residence or vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date. These loans are typically secured by undeveloped or partially developed land in anticipation of completing construction of a 1-4 family residential property. There is risk these construction and development projects can experience delays and cost overruns exceeding the borrower’s financial ability to complete the project. Such cost overruns can result in foreclosure of partially completed and unmarketable collateral. Consumer auto loans - Consumer auto loans consist of installment loans to finance purchases of vehicles. These loans include direct auto loans originated in bank branches, as well indirect auto loans originated through agreements with auto dealerships. The value of the underlying collateral within this class is at risk of potential rapid depreciation which could result in unpaid balances in excess of the collateral. Other consumer - Other consumer loans consist of loans to finance unsecured home improvements, student loans and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured, including personal credit cards. The value of the underlying collateral within this class is at risk of potential rapid depreciation which could result in unpaid balances in excess of the collateral. Loans and Leases - (Prior to Adoption of ASC 326) Prior to the adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, BancShares’ accounting methods for loans and leases depended on whether they were originated or purchased, and if purchased, whether or not the loans reflected credit deterioration at the date of acquisition. Non-Purchased Credit Impaired (“Non-PCI”) Loans Non-PCI loans consisted of loans originated by BancShares or loans purchased from other institutions that did not reflect credit deterioration at acquisition. Originated loans for which management had the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future were classified as held for investment and carried at the principal amount outstanding net of any unearned income, charge-offs and unamortized fees and costs. Nonrefundable fees collected and certain direct costs incurred related to loan originations were deferred and recorded as an adjustment to loans outstanding. The net amount of the nonrefundable fees and costs was amortized to interest income over the contractual lives using methods that approximated a constant yield. Purchased loans which did not reflect credit deterioration at acquisition were classified as non-PCI loans. These loans were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date was amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method. Purchased Credit Impaired (“PCI”) Loans Purchased loans which reflected credit deterioration since origination, such that it was probable at acquisition that BancShares would be unable to collect all contractually required payments, were classified as PCI loans. PCI loans were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. If the timing and amount of the future cash flows could be reasonably estimated, any excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value were recognized as interest income over the life of the loans using the effective yield method. Subsequent to the acquisition date, increases in cash flows over those expected at the acquisition date were recognized prospectively as interest income. Decreases in expected cash flows due to credit deterioration were recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses. In the event of prepayment, the remaining unamortized amount was recognized in interest income. To the extent possible, PCI loans were aggregated into pools based upon common risk characteristics and each pool was accounted for as a single unit. The performance of all loans within the BancShares portfolio was subject to a number of external risks, including changes in the overall health of the economy, declines in real estate values, changes in the demand for products and services and personal events, such as death, disability or change in marital status. BancShares evaluated and reported its non-PCI and PCI loan portfolios separately, and each portfolio was further divided into commercial and non-commercial segments based on the type of borrower, purpose, collateral and/or BancShares' underlying credit management processes. Nonperforming Assets and Troubled Debt Restructurings Nonperforming Assets Nonperforming assets (“NPAs”) include nonaccrual loans, past due debt securities and other real estate owned. All loans are classified as past due when the payment of principal and interest based upon contractual terms is 30 days or greater delinquent. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due or when it is probable the principal or interest is not fully collectible. When loans are placed on nonaccrual, all previously uncollected accrued interest is reversed from interest income and the ongoing accrual of interest is discontinued. All payments received thereafter are applied as a reduction of the remaining principal balance as long as doubt exists as to the ultimate collection of the principal. Loans and leases are generally removed from nonaccrual status when they become current for a sustained period of time and there is no longer concern as to the collectability of principal and interest. Debt securities are also classified as past due when the payment of principal and interest based upon contractual terms is 30 days delinquent or greater. Missed interest payments on debt securities are rare. Management reviews all debt securities with delinquent interest and immediately charge off any accrued interest determined to be uncollectible. Troubled Debt Restructurings A loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) when both a modification to a borrower’s debt agreement is made and a concession is granted for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties that otherwise would not be granted. TDR concessions could include short-term deferrals of interest, modifications of payment terms or, in certain limited instances, forgiveness of principal or interest. Loans restructured as a TDR are treated and reported as such for the remaining life of the loan. TDR loans can be nonaccrual or accrual, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the borrower. In circumstances where a portion of the loan balance is charged-off, the remaining balance is typically classified as nonaccrual. Allowance for Credit Losses Loans Loans within the various reporting classes are segregated into pools with similar risk characteristics and each have a model that is utilized to estimate the ACL. These loan level ACL models estimate the probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) for individual loans within the risk pool based on historical loss experience, borrower characteristics, collateral type, forecasts of relevant economic conditions, expected future recoveries and other factors. Loan level, undiscounted ACL is calculated by applying the modeled PD and LGD to quarterly forecasted loan balances which are adjusted for contractual payments, prepayments and prior defaults. Pools for estimating the ACL are aggregated into loan classes, as described above, which roll up into commercial and consumer loan segments. Non-PCD and PCD loans are modeled together within the loan level models using acquired and PCD indicator variables to provide differentiation of individual loan risk. BancShares uses a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period which incorporates economic forecasts at the time of evaluation. For most pools, BancShares uses a 12-month straight-line reversion period to historical averages for model inputs, however for the commercial card and certain consumer portfolios, immediate reversion to historical net loss rates is utilized. The ACL for SBA-PPP loans originated during 2021 and 2020 are separately evaluated given the explicit government guarantee. BancShares determined SBA-PPP loans have zero expected credit losses and as such these are excluded from ACL disclosures in Note E, Allowance for Credit Losses. The ACL represents management’s best estimate of credit losses expected over the life of the loan, adjusted for expected contractual payments and the impact of prepayment expectations. Prepayment assumptions were developed through a review of BancShares’ historical prepayment activity and considered forecasts of relevant economic conditions, as well as prepayment assumptions utilized in other modeling activities. Estimates for loan losses are determined by analyzing quantitative and qualitative components present as of the evaluation date. Adjustments to the ACL are recorded with a corresponding entry to provision for credit losses. Loan balances considered uncollectible are charged-off against the ACL. Forecasted LGDs are adjusted for expected recoveries and realized recoveries of amounts previously charged-off are credited to the ACL. A primary component of determining the ACL on loans is the actual net loss history of the various loan pools. For commercial pools, key factors utilized in the models include delinquency trends as well as macroeconomic variables such as unemployment and commercial real estate price index. For consumer pools, key factors include delinquency trends and the borrower’s original credit score, as well as other macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, gross domestic product, home price index, and commercial real estate index. As the models project losses over the life of the loans, prepayment assumptions also serve as inputs. Model outputs may be adjusted through a qualitative assessment to reflect economic conditions and trends not captured within the models including credit quality, concentrations, and significant policy and underwriting changes. Within BancShares’ ACL model, TDRs meet the definition of default and are given a 100% probability of default rating. TDRs are not individually evaluated unless determined to be collateral-dependent. When loans do not share risk characteristics similar to others in the pool, the ACL is evaluated on an individual basis. Given that BancShares' CECL models are loan level models, the population of loans evaluated individually is minimal and consists primarily of loans greater than $500 thousand and determined to be collateral-dependent. BancShares elected the practical expedient allowed under ASC 326 to assess the collectability of these loans, where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through operation or sale of collateral, based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of the collateral is estimated using appraised and market values (appropriately adjusted for an assessment of the sales and marketing costs when applicable). A specific allowance is established, or partial charge-off is recorded, for the difference between the excess amortized cost of loan and the collateral’s estimated fair value. Accrued Interest Receivable BancShares has elected not to measure an ACL for accrued interest receivable and has excluded it from the amortized cost basis of loans and held to maturity debt securities as BancShares' accounting policies and credit monitoring provide that uncollectible accrued interest is reversed or written off against interest income in a timely manner. Unfunded Commitments A reserve for unfunded commitments is established for off-balance sheet exposures such as unfunded balances for existing lines of credit, commitments to extend future credit, as well as both standby and commercial letters of credit when there is a contractual obligation to extend credit and when this extension of credit is not unconditionally cancellable (i.e. commitment cannot be canceled at any time). These unfunded commitments are assessed to determine both the probability of funding as well the expectation of future losses. The expected funding balance is used in the PD and LGD models to determine the reserve. