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Finance Assets and Lessor Operating Leases
3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2020
Receivables [Abstract]  
Finance Assets and Lessor Operating Leases Finance Assets and Lessor Operating Leases
Finance Assets
Finance receivables are comprised of sales-type lease receivables and unsecured revolving loan receivables. Sales-type lease receivables are generally due in monthly, quarterly or semi-annual installments over periods ranging from three to five years. Loan receivables arise primarily from financing services offered to our clients for postage and supplies. Most loan receivables are generally due each month; however, clients may rollover outstanding balances. Interest is recognized on loan receivables using the effective interest method and related annual fees are initially deferred and recognized ratably over the annual period covered. Client acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.
Finance receivables consisted of the following:
 
March 31, 2020
 
December 31, 2019
 
North America
 
International
 
Total
 
North America
 
International
 
Total
Sales-type lease receivables
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Gross finance receivables
$
1,031,493

 
$
200,053

 
$
1,231,546

 
$
1,055,852

 
$
224,202

 
$
1,280,054

Unguaranteed residual values
40,345

 
11,301

 
51,646

 
41,934

 
11,789

 
53,723

Unearned income
(301,136
)
 
(61,379
)
 
(362,515
)
 
(319,281
)
 
(65,888
)
 
(385,169
)
Allowance for credit losses
(25,933
)
 
(4,883
)
 
(30,816
)
 
(10,920
)
 
(2,085
)
 
(13,005
)
Net investment in sales-type lease receivables
744,769

 
145,092

 
889,861

 
767,585

 
168,018

 
935,603

Loan receivables
 
 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Loan receivables
292,699

 
24,844

 
317,543

 
298,247

 
27,926

 
326,173

Allowance for credit losses
(7,422
)
 
(630
)
 
(8,052
)
 
(5,906
)
 
(740
)
 
(6,646
)
Net investment in loan receivables
285,277

 
24,214

 
309,491

 
292,341

 
27,186

 
319,527

Net investment in finance receivables
$
1,030,046

 
$
169,306

 
$
1,199,352

 
$
1,059,926

 
$
195,204

 
$
1,255,130



Maturities of gross sales-type lease receivables and gross loan receivables at March 31, 2020 were as follows:
 
Sales-type Lease Receivables
 
Loan Receivables
 
North America
 
International
 
Total
 
North America
 
International
 
Total
Remaining for year ending December 31, 2020
$
321,928

 
$
58,207

 
$
380,135

 
$
256,712

 
$
24,844

 
$
281,556

Year ending December 31, 2021
320,823

 
64,327

 
385,150

 
11,660

 

 
11,660

Year ending December 31, 2022
217,470

 
43,949

 
261,419

 
9,999

 

 
9,999

Year ending December 31, 2023
120,443

 
23,495

 
143,938

 
5,222

 

 
5,222

Year ending December 31, 2024
46,447

 
8,389

 
54,836

 
6,603

 

 
6,603

Thereafter
4,382

 
1,686

 
6,068

 
2,503

 

 
2,503

Total
$
1,031,493

 
$
200,053

 
$
1,231,546

 
$
292,699

 
$
24,844

 
$
317,543











Aging of Receivables
The aging of gross finance receivables was as follows:
 
March 31, 2020
 
Sales-type Lease Receivables
 
Loan Receivables
 
 
 
North
America
 
International
 
North
America
 
International
 
Total
Past due amounts 0 - 90 days
$
1,008,879

 
$
197,681

 
$
288,180

 
$
24,562

 
$
1,519,302

Past due amounts > 90 days
22,614

 
2,372

 
4,519

 
282

 
29,787

Total
$
1,031,493

 
$
200,053

 
$
292,699

 
$
24,844

 
$
1,549,089

Past due amounts > 90 days
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Still accruing interest
$
4,856

 
$
1,309

 
$
2,538

 
$
125

 
$
8,828

Not accruing interest
17,758

 
1,063

 
1,981

 
157

 
20,959

Total
$
22,614

 
$
2,372

 
$
4,519

 
$
282

 
$
29,787

 
December 31, 2019
 
Sales-type Lease Receivables
 
Loan Receivables
 
 
 
North
America
 
International
 
North
America
 
International
 
Total
Past due amounts 0 - 90 days
$
1,032,912

 
$
220,819

 
$
294,001

 
$
27,697

 
$
1,575,429

Past due amounts > 90 days
22,940

 
3,383

 
4,246

 
229

 
30,798

Total
$
1,055,852

 
$
224,202

 
$
298,247

 
$
27,926

 
$
1,606,227

Past due amounts > 90 days
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Still accruing interest
$
4,835

 
$
1,081

 
$
2,094

 
$
121

 
$
8,131

Not accruing interest
18,105

 
2,302

 
2,152

 
108

 
22,667

Total
$
22,940

 
$
3,383

 
$
4,246

 
$
229

 
$
30,798



Allowance for Credit Losses
We estimate an allowance for credit losses based on historical loss experience, the nature of our portfolios, adverse situations that may affect a client's ability to pay, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts and current economic outlook. Credit losses are estimated at the portfolio level based on asset type and geographic market. Historical loss experience was based on actual loss rates over the average term of the asset of five years for sales-type lease receivables and three years for loan receivables (including accrued interest). Additionally, we evaluate current conditions and review third-party economic forecasts on a quarterly basis to determine the impact on the allowance for credit losses. The assumptions used in determining an estimate of credit losses are inherently subjective and actual results may differ significantly from estimated reserves. The allowance for credit losses for the three months ended March 31, 2020 includes an increased probability of an economic recession and resulting impact on a client's future ability to pay amounts due.
We establish credit approval limits based on the credit quality of the client and the type of equipment financed. Our policy is to discontinue revenue recognition for lease receivables that are more than 120 days past due and for loan receivables that are more than 90 days past due. We resume revenue recognition when the client's payments reduce the account aging to less than 60 days past due. Finance receivables deemed uncollectible are written off against the allowance after all collection efforts have been exhausted and management deems the account to be uncollectible. As of March 31, 2020, we believe that our finance receivable credit risk is low because of the geographic and industry diversification of our clients and small account balances for most of our clients. We have not experienced a significant change in the collections of amounts due, but in light of the current economic situation, it is possible that our delinquency rates could increase.






