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Retirement Plans and Postretirement Medical Benefits
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Retirement Plans and Postretirement Medical Benefits Retirement Plans and Postretirement Medical Benefits
Retirement Plans
We provide retirement benefits to eligible employees in the U.S. and outside the U.S. under various defined benefit retirement plans. Benefit accruals under most of our defined benefit plans have been frozen. The benefit obligations and funded status of defined benefit pension plans are as follows:
United StatesForeign
2022202120222021
Accumulated benefit obligation$1,205,135 $1,609,125 $447,401 $762,558 
Projected benefit obligation
Benefit obligation - beginning of year$1,609,508 $1,729,959 $770,468 $830,674 
Service cost55 102 1,214 1,528 
Interest cost44,348 42,434 13,568 11,811 
Net actuarial gain(349,261)(53,133)(242,488)(37,197)
Foreign currency changes — (68,519)(10,747)
Settlements(1,574)(1,429) — 
Benefits paid(97,893)(108,425)(22,906)(25,601)
Benefit obligation - end of year$1,205,183 $1,609,508 $451,337 $770,468 
Fair value of plan assets
Fair value of plan assets - beginning of year$1,549,157 $1,601,786 $737,443 $742,639 
Actual return on plan assets(293,968)51,828 (218,325)17,929 
Company contributions5,639 5,397 8,731 9,686 
Settlements(1,574)(1,429) — 
Foreign currency changes — (66,540)(7,210)
Benefits paid(97,893)(108,425)(22,906)(25,601)
Fair value of plan assets - end of year$1,161,361 $1,549,157 $438,403 $737,443 
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Noncurrent asset$ $— $26,570 $29,309 
Current liability(7,294)(5,883)(1,351)(1,345)
Noncurrent liability(36,528)(54,468)(38,153)(60,989)
Funded status$(43,822)$(60,351)$(12,934)$(33,025)

Information provided in the table below is only for pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets:
United StatesForeign
2022202120222021
Projected benefit obligation$1,205,183 $1,609,508 $38,238 $59,859 
Accumulated benefit obligation$1,205,135 $1,609,125 $37,972 $59,352 
Fair value of plan assets$1,161,361 $1,549,157 $ $— 
Pretax amounts recognized in AOCI consist of:
United StatesForeign
2022202120222021
Net actuarial loss$698,815 $716,585 $297,753 $301,913 
Prior service (credit) cost(105)(149)7,552 7,804 
Transition asset — (7)(7)
Total$698,710 $716,436 $305,298 $309,710 

The components of net periodic benefit cost (income) for defined benefit pension plans were as follows:
United StatesForeign
202220212020202220212020
Service cost$55 $102 $86 $1,214 $1,528 $1,650 
Interest cost44,348 42,434 52,103 13,568 11,811 13,379 
Expected return on plan assets(71,080)(77,119)(84,719)(26,770)(31,869)(34,391)
Amortization of net transition asset — —  — (4)
Amortization of prior service (credit) cost(44)(60)(60)252 268 245 
Amortization of net actuarial loss33,164 38,233 32,490 6,767 9,350 7,842 
Settlements 394 551 1,364  — 5,060 
Net periodic benefit cost (income)$6,837 $4,141 $1,264 $(4,969)$(8,912)$(6,219)

Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations for defined benefit pension plans recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows:
United StatesForeign
2022202120222021
Net actuarial loss (gain)$15,788 $(27,842)$2,607 $(23,257)
Amortization of net actuarial loss(33,164)(38,233)(6,767)(9,350)
Amortization of prior service credit (cost)44 60 (252)(268)
Settlements(394)(551) — 
Total recognized in other comprehensive income $(17,726)$(66,566)$(4,412)$(32,875)
Weighted-average actuarial assumptions used to determine year end benefit obligations and net periodic benefit cost for defined benefit pension plans include:
202220212020
United States
Used to determine benefit obligations
     Discount rate5.55%2.85%2.54%
     Rate of compensation increaseN/AN/AN/A
Used to determine net periodic benefit cost
     Discount rate2.85%2.54%3.34%
     Expected return on plan assets5.10%5.60%6.25%
     Rate of compensation increaseN/AN/AN/A
Foreign
Used to determine benefit obligations
     Discount rate1.95 %-5.10%0.85 %-2.85%0.70 %-2.40%
     Rate of compensation increase2.00 %-3.00%1.50 %-3.65%1.50 %-2.50%
Used to determine net periodic benefit cost
     Discount rate0.85 %-2.85%0.70 %-2.40%0.65 %-2.95%
     Expected return on plan assets3.75 %-5.75%3.50 %-5.75%4.25 %-6.00%
     Rate of compensation increase1.50 %-2.50%1.50 %-2.50%1.50 %-2.50%

