Basis of Presentation

6 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2025

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Note 1 — Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at September 30, 2025, the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 and the condensed consolidated statements of equity for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024 have been prepared by the management of Viasat, Inc. (also referred to hereafter as the Company or Viasat), and have not been audited. These financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 and, in the opinion of management, include all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair statement of the Company’s results for the periods presented. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2025 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K. Interim operating results are not necessarily indicative of operating results for the full year. The year-end condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP).

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the assets, liabilities and results of operations of Viasat, its wholly owned subsidiaries and its majority-owned subsidiary, TrellisWare Technologies, Inc. (TrellisWare).

All significant intercompany amounts have been eliminated. Investments in entities in which the Company can exercise significant influence, but does not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control, are accounted for using the equity method and are included as investment in unconsolidated affiliate in other assets (long-term) in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Estimates have been prepared on the basis of the most current and best available information and actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates made by management include revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, allowance for doubtful accounts, valuation of goodwill and other intangible assets, patents, orbital slots and other licenses, software development, property, equipment and satellites, long-lived assets, derivatives, contingencies and income taxes including the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets.

Revenue recognition

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for revenue from contracts with customers (Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606), the Company applies the five-step model to its contracts with its customers. Under this model the Company (1) identifies the contract with the customer, (2) identifies its performance obligations in the contract, (3) determines the transaction price for the contract, (4) allocates the transaction price to its performance obligations and (5) recognizes revenue when or as it satisfies its performance obligations. These performance obligations generally include the purchase of services (including broadband capacity and the leasing of broadband equipment), the purchase of products, and the development and delivery of complex equipment built to customer specifications under long-term contracts. Taxes imposed by governmental authorities on the Company’s revenues, such as sales taxes and value added taxes, are excluded from net sales.

Performance obligations

The timing of satisfaction of performance obligations may require judgment. The Company derives a substantial portion of its revenues from contracts with customers for services, primarily consisting of connectivity services. These contracts typically require advance or recurring monthly payments by the customer. The Company’s obligation to provide connectivity services is satisfied over time as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided. The measure of progress over time is based upon either a period of time (e.g., over the estimated contractual term) or usage (e.g., bandwidth used/bytes of data processed). The Company evaluates whether broadband equipment provided to its customers as part of the delivery of connectivity services represents a lease in accordance with the authoritative guidance for leases (ASC 842). As discussed further below under “Leases - Lessor accounting”, for broadband equipment leased to customers in conjunction with the delivery of connectivity services, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components of connectivity service arrangements as a single performance obligation as the connectivity services represent the predominant component.

The Company also derives a portion of its revenues from contracts with customers to provide products. Performance obligations to provide products are satisfied at the point in time when control is transferred to the customer. These contracts typically require payment by the customer upon passage of control and determining the point at which control is transferred may require judgment. To identify the point at which control is transferred to the customer, the Company considers indicators that include, but are not limited to, whether (1) the Company has the present right to payment for the asset, (2) the customer has legal title to the asset, (3) physical possession of the asset has been transferred to the customer, (4) the customer has the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the asset, and (5) the customer has accepted the asset. For product revenues, control generally passes to the customer upon delivery of goods to the customer.

The Company’s contracts with the U.S. Government typically are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) and are priced based on estimated or actual costs of producing goods or providing services. The FAR provides guidance on the types of costs that are allowable in establishing prices for goods and services provided under U.S. Government contracts. The pricing for non-U.S. Government contracts is based on the specific negotiations with each customer. Under the typical payment terms of the Company’s U.S. Government fixed-price contracts, the customer pays the Company either performance-based payments (PBPs) or progress payments. PBPs are interim payments based on quantifiable measures of performance or on the achievement of specified events or milestones. Progress payments are interim payments based on a percentage of the costs incurred as the work progresses. Because the customer can often retain a portion of the contract price until completion of the contract, the Company’s U.S. Government fixed-price contracts generally result in revenue recognized in excess of billings which the Company presents as unbilled accounts receivable on the balance sheet. Amounts billed and due from the Company’s customers are classified as receivables on the balance sheet. The portion of the payments retained by the customer until final contract settlement is not considered a significant financing component because the intent is to protect the customer. For the Company’s U.S. Government cost-type contracts, the customer generally pays the Company for its actual costs incurred within a short period of time. For non-U.S. Government contracts, the Company typically receives interim payments as work progresses, although for some contracts, the Company may be entitled to receive an advance payment. The Company recognizes a liability for these advance payments in excess of revenue recognized and presents it as collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues on the balance sheet. An advance payment is not typically considered a significant financing component because it is used to meet working capital demands that can be higher in the early stages of a contract and to protect the Company from the other party failing to adequately complete some or all of its obligations under the contract.

