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Income Taxes
6 Months Ended
May 31, 2016
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Income Tax Expense. Our income tax expense totaled $9.2 million and $3.1 million for the three months ended May 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the six months ended May 31, 2016 and 2015, our income tax expense was $12.1 million and $5.8 million, respectively. Income tax expense for the three months ended May 31, 2016 reflected the favorable net impact of $.4 million of federal energy tax credits we earned from building energy-efficient homes, resulting in an effective income tax rate of 37.1%. For the three months ended May 31, 2015, our effective income tax rate of 24.5% reflected the favorable net impact of $1.7 million of federal energy tax credits. Our income tax expense for the six months ended May 31, 2016 and 2015 reflected the favorable net impact of federal energy tax credits of $3.7 million and $3.1 million, respectively. Our effective income tax rate was 29.6% for the six months ended May 31, 2016 and 25.0% for the six months ended May 31, 2015.
The federal energy tax credits for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2016 resulted from legislation enacted on December 18, 2015. Among other things, this legislation extended the availability of a business tax credit for building new energy-efficient homes through December 31, 2016. Prior to this legislation, the tax credit expired on December 31, 2014. The federal energy tax credits for the three-month and six-month periods ended May 31, 2015 were earned from building energy-efficient homes in prior periods based on legislation enacted on December 19, 2014, which permitted retroactive application of the credits.
Deferred Tax Asset Valuation Allowance. We evaluate our deferred tax assets quarterly to determine if adjustments to our valuation allowance are required based on the consideration of all available positive and negative evidence using a “more likely than not” standard with respect to whether our deferred tax assets will be realized. Our evaluation considers, among other factors, our historical operating results, our expectation of future profitability, the duration of the applicable statutory carryforward periods, and conditions in the housing market and the broader economy. The ultimate realization of our deferred tax assets depends primarily on our ability to generate future taxable income during the periods in which the related temporary differences in the financial basis and the tax basis of the assets become deductible. The value of our deferred tax assets depends on applicable income tax rates.
Our deferred tax assets of $808.2 million as of May 31, 2016 and $820.0 million as of November 30, 2015 were partly offset by a valuation allowance in each period of $37.8 million. The deferred tax asset valuation allowances as of May 31, 2016 and November 30, 2015 were primarily related to foreign tax credits and certain state net operating losses (“NOLs”) that had not met the “more likely than not” realization standard. Based on our evaluation of our deferred tax assets as of May 31, 2016, we determined that most of our deferred tax assets would be realized. Therefore, we made no adjustments to our deferred tax valuation allowance during the three months or six months ended May 31, 2016.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits. At both May 31, 2016 and November 30, 2015, our gross unrecognized tax benefits (including interest and penalties) totaled $.1 million, all of which, if recognized, would affect our effective income tax rate. We anticipate that these gross unrecognized tax benefits will decrease by an amount ranging from zero to $.1 million during the 12 months from this reporting date. The fiscal years ending 2012 and later remain open to federal examinations, while fiscal years 2011 and later remain open to state examinations.