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Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans and Defined Contribution Plans (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Schedule of Net Periodic Benefit Costs
The following summarizes the components of net periodic benefit cost/(credit), including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020 and 2019, and the changes in Other comprehensive income/(loss) for our benefit plans:
Pension Plans Postretirement Plans
U.S.International
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)202120202019202120202019202120202019
Service cost$— $— $— $130 $146 $125 $36 $38 $37 
Interest cost455 533 676 146 164 215 29 49 75 
Expected return on plan assets
(1,052)(1,015)(890)(327)(314)(318)(39)(36)(33)
Amortization of prior service cost/(credit)(2)(3)(4)(1)(3)(4)(151)(170)(173)
Actuarial (gains)/losses(a)
(684)1,152 284 (690)148 669 (167)(165)(118)
Curtailments— — (4)(4)— (1)(82)— (62)
Special termination benefits
17 1 20 — — — 2 — 2 
Net periodic benefit cost/(credit) reported in income(1,265)668 82 (746)141 686 (372)(282)(271)
Cost/(credit) reported in Other comprehensive income/(loss)
2 5 4 4 5 21 107 114 164 
Cost/(credit) recognized in Comprehensive income
$(1,264)$674 $86 $(742)$145 $707 $(265)$(168)$(107)
(a)Reflects actuarial remeasurement gains in 2021, primarily due to favorable plan asset performance and increases in discount rates, and actuarial remeasurement losses in 2020 and 2019, primarily due to decreases in discount rates partially offset by favorable plan asset performance.
Schedule of Assumptions Used
Pension PlansPostretirement Plans
U.S.International
Year Ended December 31,
(PERCENTAGES)202120202019202120202019202120202019
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic benefit cost:
Discount rate:
Pension plans/postretirement plans2.6 %3.3 %4.4 %2.5 %3.2 %4.3 %
Interest cost1.2 %1.5 %2.2 %
Service cost1.4 %1.6 %2.4 %
Expected return on plan assets6.8 %7.0 %7.2 %3.4 %3.6 %3.9 %6.8 %7.0 %7.3 %
Rate of compensation increase(a)
2.9 %2.9 %1.4 %
Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at fiscal year-end:
Discount rate2.9 %2.6 %3.3 %1.6 %1.5 %1.7 %2.9 %2.5 %3.2 %
Rate of compensation increase(a)
2.8 %2.9 %1.4 %
(a)The rate of compensation increase is not used to determine the net periodic benefit cost and benefit obligation for the U.S. pension plans as these plans are frozen.
Schedule of Health Care Cost Trend Rates
The following provides the healthcare cost trend rate assumptions for our U.S. postretirement benefit plans:
As of December 31,
20212020
Healthcare cost trend rate assumed for next year 6.0 %5.6 %
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline4.0 %4.5 %
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate2045 2037 
Schedule of Analysis of the Changes in the Benefit Obligations, Plan assets and Accounting Funded Status of Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plans
The following provides: (i) an analysis of the changes in our benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our benefit plans, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020, (ii) the funded status recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and (iii) the pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
 Pension Plans Postretirement Plans
 U.S. International
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)202120202021202020212020
Change in benefit obligation(a)
Benefit obligation, beginning$18,306 $17,886 $12,001 $11,059 $1,238 $1,667 
Service cost— — 130 146 36 38 
Interest cost455 533 146 164 29 49 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Plan amendments— 2 — 2 (116)(56)
Changes in actuarial assumptions and other(b)
(331)2,112 89 702 (117)(132)
Foreign exchange impact— — (298)646 1 2 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (1,016)3 (320)— (218)
Acquisitions/divestitures/other, net— — — — — — 
Curtailments and special termination benefits17 1 (2)— (8)— 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Benefit obligation, ending(a)
17,150 18,306 11,657 12,001 995 1,238 
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning
16,094 14,586 9,811 8,956 588 519 
Actual return on plan assets1,405 1,974 1,106 868 89 69 
Company contributions143 1,433 451 197 145 113 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Foreign exchange impact— — (229)462 — — 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (687)2 (270)— — 
Acquisitions/divestitures, net— — — (6)— — 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Fair value of plan assets, ending16,346 16,094 10,729 9,811 753 588 
Funded status—Plan assets less than benefit obligation
$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet:
Noncurrent assets$447 $— $1,480 $522 $— $— 
Current liabilities(138)(127)(33)(31)(6)(6)
Noncurrent liabilities(1,113)(2,084)(2,376)(2,681)(235)(645)
Funded status$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Prior service (costs)/credits$(6)$(4)$(35)$(31)$581 $688 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets
$120 $16,094 $1,304 $6,674 
ABO1,371 18,306 3,344 8,961 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with a PBO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets$120 $16,094 $1,381 $6,735 
PBO1,371 18,306 3,789 9,447 
(a)For the U.S. pension plans, the benefit obligation is both the PBO and ABO as these plans are frozen and future benefit accruals no longer increase with future compensation increases. For the international pension plans, the benefit obligation is the PBO. The ABO for our international pension plans was $11.2 billion in 2021 and $11.5 billion in 2020. For the postretirement plans, the benefit obligation is the ABO.