Performance obligations related to developing and delivering complex equipment built to customer specifications under long-term contracts are recognized over time as these performance obligations do not create assets with an alternative use to the Company and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for performance to date. To measure the transfer of control, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the products or services to be provided. The Company generally uses the cost-to-cost measure of progress for its contracts because that best depicts the transfer of control to the customer, which occurs as the Company incurs costs on its contracts. Under the cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. Estimating the total costs at completion of a performance obligation requires management to make estimates related to items such as subcontractor performance, material costs and availability, labor costs and productivity and the costs of overhead. When estimates of total costs to be incurred on a contract exceed total estimates of revenue to be earned, a provision for the entire loss on the contract is recognized in the period the loss is determined.

Contract costs on U.S. Government contracts are subject to audit and review by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA), the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA), and other U.S. Government agencies, as well as negotiations with U.S. Government representatives. As of September 30, 2025, the DCMA had approved the Company’s incurred costs through fiscal year 2022. The DCAA is currently auditing the Company’s fiscal year 2024 recurring incurred cost submission. The Company's cost accounting practices are examined for compliance with the applicable Cost Accounting Standards (CAS). Although the Company has recorded contract revenues subsequent to fiscal year 2022 based upon an estimate of costs that the Company believes will be approved upon final audit or review, the Company does not know the outcome of any ongoing or future audits or reviews and adjustments and if future adjustments exceed the Company’s estimates, its profitability would be adversely affected. The Company had $15.1 million and $14.8 million as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively, in contract-related reserves for its estimate of potential refunds to customers for potential cost adjustments on several multi-year U.S. Government cost reimbursable contracts (see Note 8 — Commitments and Contingencies for more information).

Evaluation of transaction price

The evaluation of transaction price, including the amounts allocated to performance obligations, may require significant judgments. Due to the nature of the work required to be performed on many of the Company’s performance obligations, the estimation of total revenue, and, where applicable, the cost at completion, is complex, subject to many variables and requires significant judgment. The Company’s contracts may contain award fees, incentive fees, or other provisions, including the potential for significant financing components, that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. These amounts, which are sometimes variable, can be dictated by performance metrics, program milestones or cost targets, the timing of payments, and customer discretion. The Company estimates variable consideration at the amount to which it expects to be entitled. The Company includes estimated amounts in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. The Company’s estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price are based largely on an assessment of the Company’s anticipated performance and all information (historical, current and forecasted) that is reasonably available to the Company. In the event an agreement includes embedded financing components, the Company recognizes interest expense or interest income on the embedded financing components using the effective interest method. This methodology uses an implied interest rate which reflects the incremental borrowing rate which would be expected to be obtained in a separate financing transaction. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the Company expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Company transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.

If a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, the total transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling prices of the promised goods or services underlying each performance obligation. Estimating standalone selling prices may require judgment. When available, the Company utilizes the observable price of a good or service when the Company sells that good or service separately in similar circumstances and to similar customers. If a standalone selling price is not directly observable, the Company estimates the standalone selling price by considering all information (including market conditions, specific factors, and information about the customer or class of customer) that is reasonably available.

Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations

The Company’s remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of firm contracts and orders for which work has not been performed. The Company includes in its remaining performance obligations only those contracts and orders for which it has accepted purchase orders. Remaining performance obligations associated with the Company’s subscribers for fixed consumer and business broadband services in its communication services segment exclude month-to-month service contracts in accordance with a practical expedient and are estimated using a portfolio approach in which the Company reviews all relevant promotional activities and calculates the remaining performance obligation using the average service component for the portfolio and the average time remaining under the contract. The Company’s future recurring in-flight connectivity (IFC) service contracts in its communication services segment do not have minimum service purchase requirements and therefore are not included in the Company’s remaining performance obligations. As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was $3.9 billion, of which the Company expects to recognize approximately half over the next 12 months, with the balance recognized thereafter.

Disaggregation of revenue

The Company operates and manages its business in two reportable segments: communication services and defense and advanced technologies. Revenue is disaggregated by products and services, customer type, contract type, business line and geographic area, as the Company believes this approach best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See Note 10 — Segment Information for disaggregation of revenue by business line and additional disaggregated revenue disclosures.