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $11.8 million at December 31, 2021, and is recorded within other liabilities with changes recorded through other noninterest expense. Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (Prior to Adoption of ASC 326) Prior to adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, management calculated estimated loan losses through the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”). The ALLL represented management’s best estimate of inherent credit losses within the loan and lease portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management determined the ALLL based on an ongoing evaluation of the loan portfolio. Estimates for loan losses were determined by analyzing quantitative and qualitative components, such as: economic conditions, historical loan losses, historical loan migration to charge-off experience, current trends in delinquencies and charge-offs, expected cash flows on PCI loans, current assessment of impaired loans, and changes in the size, composition and/or risk within the loan portfolio. Adjustments to the ALLL were recorded with a corresponding entry to provision for loan and lease losses. Loan balances considered uncollectible were charged-off against the ALLL. Recoveries of amounts previously charged-off were generally credited to the ALLL. A primary component of determining the allowance on non-PCI loans collectively evaluated was the actual loss history of the various loan classes. Loan loss factors were based on historical experience and, when necessary, were adjusted for significant factors, that in management’s judgment, affect the collectability of principal and interest at the balance sheet date. Loan loss factors were monitored quarterly and, when necessary, adjusted based on changes in the level of historical net charge-offs and updates by management, such as the number of periods included in the calculation of loss factors, loss severity, loss emergence period and portfolio attrition. For commercial non-PCI loans, management incorporated historical net loss data to develop the applicable loan loss factors. General reserves for collective impairment were based on incurred loss estimates for the loan class based on average loss rates by credit quality indicators, which were estimated using historical loss experience and credit risk rating migrations. Credit quality indicators include borrower classification codes and facility risk ratings. Incurred loss estimates were adjusted through a qualitative assessment to reflect current economic conditions and portfolio trends including credit quality, concentrations, aging of the portfolio and significant policy and underwriting changes. For noncommercial non-PCI loans, management incorporated specific loan class and delinquency status trends into the loan loss factors. General reserve estimates of incurred losses were based on historical loss experience and the migration of loans through the various delinquency pools applied to the current risk mix. Non-PCI loans were considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it was probable that a borrower would be unable to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Generally, management considered the following loans to be impaired: all TDR loans and all loan relationships which were on nonaccrual or 90+ days past due and greater than $500,000. Non-PCI impaired loans greater than $500,000 were evaluated individually for impairment while others were evaluated collectively. The impairment assessment and determination of the related specific reserve for each impaired loan was based on the loan’s characteristics. Impairment measurement for loans dependent on borrower cash flow for repayment was based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the interest rate implicit in the original loan agreement. Impairment measurement for most real estate loans, particularly when a loan was considered to be a probable foreclosure, was based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Collateral was appraised and market value (appropriately adjusted for an assessment of the sales and marketing costs) was used to calculate a fair value estimate. A specific valuation allowance was established or partial charge-off was recorded for the difference between the excess recorded investment in the loan and the loan’s estimated fair value less costs to sell. The ALLL for PCI loans was estimated based on the expected cash flows over the life of the loan. BancShares estimated and updated cash flows expected to be collected on individual loans or pools of loans sharing common risk characteristics. BancShares compared the carrying value of all PCI loans to the present value at each balance sheet date. If the present value was less than the carrying value, the shortfall reduced the remaining credit discount and if it was in excess of the remaining credit discount, an ALLL was recorded through the recognition of provision expense. The ALLL for PCI loans with subsequent increases in expected cash flows to be collected was reduced and any remaining excess was recorded as an adjustment to the accretable yield over the loan’s or pool’s remaining life. Other Real Estate Owned Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) includes foreclosed real estate property and closed branch properties. Foreclosed real estate property in OREO is initially recorded at the asset’s estimated fair value less costs to sell. Any excess in the recorded investment in the loan over the estimated fair value less costs to sell is charged-off against the ACL at the time of foreclosure. If the estimated value of the OREO exceeds the recorded investment of the loan, the difference is recorded as a gain within other income. OREO is subsequently carried at the lower of cost or market value less estimated selling costs and is evaluated at least annually. The periodic evaluations are generally based on the appraised value of the property and may include additional adjustments based upon management’s review of the valuation estimate and specific knowledge of the property. Routine maintenance costs, income and expenses related to the operation of the foreclosed asset, subsequent declines in market value and net gains or losses on disposal are included in collection and foreclosure-related expense. Payable to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation for Shared-Loss Agreements The purchase and assumption agreements for certain Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assisted transactions include payments that may be owed to the FDIC at the termination of the shared-loss agreements. The payment is due to the FDIC if actual cumulative losses on acquired covered assets are lower than the cumulative losses originally estimated by the FDIC at the time of acquisition. The liability is calculated by discounting estimated future payments and is reported as FDIC shared-loss payable. The ultimate settlement amount of the payment is dependent upon the performance of the underlying covered loans, recoveries, the passage of time and actual claims submitted to the FDIC. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Land is carried at cost. Depreciation expense is generally computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements and capitalized leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired entity over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated at least annually for impairment during the third quarter, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment exists. Other acquired intangible assets with finite lives, such as core deposit intangibles, are initially recorded at fair value and are amortized on an accelerated basis typically between five to twelve years over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment exists. Mortgage Servicing Rights Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) represent the right to provide servicing under various loan servicing contracts when servicing is retained in connection with a loan sale or acquired in a business combination. MSRs are initially recorded at fair value and amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, the future net servicing income of the underlying loan. At each reporting period, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to the carrying value. Fair Values The fair value of financial instruments and the methods and assumptions used in estimating fair value amounts and financial assets and liabilities for which fair value was elected are detailed in Note P, Estimated Fair Values. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability approach as prescribed in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the currently enacted tax rates applicable to the period in which the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in BancShares’ income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period which includes the enactment date. The potential impact of current events on the estimates used to establish income tax expenses and income tax liabilities is continually monitored and evaluated. Income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions where income tax returns are filed, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by such tax auditors are evaluated on a periodic basis. BancShares has unrecognized tax benefits related to the uncertain portion of tax positions BancShares has taken or expects to take. A liability may be created or an amount refundable may be reduced for the amount of unrecognized tax benefits. These uncertainties result from the application of complex tax laws, rules, regulations and interpretations, primarily in state taxing jurisdictions. Unrecognized tax benefits are assessed quarterly and may be adjusted through current income tax expense in future periods based on changing facts and circumstances, completion of examinations by taxing authorities or expiration of a statute of limitations. Estimated penalties and interest on uncertain tax positions are recognized in income tax expense. BancShares files a consolidated federal income tax return and various combined and separate company state tax returns. Refer to Note O, Income Taxes, for additional disclosures. Per Share Data Earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of both classes of common shares outstanding during each period. BancShares had no potential dilutive common shares outstanding in any period and did not report diluted earnings per common share. Cash dividends per share apply to both Class A and Class B common stock. Shares of Class A common stock carry one vote per share, while shares of Class B common stock carry 16 votes per share. Defined Benefit Pension Plans BancShares maintains noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering certain qualifying employees. The calculation of the obligations and related expenses under the plans require the use of actuarial valuation methods and assumptions. Actuarial assumptions used in the determination of future values of plan assets and liabilities are subject to management judgment and may differ significantly if different assumptions are used. All assumptions are reviewed annually for appropriateness. The discount rate assumption used to measure the plan obligations is based on a yield curve developed from high-quality corporate bonds across a full maturity spectrum. The projected cash flows of the pension plans are discounted based on this yield curve, and a single discount rate is calculated to achieve the same present value. The assumed rate of future compensation increases is based on actual experience and future salary expectations. BancShares also estimates a long-term rate of return on pension plan assets used to estimate the future value of plan assets. In developing the long-term rate of return, BancShares considers such factors as the actual return earned on plan assets, historical returns on the various asset classes in the plans and projections of future returns on various asset classes. Refer to Note Q, Employee Benefit Plans, for disclosures related to BancShares’ defined benefit pension plans. Leases BancShares leases certain branch locations, administrative offices and equipment. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other assets and the associated lease obligations are included in other liabilities. Sales-type and direct financing leases are included in premises and equipment and other borrowings. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets; BancShares instead recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. ROU assets represent BancShares' right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent BancShares' corresponding obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating and finance lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The operating and finance lease ROU asset also includes initial direct costs and pre-paid lease payments made, excluding lease incentives. As most of BancShares' leases do not provide an implicit rate, BancShares uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using secured rates for new FHLB advances under similar terms as the lease at inception. BancShares utilizes the implicit or incremental borrowing rate at the effective date of a modification not accounted for as a separate contract or a change in the lease terms to determine the present value of lease payments. For operating leases commencing prior to January 1, 2019, BancShares used the incremental borrowing rate as of that date. Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from 1 to 25 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at BancShares' sole discretion. When it is reasonably certain BancShares will exercise its option to renew or extend the lease term, the option is included in calculating the value of the ROU asset and lease liability. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. BancShares determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. BancShares’ lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. BancShares does not lease any properties or facilities from any related party. As of December 31, 2021, there were no leases that have not yet commenced that would have a material impact on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements. Sales-type and direct financing leases are carried at the aggregate of lease payments receivable and estimated residual value of the leased property, if applicable, less unearned income. Interest income is recognized over the term of the leases. Refer to Note R, Leases, for additional disclosures. Revenue Recognition BancShares generally acts in a principal capacity, on its own behalf, in its contracts with customers. In these transactions, BancShares recognizes revenues and the related costs to generate those revenues on a gross basis. In certain, circumstances, BancShares acts in an agent capacity, on behalf of the customers with other entities, and recognize revenues and the related costs to provide BancShares' services on a net basis. BancShares acts as an agent when providing certain cardholder and merchant, insurance, and brokerage services. Descriptions of BancShares' noninterest revenue-generating activities are broadly segregated as follows: Cardholder and Merchant Services - These represent interchange fees from customer debit and credit card transactions earned when a cardholder engages in a transaction with a merchant as well as fees charged to merchants for providing them the ability to accept and process the debit and credit card transaction. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation has been satisfied, which is upon completion of the card transaction. Additionally, as BancShares is acting as an agent for the customer and transaction processor, costs associated with cardholder and merchant services transactions are netted against the fee income. Service charges on deposit accounts - These deposit account-related fees represent monthly account maintenance and transaction-based service fees, such as overdraft fees, stop payment fees and charges for issuing cashier’s checks and money orders. For account maintenance services, revenue is recognized at the end of the statement period when BancShares' performance obligation has been satisfied. All other revenues from transaction-based services are recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation has been completed. Wealth management services - These primarily represent sales commissions on various product offerings, transaction fees and trust and asset management fees. The performance obligation for wealth management services is the provision of services to place annuity products issued by the counterparty to investors and the provision of services to manage the client’s assets, including brokerage custodial and other management services. Revenue from wealth management services is recognized over the period in which services are performed, and is based on a percentage of the value of the assets under management/administration. Other service charges and fees - These include, but are not limited to, check cashing fees, international banking fees, internet banking fees, wire transfer fees and safe deposit fees. The performance obligation is fulfilled and revenue is recognized, at the point in time the requested service is provided to the customer. Insurance commissions - These represent commissions earned on the issuance of insurance products and services. The performance obligation is generally satisfied upon the issuance of the insurance policy and revenue is recognized when the commission payment is remitted by the insurance carrier or policy holder depending on whether the billing is performed by BancShares or the carrier. ATM income - These represent fees imposed on customers and non-customers for engaging in an ATM transaction. Revenue is recognized at the time of the transaction as the performance obligation of rendering the ATM service has been met. Other - This consists of several forms of recurring revenue, such as FHLB dividends and income earned on changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance. For the remaining immaterial transactions, revenue is recognized when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Refer to Note N, Other Noninterest Income and Other Noninterest Expense, for additional disclosures on other noninterest income. Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements The following pronouncements or Accounting Standard Updates (“ASUs”) were issued by the FASB and adopted by BancShares as of January 1, 2021. FASB ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes The amendments in this ASU add new guidance to simplify accounting for income taxes, change the accounting for certain income tax transactions and make minor improvements to the Codification. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures. FASB ASU 2020-01 - Clarifying the Interactions between Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) The amendments in this ASU clarify certain interactions between the guidance to account for certain equity securities under ASC 321, the guidance to account for investments under the equity method of accounting in ASC 323, and the guidance in ASC 815, which could change how an entity accounts for an equity security under the measurement alternative or a forward contract or purchased option to purchase securities that, upon settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, would be accounted for under the equity method of accounting or the fair value option in accordance with ASC 825, Financial Instruments. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures. FASB ASU 2020-08, Codification Improvements to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs The amendments in this ASU shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Under the new guidance, premiums on callable debt securities that have explicit, non-contingent call features that are callable at fixed prices and on preset dates must be amortized to the earliest call date, rather than the maturity date. The new guidance does not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures. ASU 2020-10, Codification Improvements The amendments in this ASU improve the Codification by ensuring that all guidance that requires or provides an option for an entity to provide information in the notes to financial statements is codified in the Disclosure Section of the Codification. Certain amendments in this ASU are varied in nature and clarifies the previously issued guidance, in cases where it may have been unclear. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

