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Fair value measurements
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2025
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair value measurements Fair value measurements
Securities owned, securities sold but not yet purchased, investments, derivative contracts and certain loans are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings each period. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A description of the valuation techniques applied and inputs used in measuring the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy, are as follows:
Securities

The Company determines the fair value of securities (both long and short) primarily based on pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. Where unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities are available in an active market, we classify the securities within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities, money market funds and corporate equities.

If quoted market prices are unavailable, fair values are generally determined using pricing models which incorporate market observable inputs, such as benchmark yields, recently executed transaction prices, issuer spreads, reported trades, bids, offers and other reference data. Examples of such instruments, which are typically classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, include U.S. Agency securities, sovereign obligations, corporate debt and other obligations, mortgage and other asset-backed securities, municipal obligations, money market funds and convertible bonds.

In limited situations where there is reduced activity or less observability around inputs to the valuation, we classify those securities in Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The Company has valued the auction rate securities owned at the tender offer price and categorized them in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the illiquid nature of the securities and the period of time since the last tender offer. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the Company had $128,000 and $2.7 million, respectively, of auction rate securities in Level 3 assets. Additionally, the Company has valued a convertible note using a discounted cash flow model and warrants using a Black-Scholes option pricing model and categorized them in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the models' use of unobservable inputs. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had $2.0 million and $1.2 million of convertible note and warrants, respectively, in Level 3 assets.

Derivative financial instruments

The Company classifies exchange-traded derivative financial instruments such as futures contracts in Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Some of our derivative positions, such as to-be-announced securities, are valued using models that use observable market parameters, and we classify them in Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.
Loans

The fair value of loans is estimated using recently executed transactions and current price quotations, which are usually observable. In rare occurrences when observable pricing information is not available, fair value is generally determined based on cash flow models using discounted cash flow models, competitor comparable data and other valuation metrics.

Other

The Company owns an equity method investment in a financial technologies firm. The Company elected the fair value option for this investment and it is included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company determined the fair value of the investment based on an implied market-multiple approach and observable market data, including comparable company transactions. The fair value of this investment was $5.9 million and $5.9 million, respectively at September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and was categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Trade claims are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy due to the illiquid nature of the claims and the period of time since the executed prices. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had no trade claims. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $2.7 million of trade claims in Level 3 assets.
Investments    
In its role as general partner in certain hedge funds and private equity funds, the Company, through its subsidiaries, holds direct investments in such funds. The Company records these investments within other assets and uses the net asset value of the underlying fund as a basis for estimating the fair value of its investment unless another method provides a better indicator of fair value. Changes in the fair value of these investments are reflected within other income in the condensed consolidated financial statements.
The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of September 30, 2025:
(Expressed in thousands)    
 Fair ValueUnfunded
Commitments
Redemption
Frequency
Redemption
Notice Period
Hedge funds (1)
$141 $— Quarterly - Annually
30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2)
5,478 790 N/AN/A
$5,619 $790 

(1) Hedge funds represent investments in credit driven strategies.
(2) Private equity funds includes portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities.

The following table provides information about the Company's investments in Company-sponsored funds as of December 31, 2024:

(Expressed in thousands)    
 Fair ValueUnfunded
Commitments
Redemption
Frequency
Redemption
Notice Period
Hedge funds (1)
$283 $— Quarterly - Annually
30 - 120 Days
Private equity funds (2)
5,090 1,314 N/AN/A
$5,373 $1,314 

(1) Hedge funds represent investments in credit driven strategies.
(2) Private equity funds includes portfolios focused on technology, infrastructure, real estate, natural resources and specific co-investment opportunities.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value
The Company's assets and liabilities, recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, have been categorized based upon the above fair value hierarchy as follows:

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2025:
(Expressed in thousands)    
 