The following sets forth disaggregated reported revenue by segment and products and services for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
	Communication Services		Defense and Advanced Technologies		Total Revenues
	(In thousands)
Service revenues	$	769,817	$	51,693	$	821,510
Product revenues		66,838		252,545		319,383
Total revenues	$	836,655	$	304,238	$	1,140,893
	Six Months Ended September 30, 2025
	Communication Services		Defense and Advanced Technologies		Total Revenues
	(In thousands)
Service revenues	$	1,547,015	$	100,865	$	1,647,880
Product revenues		117,011		547,056		664,067
Total revenues	$	1,664,026	$	647,921	$	2,311,947

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
	Communication Services		Defense and Advanced Technologies		Total Revenues
	(In thousands)
Service revenues	$	747,894	$	50,420	$	798,314
Product revenues		78,491		245,457		323,948
Total revenues	$	826,385	$	295,877	$	1,122,262
	Six Months Ended September 30, 2024
	Communication Services		Defense and Advanced Technologies		Total Revenues
	(In thousands)
Service revenues	$	1,514,505	$	104,530	$	1,619,035
Product revenues		138,667		491,020		629,687
Total revenues	$	1,653,172	$	595,550	$	2,248,722

Revenues from the U.S. Government as an individual customer comprised approximately 17% and 16% of total revenues for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and approximately 18% and 17% of total revenues for the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Revenues from the U.S. Government were attributable to each of the communication services segment and defense and advanced technologies segment, with higher revenues from the U.S. Government reported within the Company's communication services segment for each of the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024.

Almost all of the Company's revenues are derived from fixed-price contracts (which require the Company to provide products and services under a contract at a specified price), which are reported in both of the Company's segments. The remainder of the Company's revenues is primarily from cost-reimbursement contracts (under which the Company is reimbursed for all actual costs incurred in performing the contract to the extent such costs are within the contract ceiling and allowable under the terms of the contract, plus a fee or profit), which are mainly reported within the Company's defense and advanced technologies segment.

Historically, a portion of the Company’s revenues has been derived from customer contracts that include the development of products. The development efforts are conducted in direct response to the customer’s specific requirements and, accordingly, expenditures related to such efforts are included in cost of sales when incurred and the related funding (which includes a profit component) is included in revenues. Revenues for the Company’s funded development from its customer contracts were approximately 10% of its total revenues for each of the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, and approximately 12% of its total revenues for each of the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, mainly reported within the Company's defense and advanced technologies segment.

Contract balances

Contract balances consist of contract assets and contract liabilities. A contract asset, or with respect to the Company, an unbilled accounts receivable, is recorded when revenue is recognized in advance of the Company’s right to bill and receive consideration, typically resulting from sales under long-term contracts. Unbilled accounts receivable are generally expected to be billed and collected within one year. The unbilled accounts receivable will decrease as provided services or delivered products are billed. The Company receives payments from customers based on a billing schedule established in the Company’s contracts.

When consideration is received in advance of the delivery of goods or services, a contract liability, or with respect to the Company, collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues, is recorded. Reductions in the collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues will be recorded as the Company satisfies the performance obligations.

The following table presents contract assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025:

	As of  September 30, 2025		As of  March 31, 2025
	(In thousands)
Unbilled accounts receivable	$	175,829	$	180,871
Collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues		288,357		294,034
Deferred revenues, long-term portion		777,631		786,710

Unbilled accounts receivable decreased by $5.0 million during the six months ended September 30, 2025, driven by an increase in billings, primarily attributable to the timing of milestone billings related to IFC systems installations and for certain larger development projects.

Collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues decreased by $5.7 million during the six months ended September 30, 2025, driven by revenue recognized in excess of advances on goods or services received, primarily attributable to the timing of advance payments in broadband services.

During the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, the Company recognized revenue of $71.7 million and $177.8 million, respectively, that was previously included in the Company’s collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues at March 31, 2025. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized revenue of $39.9 million and $146.2 million, respectively, that was previously included in the Company’s collections in excess of revenues and deferred revenues at March 31, 2024.

Cash equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase, with a significant portion held in U.S. government-backed securities and treasuries.