(b)Primarily includes actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates in 2021, offset by increases in inflation assumptions in 2021 for the international plans, and actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates in 2020.
(c)For more information, see Note 2B.
(d)Our main U.S. qualified plan and many of our international plans were overfunded as of December 31, 2021.
Schedule of Amounts Recognized in Balance Sheet
The following provides: (i) an analysis of the changes in our benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our benefit plans, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020, (ii) the funded status recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and (iii) the pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
 Pension Plans Postretirement Plans
 U.S. International
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)202120202021202020212020
Change in benefit obligation(a)
Benefit obligation, beginning$18,306 $17,886 $12,001 $11,059 $1,238 $1,667 
Service cost— — 130 146 36 38 
Interest cost455 533 146 164 29 49 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Plan amendments— 2 — 2 (116)(56)
Changes in actuarial assumptions and other(b)
(331)2,112 89 702 (117)(132)
Foreign exchange impact— — (298)646 1 2 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (1,016)3 (320)— (218)
Acquisitions/divestitures/other, net— — — — — — 
Curtailments and special termination benefits17 1 (2)— (8)— 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Benefit obligation, ending(a)
17,150 18,306 11,657 12,001 995 1,238 
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning
16,094 14,586 9,811 8,956 588 519 
Actual return on plan assets1,405 1,974 1,106 868 89 69 
Company contributions143 1,433 451 197 145 113 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Foreign exchange impact— — (229)462 — — 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (687)2 (270)— — 
Acquisitions/divestitures, net— — — (6)— — 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Fair value of plan assets, ending16,346 16,094 10,729 9,811 753 588 
Funded status—Plan assets less than benefit obligation
$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet:
Noncurrent assets$447 $— $1,480 $522 $— $— 
Current liabilities(138)(127)(33)(31)(6)(6)
Noncurrent liabilities(1,113)(2,084)(2,376)(2,681)(235)(645)
Funded status$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Prior service (costs)/credits$(6)$(4)$(35)$(31)$581 $688 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets
$120 $16,094 $1,304 $6,674 
ABO1,371 18,306 3,344 8,961 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with a PBO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets$120 $16,094 $1,381 $6,735 
PBO1,371 18,306 3,789 9,447 
(a)For the U.S. pension plans, the benefit obligation is both the PBO and ABO as these plans are frozen and future benefit accruals no longer increase with future compensation increases. For the international pension plans, the benefit obligation is the PBO. The ABO for our international pension plans was $11.2 billion in 2021 and $11.5 billion in 2020. For the postretirement plans, the benefit obligation is the ABO.
(b)Primarily includes actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates in 2021, offset by increases in inflation assumptions in 2021 for the international plans, and actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates in 2020.
(c)For more information, see Note 2B.
(d)Our main U.S. qualified plan and many of our international plans were overfunded as of December 31, 2021.