First Citizens BancShares, Inc. (the “Parent Company” and, when including all of its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis, “BancShares”) is a financial holding company organized under the laws of Delaware and conducts operations through its banking subsidiary, First-Citizens Bank & Trust Company (“FCB,” or the "Bank”), which is headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina. BancShares and its subsidiaries operate 529 branches in 19 states predominantly located in the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and Western United States (the “U.S.”). BancShares seeks to meet the financial needs of individuals and commercial entities in its market areas through a wide range of retail and commercial banking services. Loan services include various types of commercial, business and consumer lending. Deposit services include checking, savings, money market and time deposit accounts. First Citizens Wealth Management provides holistic, goals-based advisory services encompassing a broad range of client deliverables. These deliverables include wealth planning, discretionary investment advisory services, insurance, brokerage, defined benefit and defined contribution services, private banking, trust, fiduciary, philanthropy and special asset services.

The consolidated financial statements of BancShares include the accounts of BancShares, certain partnership interests and variable interest entities. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation. BancShares operates with centralized management and combined reporting; therefore, BancShares does not have multiple reportable segments.

Variable interest entities (“VIE”) are legal entities that either do not have sufficient equity to finance their activities without the support from other parties or whose equity investors lack a controlling financial interest. BancShares has investments in certain partnerships and limited liability entities that have been evaluated and determined to be VIEs. Consolidation of a VIE is appropriate if a reporting entity holds a controlling financial interest in the VIE and is the primary beneficiary. BancShares is not the primary beneficiary and does not hold a controlling interest in the VIEs as it does not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIEs’ economic performance. As such, assets and liabilities of these entities are not consolidated into the financial statements of BancShares. The recorded investment in these entities is reported within other assets.

BancShares accounts for all business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, acquired assets and assumed liabilities are included with the acquirer’s accounts as of the date of acquisition, with any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired recognized as either finite lived intangibles or capitalized as goodwill. In addition, acquisition-related and restructuring costs are recognized as period expenses as incurred. Refer to Note B, Business Combinations, for additional information.

On January 3, 2022, BancShares completed its previously announced merger (the “CIT Merger”) with CIT Group Inc. (“CIT”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of October 15, 2020, as amended by Amendment No. 1, dated as of September 30, 2021 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”). Refer to Note W, Subsequent Events, for further information.

Overnight investments primarily comprise of interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold. Interest-bearing cash held at the Federal Reserve at December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $9.03 billion and $4.27 billion, respectively. Overnight investments have initial maturities of three months or less. The carrying value of overnight investments approximates its fair value due to its short-term nature.

BancShares classifies debt securities as held to maturity (“HTM”) or available for sale (“AFS”). Debt securities are classified as HTM when BancShares has the intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. HTM securities are reported at amortized cost. Other debt securities are classified as AFS and reported at estimated fair value, with unrealized gains and losses, net of income taxes, reported in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”). Amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts for debt securities are recorded in interest income. Realized gains and losses from the sale of debt securities are determined by specific identification on a trade date basis and are included in noninterest income.

BancShares performs pre-purchase due diligence and evaluates the credit risk of AFS and HTM debt securities purchased directly into BancShares' portfolio or via acquisition. If securities have evidence of more than insignificant credit deterioration since issuance, they are designated as purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”). PCD debt securities are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition, which includes an associated allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) that is added to the purchase price or fair value to arrive at the Day 1 amortized cost basis. Excluding the ACL, the difference between the purchase price and the Day 1 amortized cost is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the securities using the effective interest method.

For AFS debt securities, management performs a quarterly analysis of the investment portfolio to evaluate securities currently in an unrealized loss position for potential credit-related impairment. If BancShares intends to sell a security, or does not have the intent and ability to hold a security before recovering the amortized cost, the entirety of the unrealized loss is immediately recorded in earnings to the extent that it exceeds the associated allowance for credit losses previously established. For the remaining securities, an analysis is performed to determine if any portion of the unrealized loss recorded relates to credit impairment. If credit-related impairment exists, the amount is recorded through the ACL and related provision. This review includes indicators such as changes in credit rating, delinquency, bankruptcy or other significant news event impacting the issuer.

BancShares’ portfolio of HTM debt securities is made up of mortgage-backed securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities. Given the historically strong credit rating of the U.S. Treasury and the long history of no credit losses on debt securities issued by government agencies and government sponsored entities, BancShares determined zero expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio.

Investments in equity securities having readily determinable fair values are stated at fair value. Realized and unrealized gains and losses on these securities are determined by specific identification and are included in noninterest income. Non-marketable equity securities are securities with no readily determinable fair values and are measured at cost. BancShares evaluates its non-marketable equity securities for impairment and recoverability of the recorded investment by considering positive and negative evidence, including the profitability and asset quality of the issuer, dividend payment history and recent redemption experience. Impairment is assessed at each reporting period and if identified, is recognized in noninterest expense. Non-marketable equity securities were $9.6 million and $11.6 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in other assets.

Membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) network requires ownership of FHLB restricted stock. This stock is restricted as it may only be sold to the FHLB and all sales must be at par. Accordingly, the FHLB restricted stock is carried at cost, less any applicable impairment charges and is recorded within other assets. FHLB restricted stock was $40.5 million and $45.4 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Additionally, BancShares holds 353,577 shares of Visa Class B common stock. Visa Class B shares are not considered to have a readily determinable fair value and are recorded at $0.