Property, equipment and satellites

Satellites and other property and equipment, including internally developed software, are recorded at cost or, in the case of certain satellites and other property acquired, the fair value at the date of acquisition, net of accumulated depreciation. Capitalized satellite costs consist primarily of the costs of satellite construction and launch, including launch insurance and insurance during the period of in-orbit testing, the net present value of performance incentives expected to be payable to satellite manufacturers (dependent on the continued satisfactory performance of the satellites), costs directly associated with the monitoring and support of satellite construction, and interest costs incurred during the period of satellite construction. The Company also constructs earth stations, network operations systems and other assets to support its satellites, and those construction costs, including interest, are capitalized as incurred. At the time satellites are placed in commercial service, the Company estimates the useful life of its satellites for depreciation purposes based upon an analysis of each satellite’s performance against the original manufacturer’s orbital design life, estimated fuel levels and related consumption rates, as well as historical satellite operating trends. The Company periodically reviews the remaining estimated useful life of its satellites to determine if revisions to estimated useful lives are necessary. Costs incurred for additions to property, equipment and satellites, together with major renewals and betterments, are capitalized and depreciated over the remaining life of the underlying asset. Costs incurred for maintenance, repairs and minor renewals and betterments are charged to expense as incurred. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in operations, which for the periods presented, primarily related to losses incurred for unreturned customer premise equipment (CPE). The Company computes depreciation using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from two to 38 years. Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the life of the improvement.

Costs related to internally developed software for internal uses are capitalized after the preliminary project stage is complete and are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are approximately three to seven years. Capitalized costs for internal-use software are included in property, equipment and satellites, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Interest expense is capitalized on the carrying value of assets under construction, in accordance with the authoritative guidance for the capitalization of interest (ASC 835-20). With respect to the construction of satellites, gateway and networking equipment and other assets under construction, the Company capitalized $60.4 million and $115.6 million of interest expense for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $48.6 million and $105.2 million for the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

The Company's complementary fleet of 23 in service or operational satellites spans the Ka-, L- and S- bands, with 13 Ka-band satellites, eight high-availability L-band satellites (three of which are contingency L-band satellites that are operational but not currently in commercial service), an S-band satellite that supports the European Aviation Network to provide IFC services to commercial airlines in Europe, and an Inmarsat-6 class hybrid Ka-/L-band satellite (the Inmarsat-6 F1 satellite). In late July 2024, the ViaSat-3 F1 satellite completed in-orbit testing and was integrated into the Company's existing satellite fleet covering the Americas. In May 2025, two Ka-band highly-elliptical earth orbit satellite payloads (GX10A and GX10B) were put in service to provide polar coverage for government customers, with commercial maritime and aviation services anticipated to follow in late fiscal year 2026. Furthermore, the Company has eight additional geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites under development or in preparation for launch: two additional high-capacity Ka-band GEO satellites (ViaSat-3 F2 and ViaSat-3 F3), three additional adaptive Ka-band GEO satellites (GX7, GX8 and GX9) and three Inmarsat-8 L-band GEO safety service satellites. In addition to the Company's satellite fleet, the Company has purchased capacity on and has access to additional regional partner satellites. In addition, the Company owns related earth stations and networking equipment for all of its satellites. The Company procures CPE units leased to customers in order to connect to the Company's satellite network as part of the Company’s communication services segment, which are reflected in investing activities and property, equipment and satellites, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company depreciates the satellites, earth stations and networking equipment, CPE units and related installation costs over their estimated useful lives. The total cost and accumulated depreciation of CPE units included in property, equipment and satellites, net, as of September 30, 2025 were $527.1 million and $343.6 million, respectively. The total cost and accumulated depreciation of CPE units included in property, equipment and satellites, net, as of March 31, 2025 were $526.0 million and $328.0 million, respectively.

As a result of the anomalies that occurred with respect to the ViaSat-3 F1 and Inmarsat-6 F2 satellites in fiscal year 2024, the Company recorded a reduction to the carrying value of the satellites of approximately $1.67 billion in fiscal year 2024, which was partially offset by total insurance claim receivables of approximately $770.0 million, and for which the final payment was received in the first quarter of fiscal year 2026.

Occasionally, the Company may enter into finance lease arrangements for various machinery, equipment, computer-related equipment, software, furniture, fixtures, or satellites. The Company records amortization of assets leased under finance lease arrangements (upon lease commencement) within depreciation expense. The Company’s finance leases consist primarily of satellite lifetime Ka-band capacity leases and have remaining terms from less than one year to 14 years. The Company reports assets obtained under finance leases in property, equipment and satellites, net and the current and non-current portions of its finance lease liabilities in current portion of long-term debt and other long-term debt, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 1 — Basis of Presentation – Leases for more information).