Schedule of Amounts Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
The following provides: (i) an analysis of the changes in our benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our benefit plans, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020, (ii) the funded status recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and (iii) the pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
 Pension Plans Postretirement Plans
 U.S. International
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)202120202021202020212020
Change in benefit obligation(a)
Benefit obligation, beginning$18,306 $17,886 $12,001 $11,059 $1,238 $1,667 
Service cost— — 130 146 36 38 
Interest cost455 533 146 164 29 49 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Plan amendments— 2 — 2 (116)(56)
Changes in actuarial assumptions and other(b)
(331)2,112 89 702 (117)(132)
Foreign exchange impact— — (298)646 1 2 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (1,016)3 (320)— (218)
Acquisitions/divestitures/other, net— — — — — — 
Curtailments and special termination benefits17 1 (2)— (8)— 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Benefit obligation, ending(a)
17,150 18,306 11,657 12,001 995 1,238 
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning
16,094 14,586 9,811 8,956 588 519 
Actual return on plan assets1,405 1,974 1,106 868 89 69 
Company contributions143 1,433 451 197 145 113 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Foreign exchange impact— — (229)462 — — 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (687)2 (270)— — 
Acquisitions/divestitures, net— — — (6)— — 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Fair value of plan assets, ending16,346 16,094 10,729 9,811 753 588 
Funded status—Plan assets less than benefit obligation
$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet:
Noncurrent assets$447 $— $1,480 $522 $— $— 
Current liabilities(138)(127)(33)(31)(6)(6)
Noncurrent liabilities(1,113)(2,084)(2,376)(2,681)(235)(645)
Funded status$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Prior service (costs)/credits$(6)$(4)$(35)$(31)$581 $688 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets
$120 $16,094 $1,304 $6,674 
ABO1,371 18,306 3,344 8,961 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with a PBO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets$120 $16,094 $1,381 $6,735 
PBO1,371 18,306 3,789 9,447 
(a)For the U.S. pension plans, the benefit obligation is both the PBO and ABO as these plans are frozen and future benefit accruals no longer increase with future compensation increases. For the international pension plans, the benefit obligation is the PBO. The ABO for our international pension plans was $11.2 billion in 2021 and $11.5 billion in 2020. For the postretirement plans, the benefit obligation is the ABO.
(b)Primarily includes actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates in 2021, offset by increases in inflation assumptions in 2021 for the international plans, and actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates in 2020.
(c)For more information, see Note 2B.
(d)Our main U.S. qualified plan and many of our international plans were overfunded as of December 31, 2021.
Schedule of Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following provides: (i) an analysis of the changes in our benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our benefit plans, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020, (ii) the funded status recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and (iii) the pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
 Pension Plans Postretirement Plans
 U.S. International
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)202120202021202020212020
Change in benefit obligation(a)
Benefit obligation, beginning$18,306 $17,886 $12,001 $11,059 $1,238 $1,667 
Service cost— — 130 146 36 38 
Interest cost455 533 146 164 29 49 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Plan amendments— 2 — 2 (116)(56)
Changes in actuarial assumptions and other(b)
(331)2,112 89 702 (117)(132)
Foreign exchange impact— — (298)646 1 2 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (1,016)3 (320)— (218)
Acquisitions/divestitures/other, net— — — — — — 
Curtailments and special termination benefits17 1 (2)— (8)— 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Benefit obligation, ending(a)
17,150 18,306 11,657 12,001 995 1,238 
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning
16,094 14,586 9,811 8,956 588 519 
Actual return on plan assets1,405 1,974 1,106 868 89 69 
Company contributions143 1,433 451 197 145 113 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Foreign exchange impact— — (229)462 — — 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (687)2 (270)— — 
Acquisitions/divestitures, net— — — (6)— — 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Fair value of plan assets, ending16,346 16,094 10,729 9,811 753 588 
Funded status—Plan assets less than benefit obligation
$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet:
Noncurrent assets$447 $— $1,480 $522 $— $— 
Current liabilities(138)(127)(33)(31)(6)(6)
Noncurrent liabilities(1,113)(2,084)(2,376)(2,681)(235)(645)
Funded status$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Prior service (costs)/credits$(6)$(4)$(35)$(31)$581 $688 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets
$120 $16,094 $1,304 $6,674 
ABO1,371 18,306 3,344 8,961 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with a PBO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets$120 $16,094 $1,381 $6,735 
PBO1,371 18,306 3,789 9,447 
(a)For the U.S. pension plans, the benefit obligation is both the PBO and ABO as these plans are frozen and future benefit accruals no longer increase with future compensation increases. For the international pension plans, the benefit obligation is the PBO. The ABO for our international pension plans was $11.2 billion in 2021 and $11.5 billion in 2020. For the postretirement plans, the benefit obligation is the ABO.
