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Investment Securities
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investment Securities Investment Securities
Investment securities are classified as AFS, HTM, or equity on the consolidated balance sheets at the time of purchase. The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2022 were as follows:
($ in Thousands)Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair Value
AFS investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities$124,441 $— $(15,063)$109,378 
Agency securities15,000 — (1,468)13,532 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)235,693 96 (5,074)230,714 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC1,820,642 404 (216,436)1,604,610 
GNMA502,537 314 (5,255)497,596 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC19,038 — (1,896)17,142 
GNMA115,031 — (4,569)110,462 
Asset backed securities
FFELP157,138 — (5,947)151,191 
SBA4,512 15 (51)4,477 
Other debt securities3,000 — (78)2,922 
Total AFS investment securities$2,997,032 $830 $(255,837)$2,742,025 
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities$999 $— $(62)$936 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)1,732,351 1,994 (182,697)1,551,647 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC961,231 31,301 (175,760)816,771 
GNMA52,979 85 (3,436)49,628 
Private-label364,728 11,697 (72,920)303,505 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC778,796 15,324 (178,281)615,839 
GNMA69,369 577 (7,254)62,691 
Total HTM investment securities$3,960,451 $60,978 $(620,411)$3,401,018 
During the first quarter of 2022, the Corporation redesignated approximately $1.6 billion of mortgage-related securities from AFS to HTM. The reclassification of these investment securities was accounted for at fair value. Management elected to transfer these investment securities as the Corporation has the positive intent and ability to hold these investment securities to maturity. See Note 22 for additional information on the unrealized losses on investment securities transferred from AFS to HTM.
The amortized cost and fair values of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2021 were as follows:
($ in Thousands)Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair Value
AFS investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities$124,291 $— $(1,334)$122,957 
Agency securities15,000 — (103)14,897 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)381,517 18,940 — 400,457 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC2,709,399 3,729 (21,249)2,691,879 
GNMA66,189 1,591 — 67,780 
Private-label332,028 31 (2,335)329,724 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC357,240 2,686 (9,302)350,623 
GNMA165,439 1,360 — 166,799 
Asset backed securities
   FFELP177,974 475 (1,123)177,325 
   SBA6,594 39 (54)6,580 
Other debt securities3,000 — (6)2,994 
Total AFS investment securities$4,338,671 $28,850 $(35,506)$4,332,015 
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities$1,000 $1 $— $1,001 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)1,628,759 113,179 (1,951)1,739,988 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC34,347 1,792 — 36,139 
GNMA48,053 1,578 — 49,631 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC425,937 122 (6,659)419,400 
GNMA100,907 1,799 (200)102,506 
Total HTM investment securities$2,239,003 $118,471 $(8,809)$2,348,664 
Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. The expected maturities of AFS and HTM securities at December 31, 2022, are shown below:
 AFSHTM
($ in Thousands)Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value		Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
Due in one year or less$6,245 $6,230 $17,660 $17,621 
Due after one year through five years86,971 81,271 30,135 29,842 
Due after five years through ten years248,453 233,565 156,937 154,046 
Due after ten years36,465 35,480 1,528,616 1,351,075 
Total debt securities378,134 356,546 1,733,349 1,552,584 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC1,820,642 1,604,610 961,231 816,771 
GNMA502,537 497,596 52,979 49,628 
Private-label— — 364,728 303,505 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC19,038 17,142 778,796 615,839 
GNMA115,031 110,462 69,369 62,691 
Asset backed securities
FFELP157,138 151,191 — — 
SBA4,512 4,477 — — 
Total investment securities$2,997,032 $2,742,025 $3,960,451 $3,401,018 
Ratio of Fair Value to Amortized Cost91.5 %85.9 %
On a quarterly basis, the Corporation refreshes the credit quality of each HTM security. The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators of HTM securities at amortized cost at December 31, 2022:
($ in Thousands)AAAAAANot RatedTotal