Cloud computing arrangements

The Company enters into certain cloud-based software hosting arrangements that are accounted for as service contracts. Costs incurred for these arrangements are capitalized for application development activities, if material, and immediately expensed for preliminary project activities and postimplementation activities. The Company amortizes the capitalized implementation costs straight-line over the fixed, non-cancellable term of the associated hosting arrangement plus any reasonably certain renewal periods. The capitalized costs are included in other current assets within the prepaid expenses and other current assets caption, and other assets (long-term) on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has entered into several cloud computing arrangements that are hosted services contracts mainly as part of projects related to the continuous transformation of technology, integration and implementation of an ERP system. As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, gross capitalized implementation costs incurred in cloud computing arrangements was $105.6 million and $88.7 million, respectively. As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the related accumulated amortization was $23.6 million and $18.4 million, respectively. The Company recognized amortization of capitalized implementation costs of $2.6 million and $5.1 million for three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $1.7 million and $3.2 million for the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Leases

Lessee accounting

In accordance with ASC 842, the Company assesses at contract inception whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. Generally, the Company determines that a lease exists when (1) the contract involves the use of a distinct identified asset, (2) the Company obtains the right to substantially all economic benefits from use of the asset, and (3) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset. A lease is classified as a finance lease when one or more of the following criteria are met: (1) the lease transfers ownership of the asset by the end of the lease term, (2) the lease contains an option to purchase the asset that is reasonably certain to be exercised, (3) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining useful life of the asset, (4) the present value of the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the asset or (5) the asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not meet any of these criteria.

At the lease commencement date, the Company recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases, except short-term leases with an original term of 12 months or less. The right-of-use asset represents the right to use the leased asset for the lease term. The lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments under the lease. The right-of-use asset is initially measured at cost, which primarily comprises the initial amount of the lease liability, less any lease incentives received. All right-of-use assets are periodically reviewed for impairment in accordance with standards that apply to long-lived assets. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using an estimate of the Company’s incremental borrowing rate for a collateralized loan with the same term as the underlying leases.

Lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities consist of (1) fixed lease payments for the noncancelable lease term, (2) fixed lease payments for optional renewal periods where it is reasonably certain the renewal option will be exercised, and (3) variable lease payments that depend on an underlying index or rate, based on the index or rate in effect at lease commencement. Certain of the Company’s real estate lease agreements require variable lease payments that do not depend on an underlying index or rate established at lease commencement. Such payments and changes in payments based on a rate or index are recognized in operating expenses when incurred.

Lease expense for operating leases consists of the fixed lease payments recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term plus variable lease payments as incurred. Lease expense for finance leases consists of the depreciation of assets obtained under finance leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term and interest expense on the lease liability based on the discount rate at lease commencement. For both operating and finance leases, lease payments are allocated between a reduction of the lease liability and interest expense.

The Company’s operating leases consist primarily of leases for office space, data centers and satellite ground facilities and have remaining terms that typically range from less than one year to 16 years, some of which include renewal options, and some of which include options to terminate the leases within one year. Certain earth station leases have renewal terms that have been deemed to be reasonably certain to be exercised and as such have been recognized as part of the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. The Company’s lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The Company recognizes right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for such leases in accordance with ASC 842. The Company reports operating lease right-of-use assets in operating lease right-of-use assets and the current and non-current portions of its operating lease liabilities in accrued and other liabilities and non-current operating lease liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Lessor accounting

For broadband equipment leased to customers in conjunction with the delivery of connectivity services, the Company has made an accounting policy election not to separate the broadband equipment from the related connectivity services. The connectivity services are the predominant component of these arrangements. The connectivity services are accounted for in accordance with ASC 606. The Company is also a lessor for certain insignificant communications equipment. These leases meet the criteria for operating lease classification. Lease income associated with these leases is not material.

Business combinations

The authoritative guidance for business combinations (ASC 805) requires that all business combinations be accounted for using the purchase method. The purchase price for business combinations is allocated to the estimated fair values of acquired tangible and intangible assets, and assumed liabilities, where applicable. The Company recognizes technology, contracts and customer relationships, orbital slots and spectrum assets, trade names and other as identifiable intangible assets, which are recorded at fair value as of the transaction date. Goodwill is recorded when consideration transferred exceeds the fair value of identifiable assets and liabilities. Measurement-period adjustments to assets acquired and liabilities assumed with a corresponding offset to goodwill are recorded in the period they occur, which may include up to one year from the acquisition date. Contingent consideration is recorded at fair value at the acquisition date.

Patents, orbital slots and other licenses

The Company capitalizes the costs of obtaining or acquiring patents, orbital slots and other licenses. Amortization of intangible assets that have finite lives is provided for by the straight-line method over the shorter of the legal or estimated economic life. Total capitalized costs related to patents, orbital slots and other licenses of $142.7 million and $129.4 million were included in other assets as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively. Accumulated amortization related to these assets was $16.9 million and $10.2 million as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively. Amortization expense related to these assets was $3.5 million and $6.8 million for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and was an insignificant amount for each of the three and six months ended September 30, 2024. If a patent, orbital slot or other license is rejected, abandoned or otherwise invalidated, the unamortized cost is expensed in that period. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not write off any significant costs due to abandonment or impairment.