(b)Primarily includes actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates in 2021, offset by increases in inflation assumptions in 2021 for the international plans, and actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates in 2020.
(c)For more information, see Note 2B.
(d)Our main U.S. qualified plan and many of our international plans were overfunded as of December 31, 2021.
Schedule of Accumulated Benefit Obligations in Excess of Fair Value of Plan Assets
The following provides: (i) an analysis of the changes in our benefit obligations, plan assets and funded status of our benefit plans, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020, (ii) the funded status recognized in our consolidated balance sheets and (iii) the pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
 Pension Plans Postretirement Plans
 U.S. International
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)202120202021202020212020
Change in benefit obligation(a)
Benefit obligation, beginning$18,306 $17,886 $12,001 $11,059 $1,238 $1,667 
Service cost— — 130 146 36 38 
Interest cost455 533 146 164 29 49 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Plan amendments— 2 — 2 (116)(56)
Changes in actuarial assumptions and other(b)
(331)2,112 89 702 (117)(132)
Foreign exchange impact— — (298)646 1 2 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (1,016)3 (320)— (218)
Acquisitions/divestitures/other, net— — — — — — 
Curtailments and special termination benefits17 1 (2)— (8)— 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Benefit obligation, ending(a)
17,150 18,306 11,657 12,001 995 1,238 
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets, beginning
16,094 14,586 9,811 8,956 588 519 
Actual return on plan assets1,405 1,974 1,106 868 89 69 
Company contributions143 1,433 451 197 145 113 
Employee contributions— — 10 8 78 88 
Foreign exchange impact— — (229)462 — — 
Upjohn spin-off(c)
— (687)2 (270)— — 
Acquisitions/divestitures, net— — — (6)— — 
Settlements(785)(767)(47)(34)— — 
Benefits paid(512)(445)(374)(372)(147)(201)
Fair value of plan assets, ending16,346 16,094 10,729 9,811 753 588 
Funded status—Plan assets less than benefit obligation
$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Amounts recorded in our consolidated balance sheet:
Noncurrent assets$447 $— $1,480 $522 $— $— 
Current liabilities(138)(127)(33)(31)(6)(6)
Noncurrent liabilities(1,113)(2,084)(2,376)(2,681)(235)(645)
Funded status$(805)$(2,211)$(928)$(2,191)$(241)$(651)
Pre-tax components of cumulative amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Prior service (costs)/credits$(6)$(4)$(35)$(31)$581 $688 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with an ABO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets
$120 $16,094 $1,304 $6,674 
ABO1,371 18,306 3,344 8,961 
Information related to the funded status of pension plans with a PBO in excess of plan assets(d):
Fair value of plan assets$120 $16,094 $1,381 $6,735 
PBO1,371 18,306 3,789 9,447 
(a)For the U.S. pension plans, the benefit obligation is both the PBO and ABO as these plans are frozen and future benefit accruals no longer increase with future compensation increases. For the international pension plans, the benefit obligation is the PBO. The ABO for our international pension plans was $11.2 billion in 2021 and $11.5 billion in 2020. For the postretirement plans, the benefit obligation is the ABO.
(b)Primarily includes actuarial gains resulting from increases in discount rates in 2021, offset by increases in inflation assumptions in 2021 for the international plans, and actuarial losses resulting from decreases in discount rates in 2020.
(c)For more information, see Note 2B.
(d)Our main U.S. qualified plan and many of our international plans were overfunded as of December 31, 2021.
