Although the reinsurers are liable to the Company for amounts reinsured, our subsidiary, Wright National Flood Insurance Company (“WNFIC”), remains primarily liable to its policyholders for the full amount of the policies written whether or not the reinsurers meet their obligations to the Company when they become due. The Company also participates in two Captives for the purpose of facilitating additional underwriting capacity and participating in a portion of the underwriting results. One Captive participates on a quota share basis for policies placed by certain of our MGA businesses that are currently focused on property insurance for earthquake and wind exposed properties with a portion of premiums ceded to reinsurance companies, limiting, but not fully eliminating the Company's exposure to claims expenses. The other Captive participates through excess of loss reinsurance layers associated with one of our MGA businesses focused on placements of personal property, excluding flood, primarily in the southeastern United States with one layer of per risk excess reinsurance and three layers of catastrophe per occurrence reinsurance. All four layers have limited reinstatements and therefore have capped, maximum aggregate limits. The effects of reinsurance on premiums written and earned at December 31 are as follows:


	2022						2021
(in millions)	Written			Earned			Written		Earned
Direct premiums - WNFIC	$	740.9		$	751.3		$	747.4	$	732.8
Assumed premiums - WNFIC		—			—			—		—
Ceded premiums - WNFIC		740.9			751.3			747.4		732.8
'Net premiums - WNFIC		—			—			—		—
Assumed premiums - Quota share captive and excess of loss layer captive		65.4			43.7			—		—
Ceded premiums - Quota share captive		(27.1	)		(17.3	)		—		—
Net premiums - Quota share captive and excess loss layer captive		38.3			26.4			—		—
Net premiums - Total	$	38.3		$	26.4		$	—	$	—

All premiums written by WNFIC under the National Flood Insurance Program are 100.0% ceded to FEMA, for which WNFIC received a 29.9% expense allowance from January 1, 2022 through September 30, 2022 and a 29.7% expense allowance from October 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company ceded $738.0 million and $745.0 million of written premiums for Federal Flood, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022, the Consolidated Balance Sheets contained Reinsurance recoverable of $826.2 million and Prepaid reinsurance premiums of $381.8 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Consolidated Balance Sheets contained reinsurance recoverable of $63.1 million and prepaid reinsurance premiums of $392.2 million. There was no net activity in the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, as WNFIC’s direct premiums written were 100.0% ceded to two reinsurers. The balance of the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expense, excluding related reinsurance recoverable, was $826.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and $63.1 million as of December 31, 2021.

WNFIC maintains capital in excess of minimum statutory amount of $7.5 million as required by regulatory authorities. The statutory capital and surplus of WNFIC was $31.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and $33.1 million as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, WNFIC generated statutory net income of $1.3 million and $1.6 million, respectively. The maximum amount of ordinary dividends that WNFIC can pay to shareholders in a rolling 12 month period is limited to the greater of 10.0% of statutory adjusted capital and surplus of 100.0% of adjusted net income. There was no dividend payout in 2021 and 2022 and the maximum dividend payout that may be made in 2023 without prior approval is $3.2 million.

In December 2021, the initial funding to capitalize the quota share Captive was $5.9 million. This capital in addition to current earnings of $4.0 million through December 31, 2022 is considered at risk for loss. Assumed net written and net earned premiums for the quota share Captive for 2022 were $38.3 million and $20.6 million, respectively. For 2022, the ultimate loss expense inclusive of incurred but not reported ("IBNR") claims was $10.4 million, of which $9.7 million is related to the estimated insured claims/losses from Hurricane Ian. In connection with the estimated IBNR from Hurricane Ian claims, $4.8 million was recorded as estimated reinsurance recoverable for a net expected loss of $4.9 million. As of December 31, 2022 the Consolidated Balance Sheets contained prepaid reinsurance premiums of $11.4 million, deferred acquisitions costs of $14.1 million, reinsurance payable for $8.7 million, and the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expense, excluding related reinsurance recoverable, was $10.4 million. The first collateral release is expected in 2024 and is based on an IBNR factor times earned premium compared to the current collateral balance.

The excess of loss layer Captive was renewed in September 2022 with underlying reinsurance treaties effective from June 1 through May 31, 2023. This Captive’s maximum underwriting exposure is $5.2 million. Assumed net earned premiums for the captive for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $5.8 million. During 2022, the captive recorded a case reserve of $7.0 million associated with estimated impacts from Hurricane Ian plus a reserve of $0.1 million for non-CAT claims. These reserves were partially offset by accelerated earned premiums of $2.8 million upon reaching the maximum aggregate loss for one of our reinsurance layers. The combination of earned premium of $2.4 million plus the accelerated earned premium of $2.8 million resulted in a underwriting loss of $1.9 million for year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Consolidated Balance Sheets contained the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expense of $4.5 million.