Fair Value Measurements as of September 30, 2025
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets
Deposits with clearing organizations$27,993 $— $— $27,993 
Securities owned:
U.S. Treasury securities1,216,287 — — 1,216,287 
U.S. Agency securities— 6,205 — 6,205 
Sovereign obligations— 6,403 — 6,403 
Corporate debt and other obligations— 8,556 1,973 10,529 
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities— 2,095 — 2,095 
Municipal obligations— 17,259 — 17,259 
Convertible bonds— 17,222 — 17,222 
Corporate equities31,767 — 1,170 32,937 
Money markets6,500 528 — 7,028 
Auction rate securities— — 128 128 
Securities owned, at fair value1,254,554 58,268 3,271 1,316,093 
Investments (1)
— 17,146 — 17,146 
Loans (1)
— 734 — 734 
Derivative contracts: (2)
TBAs— 83 — 83 
Derivative contracts, total— 83 — 83 
Total$1,282,547 $76,231 $3,271 $1,362,049 
Liabilities
Securities sold but not yet purchased:
U.S. Treasury securities$230,586 $— $— $230,586 
U.S. Agency securities— 27 — 27 
Sovereign obligations— 4,599 — 4,599 
Corporate debt and other obligations— 1,143 — 1,143 
Convertible bonds— 13,521 — 13,521 
Corporate equities8,980 — — 8,980 
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value239,566 19,290 — 258,856 
Derivative contracts: (2)
Futures 982 — — 982 
TBAs— 86 — 86 
Derivative contracts, total982 86 — 1,068 
Total$240,548 $19,376 $— $259,924 
(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
(2) Included in receivable/payable from/to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024:
(Expressed in thousands)    
 
Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024
 Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Assets
Deposits with clearing organizations$28,071 $— $— $28,071 
Securities owned:
U.S. Treasury securities995,420 — — 995,420 
U.S. Agency securities— 3,691 — 3,691 
Corporate debt and other obligations— 9,423 — 9,423 
Mortgage and other asset-backed securities— 8,954 — 8,954 
Municipal obligations— 34,704 — 34,704 
Convertible bonds— 21,938 — 21,938 
Corporate equities23,873 — — 23,873 
Money markets7,551 — — 7,551 
Auction rate securities— — 2,652 2,652 
Securities owned, at fair value1,026,844 78,710 2,652 1,108,206 
Investments (1)
978 17,005 — 17,983 
Trade claims (1)
— — 2,684 2,684 
Loans (1)
— 432 — 432 
Total$1,055,893 $96,147 $5,336 $1,157,376 
Liabilities
Securities sold but not yet purchased:
U.S. Treasury securities$82,767 $— $— $82,767 
U.S. Agency securities— — 
Corporate debt and other obligations— 11 — 11 
Convertible bonds— 4,998 — 4,998 
Corporate equities11,112 — — 11,112 
Securities sold but not yet purchased, at fair value93,879 5,013 — 98,892 
Derivative contracts: (2)
Futures 1,071 — — 1,071 
Derivative contracts, total1,071 — — 1,071 
Total$94,950 $5,013 $— $99,963 
(1) Included in other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
(2) Included in receivable/payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.    
The following tables present changes in Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:
(Expressed in thousands)
Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
Total Realized
Beginningand UnrealizedPurchasesSales andTransfersEnding
Balance
Gain (2)
and IssuancesSettlementsIn (Out)Balance
Assets
Corporate equities$1,190 $(20)$— $— $— $1,170 
Corporate debt and other obligations1,862 111 — — — 1,973 
Auction rate securities (1)
128 — — — — 128 
(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement except amounts for corporate and other obligations, which represent paid-in-kind interest, that are included in interest income in the condensed consolidated income statement.

(Expressed in thousands)
Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
Total Realized
Beginningand UnrealizedPurchasesSales andTransfersEnding
Balance
Gain (2)
and IssuancesSettlementsIn (Out)Balance
Assets
Auction rate securities (1)
$2,713 $$— $(35)$— $2,681 
(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement.