Schedule of Allocation of Plan Assets
The following provides the components of plan assets, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020:
As of December 31, 2021As of December 31, 2020
    Fair ValueFair Value
(MILLIONS EXCEPT TARGET ALLOCATION PERCENTAGE)Target Allocation PercentageTotalLevel 1Level
2		Level 3
Assets Measured at NAV(a)
TotalLevel 1Level
 2		Level 3
Assets Measured at NAV(a)
U.S. pension plans
Cash and cash equivalents0-10%$1,326 $78 $1,248 $— $— $781 $70 $711 $— $— 
Equity securities:20-40%
Global equity securities2,273 2,233 38 2 — 3,241 3,213 27 1 — 
Equity commingled funds1,352 — 1,152 — 200 1,325 — 1,110 — 215 
Fixed income securities:45-75%
Corporate debt securities5,566 18 5,548 — — 6,499 23 6,476 — — 
Government and agency obligations(b)
2,533 — 2,533 — — 1,555 — 1,555 — — 
Fixed income commingled funds38 — 38 — — 23 — 23 — — 
Other investments:5-20%
Partnership investments(c)
2,079 3 — — 2,076 1,431 — — — 1,431 
Insurance contracts158 — 158 — — 190 — 190 — — 
Other commingled funds(d)
1,019 — 10 — 1,009 1,049 — 11 — 1,038 
Total100 %$16,346 $2,332 $10,726 $2 $3,286 $16,094 $3,306 $10,103 $1 $2,684 
International pension plans
Cash and cash equivalents0-10%$541 $191 $346 $— $3 $407 $61 $346 $— $— 
Equity securities:10-20%
Equity commingled funds1,453 — 1,386 — 67 2,051 — 1,681 — 370 
Fixed income securities:45-70%
Corporate debt securities1,187 — 1,187 — — 925 — 925 — — 
Government and agency obligations(b)
2,415 — 2,415 — — 1,334 — 1,334 — — 
Fixed income commingled funds2,266 — 1,138 — 1,128 2,484 — 1,217 — 1,267 
Other investments:15-35%
Partnership investments(c)
107 — 2 — 106 69 — 3 — 66 
Insurance contracts1,329 — 56 1,273 — 1,027 — 57 969 1 
Other(d)
1,431 — 141 404 886 1,514 — 117 393 1,003 
Total100 %$10,729 $191 $6,672 $1,677 $2,189 $9,811 $61 $5,681 $1,362 $2,707 
U.S. postretirement plans(e)
Cash and cash equivalents0-5%$85 $3 $82 $— $— $— $— $— $— $— 
Insurance contracts95-100%669 — 669 — — 588 — 588 — — 
Total100 %$753 $3 $750 $— $— $588 $— $588 $— $— 
(a)Certain investments that are measured at NAV per share (or its equivalent) have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The NAV amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented for the total pension benefits plan assets.
(b)Government and agency obligations are inclusive of repurchase agreements.
(c)Mainly includes investments in private equity, private debt, public equity limited partnerships, and, to a lesser extent, real estate and venture capital.
(d)Mostly includes investments in hedge funds and real estate.
(e)Reflects postretirement plan assets, which support a portion of our U.S. retiree medical plans.
Schedule of Effect of Significant Unobservable Inputs, Changes in Plan Assets
The following provides an analysis of the changes in our more significant investments valued using significant unobservable inputs, including those reported as part of discontinued operations for 2020:
International Pension Plans
Year Ended December 31,
(MILLIONS)20212020
Fair value, beginning$1,362 $1,342 
Actual return on plan assets:
Assets held, ending23 22 
Purchases, sales, and settlements, net
52 (47)
Transfer into/(out of) Level 3265 (13)
Exchange rate changes(24)58 
Fair value, ending$1,677 $1,362 
Schedule of Expected Future Cash Flow Information
The following provides the expected future cash flow information related to our benefit plans:
  Pension PlansPostretirement Plans
(MILLIONS)U.S.International
Expected employer contributions:
2022$138 $177 $74 
Expected benefit payments:
2022$1,296 $384 $78 
20231,155 372 73 
20241,140 383 69 
20251,089 392 66 
20261,058 397 68 
2027–20314,908 2,124 359