BancShares has investments in qualified affordable housing projects primarily for the purposes of fulfilling Community Reinvestment Act requirements and obtaining tax credits. These investments are accounted for using the proportional amortization method if certain conditions are met. Under the proportional amortization method, the initial cost of the investment is amortized in proportion to the tax credits and other tax benefits received, and the net investment performance is recognized in the income statement as a component of income tax expense. All investments held in qualified affordable housing projects qualify for the proportional amortization method and totaled $156.6 million and $163.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and are included in other assets.

BancShares elected to apply the fair value option for residential mortgage loans originated to be sold to investors. Gains and losses on sales of mortgage loans are recognized within mortgage income. Interest on loans held for sale is recorded within interest income on loans and leases on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Originated loans for which management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future are classified as held for investment and carried at the principal amount outstanding net of any unearned income, charge-offs and unamortized fees and costs. Nonrefundable fees collected and certain direct costs incurred related to loan originations are deferred and recorded as an adjustment to loans outstanding. The net amount of the nonrefundable fees and costs is amortized to interest income over the contractual lives using methods that approximate a constant yield.

Purchased loans which do not reflect more than insignificant credit deterioration at acquisition are classified as non-PCD loans. These loans are recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition and an initial allowance is recorded on these assets as provision expense at the date of acquisition. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Purchased loans which reflect a more than insignificant credit deterioration since origination as of the date of acquisition are classified as PCD and are recorded at acquisition-date amortized cost, which is the purchase price or fair value in a business combination, plus BancShares' initial ACL which results in a gross up of the loan balance. Excluding the ACL, the difference between the unpaid principal balance and the acquisition date amortized cost is amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

The performance of all loans within the BancShares portfolio is subject to a number of external risks, including but not limited to changes in the overall health of the economy, declines in real estate or other collateral values, changes in the demand for products and services and personal events, such as death, disability or change in marital status. BancShares evaluates and reports its non-PCD and PCD loan portfolios separately, and each non-PCD portfolio is further divided into commercial and consumer segments based on the type of borrower, purpose, collateral and/or BancShares' underlying credit management processes. Additionally, non-PCD commercial and consumer loans are assigned to loan classes, which further disaggregate the loan portfolio. PCD loans are reported as a single loan segment and class.

Upon adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC” or the “Codification”) 326, owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate were segregated into separate classes within the commercial segment. Similarly, consumer auto was segregated into its own class within the consumer segment. These enhancements were made to capture the unique credit characteristics used in BancShares' current expected credit loss (“CECL”) models. Information for reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2020 are presented in accordance with ASC 326 and reflect changes to the respective classes, while prior period amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP and have not been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation.

The Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program (“SBA-PPP”) is one of the centerpieces of the Coronavirus Aid Relief and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), which was passed on March 27, 2020 in response to the outbreak of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) and was supplemented with subsequent legislation. Overseen by the U.S. Treasury Department, the SBA-PPP offered cash-flow assistance to nonprofit and small business employers through guaranteed loans for expenses incurred between February 15, 2020, and August 8, 2020 (“Round 1”). Borrowers are eligible for forgiveness of principal and accrued interest on SBA-PPP loans to the extent that the proceeds were used to cover eligible payroll costs, interest costs, rent, and utility costs over a period of between eight and 24-weeks after the loan was made as long as the borrower retains its employees and their compensation levels. The CARES Act authorized the SBA to temporarily guarantee these loans. The SBA began processing forgiveness payments during the fourth quarter of 2020.

The Consolidated Appropriations Act 2021 was signed into law during the fourth quarter of 2020 and contained provisions for a second round of funding of SBA-PPP loans (“Round 2”). BancShares originated a total of $3.2 billion of Round 1 loans and $1.2 billion of Round 2 loans. As of December 31, 2021, the total remaining balance of SBA-PPP loans was $493.8 million, net of deferred fees, compared to $2.41 billion as of December 31, 2020. Forgiveness for SBA-PPP loans was approximately $3.93 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Due to the unique nature of these provisions, SBA-PPP loans have been disclosed as a separate loan class. Origination fees received from the SBA are capitalized into the carrying amount of the loans. The deferred fee income, net of origination costs, is recognized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method.

Construction and land development - Construction and land development consists of loans to finance land for commercial development of real property and construction of multifamily apartments or other commercial properties. These loans are highly dependent on the supply and demand for commercial real estate as well as the demand for newly constructed residential homes and lots acquired for development. Deterioration in demand could result in decreased collateral values, which could make repayments of outstanding loans difficult for customers.

Owner occupied commercial mortgage - Owner occupied commercial mortgages consists of loans to purchase or refinance owner occupied nonresidential properties. This includes office buildings, other commercial facilities and farmland. Commercial mortgages secured by owner occupied properties are primarily dependent on the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at loan origination. While these loans and leases are collateralized by real property in an effort to mitigate risk, it is possible the liquidation of collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation.

Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage - Non-owner occupied commercial mortgage consists of loans to purchase or refinance investment nonresidential properties. This includes office buildings and other facilities rented or leased to unrelated parties, as well as farmland and multifamily properties. The primary risk associated with income producing commercial mortgage loans is the ability of the income-producing property that collateralizes the loan to produce adequate cash flow to service the debt. While these loans and leases are collateralized by real property in an effort to mitigate risk, it is possible the liquidation of collateral will not fully satisfy the obligation.

Commercial and industrial and leases - Commercial and industrial loans consist of loans or lines of credit to finance accounts receivable, inventory or other general business needs, business credit cards, and lease financing agreements for equipment, vehicles, or other assets. The primary risk associated with commercial and industrial and lease financing loans is the ability of borrowers to achieve business results consistent with those projected at origination.

SBA-PPP - These loans were originated as part of the SBA-PPP to finance payroll and other costs for nonprofit and small businesses impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These loans are guaranteed by the SBA and borrowers have the ability to qualify for loan forgiveness through the U.S. Treasury.

Residential mortgage - Residential mortgage consists of loans to purchase or refinance the borrower’s primary dwelling, secondary residence or vacation home and are often secured by 1-4 family residential properties. Significant and rapid declines in real estate values can result in borrowers having debt levels in excess of the current market value of the collateral.

Revolving mortgage - Revolving mortgage consists of home equity lines of credit and other lines of credit or loans secured by first or second liens on the borrower’s primary residence. These loans are secured by both senior and junior liens on the residential real estate and are particularly susceptible to declining collateral values. This risk is elevated for loans secured by junior lines as a substantial decline in value could render the junior lien position effectively unsecured.

Construction and land development - Construction and land development consists of loans to construct a borrower’s primary or secondary residence or vacant land upon which the owner intends to construct a dwelling at a future date. These loans are typically secured by undeveloped or partially developed land in anticipation of completing construction of a 1-4 family residential property. There is risk these construction and development projects can experience delays and cost overruns exceeding the borrower’s financial ability to complete the project. Such cost overruns can result in foreclosure of partially completed and unmarketable collateral.