Activity in the allowance for credit losses for finance receivables was as follows:
 
Sales-type Lease Receivables
 
Loan Receivables
 
 
 
North
America
 
International
 
North
America
 
International
 
Total
Balance at December 31, 2019
$
10,920

 
$
2,085

 
$
5,906

 
$
740

 
$
19,651

Cumulative effect of accounting change
9,271

 
1,750

 
(1,116
)
 
(402
)
 
9,503

Amounts charged to expense
6,892

 
1,345

 
4,006

 
403

 
12,646

Write-offs
(1,618
)
 
(248
)
 
(2,058
)
 
(104
)
 
(4,028
)
Recoveries
592

 
31

 
691

 

 
1,314

Other
(124
)
 
(80
)
 
(7
)
 
(7
)
 
(218
)
Balance at March 31, 2020
$
25,933

 
$
4,883

 
$
7,422

 
$
630

 
$
38,868

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sales-type Lease Receivables
 
Loan Receivables
 
 
 
North
America
 
International
 
North
America
 
International
 
Total
Balance at January 1, 2019
$
10,253

 
$
2,355

 
$
6,777

 
$
837

 
$
20,222

Amounts charged to expense
3,399

 
231

 
957

 
20

 
4,607

Write-offs
(878
)
 
(245
)
 
(2,280
)
 
(169
)
 
(3,572
)
Recoveries
347

 
40

 
942

 

 
1,329

Other
15

 
(497
)
 
3

 
44

 
(435
)
Balance at March 31, 2019
$
13,136

 
$
1,884

 
$
6,399

 
$
732

 
$
22,151



Credit Quality
The extension of credit and management of credit lines to new and existing clients uses a combination of a client's credit score, where available, and a detailed manual review of their financial condition and payment history or an automated process for certain small dollar applications. Once credit is granted, the payment performance of the client is managed through automated collections processes and is supplemented with direct follow up should an account become delinquent. We have robust automated collections and extensive portfolio management processes. The portfolio management processes in place track that our global strategy is executed, collection resources are allocated appropriately and enhanced tools and processes are implemented as needed.
We use a third party to score the majority of the North America portfolio on a quarterly basis using a commercial credit score. The relative scores are determined based on a number of factors, including financial information, payment history, company type and ownership structure. A fourth class is shown for accounts that are not scored. Absence of a score is not indicative of the credit quality of the account. The degree of risk (low, medium, high), as defined by the third party, refers to the relative risk that an account may become delinquent in the next 12 months.
Low risk accounts are companies with very good credit scores and are considered to approximate the top 30% of all commercial borrowers.
Medium risk accounts are companies with average to good credit scores and are considered to approximate the middle 40% of all commercial borrowers.
High risk accounts are companies with poor credit scores, are delinquent or are at risk of becoming delinquent and are considered to approximate the bottom 30% of all commercial borrowers.










The table below shows the gross sales-type lease receivable and loan receivable balances by relative risk class and year of origination based on the relative scores of the accounts within each class.
 
Sales Type Lease Receivables
 
Loan Receivables
 
Total
 
2020
 
2019
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Prior
 
 
Low
$
80,794

 
$
278,796

 
$
225,328

 
$
141,499

 
$
62,994

 
$
28,603

 
$
216,717

 
$
1,034,731

Medium
13,337

 
52,267

 
45,057

 
29,346

 
12,816

 
7,091

 
58,152

 
218,066

High
1,651

 
5,961

 
5,516

 
3,610

 
2,478

 
833

 
5,158

 
25,207

Not Scored
23,483

 
86,463

 
60,505

 
37,683

 
20,153

 
5,282

 
37,516

 
271,085

Total
$
119,265

 
$
423,487

 
$
336,406

 
$
212,138

 
$
98,441

 
$
41,809

 
$
317,543

 
$
1,549,089



The majority of the Not Scored amounts above is comprised of our International portfolio. We do not use a third party to score our International portfolio because the cost to do so is prohibitive, given that it is a localized process, and there is no single credit score model that covers all countries. International credit applications below $50 thousand are subjected to an automated review process. All other credit applications are manually reviewed. A manual review includes obtaining client financial information, credit reports and other available financial information. Approximately 80% of credit applications are approved or denied through the automated review process.

Lease Income
Lease income from sales-type leases was as follows:
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2020
 
2019
Profit recognized at commencement (1)
$
28,920

 
$
36,360

Interest income
34,260

 
59,478

Total lease income from sales-type leases
$
63,180

 
$
95,838

(1) Lease contracts do not include variable lease payments.

Lessor Operating Leases
We also lease mailing equipment under operating leases with terms of one to five years. Maturities of these operating leases are as follows:
Remaining for year ending December 31, 2020
$
28,961

Year ending December 31, 2021
24,361

Year ending December 31, 2022
9,159

Year ending December 31, 2023
4,262

Year ending December 31, 2024
1,165

Thereafter
60

Total
$
67,968