U.S. Treasury securities$999 $— $— $— $999 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)806,529 917,059 7,604 1,158 1,732,351 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC961,231 — — — 961,231 
GNMA52,979 — — — 52,979 
Private-label364,728 — — — 364,728 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC778,796 — — — 778,796 
GNMA69,369 — — — 69,369 
Total HTM securities$3,034,630 $917,059 $7,604 $1,158 $3,960,451 
The following table summarizes the credit quality indicators of HTM securities at amortized cost at December 31, 2021:
($ in Thousands)AAAAAANot RatedTotal
U.S. Treasury securities$1,000 $— $— $— $1,000 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)702,399 914,591 10,873 896 1,628,759 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC34,347 — — — 34,347 
GNMA48,053 — — — 48,053 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC425,937 — — — 425,937 
GNMA100,907 — — — 100,907 
Total HTM securities$1,312,642 $914,591 $10,873 $896 $2,239,003 
The following table summarizes gross realized gains and losses on AFS securities, the gain on sale and net write-up of equity securities, and proceeds from the sale of investment securities for each of the three years ended December 31 shown below:
($ in Thousands)202220212020
Gross gains on AFS securities$21 $421 $9,312 
Gross (losses) on AFS securities(1,943)(437)(90)
Gain on sale and net write-up of equity securities5,668 — — 
Investment securities gains (losses), net$3,746 $(16)$9,222 
Proceeds from sales of AFS investment securities$110,177 $158,708 $626,283 
During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Corporation sold $110 million of lower yielding municipal securities at a loss of $2 million and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding and lower risk-weighted GNMA securities. During the third quarter of 2022, the Corporation sold its Visa Class B restricted shares obtained in the acquisition of First Staunton, which were carried at a zero-cost basis. The remaining shares of Visa Class B restricted shares held by the Corporation, which are carried at fair value, were subsequently written up to reflect the new observable price resulting from that sale.
During the second quarter of 2021, the Corporation sold $107 million of lower yielding FFELP student loan asset backed securities at an immaterial gain and reinvested the proceeds into higher yielding MBS. During the first quarter of 2021, the Corporation sold $51 million of lower yielding U.S. Treasury and Agency securities at an immaterial loss to take advantage of the steeper yield curve by reinvesting the proceeds into similar but higher yielding, longer duration securities.
During the second quarter of 2020, the Corporation sold $261 million of less liquid securities at a gain of $3 million, reinvesting the proceeds into more liquid securities in order to further improve portfolio liquidity. During the first quarter of 2020, the Corporation sold $281 million of primarily prepayment sensitive mortgage-related securities at a gain of $6 million. Additionally, in February 2020, the Corporation sold $84 million of certain securities acquired in the First Staunton acquisition that did not fit the parameters of the Corporation's current investment strategy.
Investment securities with a carrying value of $2.3 billion at both December 31, 2022 and 2021 were pledged to secure certain deposits or for other purposes.
Accrued interest receivable on HTM securities totaled $19 million and $15 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accrued interest receivable on AFS securities totaled $9 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. Accrued
interest receivable on both HTM and AFS securities is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets. There was no interest income reversed for investments going into nonaccrual for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
A security is considered past due once it is 30 days past due under the terms of the agreement. At both December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Corporation had no past due HTM securities.
The allowance for credit losses on HTM securities was approximately $54,000 and $55,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, attributable entirely to the Corporation's municipal securities, included in HTM investment securities, net, at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets. The Corporation also holds U.S. Treasury, municipal and mortgage-related securities issued by the U.S. government or a GSE which are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government and private-label residential mortgage-related securities that have credit enhancement which covers the first 15% of losses and, as a result, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded related to these securities.