Debt issuance costs

Debt issuance costs are amortized and recognized as interest expense using the effective interest rate method, or, when the results are not materially different, on a straight-line basis over the expected term of the related debt. The Company capitalized zero and $35.6 million of debt issuance costs during the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Unamortized debt issuance costs related to extinguished debt are expensed at the time the debt is extinguished and recorded in (loss) gain on extinguishment of debt, net in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). If the terms of a financing obligation are amended and accounted for as a debt modification by the Company, fees incurred directly with the lending institution are capitalized and amortized over the remaining contractual term using the effective interest method. Fees incurred with other parties are expensed as incurred. Debt issuance costs related to the Company’s revolving credit facilities (collectively, the Revolving Credit Facilities) are recorded in other long-term assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets in accordance with the authoritative guidance for imputation of interest (ASC 835-30). Debt issuance costs related to the Company’s senior secured and senior unsecured notes (collectively, the Notes) and senior secured term loan credit facilities (together with the Revolving Credit Facilities, the Credit Facilities) are recorded as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt, consistent with debt discounts, in accordance with ASC 835-30.

Software development

Costs of developing software for sale are charged to independent research and development (IR&D) expense when incurred, until technological feasibility has been established. Software development costs incurred from the time technological feasibility is reached until the product is available for general release to customers are capitalized and reported at the lower of unamortized cost or net realizable value. Once the product is available for general release, the software development costs are amortized based on the ratio of current to future revenue for each product with an annual minimum equal to straight-line amortization over the remaining estimated economic life of the product, generally within five years. As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company had $816.4 million and $780.3 million, respectively, of capitalized costs related to software developed for resale. Accumulated amortization related to these assets was $534.0 million and $515.8 million as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively. The Company capitalized $22.6 million and $46.1 million of costs related to software developed for resale for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $19.0 million and $37.8 million for the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. Amortization expense for capitalized software development costs was $4.9 million and $19.8 million for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively, and $15.1 million and $29.4 million for the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, respectively.

Self-insurance and post-retirement medical benefit liabilities

The Company has self-insurance plans to retain a portion of the exposure for losses related to employee medical benefits and workers’ compensation. The self-insurance plans include policies which provide for both specific and aggregate stop-loss limits. The Company utilizes actuarial methods as well as other historical information for the purpose of estimating ultimate costs for a particular plan year. Based on these actuarial methods, along with currently available information and insurance industry statistics, the Company recorded self-insurance liability for its plans of $5.5 million and $5.9 million as of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, respectively. The Company’s estimate, which is subject to inherent variability, is based on average claims experience in the Company’s industry and its own experience in terms of frequency and severity of claims, including asserted and unasserted claims incurred but not reported, with no explicit provision for adverse fluctuation from year to year. This variability may lead to ultimate payments being either greater or less than the amounts presented above. Self-insurance liabilities have been classified as a current liability in accrued and other liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets in accordance with the estimated timing of the projected payments.

In fiscal year 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Connect Topco Limited, a private company limited by shares and incorporated in Guernsey (Inmarsat Holdings and, together with its subsidiaries, Inmarsat, and such acquisition, the Inmarsat Acquisition). As a part of the Inmarsat Acquisition, the Company assumed a post-retirement medical benefit plan for retired employees (and their dependents) who were employed by Inmarsat before January 1, 1998. The plan is funded by the Company and there are no plan assets from which the costs are paid. The cost of providing these benefits is actuarially determined and accrued over the service period of the active employee groups. The annual increase in Inmarsat's contribution to post-retirement medical liability is capped at the United Kingdom Consumer Price Index +1%.

Indemnification provisions

In the ordinary course of business, the Company includes indemnification provisions in certain of its contracts, generally relating to parties with which the Company has commercial relations. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company will indemnify, hold harmless and agree to reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, including but not limited to losses relating to third-party intellectual property claims. To date, there have not been any material costs incurred in connection with such indemnification clauses. The Company’s insurance policies do not necessarily cover the cost of defending indemnification claims or providing indemnification, so if a claim was filed against the Company by any party that the Company has agreed to indemnify, the Company could incur substantial legal costs and damages. A claim would be accrued when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. At September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, no such amounts were accrued related to the aforementioned provisions.

