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Revenue Recognition
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue Recognition Revenue Recognition
We categorize our products and services and related revenue among the following categories:
•Compute and Application Services, which include our Edge Cloud services, IT solutions, Unified Communications and Collaboration ("UC&C"), data center, content delivery network ("CDN") and managed security services;
•IP and Data Services, which include Ethernet, IP, and VPN data networks, including software-defined wide area networks ("SD WAN") based services, Dynamic Connections and Hyper WAN;
•Fiber Infrastructure Services, which include dark fiber, optical services and equipment;
•Voice and Other, which include Time Division Multiplexing ("TDM") voice, private line and other legacy services; and
•Affiliate Services, which include communications services provided to our affiliates that we also provide to our external customers.
Disaggregated Revenue by Service Offering

The following table provides disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers based on service offering for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. It also shows the amount of revenue that is not subject to ASC 606, but is instead governed by other accounting standards:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Total Revenue
Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue(1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with CustomersTotal Revenue
Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue(1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(Dollars in millions)
Compute and Application Services$283 (126)157 283 (127)156 
IP and Data Services883 — 883 888 — 888 
Fiber Infrastructure Services403 (57)346 401 (55)346 
Voice and Other327 (4)323 357 (3)354 
Affiliate Services57 (57)— 56 (56)— 
Total revenue$1,953 (244)1,709 1,985 (241)1,744 

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
Total Revenue
Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue (1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with CustomersTotal Revenue
Adjustments for Non-ASC 606 Revenue (1)
Total Revenue from Contracts with Customers
(Dollars in millions)
Compute and Application Services$560 (254)306 563 (254)309 
IP and Data Services1,769 — 1,769 1,769 — 1,769 
Fiber Infrastructure Services794 (111)683 798 (108)690 
Voice and Other663 (8)655 733 (5)728 
Affiliate Services113 (113)— 111 (111)— 
Total revenue$3,899 (486)3,413 3,974 (478)3,496 
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(1) Includes lease revenue which is not within the scope of ASC 606.

Operating Lease Income

We lease various dark fiber, office facilities, colocation facilities, switching facilities, other network sites and service equipment to third parties under operating leases. Lease and sublease revenue are included in operating revenue in our consolidated statements of operations.

For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, our gross rental income was $203 million and $202 million, which represents approximately 10% of our operating revenue for both periods. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, our gross rental income was $406 million and $399 million, which represents approximately 10% of our operating revenue for both periods.
Customer Receivables and Contract Balances

The following table provides balances of customer receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities, net of amounts reclassified as held for sale as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021:
June 30, 2022December 31, 2021
(Dollars in millions)
Customer receivables (1)
$577 640 
Contract assets (2)
33 35 
Contract liabilities (3)
254 247 
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(1)Reflects gross customer receivables of $614 million and $679 million, net of allowance for credit losses of $37 million and $39 million, at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, these amounts exclude customer receivables reclassified as held for sale of $94 million and $83 million respectively.
(2)As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, no amounts have been reclassified as held for sale.
(3)As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, amounts exclude contract liabilities reclassified as held for sale of $59 million and $58 million respectively.

Contract liabilities are consideration we have received from our customers or billed in advance of providing the goods or services promised in the future. We defer recognizing this consideration until we have satisfied the related performance obligation to the customer. Contract liabilities include recurring services billed one month in advance and installation and maintenance charges that are deferred and recognized over the actual or expected contract term, which typically ranges from one to five years depending on the service. Contract liabilities are included within deferred revenue and liabilities held for sale in our consolidated balance sheets. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized $23 million and $108 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in contract liabilities of $305 million as of January 1, 2022, including contract liabilities that were classified as held for sale. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, we recognized $28 million and $121 million, respectively, of revenue that was included in contract liabilities of $385 million as of January 1, 2021.

Performance Obligations

As of June 30, 2022, we expect to recognize approximately $3.7 billion of revenue in the future related to performance obligations associated with existing customer contracts that are partially or wholly unsatisfied. We expect to recognize approximately 84% of this revenue through 2024, with the balance recognized thereafter.

These amounts exclude (i) the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed (for example, uncommitted usage or non-recurring charges associated with professional or technical services to be completed), (ii) contracts that are classified as leasing arrangements that are not subject to ASC 606 and (iii) the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts which relate to our recently completed divestiture.
Contract Costs

The following table provides changes in our contract acquisition costs and fulfillment costs:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2022Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
Acquisition Costs
Fulfillment Costs (1)
Acquisition CostsFulfillment Costs
(Dollars in millions)
Beginning of period balance$77 100 75 123 
Costs incurred14 22 15 23 
Amortization(13)(20)(15)(22)
Change in contract costs held for sale (1)
— (1)— — 
End of period balance$78 101 75 124 

Six Months Ended
June 30, 2022		Six Months Ended
June 30, 2021
Acquisition Costs
Fulfillment Costs (1)
Acquisition CostsFulfillment Costs
(Dollars in millions)
Beginning of period balance$76 99 78 122 
Costs incurred29 43 29 46 
Amortization(27)(40)(32)(44)
Change in contract costs held for sale (1)
— (1)— — 
End of period balance$78 101 75 124 
(1)The beginning balance for both the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 excluded fulfillment costs reclassified as held for sale of $27 million, respectively. The ending balance for June 30, 2022 excluded fulfillment costs reclassified as held for sale of $28 million.

Acquisition costs include commission fees paid to employees as a result of obtaining contracts. Fulfillment costs include third party and internal costs associated with the provision, installation and activation of services to customers, including labor and materials consumed for these activities.

Deferred acquisition and fulfillment costs are amortized based on the transfer of services on a straight-line basis over the average expected contract life of approximately 34 months for our business customers. Amortized fulfillment costs are included in cost of services and products, and amortized acquisition costs are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. The amount of these deferred costs that are anticipated to be amortized in the next 12 months are included in other current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. The amount of deferred costs expected to be amortized beyond 12 months is included in other non-current assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Deferred acquisition and fulfillment costs are assessed for impairment on an annual basis.