The following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2022:
 Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
($ in Thousands)Number
of
Securities		Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair
Value		Number
of
Securities		Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair
Value		Unrealized (Losses)Fair
Value
AFS investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities— $— $— 7 $(15,063)$109,378 $(15,063)$109,378 
Agency securities— — — 1 (1,468)13,532 (1,468)13,532 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)358 (5,066)201,260 4 (8)1,916 (5,074)203,176 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC24 (31,266)260,986 84 (185,170)1,321,420 (216,436)1,582,406 
GNMA23 (4,415)220,276 2 (840)11,096 (5,255)231,372 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC1 (1,896)17,142 — — — (1,896)17,142 
GNMA33 (3,920)101,036 4 (649)9,426 (4,569)110,462 
Asset backed securities
FFELP3 (1,668)44,304 12 (4,278)106,887 (5,947)151,191 
SBA2 (1)417 6 (50)2,057 (51)2,474 
Other debt securities2 (30)1,970 1 (49)951 (78)2,922 
Total446 $(48,263)$847,391 121 $(207,575)$1,576,665 $(255,837)$2,424,055 
HTM investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities1 $(62)$936 — $— $— $(62)$936 
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)771 (96,282)1,079,216 156 (86,415)231,022 (182,697)1,310,238 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC79 (18,925)143,201 22 (156,836)671,570 (175,760)814,770 
GNMA 81 (3,436)44,476 — — — (3,436)44,476 
Private-label3 (9,509)58,733 15 (63,411)244,772 (72,920)303,505 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC4 (3,814)20,338 39 (174,467)576,911 (178,281)597,249 
GNMA8 (2,528)34,612 6 (4,726)28,080 (7,254)62,691 
Total947 $(134,556)$1,381,511 238 $(485,855)$1,752,354 $(620,411)$3,133,865 
For comparative purposes, the following represents gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of AFS and HTM securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at December 31, 2021:
 Less than 12 months12 months or moreTotal
($ in Thousands)Number
of
Securities		Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair
Value		Number
of
Securities		Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair
Value		Unrealized
(Losses)		Fair
Value
AFS investment securities
U.S. Treasury securities7 $(1,334)$122,957 — $— $— $(1,334)$122,957 
Agency securities1 (103)14,897 — — — (103)14,897 
Residential mortgage-related securities
FNMA / FHLMC74 (21,249)2,172,837 — — — (21,249)2,172,837 
Private-label12 (2,335)248,617 — — — (2,335)248,617 
FNMA / FHLMC commercial mortgage-related securities19 (9,302)328,568 — — — (9,302)328,568 
Asset backed securities
FFELP4 (256)64,282 8 (867)62,576 (1,123)126,858 
SBA— — — 9 (54)3,902 (54)3,902 
Other debt securities3 (6)2,994 — — — (6)2,994 
Total120 $(34,586)$2,955,152 17 $(920)$66,478 $(35,506)$3,021,630 
HTM investment securities
Obligations of state and political subdivisions (municipal securities)49 $(1,951)$112,038 — $— $— $(1,951)$112,038 
Commercial mortgage-related securities
FNMA/FHLMC18 (6,272)388,072 1 (387)10,775 (6,659)398,847 
GNMA5 (200)33,468 — — — (200)33,468 
Total72 $(8,422)$533,577 1 $(387)$10,775 $(8,809)$544,352 
The Corporation reviews the AFS investment securities portfolio on a quarterly basis to monitor its credit exposure. A determination as to whether a security’s decline in fair value is the result of credit risk takes into consideration numerous factors and the relative significance of any single factor can vary by security. Some factors the Corporation may consider in this impairment analysis include the extent to which the security has been in an unrealized loss position, the change in security rating, financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, as well as security and industry specific economic conditions.
Based on the Corporation’s evaluation, management does not believe any unrealized losses at December 31, 2022 represent credit deterioration as these unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and the current market conditions. The Corporation does not intend to sell nor does it believe that it will be required to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position before recovery of their amortized cost basis.
FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank stocks: The Corporation is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock and FHLB stock as a member bank of both the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB, and in amounts as required by these institutions. These equity securities are “restricted” in that they can only be sold back to the respective institutions or another member institution at par. Therefore, they are less liquid than other marketable equity securities and their fair value is equal to amortized cost. The Corporation had FHLB stock of $209 million and $82 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Corporation had Federal Reserve Bank stock of $87 million at both December 31, 2022 and 2021. Accrued interest receivable on FHLB stock totaled $3 million and approximately $975,000 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There was no accrued interest receivable on Federal Reserve Bank stock at either December 31, 2022 or 2021. Accrued interest receivable on both FHLB stock and Federal Reserve Bank stock is included in interest receivable on the consolidated balance sheets.
Equity Securities
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities with readily determinable fair values is primarily comprised of CRA Qualified Investment mutual funds and other mutual funds. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Corporation had equity securities with readily determinable fair values of $6 million and $5 million, respectively.
Equity securities without readily determinable fair values: The Corporation's portfolio of equity securities without readily determinable fair values, which primarily consists of Visa Class B restricted shares, was carried at $19 million and $14 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.