Consumer auto loans - Consumer auto loans consist of installment loans to finance purchases of vehicles. These loans include direct auto loans originated in bank branches, as well indirect auto loans originated through agreements with auto dealerships. The value of the underlying collateral within this class is at risk of potential rapid depreciation which could result in unpaid balances in excess of the collateral.

Other consumer - Other consumer loans consist of loans to finance unsecured home improvements, student loans and revolving lines of credit that can be secured or unsecured, including personal credit cards. The value of the underlying collateral within this class is at risk of potential rapid depreciation which could result in unpaid balances in excess of the collateral.

Originated loans for which management had the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future were classified as held for investment and carried at the principal amount outstanding net of any unearned income, charge-offs and unamortized fees and costs. Nonrefundable fees collected and certain direct costs incurred related to loan originations were deferred and recorded as an adjustment to loans outstanding. The net amount of the nonrefundable fees and costs was amortized to interest income over the contractual lives using methods that approximated a constant yield.

Purchased loans which did not reflect credit deterioration at acquisition were classified as non-PCI loans. These loans were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. The difference between the fair value and the unpaid principal balance at the acquisition date was amortized or accreted to interest income over the contractual life of the loan using the effective interest method.

Purchased loans which reflected credit deterioration since origination, such that it was probable at acquisition that BancShares would be unable to collect all contractually required payments, were classified as PCI loans. PCI loans were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. If the timing and amount of the future cash flows could be reasonably estimated, any excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value were recognized as interest income over the life of the loans using the effective yield method. Subsequent to the acquisition date, increases in cash flows over those expected at the acquisition date were recognized prospectively as interest income. Decreases in expected cash flows due to credit deterioration were recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses. In the event of prepayment, the remaining unamortized amount was recognized in interest income. To the extent possible, PCI loans were aggregated into pools based upon common risk characteristics and each pool was accounted for as a single unit.

The performance of all loans within the BancShares portfolio was subject to a number of external risks, including changes in the overall health of the economy, declines in real estate values, changes in the demand for products and services and personal events, such as death, disability or change in marital status. BancShares evaluated and reported its non-PCI and PCI loan portfolios separately, and each portfolio was further divided into commercial and non-commercial segments based on the type of borrower, purpose, collateral and/or BancShares' underlying credit management processes.

All loans are classified as past due when the payment of principal and interest based upon contractual terms is 30 days or greater delinquent. Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due or when it is probable the principal or interest is not fully collectible. When loans are placed on nonaccrual, all previously uncollected accrued interest is reversed from interest income and the ongoing accrual of interest is discontinued. All payments received thereafter are applied as a reduction of the remaining principal balance as long as doubt exists as to the ultimate collection of the principal. Loans and leases are generally removed from nonaccrual status when they become current for a sustained period of time and there is no longer concern as to the collectability of principal and interest.

Debt securities are also classified as past due when the payment of principal and interest based upon contractual terms is 30 days delinquent or greater. Missed interest payments on debt securities are rare. Management reviews all debt securities with delinquent interest and immediately charge off any accrued interest determined to be uncollectible.

A loan is considered a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) when both a modification to a borrower’s debt agreement is made and a concession is granted for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties that otherwise would not be granted. TDR concessions could include short-term deferrals of interest, modifications of payment terms or, in certain limited instances, forgiveness of principal or interest. Loans restructured as a TDR are treated and reported as such for the remaining life of the loan. TDR loans can be nonaccrual or accrual, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the borrower. In circumstances where a portion of the loan balance is charged-off, the remaining balance is typically classified as nonaccrual.

Loans within the various reporting classes are segregated into pools with similar risk characteristics and each have a model that is utilized to estimate the ACL. These loan level ACL models estimate the probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) for individual loans within the risk pool based on historical loss experience, borrower characteristics, collateral type, forecasts of relevant economic conditions, expected future recoveries and other factors. Loan level, undiscounted ACL is calculated by applying the modeled PD and LGD to quarterly forecasted loan balances which are adjusted for contractual payments, prepayments and prior defaults. Pools for estimating the ACL are aggregated into loan classes, as described above, which roll up into commercial and consumer loan segments. Non-PCD and PCD loans are modeled together within the loan level models using acquired and PCD indicator variables to provide differentiation of individual loan risk. BancShares uses a two-year reasonable and supportable forecast period which incorporates economic forecasts at the time of evaluation. For most pools, BancShares uses a 12-month straight-line reversion period to historical averages for model inputs, however for the commercial card and certain consumer portfolios, immediate reversion to historical net loss rates is utilized.

The ACL for SBA-PPP loans originated during 2021 and 2020 are separately evaluated given the explicit government guarantee. BancShares determined SBA-PPP loans have zero expected credit losses and as such these are excluded from ACL disclosures in Note E, Allowance for Credit Losses.

The ACL represents management’s best estimate of credit losses expected over the life of the loan, adjusted for expected contractual payments and the impact of prepayment expectations. Prepayment assumptions were developed through a review of BancShares’ historical prepayment activity and considered forecasts of relevant economic conditions, as well as prepayment assumptions utilized in other modeling activities. Estimates for loan losses are determined by analyzing quantitative and qualitative components present as of the evaluation date. Adjustments to the ACL are recorded with a corresponding entry to provision for credit losses. Loan balances considered uncollectible are charged-off against the ACL. Forecasted LGDs are adjusted for expected recoveries and realized recoveries of amounts previously charged-off are credited to the ACL.

A primary component of determining the ACL on loans is the actual net loss history of the various loan pools. For commercial pools, key factors utilized in the models include delinquency trends as well as macroeconomic variables such as unemployment and commercial real estate price index. For consumer pools, key factors include delinquency trends and the borrower’s original credit score, as well as other macroeconomic variables such as unemployment, gross domestic product, home price index, and commercial real estate index. As the models project losses over the life of the loans, prepayment assumptions also serve as inputs. Model outputs may be adjusted through a qualitative assessment to reflect economic conditions and trends not captured within the models including credit quality, concentrations, and significant policy and underwriting changes.

When loans do not share risk characteristics similar to others in the pool, the ACL is evaluated on an individual basis. Given that BancShares' CECL models are loan level models, the population of loans evaluated individually is minimal and consists primarily of loans greater than $500 thousand and determined to be collateral-dependent. BancShares elected the practical expedient allowed under ASC 326 to assess the collectability of these loans, where repayment is expected to be provided substantially through operation or sale of collateral, based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The fair value of the collateral is estimated using appraised and market values (appropriately adjusted for an assessment of the sales and marketing costs when applicable). A specific allowance is established, or partial charge-off is recorded, for the difference between the excess amortized cost of loan and the collateral’s estimated fair value.

