Intangible Assets and Goodwill

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 consisted of the following:



	March 31, 2019							December 31, 2018
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Amount
Customer relationships	$	484,543	$	(286,393	)	$	198,150	$	480,837	$	(281,190	)	$	199,647
Software & technology	164,973		(145,518		)	19,455		165,088		(143,877		)	21,211
Trademarks & other	40,104		(34,704		)	5,400		40,170		(33,891		)	6,279
Total intangible assets	$	689,620	$	(466,615	)	$	223,005	$	686,095	$	(458,958	)	$	227,137

Amortization expense was $10 million and $11 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Future amortization expense as of March 31, 2019 is shown in the table below. Actual amortization expense may differ due to, among other things, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, impairments, acquisitions and accelerated amortization.



Remaining for year ending December 31, 2019	$	30,303
Year ending December 31, 2020	35,564
Year ending December 31, 2021	31,026
Year ending December 31, 2022	29,798
Year ending December 31, 2023	26,726
Thereafter	69,588
Total	$	223,005

Goodwill

Changes in the carrying value of goodwill, by reporting segment, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 are shown in the table below.



	December 31, 2018		Divestiture			Currency impact			March 31, 2019
Global Ecommerce	$	609,431	$	—		$	—		$	609,431
Presort Services	207,465		—			—			207,465
Commerce Services	816,896		—			—			816,896
North America Mailing	368,248		—			167			368,415
International Mailing	147,207		(10,490		)	(3,573		)	133,144
Small & Medium Business Solutions	515,455		(10,490		)	(3,406		)	501,559
Software Solutions	434,160		—			1,644			435,804
Total goodwill	$	1,766,511	$	(10,490	)	$	(1,762	)	$	1,754,259

In January 2019, we wrote off $10 million of goodwill associated with Market Exits.