Noncontrolling interests

A noncontrolling interest represents the equity interest in a subsidiary that is not attributable, either directly or indirectly, to the Company and is reported as equity of the Company, separate from the Company’s controlling interest. Revenues, expenses, gains, losses, net income (loss) and other comprehensive income (loss) are reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements at the consolidated amounts, which include the amounts attributable to both the controlling and noncontrolling interest.

In June 2025, TrellisWare declared a cash dividend for a total of $155.7 million. The Company's share of this dividend was $96.0 million. The remaining $59.7 million was recorded as a reduction to noncontrolling interest in subsidiary during the first quarter of fiscal year 2026. Of the portion attributable to noncontrolling interest, $13.8 million and $59.7 million was paid to minority shareholders during the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.

Common stock held in treasury

As of September 30, 2025 and March 31, 2025, the Company had zero shares of common stock held in treasury.

During the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company issued 226,081 shares and 150,045 shares of common stock, respectively, and during the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company issued 1,578,052 shares and 370,158 shares of common stock, respectively, based on the vesting terms of certain restricted stock unit (RSU) and performance-based RSU (PSU) agreements. In order for employees to satisfy minimum statutory employee tax withholding requirements related to the issuance of common stock underlying these RSU and PSU agreements, during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company repurchased 99,480 shares and 56,243 shares of common stock, respectively, at cost and with a total value of $2.0 million and $1.0 million, respectively. During the six months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company repurchased 602,644 shares and 141,881 shares of common stock, respectively, at cost and with a total value of $6.6 million and $2.4 million, respectively. Although shares withheld for employee withholding taxes are technically not issued, they are treated as common stock repurchases for accounting purposes (with such shares deemed to be repurchased and then immediately retired), as they reduce the number of shares that otherwise would have been issued upon vesting of the RSUs and PSUs. These retired shares remain as authorized stock and are considered to be unissued. The retirement of treasury stock had no impact on the Company’s total consolidated stockholders’ equity.

Derivatives

As a result of the Inmarsat Acquisition, the Company assumed interest rate cap contracts to hedge the variable interest rate under Inmarsat's senior secured term loan facilities. The interest rate cap contracts provided protection from Compound SOFR rates over 2%, covered the total nominal amount of Inmarsat's senior secured term loan facilities of $1.6 billion, and matured in February 2025. At the time of the acquisition, the Company continued to account for the interest rate cap contracts as cash-flow hedges. Upon amendment of Inmarsat's senior secured term loan facilities in March 2024 (see Note 6 — Senior Notes and Other Long-Term Debt for more information), the portion of the interest rate cap contracts related to Inmarsat's $1.3 billion senior secured term loan facility (the 2024 Inmarsat Term Loan Facility) continued to be accounted for as cash-flow hedges, as the interest rate cap contracts remained in place with their original maturity date.

The Company did not use this instrument, or these types of instruments in general, for speculative or trading purposes. The Company’s objective was to reduce the risk to earnings and cash flows associated with changes in debt with variable interest rates. Derivative instruments are recognized as either assets or liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets and are measured at fair value. The value of a hedging derivative is classified as a non-current asset or liability if the cash flows are due to be received in greater than 12 months, and as a current asset or liability if the cash flows are due to be received in less than 12 months.

Gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments which are designated as cash-flow hedging instruments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments until the underlying transaction affects the Company’s earnings, at which time they are then recorded in the same income statement line as the underlying transaction. The Company may designate a derivative with periodic cash settlements and a non-zero fair value at hedge inception as the hedging instrument in a qualifying cash flow hedging relationship. The non-zero fair value of cash flow hedges on the designation date is recognized into income under a systematic and rational method over the life of the hedging instrument and in the same line item in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) as the earnings of the hedge item, with the offset recorded to other comprehensive income (loss).

During the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recognized a loss of $3.1 million (and related tax benefit of an insignificant amount) and a gain of an insignificant amount (and related tax expense of an insignificant amount), respectively, in other comprehensive income arising from changes in the fair value of the interest rate cap contracts (designated as cash-flow hedging instruments) related to Inmarsat's senior secured term loan facilities. During the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, the Company recorded a decrease of $3.4 million (and related tax benefit of an insignificant amount) and a decrease of $8.1 million (and related tax benefit of $2.0 million), respectively, to other comprehensive income and interest expense, net of the recognition into income of the non-zero hedge inception fair value (based on the nature of the underlying transaction). During the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, the Company received $14.4 million and $28.5 million, respectively, as a result of periodic cash settlements, which was included in operating cash flows in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