BancShares has elected not to measure an ACL for accrued interest receivable and has excluded it from the amortized cost basis of loans and held to maturity debt securities as BancShares' accounting policies and credit monitoring provide that uncollectible accrued interest is reversed or written off against interest income in a timely manner.

A reserve for unfunded commitments is established for off-balance sheet exposures such as unfunded balances for existing lines of credit, commitments to extend future credit, as well as both standby and commercial letters of credit when there is a contractual obligation to extend credit and when this extension of credit is not unconditionally cancellable (i.e. commitment cannot be canceled at any time). These unfunded commitments are assessed to determine both the probability of funding as well

the expectation of future losses. The expected funding balance is used in the PD and LGD models to determine the reserve. The reserve for unfunded commitments was $11.8 million at December 31, 2021, and is recorded within other liabilities with changes recorded through other noninterest expense.

Prior to adoption of ASC 326 on January 1, 2020, management calculated estimated loan losses through the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”). The ALLL represented management’s best estimate of inherent credit losses within the loan and lease portfolio at the balance sheet date. Management determined the ALLL based on an ongoing evaluation of the loan portfolio. Estimates for loan losses were determined by analyzing quantitative and qualitative components, such as: economic conditions, historical loan losses, historical loan migration to charge-off experience, current trends in delinquencies and charge-offs, expected cash flows on PCI loans, current assessment of impaired loans, and changes in the size, composition and/or risk within the loan portfolio. Adjustments to the ALLL were recorded with a corresponding entry to provision for loan and lease losses. Loan balances considered uncollectible were charged-off against the ALLL. Recoveries of amounts previously charged-off were generally credited to the ALLL.

A primary component of determining the allowance on non-PCI loans collectively evaluated was the actual loss history of the various loan classes. Loan loss factors were based on historical experience and, when necessary, were adjusted for significant factors, that in management’s judgment, affect the collectability of principal and interest at the balance sheet date. Loan loss factors were monitored quarterly and, when necessary, adjusted based on changes in the level of historical net charge-offs and updates by management, such as the number of periods included in the calculation of loss factors, loss severity, loss emergence period and portfolio attrition.

For commercial non-PCI loans, management incorporated historical net loss data to develop the applicable loan loss factors. General reserves for collective impairment were based on incurred loss estimates for the loan class based on average loss rates by credit quality indicators, which were estimated using historical loss experience and credit risk rating migrations. Credit quality indicators include borrower classification codes and facility risk ratings. Incurred loss estimates were adjusted through a qualitative assessment to reflect current economic conditions and portfolio trends including credit quality, concentrations, aging of the portfolio and significant policy and underwriting changes.

For noncommercial non-PCI loans, management incorporated specific loan class and delinquency status trends into the loan loss factors. General reserve estimates of incurred losses were based on historical loss experience and the migration of loans through the various delinquency pools applied to the current risk mix.

Non-PCI loans were considered to be impaired when, based on current information and events, it was probable that a borrower would be unable to pay all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Generally, management considered the following loans to be impaired: all TDR loans and all loan relationships which were on nonaccrual or 90+ days past due and greater than $500,000. Non-PCI impaired loans greater than $500,000 were evaluated individually for impairment while others were evaluated collectively.

The impairment assessment and determination of the related specific reserve for each impaired loan was based on the loan’s characteristics. Impairment measurement for loans dependent on borrower cash flow for repayment was based on the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the interest rate implicit in the original loan agreement. Impairment measurement for most real estate loans, particularly when a loan was considered to be a probable foreclosure, was based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. Collateral was appraised and market value (appropriately adjusted for an assessment of the sales and marketing costs) was used to calculate a fair value estimate. A specific valuation allowance was established or partial charge-off was recorded for the difference between the excess recorded investment in the loan and the loan’s estimated fair value less costs to sell.

The ALLL for PCI loans was estimated based on the expected cash flows over the life of the loan. BancShares estimated and updated cash flows expected to be collected on individual loans or pools of loans sharing common risk characteristics. BancShares compared the carrying value of all PCI loans to the present value at each balance sheet date. If the present value was less than the carrying value, the shortfall reduced the remaining credit discount and if it was in excess of the remaining credit discount, an ALLL was recorded through the recognition of provision expense. The ALLL for PCI loans with subsequent increases in expected cash flows to be collected was reduced and any remaining excess was recorded as an adjustment to the accretable yield over the loan’s or pool’s remaining life.

Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”) includes foreclosed real estate property and closed branch properties. Foreclosed real estate property in OREO is initially recorded at the asset’s estimated fair value less costs to sell. Any excess in the recorded investment in the loan over the estimated fair value less costs to sell is charged-off against the ACL at the time of foreclosure. If the estimated value of the OREO exceeds the recorded investment of the loan, the difference is recorded as a gain within other income.

OREO is subsequently carried at the lower of cost or market value less estimated selling costs and is evaluated at least annually. The periodic evaluations are generally based on the appraised value of the property and may include additional adjustments based upon management’s review of the valuation estimate and specific knowledge of the property. Routine maintenance costs, income and expenses related to the operation of the foreclosed asset, subsequent declines in market value and net gains or losses on disposal are included in collection and foreclosure-related expense.

The purchase and assumption agreements for certain Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) assisted transactions include payments that may be owed to the FDIC at the termination of the shared-loss agreements. The payment is due to the FDIC if actual cumulative losses on acquired covered assets are lower than the cumulative losses originally estimated by the FDIC at the time of acquisition. The liability is calculated by discounting estimated future payments and is reported as FDIC shared-loss payable. The ultimate settlement amount of the payment is dependent upon the performance of the underlying covered loans, recoveries, the passage of time and actual claims submitted to the FDIC.

Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Land is carried at cost. Depreciation expense is generally computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Leasehold improvements and capitalized leases are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired entity over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized, but is evaluated at least annually for impairment during the third quarter, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment exists.

Other acquired intangible assets with finite lives, such as core deposit intangibles, are initially recorded at fair value and are amortized on an accelerated basis typically between five to twelve years over their estimated useful lives. Intangible assets are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential impairment exists.

Mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) represent the right to provide servicing under various loan servicing contracts when servicing is retained in connection with a loan sale or acquired in a business combination. MSRs are initially recorded at fair value and amortized in proportion to, and over the period of, the future net servicing income of the underlying loan. At each reporting period, MSRs are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to the carrying value.

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability approach as prescribed in ASC 740, Income Taxes. Under this method, a deferred tax asset or liability is determined based on the currently enacted tax rates applicable to the period in which the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax basis of existing assets and liabilities are expected to be reported in BancShares’ income tax returns. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period which includes the enactment date.

continually monitored and evaluated. Income tax positions based on current tax law, positions taken by various tax auditors within the jurisdictions where income tax returns are filed, as well as potential or pending audits or assessments by such tax auditors are evaluated on a periodic basis.