A discount rate is used to determine the present value of our future benefit obligations. The discount rate for our U.S. pension plans is determined by matching the expected cash flows associated with our benefit obligations to a pool of corporate long-term, high-quality fixed income debt instruments available as of the measurement date. The discount rate for our largest foreign plan, the U.K. Qualified Pension Plan (the U.K. Plan), is determined using a model that discounts each year's estimated benefit payments by an applicable spot rate derived from a yield curve created from a large number of high quality corporate bonds. For our other smaller foreign pension plans, the discount rate is selected based on high-quality fixed income indices available in the country in which the plan is domiciled.
The expected return on plan assets is based on the target asset allocation for the applicable pension plan and expected rates of return for various asset classes in the investment portfolio after analyzing historical experience, future expectations of returns and volatility of asset classes.

Investment Strategy and Asset Allocation
The investment strategy for our pension plans is to maximize returns within reasonable and prudent risk levels, achieve and maintain full funding of the accumulated benefit obligation and the actuarial liabilities and earn the expected rate of return while adhering to regulations and restrictions.
Pension plan assets are invested in accordance with our strategic asset allocation policy. Pension plan assets are exposed to various risks, including interest rate risks, market risks and credit risks. Investments are diversified across asset classes and within each class to reduce the risk of large losses and are periodically rebalanced. Derivatives, such as swaps, options, forwards and futures contracts may be used for market exposure, to alter risk/return characteristics and to manage foreign currency exposure. We do not have any significant concentrations of credit risk within the plan assets.
U.S. Pension Plans
Investment objectives and investment managers are reviewed periodically. Target and actual asset allocations for the U.S. pension plans were as follows:
Target allocationPercent of Plan Assets at December 31,
202320222021
Asset category
Equities16 %15 %18 %
Multi-asset credit2 %%%
Fixed income76 %74 %73 %
Real estate5 %%%
Private equity1 %%%
Total100 %100 %100 %

Foreign Pension Plans
Our foreign pension plan assets are managed by outside investment managers and monitored regularly by local trustees and our corporate personnel. Target and actual asset allocations for the U.K. Plan, which comprises 73% of the total foreign pension plan assets, were as follows:
Target AllocationPercent of Plan Assets at December 31,
202320222021
Asset category
Global equities10 %%12 %
Fixed income70 %70 %69 %
Real estate10 %13 %%
Diversified growth10 %%%
Cash %%%
Total100 %100 %100 %
Fair Value Measurements of Plan Assets
The following tables show the U.S. and foreign pension plans' assets, by level within the fair value hierarchy. The plan asset categories presented in the following tables are subsets of the broader asset allocation categories.

United States Pension Plans
December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Money market funds$ $10,623 $ $10,623 
Equity securities 137,505  137,505 
Commingled fixed income securities 220,281  220,281 
Government and related securities
114,084 21,479  135,563 
Corporate debt securities 527,407  527,407 
Mortgage-backed /asset-backed securities 26,450  26,450 
Real estate  91,500 91,500 
Securities lending collateral 113,802  113,802 
Total plan assets at fair value $114,084 $1,057,547 $91,500 $1,263,131 
Securities lending payable(113,802)
Investments valued at NAV10,416 
Cash3,525 
Other(1,909)
Fair value of plan assets $1,161,361 


