(4) Restructuring and Other Charges, Net

The Company's Board of Directors approves all major restructuring programs that may involve the discontinuance of significant product lines or the shutdown of significant facilities. From time to time, the Company takes additional restructuring actions, including involuntary terminations that are not part of a major program. The Company accounts for these costs in the period that the liability is incurred. These costs are included in restructuring and other charges in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.

A summary of the pre-tax cost by restructuring program is as follows:

	Year ended December 31
	2015		2014		2013
	(in millions)
Restructuring costs:
2015 Actions	$	13.6	$	—	$	—
2013 Actions		0.5		3.8		4.1
Other Actions		7.3		11.3		5.9

Total restructuring charges	$	21.4	$	15.2	$	10.0
Adjustment related to contingent liability reduction		—		—		(0.2	)
Less: amount included in cost of goods sold		—		—		(1.1	))

Total restructuring and other charges, net	$	21.4	$	15.2	$	8.7

The Company recorded pre-tax restructuring in its business segments as follows:

	Year ended December 31
	2015		2014		2013
	(in millions)
Americas	$	9.4	$	2.1	$	1.3
EMEA		6.7		12.1		8.7
Asia-Pacific		4.2		0.2		—
Corporate		1.1		0.8		—

Total	$	21.4	$	15.2	$	10.0

2015 Actions

On February 17, 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the initial phase of a transformation program relating to the Company's Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses, which primarily involved the exit of low-margin, non-core product lines ("phase one"). The Company eliminated approximately $175 million of the combined Americas and Asia-Pacific net sales primarily within the Company's do-it-yourself (DIY) distribution channel. As of December 31, 2015, total expected costs relating to the phase one program were complete. Total pre-tax cost incurred to date were $31.5 million, including restructuring of $9.6 million, goodwill and intangible asset impairments of $13.4 million and other transformation and deployment costs of $8.5 million. Total pre-tax cost incurred included non-cash charges of $17.1 million. Total net after-tax charges were $26.2 million.

On October 26, 2015, the Board of Directors of the Company completed its approval of the second phase of the Company's transformation program related to its Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses ("phase two"). Phase two involves reducing the square footage of the Company's North American facilities, which together with phase one, is expected to reduce the Americas net operating footprint by approximately 30%. Phase two is designed to improve the utilization of the Company's remaining facilities, better leverage the Company's cost structure, reduce working capital, and improve execution of customer delivery requirements. The total estimated pre-tax cost for phase two is $31.5 million to $36.5 million, including restructuring of $11.6 million, and other transformation and deployment costs of $19.9 million to $24.9 million. Total phase two program costs of $8.3 million have been incurred to date. Total phase two non-cash charges are estimated to be $9 million, and after-tax charges are estimated to be $19.4 million to $22.4 million.

On a combined basis, the total estimated pre-tax cost for the Company's transformation program related to its Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses is $63 million to $68 million, including restructuring costs of $21.2 million, goodwill and intangible asset impairments of $13.4 million and other transformation and deployment costs of $28 million to $33 million. The other transformation and deployment costs include consulting and project management fees and other associated costs. Costs of the program are expected to be incurred through 2017.

The following table summarizes by type, the total expected, incurred and remaining pre-tax restructuring costs for the Company's transformation program related to its Americas and Asia-Pacific businesses (phase one and phase two combined):

	Severance		Legal and consultancy		Asset write-downs		Facility exit and other		Total
	(in millions)
Costs incurred—2015	$	8.5		0.7		1.6		2.8		13.6
Remaining costs to be incurred		2.0		0.3		0.7		4.6		7.6

Total expected restructuring costs	$	10.5	$	1.0	$	2.3	$	7.4	$	21.2

The following table summarizes total incurred for the year ended December 31, 2015, incurred program to date and expected pre-tax restructuring costs by business segment for the Company's Americas and Asia-Pacific 2015 transformation program:

	Year Ended December 31, 2015		Incurred to Date		Total Expected Costs
	(in millions)
Asia-Pacific	$	4.2	$	4.2	$	4.4
Americas		9.4		9.4		16.8

Total restructuring costs	$	13.6	$	13.6	$	21.2

Details of the restructuring reserve activity for the Company's Americas and Asia-Pacific 2015 transformation program for the year ended December 31, 2015 are as follows:

	Severance			Legal and consultancy			Asset write-downs			Facility exit and other			Total
	(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		8.5			0.7			1.6			2.8			13.6
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(3.5	)		(0.3	)		(1.6	)		(1.8	)		(7.2	)

Balance at December 31, 2015	$	5.0		$	0.4		$	—		$	1.0		$	6.4

Other Actions

The Company also periodically initiates other actions which are not part of a major program. In the fourth quarter of 2015 and in the fourth quarter of 2014, management initiated certain restructuring actions and strategic initiatives with respect to the Company's EMEA segment in response to the ongoing economic challenges in Europe and additional product rationalization. The restructuring actions primarily include expected severance benefits and limited costs relating to asset write offs, professional fees and relocation. The 2015 EMEA restructuring action is subject to completion of statutory and labor relations requirements, including consultation with and receipt of advisory opinions from the relevant works councils.

The total pre-tax charge for the 2015 restructuring initiatives is expected to be approximately $10 million, of which approximately $6.9 million was incurred as of December 31, 2015 for the program to date. The remaining expected costs relate to severance, legal and relocation costs and are expected to be completed by the end of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016.

The total pre-tax charge for the 2014 restructuring initiatives is expected to be approximately $8 million, of which approximately $6.4 million was incurred as of December 31, 2015 for the program to date. In 2015, the total expected costs of the planned actions were reduced from $9.9 million to $8 million, primarily related to reduced severance costs and favorable foreign exchange rates with the weakening of the euro. The remaining costs relate to severance, asset write-offs and relocation costs and are expected to be completed by the end of the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, the Company initiated restructuring activities in Corporate to reduce costs through reductions-in-force. Total pre-tax restructuring expense incurred relating to these initiatives was $1.1 million and there are no remaining expected costs.

The following table summarizes total expected, incurred and remaining pre-tax restructuring costs for the EMEA 2015 restructuring actions:

	Severance		Legal and consultancy		Facility exit and other		Total
	(in millions)
Costs incurred—2015		6.6		—		0.3		6.9
Remaining costs to be incurred		1.0		2.0		0.1		3.1

Total expected restructuring costs	$	7.6	$	2.0	$	0.4	$	10.0

Details of the Company's EMEA 2015 restructuring reserve activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 are as follows:

	Severance			Legal and consultancy		Facility exit and other			Total
	(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		6.6			—		0.3			6.9
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(0.2	)		—		(0.3	)		(0.5	)

Balance at December 31, 2015	$	6.4		$	—	$	—		$	6.4

The following table summarizes total expected, incurred and remaining pre-tax restructuring costs for the EMEA 2014 restructuring actions:

	Severance			Legal and consultancy		Asset write-downs		Facility exit and other		Total
	(in millions)
Costs incurred—2014	$	6.9		$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6.9
Costs incurred—2015		(1.0	)		0.2		0.3		—		(0.5	)
Remaining costs to be incurred		0.8			—		0.7		0.1		1.6

Total expected restructuring costs	$	6.7		$	0.2	$	1.0	$	0.1	$	8.0

Details of the Company's EMEA 2014 restructuring reserve activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 are as follows:

	Severance			Legal and consultancy			Asset write-downs			Total
	(in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	6.9		$	—		$	—		$	6.9
Net pre-tax restructuring charges		(1.0	)		0.2			0.3			(0.5	)
Utilization and foreign currency impact		(3.3	)		(0.2	)		(0.3	)		(3.8	)

Balance at December 31, 2015	$	2.6		$	—		$	—		$	2.6