Stock-based compensation

In accordance with the authoritative guidance for share-based payments (ASC 718), the Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award. Expense for RSUs and stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the employee’s requisite service period. Expense for PSUs with a market condition (such as a stock price milestone) (market condition PSUs) that vest is recognized regardless of the actual outcome achieved and is recognized on a graded-vesting basis. Expense for PSUs with a performance condition (such as an operational milestone) (performance condition PSUs) that vest is recorded each period based on a probability assessment of the expected outcome of the performance metric with a final adjustment upon measurement at the end of the performance period and is recognized on a graded-vesting basis. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The Company recognized $20.1 million and $34.8 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. The Company recognized $22.8 million and $42.0 million of stock-based compensation expense for the three and six months ended September 30, 2024, respectively. The Company recognizes excess tax benefits or deficiencies on vesting or settlement of awards as discrete items within income tax benefit or provision within net income (loss) and the related cash flows are classified within operating activities.

Income taxes

Accruals for uncertain tax positions are provided for in accordance with the authoritative guidance for accounting for uncertainty in income taxes (ASC 740). The Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position should be measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition of income tax assets and liabilities, classification of deferred income tax assets and liabilities, accounting for interest and penalties associated with tax positions, and income tax disclosures. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest expense and penalties related to income tax matters as a component of income tax expense.

Ordinarily, the Company calculates its provision for income taxes at the end of each interim reporting period on the basis of an estimated annual effective tax rate adjusted for tax items that are discrete to each period.

A deferred income tax asset or liability is established for the expected future tax consequences resulting from differences in the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and for the expected future tax benefit to be derived from tax credit and loss carryforwards. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Recent authoritative guidance

In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative. This ASU amends certain disclosure and presentation requirements for a variety of topics within the FASB ASC. These amendments will also align the requirements in the ASC with the SEC's regulations. The effective date for each amended topic in the ASC is the date on which the SEC’s removal of the related disclosure requirement from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective, and will not be effective if the SEC has not removed the applicable disclosure requirements by June 30, 2027. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires public entities to enhance disclosures about their reportable segments' significant expenses on an interim and annual basis. The Company adopted the new guidance for annual disclosures in fiscal year 2025 and for interim disclosures in the first quarter of fiscal year 2026 on a retrospective basis. See Note 10 — Segment Information for additional information.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 enhances annual income tax disclosures by requiring disclosure of specific categories in the income tax rate reconciliation table and disaggregation of income taxes paid. The new standard will become effective for the Company's annual disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2026. Early adoption is permitted and the new standard should be applied prospectively, however retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In March 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-02, Codification Improvements – Amendments to Remove References to the Concepts Statements. This update contains amendments to the Codification that remove references to various Concepts Statements. The amendments in this update are not intended to result in significant accounting changes for most entities. The Company adopted the new guidance on a prospective basis in the first quarter of fiscal year 2026 and the guidance did not have an impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. This ASU requires additional disclosures about certain categories of costs and expenses in the notes to financial statements. As clarified in ASU 2025-01, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date, the new standard will become effective for the Company’s annual disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2028 and for interim disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2029. Early adoption is permitted and the amendments should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of the ASU or retrospectively to any or all periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In May 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-04, Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Clarifications to Share-Based Consideration Payable to a Customer. The purpose of this ASU is to reduce diversity in practice and improve the decision usefulness and operability of the guidance for share-based consideration payable to a customer in conjunction with selling goods or services. The new standard will become effective for the Company's interim and annual disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2028. Early adoption is permitted and the new guidance should be applied either on a modified retrospective or a retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. The purpose of this ASU is to allow entities to apply a practical expedient when estimating expected credit losses for current accounts receivable and current contract assets that arise from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. The new standard will become effective for the Company's interim and annual disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2027. Early adoption is permitted and the new guidance should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In September 2025, FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software. The purpose of this ASU is to modernize the accounting guidance for the costs to develop software for internal use by removing all references to prescriptive and sequential software development project stages and providing further guidance on when an entity is required to start capitalizing eligible costs. The new standard will become effective for the Company's interim and annual disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2029. Early adoption is permitted and the new guidance should be applied either on prospective transition, modified transition or retrospective transition approach. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In September 2025, FASB issued ASU 2025-07, Derivative and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Noncash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract. This ASU expands the scope exception in Topic 815 and clarifies the guidance on share-based noncash consideration from a customer in Topic 606. The new standard will become effective for the Company's interim and annual disclosures beginning in fiscal year 2028. Early adoption is permitted and the new guidance should be applied either prospectively or on a modified retrospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.