BancShares has unrecognized tax benefits related to the uncertain portion of tax positions BancShares has taken or expects to take. A liability may be created or an amount refundable may be reduced for the amount of unrecognized tax benefits. These uncertainties result from the application of complex tax laws, rules, regulations and interpretations, primarily in state taxing jurisdictions. Unrecognized tax benefits are assessed quarterly and may be adjusted through current income tax expense in future periods based on changing facts and circumstances, completion of examinations by taxing authorities or expiration of a statute of limitations. Estimated penalties and interest on uncertain tax positions are recognized in income tax expense.

Earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of both classes of common shares outstanding during each period. BancShares had no potential dilutive common shares outstanding in any period and did not report diluted earnings per common share.

BancShares maintains noncontributory defined benefit pension plans covering certain qualifying employees. The calculation of the obligations and related expenses under the plans require the use of actuarial valuation methods and assumptions. Actuarial assumptions used in the determination of future values of plan assets and liabilities are subject to management judgment and may differ significantly if different assumptions are used. All assumptions are reviewed annually for appropriateness. The discount rate assumption used to measure the plan obligations is based on a yield curve developed from high-quality corporate bonds across a full maturity spectrum. The projected cash flows of the pension plans are discounted based on this yield curve, and a single discount rate is calculated to achieve the same present value. The assumed rate of future compensation increases is based on actual experience and future salary expectations. BancShares also estimates a long-term rate of return on pension plan assets used to estimate the future value of plan assets. In developing the long-term rate of return, BancShares considers such factors as the actual return earned on plan assets, historical returns on the various asset classes in the plans and projections of future returns on various asset classes. Refer to Note Q, Employee Benefit Plans, for disclosures related to BancShares’ defined benefit pension plans.

BancShares leases certain branch locations, administrative offices and equipment. Operating lease ROU assets are included in other assets and the associated lease obligations are included in other liabilities. Sales-type and direct financing leases are included in premises and equipment and other borrowings. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets; BancShares instead recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

ROU assets represent BancShares' right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent BancShares' corresponding obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating and finance lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The operating and finance lease ROU asset also includes initial direct costs and pre-paid lease payments made, excluding lease incentives. As most of BancShares' leases do not provide an implicit rate, BancShares uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined using secured rates for new FHLB advances under similar terms as the lease at inception. BancShares utilizes the implicit or incremental borrowing rate at the effective date of a modification not accounted for as a separate contract or a change in the lease terms to determine the present value of lease payments. For operating leases commencing prior to January 1, 2019, BancShares used the incremental borrowing rate as of that date.

Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from 1 to 25 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at BancShares' sole discretion. When it is reasonably certain BancShares will exercise its option to renew or extend the lease term, the option is included in calculating the value of the ROU asset and lease liability. The

BancShares determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. BancShares’ lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. BancShares does not lease any properties or facilities from any related party. As of December 31, 2021, there were no leases that have not yet commenced that would have a material impact on BancShares’ consolidated financial statements.

Sales-type and direct financing leases are carried at the aggregate of lease payments receivable and estimated residual value of the leased property, if applicable, less unearned income. Interest income is recognized over the term of the leases. Refer to Note R, Leases, for additional disclosures.

BancShares generally acts in a principal capacity, on its own behalf, in its contracts with customers. In these transactions, BancShares recognizes revenues and the related costs to generate those revenues on a gross basis. In certain, circumstances, BancShares acts in an agent capacity, on behalf of the customers with other entities, and recognize revenues and the related costs to provide BancShares' services on a net basis. BancShares acts as an agent when providing certain cardholder and merchant, insurance, and brokerage services. Descriptions of BancShares' noninterest revenue-generating activities are broadly segregated as follows:

Cardholder and Merchant Services - These represent interchange fees from customer debit and credit card transactions earned when a cardholder engages in a transaction with a merchant as well as fees charged to merchants for providing them the ability to accept and process the debit and credit card transaction. Revenue is recognized when the performance obligation has been satisfied, which is upon completion of the card transaction. Additionally, as BancShares is acting as an agent for the customer and transaction processor, costs associated with cardholder and merchant services transactions are netted against the fee income.

Service charges on deposit accounts - These deposit account-related fees represent monthly account maintenance and transaction-based service fees, such as overdraft fees, stop payment fees and charges for issuing cashier’s checks and money orders. For account maintenance services, revenue is recognized at the end of the statement period when BancShares' performance obligation has been satisfied. All other revenues from transaction-based services are recognized at a point in time when the performance obligation has been completed.

Wealth management services - These primarily represent sales commissions on various product offerings, transaction fees and trust and asset management fees. The performance obligation for wealth management services is the provision of services to place annuity products issued by the counterparty to investors and the provision of services to manage the client’s assets, including brokerage custodial and other management services. Revenue from wealth management services is recognized over the period in which services are performed, and is based on a percentage of the value of the assets under management/administration.

Other service charges and fees - These include, but are not limited to, check cashing fees, international banking fees, internet banking fees, wire transfer fees and safe deposit fees. The performance obligation is fulfilled and revenue is recognized, at the point in time the requested service is provided to the customer.

Insurance commissions - These represent commissions earned on the issuance of insurance products and services. The performance obligation is generally satisfied upon the issuance of the insurance policy and revenue is recognized when the commission payment is remitted by the insurance carrier or policy holder depending on whether the billing is performed by BancShares or the carrier.

Other - This consists of several forms of recurring revenue, such as FHLB dividends and income earned on changes in the cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance. For the remaining immaterial transactions, revenue is recognized when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Refer to Note N, Other Noninterest Income and Other Noninterest Expense, for additional disclosures on other noninterest income.

The amendments in this ASU add new guidance to simplify accounting for income taxes, change the accounting for certain income tax transactions and make minor improvements to the Codification. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

The amendments in this ASU clarify certain interactions between the guidance to account for certain equity securities under ASC 321, the guidance to account for investments under the equity method of accounting in ASC 323, and the guidance in ASC 815, which could change how an entity accounts for an equity security under the measurement alternative or a forward contract or purchased option to purchase securities that, upon settlement of the forward contract or exercise of the purchased option, would be accounted for under the equity method of accounting or the fair value option in accordance with ASC 825, Financial Instruments. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

The amendments in this ASU shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Under the new guidance, premiums on callable debt securities that have explicit, non-contingent call features that are callable at fixed prices and on preset dates must be amortized to the earliest call date, rather than the maturity date. The new guidance does not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

The amendments in this ASU improve the Codification by ensuring that all guidance that requires or provides an option for an entity to provide information in the notes to financial statements is codified in the Disclosure Section of the Codification. Certain amendments in this ASU are varied in nature and clarifies the previously issued guidance, in cases where it may have been unclear. BancShares adopted this ASU as of January 1, 2021 and the adoption did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.