(Expressed in thousands)
Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
Total Realized
Beginningand UnrealizedPurchasesSales andTransfersEnding
Balance
Gain (2)
and IssuancesSettlementsIn (Out)Balance
Assets
Corporate equities $— $— $1,170 $— $— $1,170 
Corporate debt and other obligations— 143 1,830 — — 1,973 
Auction rate securities (1)
2,652 206 — (2,730)— 128 
Trade claims 2,684 957 534 (4,175)— — 
(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement except amounts for corporate and other obligations, which represent paid-in-kind interest, that are included in interest income in the condensed consolidated income statement.
(Expressed in thousands)
Level 3 Assets and Liabilities
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
Total Realized
Beginningand UnrealizedPurchasesSales andTransfersEnding
Balance
Gain (2)
and IssuancesSettlementsIn (Out)Balance
Assets
Auction rate securities (1)
$2,713 $$— $(35)$— $2,681 
(1) Represents auction rate securities that failed in the auction rate market.
(2) Included in principal transactions in the condensed consolidated income statement.


Financial Instruments Not Measured at Fair Value
The table below presents the carrying value, fair value and fair value hierarchy category of certain financial instruments that are not measured at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The table below excludes non-financial assets and liabilities (e.g., furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements and accrued compensation).
The carrying value of financial instruments not measured at fair value categorized in the fair value hierarchy as Level 1 or Level 2 (e.g., cash and receivables from customers) approximates fair value because of the relatively short-term nature of the underlying assets.

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of September 30, 2025:
(Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Assets
 Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash and cash equivalents$38,288 $38,288 $— $— $38,288 
Deposits with clearing organizations72,015 72,015 — — 72,015 
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities borrowed164,230 — 164,230 — 164,230 
Receivables from brokers54,255 — 54,255 — 54,255 
Securities failed to deliver23,975 — 23,975 — 23,975 
Clearing organizations and other 82,799 — 82,799 — 82,799 
325,259 — 325,259 — 325,259 
Receivable from customers1,374,526 — 1,374,526 — 1,374,526 
Notes receivable, net67,366 — 67,366 — 67,366 
Corporate-owned life insurance107,686 — 107,686 — 107,686 
Investments (1)
2,205 — 2,205 — 2,205 
(1) Included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
(Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
 Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Drafts payable$16,763 $16,763 $— $— $16,763 
Bank call loans262,300 — 262,300 — 262,300 
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities loaned286,694 — 286,694 — 286,694 
Payable to brokers1,379 — 1,379 — 1,379 
Securities failed to receive29,530 — 29,530 — 29,530 
Clearing organization and other3,668 — 3,668 — 3,668 
321,271 — 321,271 — 321,271 
Payables to customers465,426 — 465,426 — 465,426 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase972,167 — 972,167 — 972,167 

Assets and liabilities not measured at fair value as of December 31, 2024:

(Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Assets
 Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Cash and cash equivalents$33,150 $33,150 $— $— $33,150 
Deposits with clearing organization70,838 70,838 — — 70,838 
Receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities borrowed137,177 — 137,177 — 137,177 
Receivables from brokers59,487 — 59,487 — 59,487 
Securities failed to deliver8,459 — 8,459 — 8,459 
Clearing organizations and other36,355 — 36,355 — 36,355 
241,478 — 241,478 — 241,478 
Receivable from customers1,268,866 — 1,268,866 — 1,268,866 
Notes receivable, net67,931 — 67,931 — 67,931 
Corporate-owned life insurance98,828 — 98,828 — 98,828 
Investments (1)
1,634 — 1,634 — 1,634 
(1) Included within other assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.
(Expressed in thousands) Fair Value Measurement: Liabilities
 Carrying ValueLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
Drafts payable$21,661 $21,661 $— $— $21,661 
Bank call loans252,100 — 252,100 — 252,100 
Payables to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations:
Securities loaned235,498 — 235,498 — 235,498 
Payable to brokers607 — 607 — 607 
Securities failed to receive14,757 — 14,757 — 14,757 
Clearing organizations and other 1,883 — 1,883 — 1,883 
252,745 — 252,745 — 252,745 
Payables to customers357,835 — 357,835 — 357,835 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase931,754 — 931,754 — 931,754 
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
The Company transacts, on a limited basis, in exchange traded and over-the-counter derivatives for both asset and liability management as well as for trading and investment purposes. Risks managed using derivative instruments include interest rate risk and, to a lesser extent, foreign exchange risk. All derivative instruments are measured at fair value and are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Foreign exchange hedges
From time to time, the Company also utilizes forward and options contracts to hedge the foreign currency risk associated with compensation obligations to Oppenheimer Israel (OPCO) Ltd. employees denominated in New Israeli Shekel ("NIS"). Such hedges have not been designated as accounting hedges. Unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts are recorded in other assets or other liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheet and other income in the condensed consolidated income statement.