December 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Money market funds$— $3,725 $— $3,725 
Equity securities— 195,037 — 195,037 
Commingled fixed income securities— 229,300 — 229,300 
Government and related securities
202,416 26,582 — 228,998 
Corporate debt securities— 771,529 — 771,529 
Mortgage-backed /asset-backed securities— 12,486 — 12,486 
Real estate— — 77,494 77,494 
Securities lending collateral— 145,855 — 145,855 
Total plan assets at fair value $202,416 $1,384,514 $77,494 $1,664,424 
Securities lending payable(145,855)
Investments valued at NAV16,820 
Cash20,569 
Other(6,801)
Fair value of plan assets $1,549,157 
Foreign Plans
December 31, 2022
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Money market funds$ $8,338 $ $8,338 
Equity securities 42,717  42,717 
Commingled fixed income securities 247,337  247,337 
Government and related securities
 35,887  35,887 
Corporate debt securities 26,336  26,336 
Real estate 4,446 42,980 47,426 
Diversified growth funds—  24,394 24,394 
Total plan assets at fair value $ $365,061 $67,374 $432,435 
Cash5,485 
Other483 
Fair value of plan assets $438,403 

December 31, 2021
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total
Money market funds$— $8,577 $— $8,577 
Equity securities— 96,596 — 96,596 
Commingled fixed income securities— 431,845 — 431,845 
Government and related securities
— 46,522 — 46,522 
Corporate debt securities— 33,583 — 33,583 
Real estate— 7,168 52,491 59,659 
Diversified growth funds— — 52,169 52,169 
Total plan assets at fair value $— $624,291 $104,660 $728,951 
Cash 7,966 
Other526 
Fair value of plan assets$737,443 

The following information relates to our classification of investments into the fair value hierarchy:
Money Market Funds: Money market funds typically invest in government securities, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and other highly liquid, low risk securities. Money market funds are principally used for overnight deposits and are classified as Level 1 when unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are available and as Level 2 when they are not actively traded on an exchange.
Equity Securities: Equity securities are comprised of mutual funds investing in U.S. and foreign stocks. These mutual funds are classified as Level 2.
Commingled Fixed Income Securities: Commingled fixed income securities are comprised of mutual funds that invest in a variety of fixed income securities, including securities of the U.S. government and its agencies, corporate debt, mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. Fair value is based on the value of the underlying investments owned by each fund, minus its liabilities, divided by the number of shares outstanding, as reported by the fund manager. These mutual funds are classified as Level 1 when unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are available and as Level 2 when they are not actively traded on an exchange.
Government and Related Securities: Debt securities are classified as Level 1 where active, high volume trades for identical securities exist. Valuation adjustments are not applied to these securities. Debt securities are classified as Level 2 where fair value is determined using quoted market prices for similar securities or benchmarking model derived prices to quoted market prices and trade data for identical or comparable securities.
Corporate Debt Securities: Corporate debt securities are valued using recently executed comparable transactions, market price quotations or bond spreads for the same maturity as the security. These securities are classified as Level 2.
Mortgage-Backed Securities / Asset-Backed Securities: These securities are valued based on external pricing indices or on external price/spread data. These securities are classified as Level 2.
Real Estate: include units in open-ended commingled real estate funds. Funds that are valued and traded on a daily basis in an active market are classified as Level 2. Investments that are valued on an annual basis by certified appraisers are classified as Level 3. The valuation techniques used to value Level 3 investments include the cost approach, sales-comparison method and the income approach.
Diversified Growth Funds: comprised of units in commingled diversified growth funds that comprise a mix of different asset classes. The underlying investments may not be listed on an exchange in an active market or traded on a daily basis and may fall into all three fair value categories. Accordingly, these securities are classified as Level 3.
Securities Lending Fund: represents a commingled fund through our custodian's securities lending program. The U.S. pension plan lends securities that are held within the plan to other banks and/or brokers, and receives collateral, typically cash. This collateral is invested in a commingled fund that invests in short-term fixed income securities. This investment is classified as Level 2. This amount invested in the fund is offset by a corresponding liability reflected in the U.S. pension plan's net assets available for benefits.

