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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets and Goodwill Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets consisted of the following:
December 31, 2020December 31, 2019
Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships$268,199 $(115,010)$153,189 $265,665 $(88,550)$177,115 
Software & technology19,000 (12,350)6,650 31,600 (19,999)11,601 
Trademarks & other— — — 13,324 (11,400)1,924 
Total intangible assets, net$287,199 $(127,360)$159,839 $310,589 $(119,949)$190,640 

Amortization expense was $33 million, $36 million and $39 million for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Future amortization expense for intangible assets at December 31, 2020 is as follows:
2021$30,295 
202229,315 
202326,465 
202426,465 
202519,805 
Thereafter27,494 
Total$159,839 
Actual amortization expense may differ from the amounts above due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, acquisitions, divestitures and impairment charges.

Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting segment are shown in the tables below.
December 31, 2019AcquisitionsImpairmentFX ImpactDecember 31, 2020
Global Ecommerce$609,431 $— $(198,169)$— $411,262 
Presort Services212,529 8,463 — — 220,992 
Commerce Services821,960 8,463 (198,169)— 632,254 
SendTech Solutions502,219 — — 17,812 520,031 
Total goodwill$1,324,179 $8,463 $(198,169)$17,812 $1,152,285 
December 31, 2018Acquisitions/dispositionsFX ImpactDecember 31, 2019
Global Ecommerce$609,431 $— $— $609,431 
Presort Services207,465 5,064 — 212,529 
Commerce Services816,896 5,064 — 821,960 
SendTech Solutions515,455 (10,490)(2,746)502,219 
Total goodwill$1,332,351 $(5,426)$(2,746)$1,324,179 


During the first quarter of 2020, our Global Ecommerce reporting unit experienced weaker than expected performance, due in part to the deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and uncertainty brought on by COVID-19, causing us to evaluate the Global Ecommerce goodwill for impairment. To test Global Ecommerce goodwill for impairment, we determined the fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit and compared it to its unit's carrying value, including goodwill. We engaged a third-party to assist in the determination of the fair value of the reporting unit. The fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit was estimated using a discounted cash flow model. The cash flow projections included judgements and assumptions relating to revenue growth rates, projected operating income and the discount rate. Changes in any of these estimates or assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and the associated goodwill impairment charge and could result in an additional impairment charge in the future. These estimates and assumptions are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy. As a result of the impairment test, we determined that the estimated fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit was less than its carrying value and recorded a non-cash, pre-tax goodwill impairment charge of $198 million.

During the fourth quarter of 2020, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test to assess the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill. As a result of the annual test, we determined that the fair value of the Global Ecommerce reporting unit exceeded its carrying value and no further impairment was recorded.