Derivatives used for trading and investment purposes
Futures contracts represent commitments to purchase or sell securities or other commodities at a future date and at a specified price. Market risk exists with respect to these instruments. Notional or contractual amounts are used to express the volume of these transactions and do not represent the amounts potentially subject to market risk. The Company uses futures contracts, including U.S. Treasury Notes, federal funds, general collateral futures and Eurodollar contracts primarily as an economic hedge of interest rate risk associated with government trading activities. Unrealized gains and losses on futures contracts are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated income statement as principal transactions revenue, net.

To-be-announced securities
The Company also transacts in pass-through mortgage-backed securities eligible to be sold in the TBA market as economic hedges against mortgage-backed securities that it owns or has sold but not yet purchased. TBAs provide for the forward or delayed delivery of the underlying instrument with settlement up to 180 days. The contractual or notional amounts related to these financial instruments reflect the volume of activity and do not reflect the amounts at risk. Net unrealized gains and losses on TBAs are recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet in receivable from brokers, dealers and clearing organizations or payable to brokers, dealers and clearing organizations and in the condensed consolidated income statement as principal transactions revenue, net.
The notional amounts and fair values of the Company's derivatives as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 by product were as follows:
(Expressed in thousands)   
 
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of September 30, 2025
 DescriptionNotionalFair Value
Assets:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1)
Other contractsTBAs$13,985 $83 
$13,985 $83 
Liabilities:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1)
Commodity contracts
Futures$16,000,000 $982 
       Other contractsTBAs13,985 86 
$16,013,985 $1,068 

(1)See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset.

(Expressed in thousands)   
 
Fair Value of Derivative Instruments as of December 31, 2024
 DescriptionNotionalFair Value
Assets:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1)
Other contractsTBAs$360 $— 
$360 $— 
Liabilities:
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments (1)
Commodity contracts
Futures$11,475,000 $1,071 
       Other contractsTBAs360 — 
$11,475,360 $1,071 
(1)See "Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities" above for a description of derivative financial instruments. Such derivative instruments are not subject to master netting agreements, thus the related amounts are not offset.
The following table presents the location and fair value amounts of the Company's derivative instruments and their effect in the condensed consolidated income statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024:
(Expressed in thousands)   
 The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025
  Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(pre-tax)
TypesDescriptionLocationNet Gain
Commodity contractsFuturesPrincipal transactions revenue, net$172 
Other contractsTBAsPrincipal transactions revenue, net
$175 
(Expressed in thousands)   
 The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
  Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(pre-tax)
TypesDescriptionLocationNet Loss
Commodity contractsFuturesPrincipal transactions revenue, net$(5,892)
Other contractsTBAsPrincipal transactions revenue, net(2)
$(5,894)
(Expressed in thousands)   
 The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025
  Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(pre-tax)
TypesDescriptionLocationNet Gain (Loss)
Commodity contractsFuturesPrincipal transactions revenue, net$(572)
Other contractsTBAsPrincipal transactions revenue, net19 
$(553)
(Expressed in thousands)   
 The Effect of Derivative Instruments in the Income Statement
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
  Recognized in Income on Derivatives
(pre-tax)
TypesDescriptionLocationNet Gain (Loss)
Commodity contractsFuturesPrincipal transactions revenue, net$(1,457)
Other contractsForeign exchange forward contractsOther revenue/(Compensation and related expenses)(24)
Other contractsTBAsPrincipal transactions revenue, net
$(1,480)