Investments Valued at Net Asset Value
Represents investments in private equity limited partnerships that are measured at fair value using the Net Asset Value (NAV) per share as a practical expedient and are not categorized in the fair value hierarchy. There is no active market for these investments and the pension plan receives a proportionate share of the gains, losses and expenses in accordance with the partnership agreements. There was a remaining unfunded commitment of $6 million and $8 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These investments comprise 1% of total U.S. Pension Fund assets at both December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Level 3 Gains and Losses
The following table summarizes the changes in the fair value of Level 3 assets:
U.S. PlansForeign Plans
Real estateReal estateDiversified Growth Funds
Balance at December 31, 2020$69,347 $45,275 $50,750 
Realized gains1,791 — — 
Unrealized losses6,958 6,357 1,995 
Net purchases, sales and settlements(602)1,663 — 
Foreign currency and other— (804)(576)
Balance at December 31, 202177,494 52,491 52,169 
Realized gains1,058   
Unrealized gains (losses)12,666 (6,741)(5,933)
Net purchases, sales and settlements282 1,729 (16,474)
Foreign currency and other (4,499)(5,368)
Balance at December 31, 2022$91,500 $42,980 $24,394 
Postretirement Medical Benefits
We provide certain employer subsidized health care and employer provided life insurance benefits in the U.S. and Canada to eligible retirees and their dependents. The cost of these benefits is recognized over the period the employee provides credited service to the company. The benefit obligation and funded status for postretirement medical benefit plans are as follows:
20222021
Benefit obligation
Benefit obligation - beginning of year$139,516 $169,210 
Service cost731 909 
Interest cost3,679 3,755 
Net actuarial gain(31,512)(22,305)
Foreign currency changes(740)123 
Benefits paid, net(12,399)(12,176)
Benefit obligation - end of year (1)
$99,275 $139,516 
Fair value of plan assets
Fair value of plan assets - beginning of year$ $— 
Company contribution12,399 12,176 
Benefits paid, net(12,399)(12,176)
Fair value of plan assets - end of year$ $— 
Amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets
Current liability$(11,530)$(12,841)
Non-current liability(87,745)(126,675)
Funded status$(99,275)$(139,516)
(1)    The benefit obligation for U.S. postretirement medical benefits plan was $90 million and $126 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Pretax amounts recognized in AOCL consist of:
20222021
Net actuarial (gain) loss$(16,405)$15,175 

The components of net periodic benefit cost for postretirement medical benefit plans were as follows:
202220212020
Service cost$731 $909 $885 
Interest cost3,679 3,755 4,993 
Amortization of prior service cost  129 373 
Amortization of net actuarial loss68 4,090 3,198 
Net periodic benefit cost$4,478 $8,883 $9,449 

Other changes in benefit obligation for postretirement medical benefit plans recognized in other comprehensive income were as follows:
20222021
Net actuarial gain$(31,512)$(22,305)
Amortization of net actuarial loss(68)(4,090)
Amortization of prior service cost (129)
Total recognized in other comprehensive income$(31,580)$(26,524)
The weighted-average discount rates used to determine end of year benefit obligation and net periodic pension cost include:
202220212020
Discount rate used to determine benefit obligation
U.S.5.60 %2.80 %2.35 %
Canada5.15 %2.90 %2.50 %
Discount rate used to determine net period benefit cost
U.S.2.80 %2.35 %3.20 %
Canada2.90 %2.50 %3.00 %

The discount rate for our U.S. postretirement medical benefit plan is determined by matching the expected cash flows associated with our benefit obligations to a pool of corporate long-term, high-quality fixed income debt instruments available as of the measurement date. The discount rate for our Canada postretirement medical benefit plan is determined by matching the expected cash flows associated with our benefit obligations to spot rates along a yield curve developed based on yields of corporate long-term, high-quality fixed income debt instruments available as of the measurement date.
The assumed health care cost trend rate used in measuring the accumulated postretirement benefit obligation for the U.S. plan was 6.5% for 2022 and 6.8% for 2021. The assumed health care trend rate is 6.75% for 2023 and will gradually decline to 5.0% by the year 2028 and remain at that level thereafter. Assumed health care cost trend rates have a significant effect on the amounts reported for the health care plans.

Estimated Future Benefit Payments
The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid.
Pension BenefitsPostretirement Medical Benefits
2023$128,361 $11,561 
2024121,948 11,076 
2025122,072 10,568 
2026120,822 10,072 
2027119,912 9,523 
Thereafter582,503 39,736 
$1,195,618 $92,536 

During 2023, we do not anticipate making contributions to our U.S. pension plans and estimate contributing approximately $14 million to our foreign pension plans.

Savings Plans
We offer a voluntary defined contribution 401(k) plan to our U.S. employees designed to help them accumulate additional savings for retirement. We provide a core contribution to all employees, regardless if they participate in the plan, and an additional contribution to participating employees based on their eligible pay. Total employer contributions to the 401(k) plan were $28 million in 2022 and $27 million in 2021.