(3) Restructuring and Other Charges, Net

The Company’s Board of Directors approves all major restructuring programs that may involve the discontinuance of significant product lines or the shutdown of significant facilities. From time to time, the Company takes additional restructuring actions, including involuntary terminations that are not part of a major program. The Company accounts for these costs in the period that the liability is incurred. These costs are included in restructuring charges in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

A summary of the pre‑tax cost by restructuring program is as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
	(in millions)
Restructuring costs:
2015 Actions	$	2.1	$	13.6	$	—
2013 Actions		—		0.5		3.8
Other Actions		2.6		7.3		11.3
Total restructuring	$	4.7	$	21.4	$	15.2

The Company recorded pre‑tax restructuring in its business segments as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
	(in millions)
Americas	$	1.6	$	9.4	$	2.1
EMEA		3.4		6.7		12.1
Asia - Pacific		0.2		4.2		0.2
Corporate		(0.5)		1.1		0.8
Total	$	4.7	$	21.4	$	15.2

2015 Actions

In 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company approved a transformation program relating to the Company’s Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses, which primarily involved the exit of low-margin, non-core product lines (“phase one”). The Company eliminated approximately $165 million of the combined Americas and Asia-Pacific net sales primarily within the Company’s do-it-yourself (DIY) distribution channel. As part of the rationalization exercise, the Company entered into an agreement to sell an operating subsidiary in China that was dedicated exclusively to the manufacturing of products being rationalized. The sale was finalized in the second quarter of 2016, and the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $8.7 million and received proceeds from the sale of $8.4 million.

The second phase of the program involves the consolidation of manufacturing facilities and distribution center network optimization. The second phase of the program involves reducing the square footage of the Company’s Americas facilities, which together with phase one, reduced the Americas net operating footprint by approximately 30%. The second phase is designed to improve the utilization of our remaining facilities, better leverage our cost structure, reduce working capital, and improve execution of customer delivery requirements. As of December 31, 2016, the second phase was substantially complete and is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2017.

On a combined basis, the total estimated pre-tax cost for the Company’s transformation program related to its Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses is approximately $65 million, including restructuring costs of $19.5 million, goodwill and intangible asset impairments of $13.5 million and other transformation and deployment costs of approximately $32 million. The other transformation and deployment costs include consulting and project management fees, inventory write-offs, and other associated costs. Costs of the program are expected to be incurred through 2017.

The following table summarizes by type, the total expected, incurred and remaining pre-tax restructuring costs for the Company’s transformation program related to its Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses (phase one and phase two combined):


							Facility
			Legal and		Asset		exit
	Severance		consultancy		write‑downs		and other		Total
	(in millions)
Costs incurred—2015	$	8.5		0.7		1.6		2.8		13.6
Costs incurred—2016		(1.5)		0.2		2.9		0.5		2.1
Remaining costs to be incurred		0.2		0.1		1.8		1.7		3.8
Total expected restructuring costs	$	7.2	$	1.0	$	6.3	$	5.0	$	19.5

The following table summarizes total incurred for the year ended December 31, 2016, incurred program to date and expected pre-tax restructuring costs by business segment for the Company’s Americas and Asia-Pacific 2015 transformation program:


	Year Ended				Total
	December 31,		Incurred		Expected
	2016		to Date		Costs

Asia-Pacific	$	0.2	$	4.4	$	4.6
Americas		1.9		11.3		14.9
Total restructuring costs	$	2.1	$	15.7	$	19.5

Details of the restructuring reserve activity for the Company’s Americas and Asia-Pacific 2015 transformation program for the year ended December 31, 2016 are as follows:


							Facility
			Legal and		Asset		exit
	Severance		consultancy		write-downs		and other		Total
	(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		8.5		0.7		1.6		2.8		13.6
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(3.5)		(0.3)		(1.6)		(1.8)		(7.2)
Balance at December 31,2015		5.0		0.4		—		1.0		6.4
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		(1.5)		0.2		2.9		0.5		2.1
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(2.3)		(0.6)		(2.9)		(1.5)		(7.3)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	1.2	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	1.2

Other Actions

The Company periodically initiates other actions which are not part of a major program. In the fourth quarter of 2015 and in the fourth quarter of 2014, management initiated certain restructuring actions and strategic initiatives with respect to the Company’s EMEA segment in response to the ongoing economic challenges in Europe and additional product rationalization. The restructuring actions included severance benefits and limited costs relating to asset write offs, professional fees and relocation.

Total “Other Actions” pre-tax restructuring expense was $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. Included in “Other Actions” is the 2014 and 2015 EMEA restructuring initiatives, in addition to other minor initiatives for which the Company incurred restructuring expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016.

The total pre-tax charge for the EMEA 2015 restructuring initiatives is expected to be approximately $10 million, of which approximately $8.7 million was incurred as of December 31, 2016 for the program to date. The remaining expected costs relate to severance and legal costs and are expected to be completed in 2017.

The total pre-tax charge for the EMEA 2014 restructuring initiatives was approximately $6.7 million, all of which was incurred as of December 31, 2016.

The following table summarizes total expected, incurred and remaining pre-tax restructuring costs for the EMEA 2015 restructuring actions:


					Facility
			Legal and		Exit
	Severance		consultancy		and other		Total
	(in millions)
Costs incurred-2015	$	6.6	$	—	$	0.3	$	6.9
Costs incurred-2016		1.3		0.5		—		1.8
Remaining costs to be incurred		1.1		0.2		—		1.3
Total expected restructuring costs	$	9.0	$	0.7	$	0.3	$	10.0

Details of the Company’s EMEA 2015 restructuring reserve activity for the year ended December 31, 2016 are as follows:


			Legal and		Facility exit
	Severance		Consultancy		and other		Total
	(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		6.6		—		0.3		6.9
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(0.2)		—		(0.3)		(0.5)
Balance at December 31, 2015		6.4		—		—		6.4
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		1.3		0.5		—		1.8
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(2.9)		(0.5)		—		(3.4)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	4.8	$	—	$	—	$	4.8

The following table summarizes total expected, incurred and remaining pre-tax restructuring costs for the EMEA 2014 restructuring actions:


							Facility
			Legal and		Asset		exit
	Severance		consultancy		write‑downs		and other		Total
	(in millions)
Costs incurred—2014	$	6.9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6.9
Costs incurred – 2015		(1.0)		0.2		0.3		—		(0.5)
Costs incurred – 2016		—		—		0.3		—		0.3
Total restructuring costs	$	5.9	$	0.2	$	0.6	$	—	$	6.7

Details of the Company’s EMEA 2014 restructuring reserve activity for the year ended December 31, 2016 are as follows:


			Legal and		Asset
	Severance		consultancy		write-downs		Total
	(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	6.9	$	—	$	—	$	6.9
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		(1.0)		0.2		0.3		(0.5)
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(3.3)		(0.2)		(0.3)		(3.8)
Balance at December 31, 2015		2.6		—		—		2.6
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		—		—		0.3		0.3
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(2.1)		—		(0.3)		(2.4)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	0.5	$	—	$	—	$	0.5